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As a lot of juvenile Muslims tend to be less engaged with their religion and the history of mosques in their community, this study was conducted to develop a series of digital content in the metaverse combined with participatory communication and learning with religious leader to enhance students' perception of community Mosque (Darun Naim, Thung Kru District, Thailand). The objectives of this research were to survey needs, to develop and assess the quality of the aforementioned series of digital content, to evaluate students' perception, and to measure students' satisfaction. Materials of this study included questionnaires and forms to survey needs, assess the quality of the digital content and media presentation, evaluate subjects perception, and measure their satisfaction. A total of 30 subjects who were students from Al-Bidayah Religious School, Thung Khru District, Bangkok and had been members of Young Muslim Association Ban Khru for at least 1 year were selected through purposive sampling. After questionnaire-based data collection, mean and standard deviation were used as a statistical tool for data analysis. The results of this study showed that the outcome of needs assessment was at a high level. The overall quality of the content and media presentation was at a good and very good level, respectively. The findings of the assessment of students' perception and satisfaction were at the highest level. In summary, the developed digital content in the metaverse combined with participatory communication and learning with religious leader was of high quality and can be implemented.

Given the lack of computational tools available for assessing second language (L2) production in Korean, this study introduces a novel automated tool called the Korean Syntactic Complexity Analyzer (KOSCA) for measuring syntactic complexity in L2 Korean production. As an open-source graphic user interface (GUI) developed in Python, KOSCA provides seven indices of syntactic complexity, including traditional and Korean-specific ones. Its validity was tested by investigating whether the syntactic complexity indices measured by it in L2 written and spoken production could explain the variability of L2 Korean learners' proficiency. The results of mixed-effects regression analyses showed that all seven indices significantly accounted for learner proficiency in Korean. Subsequent stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that the syntactic complexity indices explained 56.0% of the total variance in proficiency for the written data and 54.4% for the spoken data. These findings underscore the validity of the syntactic complexity indices measured by KOSCA as reliable indicators of L2 Korean proficiency, which can serve as a valuable resource for researchers and educators in the field of L2 Korean learning and assessment.

Ray tracing is a computer graphics technique used to produce realistic visuals by physically simulating the behavior of light. Although this technique can be described straightforwardly, fully comprehending it might be challenging. It is typically taught in the classroom using the 2-D formats, such as paper or a blackboard. We propose using immersive environments for incrementing the understanding of ray tracing. We focus on improving the knowledge of the technique in experienced users, particularly Master of Computer Science students minoring in a computer-graphics-related area. We argue that exploring the ray tracing process in an immersive visualization environment can further improve the understanding of ray tracing acquired using conventional means. With that objective, this study starts by presenting RayTracerVR, a virtual reality prototype tool for learning the mechanisms of ray tracing. This tool can be used to visually explore and interact with the different aspects of the technique. It allows users to observe the progression of the rays throughout the sequential stages of the ray tracing process and analyze its corresponding computer pseudocode. The study includes user evaluation where RayTracerVR is employed to assess improvements in ray tracing understanding. The prototype's usability is also assessed. The findings indicate that using the ray tracing immersive learning environment results in a supplemental increase in understanding in users who have previously learned ray tracing using conventional means.

This study examined the visual design processes and strategies used by design experts and non-design college students when composing an infographic. All participants created an infographic on a personal computer and were asked to think aloud as they performed the task. The goal was to identify differences in the strategies utilised to produce higher and lower-quality infographics scored across 17 design criteria. Results revealed six design processes: (1) create structure and grid, (2) establish visual hierarchy, (3) define visual rules, (4) replicate visual rules, (5) test and adjust, and (6) validate and revise. High-rated infographics were produced using a more systematic process, starting with working on the structure and grid and establishing a visual hierarchy, and moving on to define and replicate visual rules. Design strategies from the comparative analysis included: (1) laying out the elements over a grid and working on visual hierarchy before working on details, (2) placing related content near each other and less related content spaced apart, (3) using up to two font styles and opting for legible over decorative fonts, (4) testing various colours, fonts, and graphics while preserving the overall structure and hierarchy, and (5) stepping back to validate the overall design and making adjustments based on the optical weight. These processes and strategies were encapsulated into a five-stage Infographic Visual Design Model.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how infographics are used in the dynamics of designing or creating in the teaching and learning process. Utilising a bibliometric approach and content analysis, we examined a sample of 760 documents from the Web of Science and Scopus databases with no lower time limit until November 2023. The analyses aimed to identify trends, including main topics, authors, sources, most cited articles, institutional affiliations, and countries in the literature. This bibliometric approach allows for the observation of trends in the educational application of promoting visual literacy through students' design or creation of infographics in formal and informal learning settings. Initial publications emerged in 2007, gaining momentum from 2014 to the present. The most prolific fields were medical science, chemistry, and computer science. This investigation shows that educational institutions could employ infographics beyond present boundaries to prepare students--particularly Generation Alpha, digital natives--for a data-driven society. Institutions should expand their use of infographics to improve visual literacy and address the changing educational requirements of students in a dynamic learning environment. Overall, this paper provides insights into the readiness of educators and institutions to engage Generation Alpha, the digital natives, through visual literacy and infographics.

Recent advances and applications of artificial intelligence (AI) have increased the opportunities for students to interact with AI in their learning tasks. Although various fields of scholarly research have investigated human-AI collaboration, the underlying processes of how students collaborate with AI in a student-AI teaming scenario have been scarcely investigated. To develop effective AI applications in education, it is necessary to understand differences in the student-AI interaction (SAI) process depending on students' characteristics. The present study attempts to fill this gap by exploring the differences in the SAI process amongst students with varying drawing proficiencies and attitudes towards AI in performing a public advertisement drawing task. Based on the empirical evidence obtained from the think-aloud protocols of 20 Korean undergraduate students, the study first conducted a lag sequential analysis to identify statistically significant linear patterns of each group and then chronologically incorporated them into the SAI duration via coded activity alignment series to distinguish the overall SAI process of each group. The study revealed the distinctive differences in SAI processes of students with different attitudes towards AI and drawing skills. To better facilitate student-AI teams for learning, a range of implications of educational AI development and instructional design is discussed.

Many academic teachers present data as static graphics in their lectures and courses. However, data structures have become more complex in the last decades, especially in the biomedical disciplines, and interactive graphics can provide a better means to communicate the scientific contents to students. Besides, the technological qualifications of academic staff are diverse, and it has been little studied how these teachers can be trained to program and implement interactive graphics for their courses. It is also little known whether interactive graphics will be helpful for teaching and learning. We conducted a pilot online workshop to identify aspects that need to be addressed when teaching academic staff to program interactive graphics in form of Shiny-apps based on the programing language R. The n = 25 participants were academic staff from the fields of medicine or natural sciences. Pre- and post-workshop questionnaires were used to identify which aspects should be considered in future workshops, to query the usefulness of interactive graphics for teachers and students, and to identify the impact of the workshop on the teacher's opinion towards digital teaching devices and their preparedness to program own interactive graphics. Most participants showed strong interest to use interactive graphics in their courses after the workshop, and interactive graphics were overall rated as very helpful for teachers and students. However, only those with prior programming knowledge intended to implement own graphics. We conclude that an extension of the workshop will be necessary to provide additional training for participants with no background in R programming.

Students' engagement in multimodal remediation of learning material in the form of slideshow presentations dominates universities. Yet, diversification of learning artifacts through the creation of more diverse types of multimodal content is scarce. The current article therefore proposes an innovative project during which students summarize research articles (RAs) by remediating their content into two increasingly popular communication formats: infographics and graphical abstracts (GAs). Following step-by-step activities that enhance student agency, learners self-regulate, work in groups, and learn to design these types of visuals. We discuss both modes and practices and present them visually in the format of instructional infographics, providing insights compiled in our own reflective journals as course facilitators. Courses: Professional Communication, Academic Communication, Science Communication, Technical Writing, Social Science Research Methods, English for Research Purposes, English for Specific Purposes, English for Academic Purposes, Visual Literacy, and Multimodality courses. The activities of multimodal remediation of academic texts into infographics and GAs may be adapted for all levels of students, including those who plan to continue with research activities in the future. Objectives: The proposed activities will help students to: (1) extract essential information from the RAs; (2) become acquainted with expert expectations regarding infographics and GAs (i.e. author guidelines in scientific journals); (3) critically evaluate the construction criteria of visuals for scholarly publication; (4) communicate research content (scientific data) visually by learning to design two popular formats for communicating research; (5) reflect on how effective multimodal construction is compared to the ones created by peers or the examples provided; (6) familiarize themselves with the target academic discourse; (7) foster learner agency, self-regulation, and autonomy; and (8) develop effective team working and collaboration subskills (e.g. responsibility sharing, taking into account the perspectives of others, etc.).

Currently, augmented reality (AR) is one of the emerging technologies which is being widely used in the education sector. In engineering drawing, AR has been implemented to enhance learners' spatial ability but not their conceptual knowledge yet. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of AR on engineering drawing students' learning performance. In this study, we developed an AR-based application EDINAR to learn engineering drawing concepts for undergraduate engineering students. The study included 392 first-year students from an engineering institution. The control group (N = 196) studied engineering drawing using traditional methods, whereas the experimental group (N = 196) used an AR-based engineering drawing application (EDINAR) to learn engineering drawing. One-way ANOVA was used to analyse the performances of both groups. The findings revealed that students studying engineering drawing with the help of EDINAR outperformed those using traditional approaches. In addition, we received positive feedback about the AR application from the experimental group about their learning experience. Based on these results, it is recommended to incorporate AR in engineering education to improve the learning performance and students' learning experience.

This paper aims to analyse to what extent the engineering curricula contribute to the development of visual literacy among engineering students. Communicating and thinking visually is a basic skill for all engineers, being a fundamental part of their educational stage. For this purpose, Engineering Graphics subjects from 30 engineering schools from Spain have been selected to review their content. The sample consists of 80 subjects of Engineering Graphics, mechanical design and computer-aided design. The curricula were analyzed using a quantitative and qualitative method. A database has been developed where keywords that identify the objectives of the analysis have been tabulated. Learning technical visual language and visualization skills as a means of developing visual literacy in engineering has been taken as the basis of the analysis. The results show that the curricula of the subjects contemplate the development of graphic skills around communication and technical representation and, to a lesser extent, visualization. On the other hand, the teaching activities contemplated do not dive into the cognitive aspects of graphics. We can also observe the pre-eminence of computer graphics as the main basis for teaching activities and marginal use of freehand drawing, which is basic for the development of Visual Literacy.

Analogical thinking is one of the thinking processes that is associated with creativity. This paper explores how it is experienced in Graphic Design elaborations using Computer Graphic Technology (CGT). Data are collected through concurrent and retrospective probing from three undergraduates and analysed through phenomenological reduction to identify the constituents and elements of the creative analogy's general psychological structure. The findings show that the general structure of the creative analogical experience is a relationship between three constituents namely: (1) the experience of recalling knowledge or information; (2) the use of knowledge for ideation; and (3) the use of knowledge to conclude ideas. The findings also show that the underlying elements of these constituents are conceptual (declarative) and technical (procedural) knowledge and its combinations that are consistent with the theories of analogical thinking. This article concludes with recommendations for future research and insights on its implementation in Design Education.

During the junior high and high school years, there is a dramatic decrease in motivation for math studies, which has been found to play a major role in learning processes. Many attempts have been made to mitigate this decrease in motivation and to encourage mathematics studies in higher grades. One way that researchers have proposed to stimulate students' curiosity and their perceived ability in math is to integrate technology into teaching. Such technology includes technological tools, digital educational activities, learning support software. Using tablet in class has significant potential to improve learning but the issue of how to effectively integrate digital technology into teaching and learning practices becomes critical. According to that knowledge we examined the impact of the use of a digital writing board (similar to tablet) by the lecturer during frontal lectures in mathematics on students' learning motivation in an engineering academic preparatory program, following motivational constructs: self-efficacy, implicit theory of ability, value beliefs, and learning climate. The results showed that the technological tool positively affected two important motivational constructs that influence general motivation for mathematics studies.

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to examine various dimensions of aesthetic visual design and their role in predicting usability in e-learning in higher education institutions of northern India. Using quantitative means of data collection, this research identified, ways and means to make learning content effectively usable, that is, attractive, interesting, motivating, and engaging for the learners. Method: A survey questionnaire was developed through focused group discussions with field experts. Data were collected through online as well as offline modes. A Google form was created and its weblink was shared with the students pursuing degree courses in various state universities in northern India. Several visits and revisits were also undertaken to various universities to approach the respondents. Results: Results confirmed consistency, typography, graphics, grid, and layout as factors responsible for predicting usability of e-learning. Surprisingly, color and compositional guidelines emerged insignificant. Implications: The study has implications for teaching and learning activities that promote effective learning. The findings are beneficial for course-design faculty who develop modules by considering visual design elements that can facilitate interaction with and understanding of content by students learning in an online modality.

The "new digital art? genre has emerged to describe various works of art that have evolved with the development of digital technologies. In its broadest sense, digital art encompasses everything from high-end machine learning applications to the use of interactive elements in traditional media. There is also an increase in the interaction between information technologies and art. Science, art and technology has been increasing and becoming widespread since the 60s, when scientists, artists and inventors began collaborating and using electronic devices to create art. The experience that results from consuming art and culture is multifaceted in nature. It can be individual or collective, physical or virtual, active or passive, public or private, on-site or in private places, open-air or indoor. With the spread of digital art, there is a remarkable increase in the commodification of art. This article, in this context, analyzed and discussed digital art, its positive and negative aspects, and the commodification of this art type on the basis of literature.

Image-text conversion for web-based drawing involves mental activities of reification which sometimes leads students fluent in graphical hand skills to find it difficult to learn program code drawing. 35 people completed experiments on Topics 1 and 2 and 30 people completed experiments on Topics 1 to 3 on webpage design. A pretest and posttest determined their learning style (visual or verbal), basic programming ability, and cognitive abilities (including logical reasoning, figural flexibility, and spatial perception--orientation and measurement). Statistical analyses and semi-structured interviews examined student performance. Students with different learning styles and different cognitive abilities displayed significant differences in the three topics. K-means clustering demonstrated the originality, aesthetic sophistication, and level of interaction to be critical yardsticks in measuring programming learning achievement. This research demonstrates factors that influence the learning of web-based drawing and offers new opportunities for understanding how front-end engineer novices can apply computational thinking skills to implement webpage design. Specifically, mental models may be integrated by graphical, heuristic, abstract, and sequential thinking in turn to solve problems in web-based drawing.

With restrictions on face-to-face clinical consultations within the COVID-19 pandemic and the challenges faced by healthcare systems in delivering patient care, alternative information technologies like telemedicine and smartphones play a crucial role. A wide variety of smartphone applications employs high-tech mathematical and programming approaches to enhance computer-assisted communication and learning processes' pedagogical efficiency. Accordingly, this study's main objective is to develop a model system that can function as smartphone computer graphics. This paper used the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as an m-learning model, and Bresenham's line algorithm is a calculation system implemented by applications. The study method applies technology to validate the accuracy of the contents' acceptance method of use. The results reveal significant positive effects of the proposed model on generating reasonable, fast, and accurate solutions for the presented problems and developing a more interactive platform of m-learning.

Purpose: The study aims to develop an application that will serve as an alternative learning tool for learning Asian Studies. The delivery of lessons into a virtual reality game depends on the pace of students. The developed application comprises several more features that enable users to get valuable information from an immersive environment. Method: The researchers used Rapid Application Development (RAD) in developing the application. It follows phases such as requirement planning, user design, construction, and cutover. Two sets of questionnaires were developed, one for the teachers and another for the students. Then, testing and evaluation were conducted through purposive sampling to select the respondents. Results: The application was overall rated as 3.56 which is verbally interpreted as very good. The result was based on the system evaluation using ISO 9126 in terms of functionality, usability, content, reliability, and performance. Conclusion: The developed application meets the objectives to provide an alternative learning tool for learning Asian Studies. The application is well commended and accepted by the end-users to provide an interactive and immersive environment for students to learn at their own pace. Recommendations: Further enhancement of the audio, gameplay, and graphics of the tool. Schools should take into consideration the adoption of the Asian Studies Virtual Reality as a good alternative tool for their teachers and students to teach and learn Asian Studies. The use of more 3D objects relevant to the given information to enhance the game experience may be considered. A databank for the quiz questions that will be loaded into the game should also be considered. Research Implications: The integration of modern technology in education has been a vital part of the learning process, especially when technological resources are available. Development and adaptation of this application will promote an alternative way of independent learning among students and will give them a better understanding of Asian Studies at their own pace.

To build knowledge, separate yet related learning episodes can be integrated with one another and then used to derive new knowledge. Separate episodes are often experienced through different formats, such as text passages and graphic representations. Accordingly, in the present research, we tested integration of learning episodes provided through different presentation formats with children in the laboratory (Experiment 1; n = 24; M = 8.36 years) and in classrooms (Experiment 2; n = 85; M = 9.34 years and Experiment 3; n = 154; M = 10.67 years). Children in the laboratory were successful in both same-format and different-format conditions. Children in the classroom were also successful in both conditions, but in Exp. 2 showed a cost to integration across two different presentation formats compared to the same-format condition. In Exp. 3, greater support for encoding the graphic information was added and performance no longer showed a cost between conditions.

For students to gain the most out of education, they need to form long-term memories from experiences gained through active learning. The greatest distinction between active learning and traditional approaches involves the types of tasks and problems the students are challenged to solve. Active learning activities should be structured with student pairs to groups no larger than four participants, with one person in each group as the scribe or recorder and all others prepared to share ideas with their group members. There are variations of active learning formats such as Think-Pair-Share, Concept Test, and Think-Aloud Pair Problem Solving (TAPPS). In addition, there are several different approaches to get students to learn. Cooperative learning, collaborative learning, peer learning, and problem-based learning are a few of the formats educators could utilize in an engineering graphics course.

Computer simulation and animation (CSA) is educational technology in which computer programs are employed to simulate and animate real-world physical phenomena and processes. CSA has attracted growing attention and received an increasing number of applications in the international science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education community in recent years. The present study focuses on developing and assessing two CSA learning modules for improving student learning and problem-solving related to impulse and momentum in particle dynamics. Both CSA learning modules integrate mathematical problem-solving procedures into computer simulation and animation. They have interactive computer graphical user interfaces, which enable students to change input variables and visualize how output variables change accordingly. A quasi-experimental, quantitative research study was performed, involving 285 undergraduate engineering students divided into a comparison group that did not use CSA and an intervention group that used CSA. The results of statistical non-parametric analysis on the data collected from pre- and post-tests on the two groups show that, on average, the intervention group achieved more learning gains than the comparison group by 44% and 40% from two CSA learning modules, respectively. The difference in learning gains between the two groups of student participants was statistically significant.

The way medical students learn anatomy is constantly evolving. Nowadays, technologies such as tablets support established learning methods like drawing. In this study, the effect of drawing on a tablet on medical students' anatomy learning was investigated compared to drawing or summarizing on paper. The quality of drawings or summaries was assessed as a measure of the quality of strategy implementation. Learning outcome was measured with an anatomy test, both immediately afterward and after 4-6 weeks to assess its sustainability. There were no significant group differences in learning outcome at both measurement points. For all groups, there was a significant medium strength correlation between the quality of the drawings or summaries and the learning outcome (p < 0.05). Further analysis revealed that the quality of strategy implementation moderated outcomes in the delayed test: When poorly implemented, drawing on a tablet (M = 48.81) was associated with lower learning outcome than drawing on paper (M = 58.95); The latter (M = 58.89) was related to higher learning outcome than writing summaries (M = 45.59). In case of high-quality strategy implementation, drawing on a tablet (M = 60.98) outperformed drawing on paper (M = 52.67), which in turn was outperformed by writing summaries (M = 62.62). To conclude, drawing on a tablet serves as a viable alternative to paper-based methods for learning anatomy if students can make adequate use of this strategy. Future research needs to identify how to support student drawing, for instance, by offering scaffolds with adaptive feedback to enhance learning.

A person cultivates their creative skills influenced by various types of activities. The purpose of the work is to study the peculiarities of the development of students' creative thinking skills, which are interrelated with the development of appropriate stages of team teaching, as well as to determine the impact of creative thinking on the indicators of academic performance and motivation to learn. The authors used the methods of sociological survey, which allowed them to determine that the largest number of students had mastered the skills of discipline (27%) and emotionality (21%) to a greater extent at the initial stage of the study. The results showed that 11% of the students in creative subjects (painting, digital art) and 7% of students in general disciplines (history, sociology, pedagogy, mathematics, physics, Chinese, cultural studies) had their academic performance at a high level before the start of online learning. The process of online teaching to paint was based on teamwork using the technologies of online education through educational online platform in the context of digital art. The results of the survey showed that the students had developed their creative skills significantly after training. The development of creative manner (29%) and analytical thinking (28%) were most popular. The authors determined that 88% of the students had received high grades in creative disciplines and 83% of the students in general academic disciplines after training. Most students were characterized by a high level of knowledge. The results are valuable for researchers who study the relationship between the development of creative skills and knowledge in general academic subjects, as well as strive to develop new curricula.

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of divergent thinking models based on bitmap graphical sources towards student's achievement in exploring fact essay writing content. The quasi-experimental method was used in this study through quantitative research design. The sample consisted of 30 form four students of one of the schools in the Bangsar Zone, Federal Territory, Kuala Lumpur. This group of students was determined by the school itself. They are in the context of an intact group. The data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Descriptive data is mean and standard deviation. The data were also analyzed inferentially using ANCOVA. The result shows that the value of F = (1,27) = 13.1 with the significance level <0.05. This indicates that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test. In terms of implications, the model is particularly useful in the study of fact-writing for form four students. This is reflected through the improvement in student's achievement between pre-test and posttest.

This paper aims to study English jokes on Facebook. Since the current generation of our students is often described as Net Geners, learning the English language via jokes posted on social media can be one of the supportive ways for EFL learners to improve their L2 linguistic competence as well as L2 humor competence. The data, or jokes, in this study were collected from one of the most popular public pages, entitled "English is Fun". Seventy four jokes (out of 200 posts) from 1 to 16 April 2019 were collected and analyzed. The study result revealed that there were two major types of jokes: one was in a textual form while the other was a mixed-code message, or a combination of verbal and non-verbal elements. The latter was further classified into two subtypes: one had a verbal element as the primary factor to provoke humor while the other required interaction between the verbal element and nonverbal element. In addition, the findings showed that there were four types of logical mechanisms: pun, false analogy, faulty reasoning, and satire. As jokes can be a good source of teaching materials, three possible ways for using jokes in teaching the English language were suggested.

In current conditions, without the ability to think outside the box, without the formed artistic-design competency that identifies the ability to create a design idea based on conceptual and creative approaches to solve the design problem, a specialist cannot be in demand, competitive in the professional field. The content of education in the field of professional training of designers should provide graduates with opportunities for freely promotion along with various professional ways (Koveshnikova & Koveshnikova, 2012). The urgent task of the modern professional training of designers in higher education has been and remains the development of creative project thinking of future specialists. It can be developed in various ways, one of which is the use in the training of bachelors-designers, the integration of photographics and academic disciplines, the aim of which is to teach students the basics of graphic design. The article reveals the essence of project thinking and the role of Photographics in developing project thinking among designers in the process of their art-project activities. Particular attention is focused on the specifics of project thinking as a priority during the training process in the field of design. Photographics is interpreted in this study as a modern form of visual art, capable of developing components of project thinking in integration with graphic design.

Design and computer graphics curricula for tertiary education include 3-D modeling skills. Students must learn to represent (complex) 3-D objects by means of parametric surfaces or polygonal meshes. Three-dimensional modeling may be a complex task, and students must be able to accrue a certain deal of experience in the field before passing the exam. The main difficulties the students must face mainly concern the comprehension of 3-D shapes and the choice of the most appropriate modeling techniques. This article proposes a framework to support bachelor's degree students in modeling 3-D objects by means of parametric surfaces. The proposed framework provides two augmented reality (AR) apps for smartphones and a web portal. The mobile AR apps allow students to deeply visualize 3-D object shapes, thus performing a set of guided exercises to practice basic modeling techniques. On the other hand, the web portal allows students to share their models with teachers and classmates to obtain feedback and comments. The preliminary results show the effectiveness of the proposed solution, as all volunteers involved in the experimental phase achieved better results after using the tools. Moreover, the students' opinions about the proposed framework are positive.

Game-Based Learning (GBL) is increasingly widespread as a learning technique in the engineering studies. However, this innovative methodology may be difficult to incorporate in some subjects due to their complex contents. This paper aims at combining traditional learning methodologies with game mechanics by using an ad-hoc gaming web environment and mobile devices to analyse the academic performance and motivation in engineering studies. A comparative study was carried out with 96 first-year engineering students. In this experience, the students were randomly divided into two groups: Control Group (CG) and Experimental Group (EG). The first group made use of the traditional learning methodology used, whilst the second group combined the traditional methodology with GBL and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The obtained results show that EG students significantly improve their academic performance and motivation, expressing a succinctly greater interest in the studied subject. Therefore, the integration of GBL in the teaching methodology could have a very positive impact as well as it could greatly ease the teaching-learning process in engineering studies.

Realistic visualizations are abundantly used in digital education. However, the use of realism is still thought to risk a cognitive overload due to excessive details. Moreover, it is still not precisely known whether there is an optimal level of realism that benefits learners the most. In two experimental studies, different versions of anatomical visualizations were compared regarding their effects on retention performance and the subjective cognitive load experienced during learning. In Experiment 1 (n = 73), four visualizations with minor variations in the geometry and shading of the model featured in the visualizations were used. Although neither the level of detail in the geometry nor the realism of the shading resulted in significant differences, a detailed model with simplified shading elicited the highest retention scores descriptively. In Experiment 2 (n = 156), a schematic visualization was compared with an "idealized" model featuring only simplified shading and a highly realistic rendering. There most realistic version elicited the highest retention scores, but also the highest cognitive load ratings. Taken together, the results suggest that the optimal level of realism might lie on the more realistic end of the spectrum for learning tasks focused on the memorization of shapes that are assessed using image-based tests.

Contribution: Determine and analyze the gap between software practitioners' education outlined in the 2014 IEEE/ACM software engineering education knowledge (SEEK) and industrial needs pointed by Wikipedia articles referenced in Stack Overflow (SO) posts. Background: Previous work has uncovered deficiencies in the coverage of computer fundamentals, people skills, software processes, and human-computer interaction, suggesting rebalancing. Research Questions: 1) To what extent are developers' needs, in terms of Wikipedia articles referenced in SO posts, covered by the SEEK knowledge units? 2) How does the popularity of Wikipedia articles relate to their SEEK coverage? 3) What areas of computing knowledge can be better covered by the SEEK knowledge units? 4) Why are Wikipedia articles covered by the SEEK knowledge units cited on SO? Methodology: Wikipedia articles were systematically collected from SO posts. The most cited were manually mapped to the SEEK knowledge units, assessed according to their degree of coverage. Articles insufficiently covered by the SEEK were classified by hand using the 2012 ACM computing classification system (CCS). A sample of posts referencing sufficiently covered articles was manually analyzed. A survey was conducted on software practitioners to validate the study findings. Findings: SEEK appears to cover sufficiently computer science fundamentals, software design, and mathematical concepts, but less so areas, such as the World Wide Web, software engineering (SE) components, and computer graphics. Developers seek advice, best practices and explanations about software topics, and code review assistance. Future SEEK models and the computing education could dive deeper in information systems, design, testing, security, and soft skills.

In this study, the contribution of the 3D computer modeling to the twenty-first century's common competencies was evaluated from the perspective of secondary school students. The one-group post-test only design was used in the study. The instruments of the data collection process were an achievement test and a questionnaire developed by the researchers. The t-test and single sample chi-square test for related samples were performed to analyze the gathered data. The results of the study presented that secondary school students thought that 3D computer modeling education contributes to the lectures as mathematics, geometry, technological information, and design. Moreover, it supports the development of design, communication, collaboration, creativity, and problem-solving skills positively.

Writing is considered a very important learning tool for all content areas. There is no doubt that writing skill is essential for any kind of learning either at the school or the university level. Therefore, the present study attempted to explore the possibility of improving university students' one of writing sub-skills, known as coherence through emoji. Coherence in the students' writing was measured according to the students ability to (a) use repetition to link ideas, sentences, and paragraphs, (b) use transitional expressions to link ideas, sentences, and paragraphs, (c) use pronouns to link sentences, (d) use synonyms to link ideas and create variety, and (e) use parallel structures to link ideas, sentences, and paragraphs. The sample of this study was randomly selected from the Third Level female students joining the Department of English at one Saudi public university. The selected subjects were assigned randomly into control group and experimental group. After administrating the pretest for the two groups, the experimental group was given a six-week treatment of emoji meant for improving the writing sub-skill, while the control group was taught writing without using emoji. One week after the treatment, a posttest was administered to the two groups. Results revealed significant difference between the students' scores in writing in favor of using emoji to improve students' writing skills. Thus, the findings show the effectiveness of using emoji in improving students' coherence in writing. The results were used to draw some conclusions and to suggest some recommendations for teaching writing using emoji. The results also recommend further researches to be done on using emoji to improve other language skills and sub-skills.

The higher education system of the Republic of Kazakhstan emphasizes the need for the development of institutional science, including the field of information technology, with a priority on fundamental research. Professional training of future computer science teachers requires them to know the range of tasks related to computer graphics, and the ability to accomplish them. The training of a computer science teacher goes beyond the task solution and demands that the teacher have the basic knowledge needed in the field of computer science and information technology, and especially in computer graphics. In addition to the traditional and fundamental tasks of teaching computer graphics, the teacher is faced with the use of computer graphics elements and their tools in their teaching. It should be noted that present trends in the digitalization of education have made such tasks fundamental to teaching. Based on the above, this article analyzes the need to teach computer graphics related to the activities of future computer science teachers, and possible methods of their solutions, and the field of use.

This study presents the main advances made in recent years by an innovative teaching group at the University of Almeria, who are attempting to incorporate alternative spaces for teaching--learning interaction. This group is developing a new line of study to obtain the main vectors for creating an accessible 3D virtual campus on the Second Life platform, recognized as a multi-user virtual environment (MUVE). The goal of this work was to measure the satisfaction and perception of a group of university students. To do this, a co-design approach based on student opinions by relating methodological procedures with an adaptation of the Kano model usually used for product design has been followed. The results found by a panel of postgraduate students in the second stage of the educational project, suggest that the synchronous distance teaching proposal developed can effectively facilitate conciliation of family, work and personal life with online teaching--learning. In the case of undergraduate students with class attendance, the use of the 3D virtual campus is perceived as something more complementary.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the development of motion graphic animation video media in Natural Sciences subjects in Elementary Schools. This study uses a type of Research and Development research with quantitative tests. This study employed the experimental research method involving 27 students in the control group and 27 students in the experimental group. This research was conducted on 5th-grade students in elementary school in 2 different schools. Data collection uses interview methods for preliminary studies, observations and tests to test the effectiveness of animated video media motion graphics. The results of the study showed that there were significant differences between the results of the learning achievement of the experimental group and the control group. As well as motion graphic animation video media, its effectiveness has been tested in improving student achievement, especially the experimental group. Hence, the interactive motion graphic media is effective to be used to improve the students' knowledge in the science subject of the fifth graders.

Health promotional campaign as the practice of encouraging people to improve health has increased over the last decades in response to various health problems. This paper highlights strategies used by students to develop persuasive promotional campaign posters regarding the dengue health problem. Communication and media studies students were involved to show the combined results between the knowledge of health communication and the effective use of media in constructing an effective and persuasive health messages. A total of 56 students from two cohorts, i.e. twenty-five master's students and thirty-one undergraduates were selected. Kurt Lewin's model of action research was used to set the tasks: campaign objectives, information on dengue, themes/slogans to write the posters either by drawing or designing using a computer. The students were divided into groups where each group was monitored to record, check and evaluate their message writing performances. This study uses the Health Message Review Tool for data analysis which is grounded in the theories of Extended Parallel Process Model and Persuasion Hierarchy Effect. The findings revealed that the participants were able to construct, identify and evaluate major multi modal features in the dengue posters and persuasive elements which included: verbal texts, images, colours, graphic designs, metaphors, 1-sided and 2-sided message, firm conclusion and frames with more effective appeals. It was concluded that similar strategies may well be used in producing other campaign materials such as brochures, pamphlets, and billboards. The linguistic and pedagogic implications are also discussed at the end.

Post-digital architectural education aims to empower future architects by developing open-mindedness and technical skills for the design of non-standard spatial configurations. Students can learn through exploration and experimentation, using three-dimensional graphic design software to generate initial designs and quality feedback, with a mixed model of peers and panel judges assessing final projects. Ratings of individual contributions and performance are commonly found in literature on peer assessment, but qualitative comments from peers can also provide good information on strengths and weaknesses. This study shows that peer critique in the form of debate can be an effective pedagogical tool for educators to provide quality feedback to the presenting group. This paper explores how architecture students responded to this method in a design studio for a master's degree in architecture in a university in Hong Kong. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and subsequently analysed using the coding system of qualitative software NVivo 11. The responses of the students were positive, although they experienced differences in feedback from different stakeholders.

During the 2016 election season, the authors--a collection of staff, faculty, and students at a rural, four-year comprehensive college--piloted a new format for a student-driven, campus-wide, nonpartisan voter mobilization campaign anchored in a political science course and supported by a credit-bearing internship and advanced graphic design course. We argue that this project offers a model for how collaboration between student affairs and academic affairs can transform the nonpartisan voter mobilization campaign into a site for interdisciplinary, cross-campus service-learning projects that benefit the student participants and the campus community. This article outlines the advantages and challenges of the project and concludes with recommendations for those interested in implementing a similar program.

Problem solving techniques are one of the primary topics introduced to the computing and information technology students in tertiary education. In general, those techniques are presented using a collection of traditional tools, such as texts, graphs, illustrations, procedural steps, pseudocodes, algorithms, and flowcharts. In many cases, there is no direct link between problem-solving from one side and the techniques and the programming structures used from the other side. This paper presents an approach that exploits computer interactive animations and graphics to implement learning objects for teaching and learning problem-solving based on computer programming. The main feature of this approach is its smoothness in associating the programming concepts and structures provided to the solution of a designated problem. Moreover, the developed learning objects are featured by the characteristic of reusability and possibility of inclusion in e-learning systems. The designed learning object can function as a workable hands-on model for the learners to get experience in programming. The technique we developed for the design and implementation of the learning objects for programming-based problem-solving can be utilized in other problem-solving disciplines.

The relevance and feasibility of this study are determined by the absence of serious, scientific research, as well as teaching materials, when it comes to the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in teaching students and future teachers Descriptive Geometry, Engineering and Computer Graphics (DGECG). The purpose of the study is to examine the current state of knowledge and practice of existing courses, which use the AR concept; to conduct a pedagogical experiment by teaching students how to create an information model of a building structure using the AR concept; to study the impact of the AR technology on students, lecturers, on the quality of students' design works and project presentation. The research methods used were a set of various, complementing each other methods, which can be divided into two groups: (1) theoretical: analysis of the teachers' and psychologists' works on the point of the research, analysis of methodological and educational literature; and (2) empirical: observation, statement, pedagogical experiment. The authors synthesized qualitative and quantitative AR research in the field of education. A team of students from Saint-Petersburg Mining University, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University and Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation solved a design problem using AR and created an informational 3D-model of the structure. Existing methods of teaching students were supplemented and updated by the method of graphical presentation of the results, with due regard for AR-technologies. It has been found that at the present moment, the concept of AR has gained popularity not only among designers and planners, but also among schoolteachers, as well as among teachers at engineering universities. The absence of scientifically substantiated and proven programs and training materials for training students of DGECG using AR has also been confirmed. The necessity of further scientific research in the field of AR for DGECG has been substantiated. The article materials could prove to be useful for lecturers, schoolteachers and parents.

Computed-generated imagery (CGI) generates diverse views and perceptions of the past. These new experiences impact, directly or indirectly, the teaching and learning of history. This article presents didactic iconographic works on the Spanish Civil War created by the DIDPATRI (Didactics of Heritage and New Technologies) research group at the University of Barcelona. The didactic approach to this conflict reveals various problems that make it an interesting testing ground for new iconographies that contribute to an understanding of it. The proposal looks at the generation of "virtual" iconography to facilitate the teaching of content in formal and non-formal spaces. It is argued that CGI opens up possibilities to researchers, teachers, students, and technicians for the generation of comprehensive communication elements of history. The attractiveness of this new "virtual" iconography of the past lies in the possibility to create integrated ensembles where the facts, concepts, situations, and representations of materiality that the creators want to represent can appear. The resulting iconographic product can be applied for use in various environments, such as teaching, heritage, tourism, and cultural industries, and via different media, such as panels, apps, web, audio-visuals, museography, games, books, and notebooks.

Formal learning environments have struggled to introduce STEM content and STEM careers to students from underrepresented populations. This problem is exacerbated when dealing with students who live in rural areas where access to quality materials and instruction is limited. The eMentorship project is an innovative approach to mentoring that utilizes the latest in communication technology to help support a formal mentoring program. This study investigates the impact of a virtual mentorship program on underrepresented students living in rural North Carolina. The project was an eight-week mentoring program that matched underrepresented student teams with graduate student mentors from a local university. In addition to the mentoring experience student participants were also taught three-dimensional (3-D) modeling skills using a "flipped" classroom approach to instruction. The paper presents the curriculum developed to guide the program, student examples of 3-D models, self-efficacy scores and qualitative interviews conducted with the student participants. Results of the study provide evidence that students found great value in the mentoring experience and were able to learn 3-D modeling skills in a virtual learning environment.

With the increase in online course use (Allen & Seaman, 2017), there is an increasing need to determine the most effective (i.e., the most conducive for learning) way to present lectures online (e.g., video lectures). Lecture graphics that are interesting but extraneous to the content (e.g., a celebrity), have been shown to impair comprehension of the material, likely resulting from an increase in cognitive load. In this study, the use of graphics on the slides of an online psychology lecture was manipulated to determine the extent to which images can improve (or impair) comprehension as well as the effect it may have on intentional and unintentional mind-wandering. Across our two experiments, we demonstrate no differences across conditions (i.e., unnecessary graphics, relevant graphics, no graphics) in overall comprehension and limited differences in mind wandering behavior.

The current research aims at employing infographics based on tablet applications to improve professional competence in the light of the digital transformation of educational technology specialists. Tools of the research were a test of the cognitive aspects of the professional competence and a note card of the performance. The study sample included 20 teachers working for governmental schools. The study concluded that there is a statistical significance for both the cognitive aspect test and the performance note card for education technology aspects. The study also recommended employing infographics based on tablet applications while training teachers before and during taking their jobs for its effective impact.