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In 2001, Rutgers University Libraries (RUL) accepted a substantial donation of Roman Republican coins. The work to catalog, house, digitize, describe, and present this collection online provided unique challenges for the institution. Coins are often seen as museum objects; however, they can serve pedagogical purposes within libraries. In the quest to innovate, RUL digitized coins from seven angles to provide a 180-degree view of coins. However, this strategy had its drawbacks; it had to be reassessed as the project continued. RUCore, RUL's digital repository, uses Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS). Accordingly, it was necessary to adapt numismatic description to bibliographic metadata standards.With generous funding from the Loeb Foundation, the resulting digital collection of 1200 coins was added to RUCore from 2012 to 2018. Rutgers's Badian Roman Coins Collection serves as an exemplar of numismatics in a library environment that is freely available to all on the Web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coins were used to maintain the commercial activities on a specific standard. They are significant written sources that enlighten the political, economic, and cultural life of the period they were produced. It is possible to find the coin collections belonging to different periods of Turkish history in museums. One of the important groups of these coins belongs to the Ottoman period. Although there are studies covering the periods of some Ottoman sultans by using advanced analysis techniques in the literature, no scientific study has been carried out covering all periods. The most extensive information that can be found about the coins is from the Ottoman archive and inventory records. In this study, twenty-six Ottoman Empire coins from Sakarya Museum dated between the 14th-19th centuries were evaluated stylistically, physically, and chemically. The non-destructive analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to identify the elemental composition of the coins. The chemical analysis of coins showed the connection between the political situation in the Ottoman Empire and the decline in the value of the money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper publishes the collection of Seleukid coins from the Numismatic Department of the State Historical Museum (Moscow). It contains 118 items of several Seleukid rulers ranging from Seleukos I to posthumous issues of Phillip I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exergames —which combine physical activity with elements of virtual interaction (e.g., " cyber-cycling ")—come in a wide range of styles and with an array of structural and environmental characteristics that are likely to influence a user's experience, including their overall enjoyment. Aim: The aim of the current study was thus to compare adolescents' experience of flow and enjoyment across two cyber-cycling sessions that featured two unique styles of cycling exergames. Method: Eighty-eight participants aged 11-13 participated in two cyber-cycling sessions spaced one week apart. Participants engaged in two unique conditions, one virtual game featuring the collection of coins to earn points and one a virtual simulation of an outdoor trail ride. The order of condition delivery was randomly selected. Results: Participants reported experiencing greater flow and enjoyment when the cyber-cycling session was centered on a virtual gaming experience. Conclusion: Adolescents find greater enjoyment from exergames that feature traditional gaming characteristics and features. Implications for the design and sustained adoption of exergames for adolescents are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erzurum Archaeology Museum, which is among the few museums in its region with its rich collection of works, contains many works belonging to different periods and civilizations in terms of coin collection. In this study, 14 silver Parthian coins that were added to the Erzurum Archaeology Museum collection in 2015 have been catalogued. Coins are classified according to the typology of Sellwood, the most comprehensive typological study on Parthian coins. However, the dates of the kings have been updated according to the latest chronological studies. In addition, within the scope of the study, the evaluation of the works was given by giving information about the history of Parthian and the general features of the Parthian coins. Coins belonging to 11 different Parthian Kings over a period of more than 300 years give the impression that they are mixed findings due to their period intervals and lack of integrity. On the other hand, the variety of coins is remarkable in that they reflect the characteristics of the Parthian Kingdom coin. The features that reflect the Greek effect on the Parthian coins are more prominent in the early coins in our catalogue. In the coins dating from the 1st century AD and later, there are changes such as stylized face portraits, distorted and form-altered Greek legends and the prominence of Parthian cultural features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of chemical composition and microstructural features of ancient coins provide researchers with invaluable and priceless information which can contribute to forgery detection. This study was conducted on nine copper and bronze coins preserved in a private collection in Egypt. Elemental analysis was performed to determine the major and trace elements of the coins as well as unalloyed inclusions in the metallic matrix. The microstructure was investigated using the optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that chemical composition could perfectly negate the authenticity of the coins through modernistic metal identification of major and minor elements. Also, the presence of common trace elements confirms likely the authentication and their absences preponderate counterfeit. Moreover, microstructural features related to ancient manufacturing process and internal damage can contribute to detect forgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was used for depth-profile analysis of one Sasanian coin of the emperor Khusro II (591–628) from the Coin Collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum of Vienna. The peculiarity of this coin, also found in analogous samples of the same and other collections, was the presence of an external Hg layer. The thickness and homogeneity of the Hg layer were characterized with the calibration-free inverse method, a variant of the classical calibration-free LIBS approaches in which one sample of known concentration is used to determine the plasma temperature. We demonstrated the feasibility of the inverse method also in cases of unknown samples with matrices different from that of the employed standard. In this work, the standard was a Cu-based alloy and the sample was an Ag-based alloy, also containing Hg and other minor components. The LIBS results were in good agreement with two previous independent micro-XRF measurements performed with a destructive approach, i.e. using a cross section of the same sample. This confirmed the applicability of the inverse method to unconventional matrices, for which the use of matrix-matched standards may be unfeasible. The conclusions of this work strongly support the use of laser ablation techniques for calibration-free and micro-invasive analysis of layered samples, in particular when the integrity of samples has to be preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the content-oldest museum's collection of coins and medals known in Moravia, which was originally part of the Mathematical Museum at the Olomouc University (later Lyceum) and now is included in the collection of the Regional Museum in Olomouc. Preserved archival records of numismatic material from 1785 and 1814, including original supporting cards, which are additionally supplemented by notes on museum collections by the Brno historian and collector Jan Petr Cerroni, allow us to create a comprehensive picture of the composition of individual museum objects, especially of a numismatic nature, before 1814. This work presents a complete catalogs of the numismatic collection from the abovementioned years, thanks to which some items from the collection of the Regional Museum in Olomouc could be re-identified as original material from the Mathematical Museum of the University of Olomouc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the period of 2002–2004, two hoards and two individual finds of coins from the La Tène Period were discovered in the fortified settlement Hôrka, municipality Lysica, district Žilina, Slovak Republic. The collection containing 61 coins featured shovel-shaped staters of the type gliding bird/bird head, tetradrachms of the types Nitra and Veľký Bysterec, quinarii of Divinka type and a smooth bronze disc. All the above mentioned coin types were part of the monetary system of the Late La Tène stage of the Púchov Culture. In the coin collection from Lysica, tetradrachms of Nitra type are extraordinary important. The model of this type was probably the Roman Republican denarius of L. Papius L. f. Celsus from 45 BC. This Roman denarius represents the terminus post quem of the inception of coins of Nitra type as well of the time of hiding the most numerous hoard n° 1 form Lysica. The collection of bronze items damaged mechanically and by fire and found at the site indicates that the place could have been used for ritual purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ''Monetiere'' of Florence hosts the most important collection of Etruscan coins in the world. In the framework of the longstanding collaboration between the Monetiere and the Applied Laser and Spectroscopy Laboratory in Pisa, the Etruscan gold coin collection of the museum was studied. The measurements were performed at the Monetiere, using a portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrument. The quantitative determination of the gold alloys used for the realization of the coins was obtained applying the fundamental parameters method to the XRF spectra; as a result, using the self-organizing maps method, we were able to classify the coins in four main groups. The main parameter determining the classification is the quantity of silver in the alloy. The results obtained shed some light about the origin of the coins under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the dictionary of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language, numismatics is the discipline that studies coins and medals, mainly ancient ones. In other places, this definition includes the study and collection of paper money or banknotes. The information we can obtain from coins with a minimum study of the aspects that appear on them is surprising. In relation to vision and ophthalmology, they show us important figures in the field, ocular symbology, they tell us about mythology and religion and curious stories that we would hardly have known without looking at the coins. Finally, we will talk about an important 19th century Valencian ophthalmologist, Rafael Cervera y Royo, and the collection of ancient coins that bears his name. This work is not intended to be an exhaustive description of all the coins and medals that speak of vision, but rather a sample of the valuable information that numismatics contributes to our speciality and to stimulate the public's curiosity about this fascinating science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

40 Sasanian silver coins of the emperor Khusro II (591–628) belonging to the Coin Collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna (KHM) as well as 188 coins of the same emperor acquired at the free coin market were analyzed using micro-X-ray fluorescence analysis (μ-XRF) in the course of the research project “Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum”. These studies revealed the presence of mercury in the XRF spectra of a bigger part of the coins. First investigations with complementary techniques showed that the mercury is present as a surface layer. Therefore, further detailed studies were performed on polished sections using the Particle Induced X-ray Emission technique with a proton microprobe (μ-PIXE) that offers quantitative and spatially resolved elemental information with micron resolution, scanning micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) analyses for a better understanding of the elemental distribution on the surface and polished sections of the coins and finally confocal micro-XRF (3D μ-XRF or CMXRF) analyses for revealing information on the surface layering and elemental in-depth distribution. The synergistic application of these methods offered detailed and improved information on the structure of the mercury-layer on the surface of the silver coins supporting assumptions dating back to 1976/78 indicating medical treatments using Hg as basis for this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of metals and alloys greatly contributed to the development of human civilizations; their role in shaping history is recognized by the scientific community even through the denomination of some archaeological periods (Copper Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age). Archaeometallurgy appeared from the application of usually non destructive analytical techniques for the characterization of cultural heritage objects, with emphasis on metal artifacts. This article presents a case study regarding the application of fast and non-destructive methods (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and metallurgical microscopy) for the characterization of selected numismatic artifacts, thus obtaining information regarding their composition, authenticity, and state of preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British East India Company’s Museum in Leadenhall Street housed an eclectic range of objects that were predominantly collected by those associated with the Company. Charles Masson and Colin Mackenzie were two such individuals. Their collections were acquired by the EIC, and after the closure of the museum in 1878 the majority of the collections were dispersed to various institutions, including the British Museum, the Fitzwilliam Museum, and the Indian Museum in Calcutta. While some coins were transferred to museums, most were sold at auction. In 1995, approximately 10,500 coins were discovered in the British Library's India Office Collections. Some 7000 of these came from Masson’s collection, and in December 2011 the majority of the remaining c. 4000 coins were traced to the Mackenzie collection. Among the India Office coins were 117 Roman and Nabatean bronze coins. This article examines them in more detail, also considering by whom, where, and when they were acquired, thus shedding considerable light on Masson and Mackenzie’s travels and collecting practices. Furthermore, it highlights the many thousands of late Roman bronze coins, from the fifth to seventh century AD, that were discovered in South India. It also brings out the urgent necessity of conducting a more detailed study to understand this period of Indo-Roman trading relations and the role of the late Roman bronze coins in South India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the handover of the Tanzian Coin Collection to the Department of Antiquities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It states that the coins were excavated at Kilwa Kisiwani in 1974, Kisimani Mafia 1961, and Songo Mnara. It also mentions that the author was part of the handover in which his own research continues on coins and other Swahili coins.

Describes several coins from the Ayyubid and Mamluk regimes of Egypt and Syria preserved in the Oriental Institute Museum of the University of Chicago in Illinois. Author of the references for the coins; Identification of coins by relevant classification numbers from reference volumes; Arrangement of coins.

• Emotional incongruity effect on face memory in 5-6-year-old children was examined. • Children played a coin allocation game with individuals presented with faces. • Individuals appeared with a smile or in anger, and gave/took coins to/from children. • Congruency of facial expression and behavior modulates face memory in children. • Children recall smiling taker significantly better than the angry taker. Remembering whether a person is cooperative is essential in social interactions. It has been shown that adults have better memory of a person who showed an incongruence between emotional expression and expected behavior (e.g., smiling while stealing). To examine whether children would show similar emotional incongruity effects, we examined 70 children aged 5 or 6 years. They obtained coins that could be exchanged later for rewards (stickers) by answering quiz questions. Then, they participated in the coin collection game where individual persons with smiling or angry expressions appeared one at a time on a computer monitor. These same individuals then either gave coins to or took coins away from the children, leading to congruent (smiling giver and angry taker) and incongruent (smiling taker and angry giver) conditions. After the game, children needed to choose between two faces to indicate which one previously appeared in the game. Participants recognized faces better under the incongruent conditions. In particular, the smiling taker was recognized significantly better than the angry taker, whereas no difference was observed for the smiling and angry givers. Evidently, 5- and 6-year-olds better remember individuals whose facial expression or appearance is incongruent with their expected behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]