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INTRODUCTION: Existing advance care planning (ACP) definitional frameworks apply to individuals with decision-making capacity. We aimed to conceptualize ACP for dementia in terms of its definition and issues that deserve particular attention. METHODS: Delphi study with phases: (A) adaptation of a generic ACP framework by a task force of the European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC); (B) four online surveys by 107 experts from 33 countries, September 2021 to June 2022; (C) approval by the EAPC board. RESULTS: ACP in dementia was defined as a communication process adapted to the persons capacity, which includes, and is continued with, family if available. We identified pragmatic boundaries regarding participation and time (i.e., current or end-of-life care). Three interrelated issues that deserve particular attention were capacity, family, and engagement and communication. DISCUSSION: A communication and relationship-centered definitional framework of ACP in dementia evolved through international consensus supporting inclusiveness of persons with dementia and their family. HIGHLIGHTS: This article offers a consensus definitional framework of advance care planning in dementia. The definition covers all stages of capacity and includes family caregivers. Particularly important are (1) capacity, (2) family, (3) engagement, and communication. Fluctuating capacity was visualized in relation to roles and engaging stakeholders.

The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the theoretical concept of elder neglect (EN), analyze definitions used by researchers and identify their characteristics with the view to consistent understanding of the phenomenon. The literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and CINAHL using keywords associated with elder neglect. Articles published between 1990 and 2020, including a definition of EN, were taken into consideration. From 7,821 articles found in the initial search, 85 relevant studies were selected for the final evaluation. Most frequently, researchers described neglect as a form of elder abuse or mistreatment, within the framework of the official and internationally used definitions. The review demonstrates inconsistency in identification of EN, but common characteristics are possible to identify in its theoretical concepts. The selected conceptual elements allow to develop a new comprehensive definition of EN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Student dropout, as a dynamic and complex system, requires a broad conceptualization. The aim of this article is to analyze the concept of student dropout in higher education, with the aim of effectively addressing it at various levels, including both institutional and societal. Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, dropout patterns were traced, and a model was designed and validated using anonymized data from 17,328 students at a Colombian higher education institution offering face-to-face programs. Results: Results from decision trees and survival analysis highlight the significance of economic and academic factors in increasing the risk of dropout and contributing to low graduation rates. It has been confirmed that the first two years of enrollment in the educational institution are crucial for the likelihood of dropout, and that extended time spent at the institution also increases the risk of dropout. Discussion: The study highlights the dynamic complexity of student dropout and emphasizes the importance of continuously updating models by integrating diverse analysis techniques. Socioeconomic status and academic performance emerged as key factors, with a focus on students at intermediate levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generative AI (GenAI) represents a shift from AI's ability to "recognize" to its ability to "generate" solutions for a wide range of tasks. As generated solutions and applications grow more complex and multi-faceted, new needs, objectives, and possibilities for explainability (XAI) have emerged. This work elaborates on why XAI has gained importance with the rise of GenAI and the challenges it poses for explainability research. We also highlight new and emerging criteria that explanations should meet, such as verifiability, interactivity, security, and cost considerations. To achieve this, we focus on surveying existing literature. Additionally, we provide a taxonomy of relevant dimensions to better characterize existing XAI mechanisms and methods for GenAI. We explore various approaches to ensure XAI, ranging from training data to prompting. Our paper provides a concise technical background of GenAI for non-technical readers, focusing on text and images to help them understand new or adapted XAI techniques for GenAI. However, due to the extensive body of work on GenAI, we chose not to delve into detailed aspects of XAI related to the evaluation and usage of explanations. Consequently, the manuscript appeals to both technical experts and professionals from other fields, such as social scientists and information systems researchers. Our research roadmap outlines over ten directions for future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gestures produced by children with intellectual disability (ID) in spatial tasks are rarely considered, although they have a supporting role in the formation of thought. In this research study, we analyzed the number of gestures, the type of gestures, and their role in the expression of knowledge of students with ID. Twenty students (12–17 years old) with ID and 40 students with typical development (TD) matched on visual-spatial level (n = 20) and on language level (n = 20) participated in the research. Students with ID made significantly more gestures in relation to the number of words spoken compared to their peers with TD. Thirty percent of the expressive communication of students with ID came from gestures alone, and 60% of the responses contained at least one gesture. Finally, the higher the level of task difficulty, the more gestures the students made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Need crafting is becoming increasingly important in research and nursing practice. Nurses who engage in need crafting may experience optimal mental health because of the optimal satisfaction of basic psychological needs. Purpose: The concept is not well defined in the work context, and this study aimed to clarify and develop it further. Following Walker and Avant's procedure, we systematically analyzed the concept. We also constructed model, borderline, and contrary cases relevant to the nursing context. Methods: The authors searched Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Scopus—using primary and secondary search terms—and identified English records published from 2010 to 2022. Results: Need crafting is defined as a proactive, self‐directed process in which employees make behavioral or cognitive changes or seek environments that affect their need‐based experiences in the work environment. When crafting, employees would also consider whether an approach (to satisfy the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness) or avoidance (to avoid frustration with the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness) is necessary. Need crafting involves intentional thought or action to optimize need‐based experiences in a personalized and unique way. This approach emphasizes a proactive stance toward need fulfillment at work. The concept analysis (CA) also yielded antecedents (at the individual, team/group, leadership, and organizational/contextual levels) and consequences (from affective, behavioral, and cognitive perspectives) of need crafting. Conclusion: This CA has significantly clarified the construct of need crafting within the work context and provided a deeper understanding of its specific application in nursing. By establishing a robust conceptual foundation, this study offers valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners, contributing to a broader work context and, more specifically, to nursing management. These insights have important implications for enhancing nurses' well‐being and, ultimately, the quality of healthcare delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the U.S., inequities by race/ethnicity in health outcomes, such as in the HIV epidemic, are long standing but have come to the forefront during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is growing recognition of the role of structural racism in racialized health inequities, yet the conceptualization and operationalization of structural racism in HIV research lags. We conducted a scoping review of existing published literature, between 1999–April 2024, conceptualizing and measuring structural racism's impact among people living with or at risk for HIV in the U.S. Our initial search yielded 236 unique articles, which after title and abstract screening yielded ten articles meeting full text review criteria. We then extracted key parameters, such as conceptualization, method of measurement of structural racism, study aims, design, and findings. Three of the articles were qualitative studies that conceptualized structural racism using (1) the social network model, (2) individual and structural intersectionality and (3) critical race theory. Operationalization of structural racism within the seven quantitative studies fell into three categories: (1) structural level, (2) a scale of experiences of racism, including structural racism, and (3) using explanatory demographic factors as downstream measures of the effects of structural racism. The variance in the conceptualization and operationalization of structural racism highlights the different interpretations of structural racism in its applications to the field of HIV research. Given the vast racial/ethnic inequities in HIV, we propose three overarching suggestions for next steps in improving the conduct of research on structural racism in HIV: (1) we must prioritize measuring racism past the individual and interpersonal levels to consider systemic factors at a societal level that manifest as structural racism to improve HIV outcomes in the U.S., (2) consider intergenerational effects of structural racism through the use of longitudinal data, and (3) broaden the agenda of structural racism to incorporate other systems of oppression. Additionally, broadening the scope of funding and inclusion of more researchers and individuals with lived experiences to support structural racism research to drive the scientific agenda and design of structural-level interventions will not only bolster achieving the U.S. Ending the HIV Epidemic goals but will do so by addressing inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teacher leadership is a critical aspect of school change while there is lack of a consistent definition for it. This examines teacher leadership conceptualization and its associated outcomes. The review of 33 articles published 2018–2023 focused on teacher leadership in K-12 setting, found that many authors relied on established definitions, with few offering their own interpretations. These articles depict teacher leadership as an informal and individual form of leadership. The analysis revealed outcomes of teacher leadership at school development level; teacher-level benefits including professional growth; and student-level impacts such as increased achievement and motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiplication of complex datasets in empirical social sciences calls for methods that can improve the design of complex datasets before the actual gathering of data. Yet mainstream scholars in related fields have rarely explored such methods. In this study, we introduce Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) as such a method. As a mixed method, ISM integrates Boolean algebra, matrix theory, and directed graph theory to impose a formal structure to qualitative understanding of a complex system. ISM's final output is a directed graph that can be visually and easily interpreted. We show that ISM can structure indicators graphically into a multilayered and multi-blocked model, thus uncovering hidden interactions among indicators. By doing so, ISM can reveal hidden and undesired redundancies and incoherencies among indicators within a complex dataset. Most critically, ISM achieves these goals without relying on statistical analysis and hence before the actual gathering of any data. Deploying ISM when designing complex datasets thus facilitates more rigorous conceptualization and understanding of complex social phenomena, steers us away from badly designed complex datasets, and saves precious resource. We use ISM to probe several complex datasets to demonstrate its potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article deals with the instantiation of variables in schemas within the Relational Morphology theory. On the basis of an approach to word-formation from concept to form, the article argues that for the question of what lexemes are retrieved from the lexicon to instantiate the variables in schemas in order to achieve the required meaning of the resulting word within the generative role of schemas, it is important to distinguish different functions of word-formation, namely those that provide mere variations on existing lexemes in contrast to the function of word-formation that provides names for concepts in the extra-linguistic world. In the first case, the variables in schemas are instantiated with lexemes on which we perform the variation, whereas, in the second case, the lexemes result from prior mental processing of the concept to be named. The paper thus also provides the description of the process of conceptualization within the naming function of word-formation and demonstrates the principles of conceptualization on various examples.

Irritability is a term used to describe feelings of anger, annoyance and impatience, and is commonly experienced by individuals in daily life. However, there are diverse conceptualizations of irritability in public and clinical research, which often result in confusing irritability with anger and other overlapping concepts. This, in turn, leads to a lack of conceptual clarity. Accordingly, the purpose of this concept analysis was to explore the irritability concept, including its definitions, defining characteristics, antecedents, consequences and empirical referents. The findings showed that irritability is predominantly conceptualized as a psychophysiological concept in the literature. We demonstrated that irritability can be differentiated from overlapping concepts like anger by qualities, such as 'unpredictability and lowered emotion control', 'lowered threshold for negative emotional stimuli', 'being manifested in response to frustrative situations or physiological needs' and 'experience of disproportionate and unjustified emotional irritation'. Importantly, severe irritability prospectively predicts psychiatric disorders and greater impairments in health, financial, educational and social functioning in individuals. Taken together, our analysis showed that one should take into account the context, duration, intensity and importantly outcomes, when assessing irritability in an individual. Considering these findings and the presence of irritability in nursing practice, it is crucial for nurses to recognize and successfully identify this concept in the nursing care they provide within the diverse settings and patient populations.

A set of six motive constructs emerged from a review of a half-century of research purporting to determine the motives that guide tourists' pleasure decisions: curiosity, boredom alleviation, disinhibited play, biophilia, reinforcement of bonds with intimate groups, and ego-enhancement. Frequently, emotions, outcomes, reasons, personalities, and/or actions were confusingly mischaracterized as motives. The theoretical/conceptual physiological and psychological underpinning of each motive construct are described, together with the diagnostic antecedent behaviors that infer a motive is in a state of disequilibrium, and the restorative behaviors in which tourists engage to restore equilibrium. Directions for future research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the contemporary studies regarding ethnic and national identities written in the Russian language. The study reveals major contexts and patterns of the operationalization of the concepts. The scoping review is based on the framework outlined by Arksey and O’Malley, with qualitative content analysis as its primary method. Samples from 114 papers were analyzed to find existing approaches to identity studies and conceptualization. Explicit and implicit identity definitions and identity attributes were mapped and coded. The research found that scholars tend to provide original definitions and relate identity to consciousness. Implying the idea of a person’s uniqueness, identity is often regarded as rooted in memory, hence the number of mentions of memory studies and memory politics in the reviewed articles. Another finding is that multiple and/or complex identities are widely investigated, and these identity types are given original names, mostly compound. With a great number of identity types, there is still a common understanding of identity as a constructed, dynamic phenomenon. The study concludes that identity is a common value-charged notion for Russian academic discourse, with national and ethnic identities being at the heart of the ongoing studies. The paper concentrates on identities of large groups, which is viewed as a politically sensitive issue, closely intertwined with the view of identity as a factor and resource of the development of society. Main topics are politics, history, representation, dynamics, plurality, communication, cultural factors, and territory. The analysis of the identity studies contributes to professional discourse by illuminating how concepts of ethnic and national identities are operationalized and communicated in the Russian-language academic community, thus enhancing cross-cultural understanding and facilitating more effective professional communication in related fields. Given the limitations, the findings identify the main patterns of concept usage, point to research gaps, and provide a basis for future research.

الملخص: الأهداف: تمثل الرعاية الصحية الحكيمة تحولًا في تقديم الرعاية الصحية في المملكة العربية السعودية، حيث تهدف إلى تحسين نتائج المرضى مقارنةً بتكاليف تحقيق تلك النتائج. تهدف هذه المراجعة التفحصية إلى كشف الرؤى حول تصور وإنشاء الرعاية الصحية الحكيمة في سياق المملكة العربية السعودية، مما يعكس وضعًا حرجًا للدولة في مرحلة تحول صحي حاسمة. طرق البحث: تم إجراء هذه المراجعة التفحصية باستخدام قواعد البيانات عبر الإنترنت والمواقع الرسمية خلال فترة زمنية تمتد من عام 2017 إلى عام 2023. شملت هذه المراجعة مجموعة من 14 دليلاً: 6 مقالات بحثية و6 وثائق حكومية وتقريرين. النتائج: تسلط النتائج الضوء على تزايد التوافق المحلي في تعريفات مبادئ الرعاية الصحية الحكيمة مع التعريفات العالمية، لا سيما التركيز على نتائج المرضى كمقياس أساسي للرعاية الصحية الحكيمة. إضافة إلى ذلك، تظهر المراجعة أن الإصلاحات المالية تشير إلى تحرك حقيقي نحو الرعاية الصحية الحكيمة في المملكة، مع تحول تدريجي من الصرف المبني على الكمية إلى الصرف المبني على القيمة. ومع ذلك، فإن التفسيرات والتطبيقات المتنوعة للرعاية الصحية الحكيمة في المراجعة المدروسة تشير إلى مرحلة واعدة من التنفيذ، تتميز بتعريفات وممارسات متطورة تتكيف مع الاحتياجات والقيود المحلية. الخلاصة: أضاءت هذه المراجعة التفحصية المشهد الحالي لتصور وإنشاء الرعاية الصحية الحكيمة، مبرزة التقدم الكبير الذي تم تحقيقه والتحديات التي قد تواجهنا في المستقبل. Abstract: Objectives: Value-based healthcare (VBHC) represents a paradigm shift in healthcare delivery through optimizing patient outcomes relative to the costs of achieving those outcomes. This scoping review is aimed at revealing critical insights into the conceptualization and establishment of VBHC in the context of Saudi Arabia, a nation in a critical stage of healthcare transformation. Methods: A scoping review was conducted by using online databases and official websites with a timeframe of 2017–2023. This review included 14 pieces of literature, comprising six research articles, six government documents, and two reports. Results: The findings highlight increasing alignment with the definition of global VBHC principles, notably the emphasis on patient outcomes as a primary metric of healthcare value. Furthermore, financial reform has signaled a real move toward VBHC in the Kingdom, through a gradual shift from volume-based payments to value-based payments. However, the diverse interpretations and applications of VBHC across the examined literature indicate a promising stage of implementation characterized by evolving definitions and practices tailored to local needs and constraints. Conclusion: This scoping review describes the current landscape of VBHC conceptualization and establishment, highlighting the substantial progress achieved and the future challenges.

The article introduces a cultural and historical pattern of professional identification in young people of Russian mentality. Some national features of professional identification can be characterized as non-obvious due to the multi-structural and multi-vector civilizational orientations of the Russian state. The list of obvious axiological national characteristics includes collectivism, risk aversion, high power distance, sacredness of authorities, relief, mercy, religion-induced compassion, and violations of rules. Phenomenologically speaking, national mentality is a dynamic foundation formed by a set of axiological, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral determinants shared by most members of a particular cultural and historical community. It manifests itself as a broad continuum of political, socio-economic, and cultural conditions that are reflected in formal and informal institutions. Deep cultural structures define the collective and individual actor of professional identification: they fix the results of interiorization and mediation. They manifest themselves as social projections on the education system in its cultural, historical, social, legal, and economic relations. National mentality sets the vector of preferences for the subject, content, professional activity, employment, and working conditions. It makes it possible to analyze the intentions of optants regarding the development of the nomenclature and structure of professional skills during the civilizational shift. The shift is happening in the industry and technology but it aggregates axiological, motivational, and cognitive attitudes of citizens to the standards of collectivism or individualism, as well as to Western, Eastern, or mixed behavioral patterns.

The main subject of this paper is the lexical-semantic classification of water-related lexicon in the novel Most (Bridge) by Jasmina Musabegović. We will explain the stylistic expressiveness of selected water-related lexemes, as well as the way the author constructs her identity and the identities of her characters through the conceptualization of the experience of water. The water lexics are analysed as dominant in relation to other types of words and classified into eleven lexical-semantic fields. Total of 79 water nouns have been registered. As expected, the most common water-related lexemes are ‘voda’ and ‘most’. Three water nouns are described: voda, most and tihanj, and it is concluded that lexeme ‘water’ has an associative and symbolic role; lexeme ‘most’, as a strong position of the text, since it is also a title of the novel, represents change, a path and growing up. The nonce word tihanj has a specific cultural and linguistic meaning in the context of the novel.

The article is devoted to the study of the metaphorical and metonymic representation of the concept «Market» in the English investment discourse. Unlike many works that analyse the concept of «Market» in an economic way in economic discourse, the present study focuses on the study of this concept in the financial sense, which has not previously been the subject of a special analysis. The aim of the study is to identify metaphorical and metonymic models of conceptualization of the concept of «Market» and their interaction, expressed in the phenomenon of metaphthonymy. The material of the study was represented by 232 metonymic and metaphorical contexts extracted from English monographic sources devoted to various aspects of investing. Using the methods of conceptual analysis and the method of metaphorical and metonymic modelling, the source domains for the target domains «Market» were identified and the corresponding metaphorical and metonymic models were analysed. The analysis showed that the interaction of metonymy and metaphor in the representation of the concept under study is expressed in the metaphtonymic model «MARKET IS A SUBJECT OF INVESTMENT RELATIONS», based on the metonymic transfer «THE WHOLE FOR A PART». A purely metaphorical conceptualization is expressed in four major metaphorical models: anthropomorphic, nature-morphic, zoomorphic metaphors and the metaphor of sports and games. The identified metaphorical models conceptualize a complex abstract phenomenon of the market mechanism as a phenomenon of human environment, endowed with specific positive and negative features, which is intended to demonstrate both the attractiveness of the financial market for the investor and the dangers that await him in the course of investment activities. The largest metaphorical and metaphtonymic model is an anthropomorphic model that creates a complex image of the market as a person with its own physical, emotional, cognitive and social characteristics.

Due to the dynamic nature of work environments and conditions in construction, it is necessary to perform a job hazard analysis (JHA) prior to the commencement of hazardous jobs, and regularly review and update it. JHA is considered an intellectual activity subject to substantial influence by the experience and knowledge of the individuals conducting the analysis. Given the manual nature of JHA in current practice, its thorough preparation and use are time-consuming and laborious; thus, there is a great need to automate it. Against this background, this research aimed to develop a conceptual ontological model that can support the automation of JHA processes, including the tacit knowledge possessed by experts to facilitate automation. A JHA document analysis and a qualitative Delphi study were adopted to identify the concepts and associations embedded in JHA. An abductive data analysis approach was used with the guidance of a theoretical understanding of the systems model of construction accident causation to analyze the data collected from JHA documents and interviews. The findings offer valuable insights into important entities, subentities, and relationships that are associated with hazard identification and risk assessment, which form the basis for developing a conceptual ontological model. Such an ontology can facilitate the automation of JHA with an enhanced level of reasoning capability, through which the efficiency and effectiveness of JHA on construction sites can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scholarly debate in translation studies and related fields has extensively addressed the definition, scope, and limitations of translation. We contend that museum translation, which encompasses both the traditional "translation proper" as well as the non-verbal and multimodal aspects of translation, is central to this debate. Museum translation covers an extensive spectrum of perspectives, which contribute to the expansion of the concept of translation and the field of translation studies. It capitalizes on the intrinsic interdisciplinarity of museum studies and translation studies, fostering a profound exchange of disciplines and serving as an ideal foundation for discussing the boundaries of translation. It has a dynamic nature that can contract or expand to suit the researcher's perspective and disciplinary concentration. A comprehensive examination of the intricate procedures encompassed by museum translation is, therefore, timely. In this article, we examine and compare different applications of this concept and provide an overview of how various disciplines and research foci have approached this area of study. We aim to contribute to the ongoing development of the concept of museum translation and its position in translation studies, a call further addressed by each author in this special issue titled "Museums as Spaces of Cultural Translation and Transfer." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction To identify how flavor is conceptualized with respect to cigarillos to illuminate areas of concordance and discordance and provide a pathway for the harmonization of tobacco flavor measurement. Aims and Methods Three methods were used to identify research measuring flavors respective to cigarillo products including: (1) querying research databases using key words "cigarillo," "tobacco" and "flavor"/'flavour,' (2) sub-sampling of the eligible literature with backward and forward reference searching, and (3) a bibliographic search of key experts. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts. Inclusion criteria required manuscripts to be available in English, published prior to 3/1/2022, be original and peer-reviewed, and include a measure of flavor pertaining to cigarillo products. A total of 163 manuscripts met these criteria and were subsequently evaluated. Results Cigarillo flavor determinations were made based on the presence of flavoring agents, sensory characteristics, marketing or package characteristics, pre-defined lists, the absence of any of these, and/or were undefined. Individual flavors and their related classifications were not altogether mutually exclusive due to differences in conceptualization which has evolved over time. Conclusions Flavor measures continue to evolve, likely in response to both tobacco control policies and industry shifts. There is a lack of standardization in flavor conceptualization that can be ameliorated through intentional integration of multiple forms of research such as identifying patterns of flavoring agents and/or marketing strategies that elicit a specific flavor profile. By doing this, we may more comprehensively evaluate the impact of flavors, their constituents, and related marketing strategies on broader population health. Implications There are discrepancies in the conceptualization of flavor in tobacco and nicotine products. The lack of standardized, definitive language limits our ability to comprehensively evaluate the population-level health impact of flavors in addition to our ability to effectively inform, implement, and enforce policies restricting flavors in tobacco and nicotine products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, little research exists on disabilities among Native American communities and no research exists on how Native Americans perceive disabilities, services currently available, and unmet needs. Understanding these key areas is essential to providing efficacious and culturally relevant care. To address this gap in the literature, we used Indigenous research methodology through sharing circles throughout the state of Utah to listen and amplify the voices of the Native communities. Participants shared how they conceptualize "disability," what they thought of current services, and how they thought the needs of Native persons with disabilities should be addressed. Four major themes emerged in the data: a culturally-based conceptualization of "disability," barriers to services, belonging, and needed actions. These themes highlight the cultural strengths among Native communities surrounding disabilities and bring attention to systematic change needed to better address the needs of Native Americans with disabilities. POINTS OF INTEREST: Native Americans are diagnosed with disabilities more than the general American population. Cultural understandings, including the definition of "disability," may influence diagnosis rates. This study aimed to get a more complete picture of how Native Americans understand disabilities and what services would be helpful for those with disabilities in their communities. Native American participants shared their experiences and thoughts about disabilities in sharing circles to discuss important topics in a cultural way. Four major themes were identified following these sharing circles, including a culturally-based definition of "disability," barriers to services, belonging, and needed actions. These themes highlight the cultural strengths among Native communities surrounding disabilities and bring attention to what changes could be made to better serve the needs of Native Americans with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'radicalisation' is relatively new. It is mostly the result of the political climate since 2005, but now widely used in work on extremism, fundamentalism, conspiracism, fanaticism, terrorism, and counter-terrorism. But exactly what is radicalisation and can we still properly use the term in the face of the many objections that have been levelled against it? I defend a conception of radicalisation that combines the fourmain approaches in the literature, the so-called monist and pluralist, as well as the absolutist and relativist ones. It does so on the basis of conceptual analysis, reflective equilibrium and particular case studies. Since the term will not be going away, it is wiser to be as lucid on how one defines it as possible. Such a definition matters for three reasons: there is much confusion in the public debate about radicalisation, e.g. about Islamism, increasing right-wing radicalisation in Europe and North America, and the views of conspiracy thinkers and anti-vaxxers, the term 'radicalisation' is also widely used in the academic literature on terrorism and counter-terrorism, but there is much unclarity about its relation to violence, to phenomena like fundamentalism, extremism, terrorism, and, finally, in order to be fruitful in research we need a definition that can be operationalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since Goffman examined "face" in social interaction in 1955, researchers in intercultural and sociocultural pragmatics have employed the concept in many ways, and have developed a number of different positions on what the concept entails and on how to study it. Following Goffman, face is uniformly conceptualized as a phenomenon apparent in everyday interacting, but in focusing on the characteristics of face, researchers have routinely overlooked their conceptualizations of everyday interaction. This article examines twelve current conceptualizations of face, focusing particularly on their conceptualizations of everyday interacting and their implications for examining face, and providing researchers with bases for choosing a conceptualization that will be productive in addressing their research questions regarding face in everyday interacting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study attempts to analyze and classify different types of conceptual metaphors and their method of conceptualization among Persian compound verbs based on cognitive semantics approach in metaphor analysis. The research method is descriptive -analytical and corpus -driven. Data collection was done through Sokhan's 8 - volume dictionary as well as Persian language database. The research data consists of more than 1000 Persian compound verbs in the form of 20 common Persian language combinations, for each of which 50 current Persian language combinations were examined and analyzed. In fact, the objective of the authors is to analyze the types of conceptual metaphors and their frequency as well as to show their conceptualization among Persian compound verbs .The main objective of the current research is to answer the following questions: 1. How is metaphorical conceptualization formed in Persian compound verbs? 2. Which of the common conceptual metaphors has a higher frequency of occurrence? The results showed that in this corpus there are five domains of source, object, container, human being and material, which all belong to ontological metaphors are with a big difference (especially in comparison with the first two domains) the most frequent source domains in this corpus of Persian . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Within linguistics and educational research, language awareness (LA) has been studied for decades. Despite the extensive use of the concept and several conceptualizations, systematic empirical research examining students' LA across educational levels in the context of plurilingual education is still lacking. The article seeks to fill this gap by introducing a theoretically and empirically based conceptualization of LA across educational levels in the context of plurilingual education and, based on the conceptualization, presents findings from a within- and cross-case analysis exploring students' expressions of LA in primary, lower, and upper secondary education. As part of an exploratory embedded multiple-case study, interview data are coded and analysed through a qualitative content analysis. The case study found that students across educational levels expressed metalinguistic awareness (MLA) and critical language awareness (CLA) revealing similarities and differences in respect to the learners' age and language resources as well as signs of complexification, e.g. through more nuanced MLA expressions and concretisations reflecting that the students drew on a broader range of experiences. The students' MLA and CLA are framed by the students' plurilingualism representing a diversity of language resources, while also showing a preoccupation with languages that are not represented in the educational system. SAMMENDRAG (IN DANISH): Inden for lingvistisk og sprogdidaktisk forskning har sproglig opmærksomhed (SO, language awareness) være undersøgt i årtier. Til trods for den store brug af begrebet og flere konceptualiseringer, findes der ingen systematisk empirisk forskning der undersøger elevers SO på tværs af uddannelsesniveauer i rammen af en flersprogethedsdidaktik. Artiklen søger at bidrage med ny viden til feltet ved at introducere en teori- og empiribaseret konceptualisering af SO på tværs af uddannelsesniveauer i rammen af en flersprogethedsdidaktik og med afsæt heri præsentere empiriske fund fra interviews, der afdækker, hvordan grundskole- og gymnasieelever giver udtryk for SO. Interviewdataene, som er en del af et eksplorativt og fokuseret multicasestudie, er kodet og analyseret via en kvalitativ indholdsanalyse baseret på en fælles kodningsmanual med kategorier udsprunget af konceptualiseringen. Casestudiet viser at elever på tværs af uddannelsesniveauer giver udtryk for metasproglig opmærksomhed (MSO) og kritisk sproglig opmærksomhed (KSO), som viser ligheder og forskelle i forhold til elevernes aldre og sproglige ressourcer samt tegn på en kompleksificering, fx via mere nuancerede udtryksmåder og konkretiseringer, der afspejler, at eleverne trækker på en bredere vifte af erfaringer. Elevernes flersprogethed, der repræsenterer en mangfoldighed af sproglige ressourcer, udgør en referenceramme for deres MSO og KSO, men samtidig viser eleverne også en optagethed af sprog i verden, som ikke er repræsenteret i uddannelsessystemet. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: The article examines language awareness in the context of a plurilingual education which (1) builds bridges between languages students already know, including languages learnt in school, (2) integrates languages that are related to languages students already know and (3) opens towards language diversity in general, covering all kind of languages, e.g. students' first languages. The article is interested in how students in Grade 1 (age 7/8), Grade 7 (age13/14) and Grade 11 (age 17/18) in interviews express language awareness, when their teaching was based on plurilingual education. To investigate the students' language awareness, the article introduces a model that has been developed on the basis of research literature and the analysis of student data in the project Plurilingual Education – Minority and Majority Students' Language Awareness across Educational Levels. The study shows that students in all three grades express language awareness revealing similarities and differences in respect to the students' age and language resources. The analysis across the educational levels indicates a complexification, e.g. through more nuanced expressions and concretisations reflecting that the students draw on a broader range of experiences. Furthermore, the study shows that the students make use of their own plurilingualism, including the students' first languages and languages learnt in school, when they express language awareness, and that they are very preoccupied with languages not usually taught in the education system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, scholars have investigated norms of citizenship by focussing primarily on 'dutiful' and 'engaged' norms. In the meantime, contemporary democracies have witnessed growing demands for more sustainable styles of living and increasing public support for authoritarian and populist ideas. These developments point to both a change and an expansion of conventional understandings and conceptions of what a 'good citizen' in a democratic polity ought to do. Specifically, they raise questions about whether demands for more sustainability and increasing support for populist ideas establish new facets of democratic citizenship, and if so, how they can be meaningfully incorporated into existing images of citizenship. This study provides a re-conceptualization of citizenship norms and empirically tests a new measurement instrument using original data collected in Germany in 2019. The empirical application of an expanded set of items demonstrates the existence of more variegated facets of norms of citizenship, including norms to safeguard a sustainable future and distinct populist facets emphasizing the relevance of trust in authorities and experts as well as reliance on feelings and emotions. Contemporary conceptions of citizenship thus go beyond conventional distinctions between dutiful and engaged norms of citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Some cases in the social sciences have been attributed a greater capacity to generate transferrable insights than others. This is evident in the phenomenon now widely diagnosed as Eurocentrism but is not limited to it. When some cases are privileged by convention, others come into view as occasions primarily for 'application' of insights derived from other cases or of insights canonized in conversations organized around the label of 'theory'. This paper seeks to identify opportunities for higher forms of theorizing based on these observations about patterns in existing knowledge-production, focusing particularly on the opportunities that arise for theorizing from a focus on 'neglected cases'. Cases that have been neglected vis-à-vis specific categories help us to examine and challenge assumptions associated with existing concepts; they help us to reveal the range of properties bundled by existing concepts and allow us to develop a more precise vocabulary for the universe of social phenomena, which is the basis for description, explanation and critique. Based on the distinction between 'privileged' cases on the one hand and 'neglected' cases on the other hand, the paper also discusses strategies for the reflective use of privileged cases for theorizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with economic development and growth, the role of tourism today is increasing as a sector that contributes to considerable foreign exchange to people’s welfare. Development strategies that accommodate conservation interests with the interests of residents, government, and investors are based on ecotourism. Ecotourism is then seen as one of the alternative policies that can be used as a solution to the shift in cultural, social, and environmental wisdom values. Therefore, an overview is needed to explain ecotourism-based development strategies. This research uses qualitative research methods with SWOT analysis. The results of the study describe the concept of ecotourism, its management strategy, the benefits of ecotourism, and the results of the SWOT analysis of ecotourism. It is expected to be a conceptualization consideration in developing ecotourism and development strategies for national policies in the field of sustainable tourism and supporting regional economic independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) considerations for businesses has evolved from compliance to a strategic imperative. This shift is driven by increased investor scrutiny, reputation and brand value impact, talent attraction, innovation stimulation, community relations, and global regulatory requirements. At the same time, the ESG regulations and policies, related technological landscape, and market trends are continuously changing. It is, therefore no longer tenable for firms to stick to a minimalistic approach of ESG regulatory box-ticking 'compliance'; instead, it is becoming increasingly critical to develop ESG 'capabilities' that help firms to seamlessly and proactively adapt themselves to the changing environment and even turning it into new (strategic) opportunities rather than reluctantly reacting to change, being operationally and organizationally overwhelmed, and disrupted, often with inadequate response and poor adoption as result. Many studies show that data and technology can be powerful enablers of such capability. The evidence is, however, unstructured and dispersed. In response, this study consolidates existing research and presents a comprehensive conceptual framework, bridging the fragmented landscape of ESG data and the technology literature. It offers practical guidance for firms, helping them lay holistic data and technology foundations for ESG and advance toward higher maturity levels in their ESG capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin American party systems are characterized by a proliferation of new parties of very different sizes, backgrounds, and developmental trajectories, which poses a conceptual challenge. Historically, conceptualizations of new parties have often prioritized data accessibility over methodological and theoretical rigor. As a result, they have produced a plethora of highly heterogeneous cases that are ill-suited for theory testing. To address this problem, we propose the development of a conceptual tool aimed at identifying a subset of relevant new parties, termed “break-in parties” (bip) because of their potential impact on prevailing patterns of representation and party competition. We have identified a corpus of 24 such parties founded between 1960 and 2002 in South America. These parties exhibit sufficient similarity to facilitate meaningful attributions, while also providing variability in relevant independent and dependent variables for testing theories of party system change through the emergence and success of new parties, a topic that has received considerable attention in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge transfer in global mental health services has long been depicted from Western perspectives. This article destabilizes this discourse through a conceptual model that integrates the top-down approach (macro postcolonial context, meso transnational knowledge transfer and micro mental health programmes) and the bottom-up approach (the roles of transcreation in reconfiguring micro mental health intervention, meso mental health services integration and macro policy advocacy and reform). This article raises social workers' awareness of ongoing development of mental health services from a decolonizing perspective, and guides social work research and practice to continue the decolonization of global mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the issue has been discussed for decades, the field of intimate partner violence struggles with the lack of a consensus definition for emotional abuse. In this article, it is suggested that differences in definition are caused by everyday variation in value judgment among researchers. To address this, it is argued that investigating emotional abuse should be acknowledged as an exercise in moral thought as much as it is in scientific rigor. Looking at the philosophy of criminalization, such as the work of Joel Feinberg or Douglas Husak, it is proposed that criminalization theory may serve to guide research on emotional abuse, reduce or overcome the definitional issue, and reveal problematic gaps in understanding. This article will present a general description of the philosophical and legal questions involved in the hypothetical criminalization of emotional abuse, evaluate existing research from that perspective, and propose a minimalist rather than comprehensive approach to definition, an approach involving either focusing only on those behaviors judged to meet the standards for potential criminalization or conceptualizing the range of emotionally abusive behaviors as distinct phenomena to be studied independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the instantiation of variables in schemas within the Relational Morphology theory. On the basis of an approach to word-formation from concept to form, the article argues that for the question of what lexemes are retrieved from the lexicon to instantiate the variables in schemas in order to achieve the required meaning of the resulting word within the generative role of schemas, it is important to distinguish different functions of word-formation, namely those that provide mere variations on existing lexemes in contrast to the function of word-formation that provides names for concepts in the extra-linguistic world. In the first case, the variables in schemas are instantiated with lexemes on which we perform the variation, whereas, in the second case, the lexemes result from prior mental processing of the concept to be named. The paper thus also provides the description of the process of conceptualization within the naming function of word-formation and demonstrates the principles of conceptualization on various examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to afford a comprehensive conceptualization and operationalization of the construct of talent management through an inclusive exploration of conceptual clarifications for existing confusions while developing a complete measuring instrument. Design/methodology/approach: The archival method was adopted together with a systematic review based on Khan et al.'s (2003) five steps of systematic literature review. The systematic review has encircled published research articles between 1982 and 2023 in the human resource management (HRM) arena. A total of 130 articles were initially scrutinized, and 106 were systematically reviewed to conceptualize, operationalize and explore clarifications for confusions and instrument development for talent management. Findings: This study explored conceptual clarifications for existing confusions towards talent management while recognizing definitions that come under the main philosophical schools for the underlying concept of talent. A novel practical definition has been established for talent management while recognizing dimensions, and then certain elements. A comprehensive instrument has been developed to measure talent management. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited to instrument development in measuring talent management; nevertheless, there is an enormous scope for using the instrument to empirically measure talent management through organizational and employees perspectives linked to diverse global contexts in future studies. Originality/value: The developed comprehensive instrument is a vibrant contribution to future investigations related to empirically measuring talent management associated with organizational and employee perspectives related to diverse global contexts in winning "war for talent." This study endows a significant input to the whole frame of HRM knowledge as it resolves existing conceptual ambiguities towards talent management while defining and operationalizing it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using intelligence in various aspects of business, including branding, allows organizations to reach a worthy competitive position in today's turbulent environment. However, researchers have not yet provided a scale to measure the level of brand intelligence. As a result, the purpose of this study is 1) to provide an operational definition of brand intelligence and 2) to develop a standard scale for measuring this variable. This study reports six studies on developing a brand intelligence scale based on a literature review and interviews with practitioners. This scale shows reliability, internal consistency, construct validity, and nomological validity. The findings show a 24-item measurement scale comprising seven dimensions: monitoring, brand research, predictability, reactivity, learning ability, ability to collaborate, and responsiveness. Also, the results showed that brand intelligence significantly affects market performance and financial performance. Finally, contributions, implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to study mental spaces in Persian children stories within a cognitive linguistic framework. As a new branch of the linguistics, cognitive linguistics was established in 1970s. In this approach, language is considered as a reflection of thought, and studying language patterns maps conceptualization. Cognitive linguistics is distinguished from the other branches of the discipline by the presupposition that language represents fundamental features and the detailed mapping of human mind. The main purpose of this study is to find mental structures and fundamental concepts on which Persian authors of children books base their stories. To conduct the research, data was gathered through library resources and, from a corpus of fifty children stories, five stories were accidentally selected and analyzed descriptively within Gilles Fauconnier's (1997) mental spaces framework. Findings show that base space in the selected stories is constructed on the concept of "Loneliness" and presupposes that being trapped in loneliness is a problem with endless pain and sorrow. In other words, loneliness has been represented as a negative concept so that the next mental spaces be distanced from it. Stereotypically, fictional characters face this problem involuntarily, try to get out of it, and finally gain victory. The works under study in this research contain the message of collectivism and philanthropy, and the created mental spaces lead children audience to a sense of empowerment in social relations. The findings of this study can be useful both for authors and editors of children stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars employ two main measures of the executive constraints embedded in European Union laws: one is based on the variation in the use of different types of restrictions, and the second is based on the frequency of such use. They reflect two alternative conceptualizations of bureaucratic control. We label them, respectively, as the "toolbox perspective" and the "design perspective". We illustrate that the constraint frequency measure poses fewer validity problems in estimating legislators' intent to constrain implementation and tends to produce less severe measurement errors. We then evaluate the performance in estimating constraint variation of a recent computational application and identify potential drawbacks of automated learning from hand‐coded provisions. We lastly introduce a skeletal framework for a machine‐learning approach based on the syntactic structures employed by legislators that could improve the performance of this innovative technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Student engagement is conceptualized differently in different contexts and educational levels. The conception of student engagement in the Ethiopian context is not well established. To examine conceptions and practical experiences related to student engagement, we conducted a qualitative study of university students, instructors, and officials. Using topic guides prepared for this purpose, we carried out focus group discussions with 84 students (8 FGDs). In addition, 40 instructors and 20 officials were interviewed using a semi structured questionnaire. Perspectives of participants were analyzed using a codebook approach to thematic analysis. The findings indicated that conceptions of engagement span from studying for examination to involvement on non-academic activities such as participating in clubs. In terms of the level of engagement, participants believe that the overall status of student engagement is not satisfactory. In connection with this, the facilitators of and barriers to student engagement were identified. Among the facilitators, good laboratory and library resources, instructional methods, tutorials and friendly university environments and policies are worth mentioning. The major barriers to student engagement are grouped under macro, meso and micro levels, such as the political and economic situation of the country, the declining value for education, placement in universities and excessive social media use. The study contributes to policymakers, researchers, and practitioners working on higher education, specifically on ways of improving the engagement levels of public university students.

AbstractThis review study investigated two main questions on organizational citizenship behavior: first, how is OCB conceptualized in management studies? And the second question is, what are the antecedents of OCB in management studies? The study used a systematic review strategy to address the above questions. In this respect, clear inclusion and exclusion criteria were employed to select 53 relevant articles from the total of 2367 OCB articles obtained from various databases for analysis purpose. Other research methods were also used in the study, such as the collected data, which was analyzed via content analysis and finally presented descriptively using a descriptive research design. The finding shows that these days, OCB and OCBI/OCBO are still understood from 1988 Organ’s OCB constructs. There are limited studies on individuals’ dispositions, task characteristics, leadership behaviors, and group characteristics as types of antecedents of OCB in the existing literature. It is recommended to develop advanced OCB constructs that can be applicable to all types of organizations. As shown by the shortage of OCB studies in some types of antecedents, future researchers are advised to conduct their studies on individuals’ dispositions, task characteristics, leadership behaviors, and group characteristics using the conceptual framework suggested by this study.

AbstractIn recent years, many studies have paid attention to servant leadership in different fields and occasions, yet few studies have paid attention to higher education in Afghanistan. The current explanatory study examined to what extent university teachers use the four principles of servant leadership (empathy, awareness, conceptualization and foresight) in EFL classrooms and investigated the effects of each principle on EFL students’ development and learning. This study used a mixed-method technique, collecting data from 116 students through a questionnaire and 9 students via semi-structured interviews. Both sets of findings indicated that all EFL teachers mostly have used the four principles of servant leadership in their instructions and classrooms. Also, inferential statistics unveiled that no robust difference exists between students’ reported experiences of their teachers’ use of servant leadership principles and various genders and years of schooling. Besides, qualitative findings revealed that the implementation of those principles has had some impacts and effects on students’ empowerment and learning development. The positive points were motivation, encouragement, a sense of care, a sense of belonging and engagement in learning. However, the limitations observed were that some teachers consistently differentiated between less engaged and more capable students during class activities, and they provided limited support for students to overcome challenges. Furthermore, the study offered some pedagogical implications such as promoting servant leadership principles through conducting short capacity-building workshops and establishing leadership centers at campuses.