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This study examined the acute effects of different loading protocols on 180° change of direction (COD) performance in eleven male handball players. Participants performed a 10-0-5 COD test under seven conditions: without an external load, and with 3, 6, and 9 kg loads applied under two modes—assisted into the COD and resisted out of it and resisted into the COD and assisted out of it. While total COD time was not affected (p = 0.098; η2 = 0.16), significant phase effects were observed (p < 0.001; η2 ≥ 0.55). Loading protocols significantly influenced velocity, acceleration, and their distances from COD (p < 0.001; η2 ≥ 0.37). Significant phase effects were observed for all step kinematic variables (p ≤ 0.037; η2 ≥ 0.67), except contact time, and significant interaction (phase*condition) effects for all variables (p ≤ 0.004; η2 ≥ 0.08), except for step frequency. Assisted-resisted protocols increased deceleration demands through higher COD entry velocities, displaying fewer but longer steps in the acceleration phase and greater steps taken during the deceleration phase. Resisted-assisted protocols decreased deceleration demands due to lower COD entry velocities, displaying shorter, but more steps taken in the acceleration phase, and fewer steps taken in the deceleration phase. These findings suggest that assisted-resisted and resisted-assisted loading protocols can be used to selectively overload specific phases of COD performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea trials to test size selectivity equipment in trawls are often limited in time because they are costly, and the results can be influenced by multiple factors that are often overlooked. In the Barents Sea gadoid trawl fishery, the use of a size sorting grid in front of the codend is compulsory. The flexigrid, a netting section containing two flexible grids, is the most widely used grid section in this fishery. However, earlier selectivity studies with this device have shown inconclusive results. It has been speculated that the differences observed resulted from the difference in age and usage of the grid sections in the studies compared. To reveal whether potential changes in the device construction over time can lead to differences in size selection properties, we performed comparative fishing trials where we compared a brand new flexigrid section and a well-used flexigrid section used continuously by a commercial trawler for approximately four years. The results showed that the new flexigrid released significantly more cod below ~60 cm than the used flexigrid. However, when the grids were fished with a subsequent diamond mesh codend, there was no difference in the overall selectivity of the two gears, meaning that the size selectivity in the codend compensates for the potential reduction in selectivity performance of the grids. This study shows the importance of considering the age and earlier use of size selection devices like sorting grids before they are compared with other devices, as their size selection properties can change significantly over time and with use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of bittern coagulant dosage and rapid stirring speed on reducing the concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and dye absorbance in batik industry wastewater, as well as to identify the optimum coagulant dosage and stirring speed. Wastewater samples were collected from a batik industry in the batik center of Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. Dosage variations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were tested alongside rapid stirring speeds of 100 rpm, 130 rpm, and 160 rpm. The study was conducted on a laboratory scale using the jar test method. Initial wastewater characteristics showed BOD, COD, TSS, and dye absorbance concentrations of 185.68 ± 29.34 mg/L, 10.091 ± 363.24 mg/L, 2.231.33 ± 155.55 mg/L, and 0.212 ± 0.02, respectively. Statistical analysis using the Pearson correlation test and Two-Way ANOVA revealed that variations in coagulant dosage and stirring speed significantly impacted the reduction percentages of BOD, COD, TSS, and dye absorbance. The optimal coagulant dosage was found to be 5%, and the optimal stirring speed was 100 rpm, with reduction percentages for BOD, COD, TSS, and dye absorbance being 80.32%, 65.86%, 92.35%, and 70.77%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of wastewater pollution in the production of monosodium glutamate (MSG) is becoming more and more serious. A novel type of chemically modified Salix psammophila powder charcoal (SPPCAM) was synthesized to address the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in MSG wastewater. SPPCAM was prepared by carbonization method, in which inorganic ammonium molybdate (AM) was used as modifier and Salix psammophila powder (SPP) was used as raw material. Under optimal treatment conditions, maximum removal rates (removal capacities) of 45.9% (3313.2 mg·L−1) for COD and 29.4% (23.2 mg·L−1) for NH3-N in MSG wastewater were achieved. The treatment results significantly outperforming the unmodified Salix psammophila powder charcoal (SPPC), which only achieved removal rates (removal capacities) of 10.6% (763.9 mg·L−1) for COD and 12.9% (10 mg·L−1) for NH3-N. SPPC and SPPCAM before and after preparation were analysed by FT-IR and XRD, and Mo ions in the form of Mo2C within SPPCAM were successfully loaded. SEM, EDS-Mapping, BET, and other methods were used to analyse SPPCAM before and after MSG wastewater treatment, demonstrating that SPPCAM effectively treated organic pollutants in monosodium glutamate wastewater. The NH3-N in the treated MSG wastewater has reached the standard of safe discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simple design, compactness, simultaneous treatment of multiple contaminants, absence of chemical usage, minimal sludge formation (reducing secondary pollution), low maintenance cost, and versatility to operate in both batch and continuous modes make electrocoagulation (EC) a promising choice for treating various types of industrial wastewater. In this study, EC was employed in batch mode to treat produced water obtained from an oil drilling site, to reuse it for injection purposes in the reservoir. Produced water typically contains high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and oil & grease (O&G) contaminants. High-performing aluminum (Al) electrodes were chosen due to their stability, conductivity, and, most significantly, their high capacity for generating aluminum hydroxide ([Al(OH)₃]ₙ) flocs, which serve as carriers for contaminant capture. This compound has demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in trapping the aforementioned contaminants from produced water under various operating conditions, including the number of electrodes, supplied current, and electrode configuration (bipolar and monopolar). The impact of several factors, including the number of electrodes (varying from 4 to 8), current density (varying as 16, 79, 158 A/m2), and electrode configuration (bipolar and monopolar), was studied at room temperature and 250 rpm agitation speed. Initial turbidity, COD, BOD, and O&G concentrations were measured at 38 NTU, 700.7 ppm, 120 ppm, and 32.8 ppm, respectively. The EC treatment exhibited removal efficiencies of 51% for TDS, 85% for turbidity, 78% for COD, 80% for BOD, and 85% for O&G using a monopolar configuration with 8 electrodes, and 59% for TDS, 90% for turbidity, 85% for COD, 84% for BOD, and 86% for O&G using a bipolar configuration with eight electrodes. Additionally, cost estimation, considering electrode dissolution rate and power requirements, was conducted for the operation of both configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics can be effectively removed from wastewater using constructed wetlands (C.W.s). However, little is known about using attractive garden plants in C.W.s to eliminate antibiotics. Thus, the current study aims to treat amoxicillin (AMX)-contaminated wastewater through a Rhapis excelsa-based bioretention system (BS). The investigation was done at 15 days hydraulic retention time (HRT) under two conditions: set-1, varied AMX 5 to 25 ppm with constant NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) source; and set-2, varied NPK sources with constant AMX (25 ppm). During the study, it was observed that in the set-1 condition with increasing AMX concentration, the removal of AMX through BS decreased; however, in the set-2 experiment, with enhancing NPK source, the performance of the BS treating 25-ppm AMX-contaminated wastewater increased. AMX removal of 2.3%, 66.3%, 60.6%, 52.2%, 46.7%, and 44.9% was achieved for control, BS-1, BS-2, BS-3, BS-4, and BS-5, respectively, during set-1 experiment. However, in the set-2 experiment, 23.4% (control), 43.3% (BS-1), 60.3% (BS-2), 75.9% (BS-3), 88.8% (BS-4), and 99% (BS-5) AMX removal were achieved. Removing pollutants like AMX, COD, PO43−-P, NO3−-N, and NH4+-N followed first-order kinetics. A positive correlation of COD with AMX was observed through principal component analysis and correlation matrix. The microbial community study was also covered to prioritize the role of microbes in treating AMX through BSs. The AMX treatment through Rhapis excelsa-based BS supported plant growth and development with increasing chlorophyll content, fresh weight, and C, H, N value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parvalbumin Gad c1 is a major cod allergen used as a follow‐up marker of fish‐allergic children. However, the diagnostic efficacy of recombinant Gad c 1 (rGad c 1) for fish allergy diagnosis remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of rGad c1 for diagnosing cod and horse mackerel allergy. Methods: This single‐centered, retrospective study obtained oral food challenges (OFCs) information performed for cod and horse mackerel. Cod‐, horse mackerel‐, and rGad c1‐specific immunoglobulins (sIgEs) were investigated. Diagnostic performances of these parameters were compared using areas under the curve (AUC). Results: We enrolled 45 and 38 children with suspected cod and horse mackerel allergies, respectively. The median age (interquartile range) of children with suspected cod allergy was 5.7 (0.7–11.7) years and that of children with suspected horse mackerel allergy was 6.0 (1.0–12.3) years. Fourteen and 22 children reacted to OFCs with 25 (10–40) g of cooked pacific cod and 40 (10–40) g of cooked horse mackerel, respectively. The cod sIgE and rGad c 1 sIgE AUCs for cod allergy diagnosis were 0.85 and 0.90, respectively. For horse mackerel allergy diagnosis, AUCs of horse mackerel and rGad c 1 sIgE were 0.76 and 0.72, respectively. Both AUCs for cod and mackerel allergy were significantly different. Conclusion: rGad c 1 sIgE is more effective than cod sIgE as a diagnostic marker of cod allergy, but less effective than horse mackerel sIgE as a diagnostic marker of horse mackerel allergy. Further studies are warranted to explore the potential applications of rGad c 1 sIgE in the diagnosis of various fish allergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring water quality is a helpful tool for assessing the effects of pollution sources, ensuring effective management of water resources, and preserving aquatic life in surface water bodies. Hence, the present study focussed on evaluating the water quality of thirty-four selected lakes in Chikkaballapura taluk by characterizing physico-chemical parameters, Dissolved oxygen levels, organic loads (viz., BOD and COD) and WQI. The TDS level in the study area was well within the tolerance limit of 1500 mg/L, illustrating medium salinity (viz., electrical conductivity) in lake water. None of the lakes in the study area recorded nitrate concentrations above the tolerance limit of 50 mg/L during either season. Kolavanahalli and Varamallenahalli lakes witnessed nitrate levels of over 40 mg/L, while the pooled mean phosphate concentration was 0.40 mg/L during the study periods. High organic load in terms of COD was witnessed in selected lakes, as revealed by their ranges 64.0-144.0 mg/L (mean: 98.6 mg/L) and 60.8-136.0 mg/L (mean: 91.7 mg/L), respectively, during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Despite organic load, dissolved oxygen concentration ranged from 4.45-6.10 mg/L and 4.25-5.88 mg/L during these seasons, well above the desirable 4.0 mg/L limit. The present study also demonstrated the contribution of phosphate and nitrates towards organic loadings (viz., BOD and COD), illustrating increased anthropogenic contribution like entry of raw sewage, agricultural runoff, and others. Irrigation suitability was observed for most lakes, as revealed by their SAR, percent sodium and RSC values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthetic dyes have gained attention nowadays because of their adverse and toxic effects on the human health and their environment. In this study, a green polymer Ca-alginate/CuO bionanocomposite was synthesized from copper oxide nanoparticles which were applied for the remediation of Reactive Yellow 145. The bionanocomposite was prepared by using a simple and eco-friendly process, following the reduction of copper ions in the presence of Ca-alginate, followed by characterization using different analytical techniques including SEM–EDX, XRD, UV–vis and FTIR spectroscopy. Ca-alginate-based bionanocomposite was analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy, showing a λmax at 280 nm. Ca-alginate/CuO biopolymer was applied for the remediation of RY 145, and it was investigated using batch experiments following the optimization of experimental variables such as pH 6, 80 °C temperature, 0.04 mg/L initial dye concentration, 0.06 mg/L dose of catalyst and a 0.06 mg/L H2O2 concentration. The experimental results of COD and TOC were found to be 95.3% and 92.3% for RY 145. The bionanocomposite showed stability and high efficiency for degradation of dye up to four cycles of reusability. It was concluded that the Ca-alginate-based copper oxide bionanocomposite exhibited good photocatalytic adsorption capacity for the degradation of a toxic Reactive Yellow 145 dye, with a degradation efficiency of over 90% within 80 min under optimized conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the reduction efficiency of chemical pollution of freshwater by electrocoagulation (EC) process using aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) electrodes. Several parameters affecting the EC efficiency were investigated in batch manner. Results indicate that both Al and Fe electrodes can eliminate satisfactorily the chemical pollutants of water. The Fe/Fe pair electrode showed an excellent efficiency in reducing turbidity (≈ 99%) within 30 min of time and at 3.0 A intensity. The COD value increased from 62 to 65% with current intensity from 0.3 to 1.0, and from 70 to 98% following the increase in intensity from 2.0 to 3.0A by using the Al electrode. The removal of COD reached 86% with Fe electrode (for 10 min) while it was 99% with Al electrode (after 45 min) using Al electrode (at 2.5 intensity). It was also found that the P value is greater than 0.05 for COD and less than 0.05 for TSS with both electrodes (Al, Fe). The finding also confirmed that the significant difference exists in the case of TSS reduction and it does not exist in the case of COD. Overall, the study underscores the performance of electrocoagulation using both Al and Fe electrodes for removing chemical pollutants in freshwater, highlighting its potential as a sustainable and adaptable solution for their application in water treatment units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aims to investigate the effect of different seasons (where the temperature would be different) on the performance (phosphorous, nitrogen, and organic matter removal) of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) based wastewater treatment plants. The modified activated sludge model 2D (ASM2d) module, including the microbial kinetics is used to simulate the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) SBR process and the temperature is chosen between 10 and 33°C. Influent data from two distinct wastewater treatment plants located in India and Europe are considered. The investigation of the kinetic variables is performed over a wide temperature range, and significant increases are seen as the temperature rises. The effluent parameters are within the government regulations. It is clear that an increase in temperature results in better effluent quality with reduced values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonium nitrogen and ammonium ions (NH4), and total nitrogen (TN) and a slight increase in total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS). According to the current findings, as the temperature changes from low to high levels, the values of COD, BOD, TN, and NH4 decreased by 2.50, 14.92, 5.80, and 9.90% respectively, for Indian data. There is a slight increase of 1.07% in the TSS profile. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of considering the effect of different climatic conditions on the performance of SBR-based wastewater treatment plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Like in many parts of the world, the Baltic Sea experiences a multitude of processes and stressors that influence fish stock dynamics. This paper compartmentalizes 250 publications that examine the cumulative effects and trade-offs of some of the most significant environmental drivers (temperature change, hypoxia, nutrient enrichment, acidification, low salinity, and food-web dynamics) on the ecology of top commercial fish species in the Baltic Sea (cod, sprat, whiting, herring, flounder, and plaice). Methods: A systematic review method was applied to ensure rigorous coverage of existing literature and to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current knowledge on the subject. Results: The results illustrate the extent of scientific research applicable to commercial fisheries knowledge in the Baltic Sea and identify which pressures have the greatest negative impacts on which stocks. Additionally, the findings demonstrate how well top commercial fish species have adapted to the changing environmental conditions of the Baltic Sea. In doing so, the review illustrates the upcoming challenges and underscores which stocks are likely to dominate in the future and which will face difficulties. Discussion: By considering ecosystem-based fisheries management, this paper emphasizes the need to account for complex ecosystem interactions beyond single-stock monitoring. With increased natural hazards, top commercial fish species have reacted differently, depending on the region and their adaptive capabilities. In most cases, Clupeidae species have adapted the best to their new surroundings, Pleuronectidae resilience is varied, while Gadidae species are finding the Baltic Sea increasingly challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concentrates on the utility of the newly formulated machining fluid used for turning AISI 4340 steel under the near dry machining method. The preparation of the novel machining fluid involves a blending of vegetable oils and conventional lubricant in a 50:50 ratio. Three distinct compositions were investigated within this work. The biodegradability tests confirms that the novel lubricantaligns with the ethos of "Green Machining." The study's focal points include an analysis of the following crucial metrics – machining force, machining temperature, and surface finish. From the analysis, the best-formulated blend was identified. To evaluate its performance, the variance analysis on the dataset (ANOVA) and Weighted Entropy decision-making method that ranks the best option along with alternatives was executed. Further, the optimal process parameters were determined using Dragon Fly Algorithm (DFO) and Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSO) to enhance the efficacy and quality of machining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of massive discharge of livestock wastewater is becoming more and more severe, causing irreversible damage to the ecological environment, and how to treat livestock wastewater efficiently and rapidly deserves to be studied in depth. In this work, CuO/granular activated carbon (GAC) loaded catalysts were prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption/desorption techniques, and X-ray energy spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that CuO was successfully attached to the GAC surface with good adsorption performance. The effects of catalyst dosage, H2O2 dosage, initial pH, microwave power and microwave irradiation time in different reaction systems on the degradation efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater were investigated, and the orthogonal experiments were used to explore the importance ranking of these factors. The highest degradation rate of COD was found to be enhanced by 12.1% in the reaction system of CuO/GAC, and the initial pH had the greatest effect on the COD removal rate. The combined MW/catalyst/H2O2 method used in this work provided a rapid and effective degradation of COD in wastewater, which can be helpful for reference in other microwave catalytic oxidation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effluent reuse is a rapidly growing field of research where assessing the quality of effluent is one of the focus areas. This research examines the viability of using wastewater in agriculture by testing an integrated Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor with a trickling filter (TF) system during the dry season. Compliance monitoring was conducted for 30 days from May 11 to June 9 of 2021. Samples were collected, handled, and analyzed following standard wastewater analysis procedures for biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), cations, anions, heavy metals, E. coli, and helminth egg. The UASB-TF system in Kality wastewater treatment performed well in removing COD, BOD5, and TSS with average removal rates of 80.5%, 82.9%, and 80.9%, respectively, compared well with similar treatment configurations. The effluent quality satisfied the national inland discharge limit with a residual concentration of 125.1 mg/L for COD, 61.7 mg/L for BOD5 and 85.8 mg/L for TSS. On the other hand, high concentrations of chromium, nitrate-nitrogen, and helminth egg count restricted effluent reuse for agricultural purposes due to high health risks and environmental contamination. We found out that discharging industrial sewage into the domestic sewer network could inhibit microbial growth and affect the biological treatment processes. Furthermore, adopting integrated treatment systems in developing countries might face operational challenges and monitoring nitrate, helminth egg, and heavy metals would help provide timely operational feedback. An appropriate tertiary treatment unit—constructed wetlands or polishing ponds—is therefore needed to be introduced to ensure effluent reuse for agricultural purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical egg distributions are needed knowledge for understanding exposure to physical forcing, predation pressure, and modelling initial transport from the spawning areas. Egg density and size are the biotic factors determining vertical distributions while the ambient salinity and turbulent mixing are the physical factors contributing to their vertical distributions. Egg buoyancies and densities of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) have been extensively studied, while limited information on haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) egg density is available. This is the first comprehensive study on haddock egg densities in Norwegian waters. Eggs were collected from pairs of spawning fish caught at the coast of western Norway and inserted into a density gradient column where density was measured. The haddock eggs were neutrally buoyant at salinities ranging from 28.5 to 31. The density changed during egg development, and the results from the measurements were used to model the vertical distribution of the eggs. The simulations showed that the changes in buoyancy substantially affected vertical distributions. A comparison to previously published data on cod eggs showed that haddock eggs are considerably more buoyant than the cod eggs and are—particularly during calm wind conditions—confined to the surface layer to a larger extent than the cod eggs. The more buoyant attribute of the haddock eggs, together with the lipophilic surface of the egg membrane, is suggested to make haddock eggs more vulnerable to buoyant pollutants, like hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The similarity between movement patterns and force-vector specificity of training exercises and the target movement will likely result in the greatest transfer of the practiced skills and physical abilities to the intended sports skill performance. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate whether specific adaptations in athletic performance would be observed following direction specific exercise training. Methodology: The literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE. Studies comparing acute (post-activation potentiation enhancement) and short-term (>2 weeks) effects of horizontally vs. vertically oriented resistance and plyometric training on athletic performance of recreationally active participants of either sex were included. The effect sizes were determined using a robust variance estimation random-effects model and were reported as Hedge's g. Results: Twenty-two studies were included. For acute studies (n = 4), a small non-significant effect favoring horizontal training (HT) for sprint performance improvements (g = −0.19, p = 0.17) was evident. For short-term studies (n = 18), the results showed non-significant, small to large differences between HT and vertical training (VT) in pooled vertical and horizontal jump improvements (g = 0.06, p = 0.67), vertical (g = 0.21, p = 0.17) and horizontal jump (g = −0.15, p = 0.40), pooled vertical and horizontal maximal strength (g = 0.27, p = 0.42), horizontal (g = −0.83, p = 0.16) and vertical maximal strength (g = 0.78, p = 0.28), pooled short and medium distance sprint (g = −0.23, p = 0.16), short (g = −0.33 [−0.85, 0.19], p = 0.19) and medium (g = −0.12 [−0.37, 0.13], p = 0.28) distance sprint, and COD speed and maneuverability (g = −0.45, p = 0.26). Conclusions: HT and VT were both equally effective in improving vertically and horizontally athletic performance, potentially refuting the theory of directional specificity of training on athletic performance outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the physical capabilities of young soccer players and their performance in game-related variables as assessed through the Nomination Scale for Identifying Football Talent (NSIFT) questionnaire. A total of 80 young soccer players, with an average age of 10.70 ± 1.02 years, participated in the research. Each player underwent a comprehensive assessment session that included the 5-0-5 Change of Direction (COD) test, the Illinois Agility Test, and the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) test. These assessments were selected to evaluate critical physical attributes essential for soccer performance such as agility, explosive strength, and the ability to change direction rapidly. To analyze the data, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a statistical technique that reduces the dimensionality of large datasets while retaining as much variance as possible, was employed. The PCA results indicated strong sample validity as confirmed by the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measurement index, which assesses the adequacy of the sample size for factor analysis. The analysis revealed two principal components: development and disposition, which together accounted for 73% of the total variance in the data. The development component encompasses various physical attributes that contribute to a player's growth and improvement, including strength, speed, and agility. Conversely, the disposition component reflects innate qualities and cognitive skills that predispose players to excel in soccer such as decision making and game awareness. This research highlights the importance of incorporating physical assessments into talent identification processes, providing objective measures that complement subjective evaluations. This study contributed to the literature on talent identification in soccer, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach to nurture young athletes effectively. Future research should continue to explore the interplay between physical and cognitive skills in soccer to enhance player development and success in competitive environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated the water quality index (WQI) and heavy metal pollution index (HPI) of different industrial effluent and surface water from various sites of the Karnaphuli River, based on the weighted arithmetic index method. The samples were collected from 20 different industries, including textile dyeing, textile washing, oil processing, chemicals, and tannery, and 17 stations of the Karnaphuli River, from the Kalurghat Bridge to the estuary where the river meets with the Bay of Bengal. This study was carried out in the dry season of the 2021–2022 fiscal year. Six physicochemical parameters, namely pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and hardness, were taken for the determination of the WQI, and concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mn, and Ni) were considered for the calculation of the HPI. Both indexes were calculated against the Bangladesh Standard (denoted by subscript a) and WHO standards (denoted by subscript b). The water quality indexes WQIa and WQIb for industrial effluent ranged from 11.66 to 176.77 and 44.45 to 9703.99, respectively. Samples namely TD‐5, TD‐7, TD‐8, TD‐9, TD‐10, OS‐1, and C‐1 showed excessively high WQI value. On the other hand, the HPIa and HPIb of industrial effluent varied from 43.6 to 167,785.3 and 0.34 to 18,412.3, respectively. Furthermore, oil processing and chemical effluents showed noticeably higher HPI values than other industrial samples. Both WQI and HPI values indicated a serious pollution load in most experimental samples. No river water sample showed a WQI value below 100, denoting it was unfit for consumption. The water quality indexes WQIa and WQIb for river water samples ranged from 1275.40 to 29,405.77 and 131.20 to 5860.99, respectively. According to the Bangladesh Standard, the river water samples were moderately to highly polluted by metal. The highest HPI value for the river water sample was 7965, denoting extreme metal pollution. The investigation revealed that most industrial effluents and Karnaphuli River water samples contained significant pollution load. Therefore, effective measures must be adopted immediately for future sustainability to cope with this contamination. The results emphasize the immediate requirement for strict regulations and advanced water treatment technologies to reduce contamination risks in the Karnaphuli River. Prompt action by authorities is essential to safeguard the river, prevent ongoing ecological damage, and address metal accumulation in fish affecting the food chain. Public awareness and legislative measures are vital for ecosystem preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea trials to test size selectivity equipment in trawls are often limited in time because they are costly, and the results can be influenced by multiple factors that are often overlooked. In the Barents Sea gadoid trawl fishery, the use of a size sorting grid in front of the codend is compulsory. The flexigrid, a netting section containing two flexible grids, is the most widely used grid section in this fishery. However, earlier selectivity studies with this device have shown inconclusive results. It has been speculated that the differences observed resulted from the difference in age and usage of the grid sections in the studies compared. To reveal whether potential changes in the device construction over time can lead to differences in size selection properties, we performed comparative fishing trials where we compared a brand new flexigrid section and a well-used flexigrid section used continuously by a commercial trawler for approximately four years. The results showed that the new flexigrid released significantly more cod below ∼60 cm than the used flexigrid. However, when the grids were fished with a subsequent diamond mesh codend, there was no difference in the overall selectivity of the two gears, meaning that the size selectivity in the codend compensates for the potential reduction in selectivity performance of the grids. This study shows the importance of considering the age and earlier use of size selection devices like sorting grids before they are compared with other devices, as their size selection properties can change significantly over time and with use.

This study aims to determine the effect of bittern coagulant dosage and rapid stirring speed on reducing the concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and dye absorbance in batik industry wastewater, and to identify the optimum coagulant dosage and stirring speed. Wastewater samples were collected from a batik industry in the batik center of Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. Dosage variations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were tested alongside rapid stirring speeds of 100 rpm, 130 rpm, and 160 rpm. The study was conducted on a laboratory scale using the jar test method. Initial wastewater characteristics showed BOD, COD, TSS, and dye absorbance concentrations of 185.68 ± 29.34 mg/L, 10,091 ± 363.24 mg/L, 2,231.33 ± 155.55 mg/L, and 0.212 ± 0.02, respectively. Statistical analysis using the Pearson correlation test and Two-Way ANOVA revealed that variations in coagulant dosage and stirring speed significantly impacted the reduction percentages of BOD, COD, TSS, and dye absorbance. The optimal coagulant dosage was found to be 5%, and the optimal stirring speed was 100 rpm, with reduction percentages for BOD, COD, TSS, and dye absorbance respectively being 80.32%, 65.86%, 92.35%, and 70.77%.

Abstract Effluent reuse is a rapidly growing field of research where assessing the quality of effluent is one of the focus areas. This research examines the viability of using wastewater in agriculture by testing an integrated Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor with a trickling filter (TF) system during the dry season. Compliance monitoring was conducted for 30 days from May 11 to June 9 of 2021. Samples were collected, handled, and analyzed following standard wastewater analysis procedures for biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), cations, anions, heavy metals, E. coli, and helminth egg. The UASB-TF system in Kality wastewater treatment performed well in removing COD, BOD5, and TSS with average removal rates of 80.5%, 82.9%, and 80.9%, respectively, compared well with similar treatment configurations. The effluent quality satisfied the national inland discharge limit with a residual concentration of 125.1 mg/L for COD, 61.7 mg/L for BOD5 and 85.8 mg/L for TSS. On the other hand, high concentrations of chromium, nitrate-nitrogen, and helminth egg count restricted effluent reuse for agricultural purposes due to high health risks and environmental contamination. We found out that discharging industrial sewage into the domestic sewer network could inhibit microbial growth and affect the biological treatment processes. Furthermore, adopting integrated treatment systems in developing countries might face operational challenges and monitoring nitrate, helminth egg, and heavy metals would help provide timely operational feedback. An appropriate tertiary treatment unit—constructed wetlands or polishing ponds—is therefore needed to be introduced to ensure effluent reuse for agricultural purposes.

The biosorption capacity of untreated olive stones (OS) and olive stones chemically treated (TOS) to remove COD's landfill leachate was investigated in this study. Characterization of the both biosorbents was performed using XRD, SEM, FTIR and 13C NMR techniques. Leachate was taken from Hassi Bounif Sanitary Landfill (HBSL) in Oran (Western Algeria). So, Hassi Bounif Leachate (HBL) exhibited a basic pH between 7.83 and 8.2, high COD level varying from 5,200 to 8,000 mg.L-1, low BOD5/COD ratio from 0.1 to 0.16, and high NH3-N concentrations ranged from 2,300 to 2,800 mg.L-1. Accordingly, this leachate can be classified as an intermediate leachate that is likely to stabilize. Biosorption studies were carried out in a batch system and the effects of contact time, media pH, and biosorbent mass on the removal efficiency of COD were explored. Based on results obtained at pH=11, contact times of 55 and 105 min were achieved for biosorbent masses of 0.1 g for TOS and 0.3 g for OS, respectively, and were found to be the optimal operating conditions for HBL treatment. Thus, the highest COD removal efficiencies of 79.94 and 67.04% were reached for TOS and OS, correspondently. The pseudo-second order model was the best fitted to our experimental data with high regression coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.98). The Langmuir isotherm model adequately represented the COD removal process, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 90.91 mg.g-1 for TOS and 31.25 mg.g-1 for OS at T=50°C and pH=11. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. These findings suggested that TOS might be employed as an inexpensive and effective biosorbent for COD removal from stabilized leachate. They can also provide baseline information and design assistance for a leachate treatment plant at the HBSL site, as well as for any sanitary landfill in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discharge of pharmaceutical wastewater into surface and underground water has harmful effects on human health and living organisms, even in low concentrations. For this reason, pharmaceutical wastewater treatment is very important. In this research, wastewater treatment of Aria Pharmaceutical's Fluoxetine production unit was studied using γ-alumina catalysts. The catalyst was synthesized using the co-precipitation method and characterized by XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, and BET methods. In the synthesis of γ-alumina catalyst, aluminum nitrate was used as a precursor, and sodium carbonate was used as the precipitating agent. The central composite design method was used to design experiments and to model and optimize the wastewater treatment using catalytic ozonation. In addition, the effect of the operating parameters on the catalytic ozonation process of Fluoxetine-containing wastewater, including the inlet ozone concentration, the amount of the catalyst, and reaction time, were investigated. Based on the obtained results, a significant agreement was observed between the experimental data of COD removal for wastewater and the values predicted by the CCD method. The results of the Pareto analysis showed that among the studied operational parameters, the reaction time, the amount of catalyst, and the initial concentration of ozone are the most effective parameters on the COD removal with percentages of 35.58%, 34.64% and 10.87%, respectively. Finally, by optimizing the process, the maximum value of COD removal of 92.13% was obtained experimentally for pharmaceutical wastewater using catalytic ozonation process in the reaction time of 30 min, the amount of catalyst of 1 g/L and the ozone concentration of 30 mg/L as optimal conditions.

The mechanism of phenol degradation by micro-electrolytic systems can be fully understood by evaluating the oxidation of active substances from the two aspects of phenol bond-breaking and mineralization, and the direction of promoting the generation of active substances is pointed out. In this article, the effects of H2O2, O2-•, ·OH and 1O2 in the degradation of phenol were analyzed using phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rates as judgment indicators, respectively. And the addition of C6O8H6 to the micro-electrolysis system was adopted to promote the generation of active substances. The experimental results showed that the active substances which played a dominant effect in the process of phenol bond-breaking and mineralization were changed. While 1O2 is dominant in the bond-breaking of phenol, •OH is dominant in the mineralization of phenol. After adding C6O8H6 (1 mmol/L), the removal rates of phenol and COD were increased by 7.35 and 4.85%, respectively. This was attributed to the autoxidation reaction of C6O8H6 and the continuous supply of H+ while reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+. Additionally, the C6O8H6 regulated the reaction pathway to improve the utilization of H2O2. This study provides a new perspective for the understanding of active substances in micro-electrolysis systems. HIGHLIGHTS The main active substances in the bond-breaking and mineralization are different.; is the main active substance in the phenol bond-breaking process.; •OH is the main active substance in the phenol mineralization process.; C6O8H6 can promote the formation of active substances in the system.; C6O8H6 can promote the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle and improve the utilization of •OH.;

Abstract The Yamuna River, a vital water source in India, poses a profound challenge concerning water purity across its entire stretch. The comprehensive review aims to thoroughly examine the river's water quality, shedding light on the sources of pollution and their consequences for both ecological systems and public health. The primary objective of this review is to examine the published research papers concerning the Yamuna River water quality stretching from Yamunotri to Prayagraj and its resulting impact on human health. This paper also comprises a wide range of pollutants mainly caused by human activity; during the strange period of COVID-19 lockdown, when all industries were closed, resulting in changes in water quality, signifies the destructive effects of human activity on the river. Studies uncover that the most contaminated areas are Nizamuddin of Delhi region and D/S of Agra in Uttar Pradesh, which includes the foremost level of faecal coliforms to be around 210000–11000000 and 450–6100000, respectively. The total coliforms were found to be between 700000–28000000 and 2200–32000000, respectively. Biochemical oxygen demands, industrial discharge, urban waste and agriculture are identified as the most responsible factors for this contamination. After the COVID-19 lockdown, all industries were open, and now, the conditions are the same as before COVID-19. The primary insight to be assembled is that the ecological balance of the Yamuna River and public health depend on the immediate requirement for effective wastewater treatment solutions. Besides offering valuable data by compiling findings from multiple studies, this review underscores the importance of implementing stringent regulations on industrial emissions, upgrading sewage treatment plants, and promoting eco-friendly farming methods to tackle pollution in the Yamuna River and also manage the rural and urban areas of the sewage pipeline plan. It stresses the importance of safeguarding the Yamuna River ecosystem's inherent socioeconomic benefits while alleviating the environmental harm caused by pervasive pollution. Essentially, the study calls for prompt and comprehensive measures to ensure the sustainable health of this crucial water resource in India.

The investigation of photochemical degradation of chemical components in pharmaceutical wastewater by use of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, UV in combination with sodium hypochlorite (UV/NaOCl), and Fenton’s reagent (UV/H2O2/Fe2+) was performed. Objective of this study was to determine the best alternative to the conventional wastewater treatment or pre- / post-treatment in combination with biological treatment to one of the four effluent source outlets. The effect of the advanced oxidation treatments provided varying degree of COD reduction for all four effluents. The results showed UV/H2O2/ Fe2+ treatments provided maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of the anaerobic system outlet effluent. The combination of UV/H2O2/ Fe2+ (750 mg/L FeSO4+7500 mg/L H2O2) provided reduction in COD up to 75% upon three-hour UV exposure. The initial effluent COD was about 22000 mgO2/L and the treated effluent BOD5 /COD ratio was 0.50 showing greater amenability to biological processes. Sodium hypochlorite dosages between 3000 and 10000 mg/L achieved the results with little variation as compared to UV/H2O2/ Fe2+. Additionally, comparison was made of the UV exposure time required to reach the maximum reduction of COD value and the necessary effective oxidant dose to achieve the desired COD reduction, which could provide predictive model for the treatment of wastewater processes.

Advanced oxidation processes are low-cost, highly efficient, and eco-friendly technologies in the removal of organic pollutants in wastewater using hydroxyl radicals for oxidation. Hydroxyl radicals possess high oxidation potential and can react with organic compounds, resulting in the complete mineralization of these compounds into carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salt or their conversion into other compounds. The present investigation deals with the removal of tetracycline from water using simulated ultraviolet radiation and hydrogen peroxide, assessing the effect of operational parameters like the solution's initial pH, retention time, hydrogen peroxide dosage in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from the standard aqueous solution of tetracycline. Results indicate that alkaline conditions and larger hydrogen peroxide dosage negatively affect the degradation. The removal efficiency of 68 % was achieved at 150 min of batch reaction under optimum conditions: pH = 4, and a dose of hydrogen peroxide of 0.3 ml per 100 ml of the solution to be treated. At optimum conditions, LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) analysis results showed a reduction in initial concentration of aqueous solution of tetracycline. Photocatalytic degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with the rate constant (k) of 0.0061 min-1. Photocatalysis based on hydrogen peroxide is effective in the degradation of tetracycline in an aqueous solution and can be applied as a pretreatment of hospital wastewater containing tetracycline residues.

Constructed wetlands (CW) are well known nature-based systems for water treatment. This study evaluated the efficiency and effectiveness of seven domestic wastewater treatment systems based on horizontal flow CWs in Jarabacoa, the Dominican Republic. The results showed that the CWs were efficient in reducing the degree of contamination of wastewater to levels below the Dominican wastewater discharge standards for parameters such as the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand, but not for the removal of phosphorus and fecal coliforms. In addition, a horizontal flow subsurface wetland in the peri-urban area El Dorado was evaluated in terms of the performance of wastewater treatment in tropical climatic conditions. The concentrations of heavy metals, such as zinc, copper, chromium, and iron, were found to decrease in the effluent of the wetland, and the concentrations for nickel and manganese tended to increase. The levels of heavy metals in the effluent were lower than the limit values of the Dominican wastewater discharge standards. The construction cost of these facilities was around 200 USD per population equivalent, similar to the cost in other countries in the same region. This study suggested some solutions to the improved performance of CWs: selection of a microbial flora that guarantees the reduction of nitrates and nitrites to molecular nitrogen, use of endemic plants that bioaccumulate heavy metals, combination of constructed wetlands with filtration on activated carbon, and inclusion of water purification processes that allow to evaluate the reuse of treated water.

To explore the sustainable development of grinding fluid in barrel finishing, the idea of water resource reuse in grinding fluid has been proposed. The influence of the graphene oxide (GO) and the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as main components in the grinding fluid on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was analyzed. Repreparing new grinding fluids by utilizing the water resources in grinding fluid after finishing will not cause a sharp increase in COD value. GO which absorbs SDBS can be taken away from grinding fluid by physical separation. It will decrease the COD value of grinding fluid. However, SDBS exists in the form of colloids in the grinding fluid and cannot be removed through physical separation, which also affects the COD value. Based on water quality indicators (the COD, pH, total hardness, metal aluminum, anionic surfactants, and total dissolved solids), the water quality index (WQI) of the reusing grinding fluid after finishing by the physical separation is significantly reduced. It indicates that reusing water resources in grinding fluid is a feasible way to reuse grinding fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Petroleum Refinery Engineering is the property of Petroleum Refinery Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to analyze the efficiency of processing liquid waste from the laundry industry using the Free Water Surface Constructed Wetland (FWS) system with Azolla microphylla plants. The research method used is experimental research by manipulating independent variables and controlling other relevant variables, as well as observing the effect on the dependent variable. Laundry waste samples were taken from Berkah Laundry, Puri Gading, Bekasi. The results showed that the biomass of Azolla microphylla plants increased significantly from day 0 to day 12, with a growth rate between 0.0289 - 0.0477 grams/day and plant density between 185.19 ind/m2 - 277.78 ind/m2. The influent BOD concentration of laundry liquid waste during the acclimatization stage ranged from 5.89 - 10.54 mg/L, while the effluent BOD ranged from 4.35 - 6.98 mg/L, with the highest efficiency reaching 33.8%. The constructed wetland system with Azolla microphylla plants has proven to be effective in reducing pollutant content in liquid waste, with a BOD removal efficiency of 11.1% - 17.7% and COD of 14.5% - 39%. The conclusion of this research is that the use of artificial wetlands with Azolla microphylla plants can be an effective and environmentally friendly alternative solution for processing liquid waste from the laundry industry. The implications of this research show the potential for applying constructed wetland technology in the clothes washing industry to reduce the negative impact of waste on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to reveal the impact of hydrodynamic conditions on the transport and diffusion of pollutants in Liaodong Bay in China, this article uses MIKE21 to establish a numerical model to simulate the hydrodynamic mechanisms of tidal currents and residual currents in Liaodong Bay. The model has been calibrated using observation data from 10 stations, and the simulation results of the tidal currents, Euler residual currents, Lagrangian residual currents, and particle tracking in Liaodong Bay have been calculated. Subsequently, a comparative analysis is conducted based on the abovementioned data and measured data, exploring the impact of hydrodynamic conditions on the transport and diffusion of COD in Liaodong Bay. The research results in this article indicate that high concentration COD areas are mainly concentrated in the coastal areas around the estuary of the Liao River and the Daliao River, and river input is the main source of COD in Liaodong Bay. The Euler residual circulation can form COD enrichment in some areas, which is significantly higher than the background concentration, and the large-scale transportation of COD after entering Liaodong Bay is determined by the Lagrangian residual current. The particle tracking results in the estuarine area can effectively characterize the actual transportation of pollutants. The results of the Lagrangian residual flow and particle tracking in the bay indicate that river pollutants are mainly transported to the west bank after entering Liaodong Bay. The distribution of a COD concentration of 1.5 mg/L confirms this finding. The research findings presented in this paper offer valuable insights into the spatial distribution and transportation mechanisms of pollutants. These results hold significant implications for pollution prevention and mitigation strategies in comparable bay environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real textile wastewater (RTWW) poses significant environmental challenges. RTWW typically contains high levels of organic compounds, such as dyes, as well as inorganic substances like salts. These contaminants can harm aquatic life when released into water bodies without appropriate treatment. RTWW was subjected to a series of sequential treatments: exchange resins for removing ions, advanced oxidation with bicarbonate-activated peroxide to degrade organic matter, and a biological treatment based on the Zahn–Wellens test to remove remaining chemical oxygen demand (COD) The advanced oxidation process based on the activation of H2O2 with NaHCO3 (catalyzed with cobalt impregnated on a pillared clay, Co/Al–PILC)) was optimized using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). After the process integration, reductions in ion concentrations, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon content (TOC) were achieved. Reduced hardness (99.94%) and ions (SO42− and acid black 194 dye of 99.88 and 99.46%, respectively), COD (96.64%), and TOC (96.89%), guaranteeing complete treatment of RTWW, were achieved. Additionally, the biodegradability index of RTWW increased from 0.28 ± 0.01 to 0.90 ± 0.01, and phytotoxicity was reduced, going from a phytotoxic that inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds to a phytostimulant after biological treatment with activated sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The purpose of this paper is to study the optimal operation condition of AAO-MBBR mode of the new rural sewage treatment process and its treatment effect on pollutants. [Method] By comparing the pollutant removal rate under different residence time, different internal circulation ratio and different aerobic tank dissolved oxygen concentration, the optimal operation parameters of the equipment were screened out, and the equipment was set to operate under the optimal operating condition. The treatment effect on various pollutants was analyzed. [Result] The results showed that the improved AAO-MBBR process had the best removal effect when the hydraulic retention time was 8 h, the internal circulation ratio was 300% and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in aerobic pool was 2.5 mg/L. Under optimal operating conditions, the removal rates of SS, COD, BOD, NH3-N and TP of the equipment were 80%, 85%, 91%, 84.5% and 46%, respectively. And the treatment effect is significantly higher than that of other sewage treatment equipment. [Conclusion]The improved AAO-MBBR process has a good effect on pollutant removal in integrated wastewater treatment equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yamuna River, a vital water source in India, poses a profound challenge concerning water purity across its entire stretch. The comprehensive review aims to thoroughly examine the river's water quality, shedding light on the sources of pollution and their consequences for both ecological systems and public health. The primary objective of this review is to examine the published research papers concerning the Yamuna River water quality stretching from Yamunotri to Prayagraj and its resulting impact on human health. This paper also comprises a wide range of pollutants mainly caused by human activity; during the strange period of COVID-19 lockdown, when all industries were closed, resulting in changes in water quality, signifies the destructive effects of human activity on the river. Studies uncover that the most contaminated areas are Nizamuddin of Delhi region and D/S of Agra in Uttar Pradesh, which includes the foremost level of faecal coliforms to be around 210000–11000000 and 450–6100000, respectively. The total coliforms were found to be between 700000–28000000 and 2200–32000000, respectively. Biochemical oxygen demands, industrial discharge, urban waste and agriculture are identified as the most responsible factors for this contamination. After the COVID-19 lockdown, all industries were open, and now, the conditions are the same as before COVID-19. The primary insight to be assembled is that the ecological balance of the Yamuna River and public health depend on the immediate requirement for effective wastewater treatment solutions. Besides offering valuable data by compiling findings from multiple studies, this review underscores the importance of implementing stringent regulations on industrial emissions, upgrading sewage treatment plants, and promoting eco-friendly farming methods to tackle pollution in the Yamuna River and also manage the rural and urban areas of the sewage pipeline plan. It stresses the importance of safeguarding the Yamuna River ecosystem's inherent socioeconomic benefits while alleviating the environmental harm caused by pervasive pollution. Essentially, the study calls for prompt and comprehensive measures to ensure the sustainable health of this crucial water resource in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seagrass meadows provide an important nursery and feeding habitat for fish, globally. However, limited data exist on how these vegetated coastal ecosystems affect local fish stocks over longer time periods. By means of beach seine hauling with a bio‐monitoring seine net, we collected fish data in Kronborg Bay (Denmark) over 4 years. The bay contains both vegetated and bare sediment areas in close proximity to Kronborg Castle in Elsinore and is part of the Øresund strait; a dynamic marine environment linking the Baltic Sea with the inner Danish waters (Kattegat). We investigated the biodiversity and fish abundance in a healthy seagrass meadow and compared it with a bare adjacent sediment area. We show that seagrass is important for fish species like the Atlantic cod, the two‐spotted goby, and the broadnosed pipefish. The seagrass meadow harboured more fish species and higher biodiversity, while the number of individuals was higher in the adjacent bare sediment area as a result of high abundances of lesser sand eel. Pilou's evenness and the Shannon‐Wiener index showed 2–4‐fold higher biodiversity in the seagrass meadow. The seagrass meadow harboured about 35% more fish species than the bare adjacent sediment. The Atlantic cod was almost entirely found in the seagrass meadow, while lesser sand eel that showed an overall increase in abundance in both habitats, represented the largest proportion of the total number of fish individuals (up to about 60%) and was mostly found on the bare adjacent sediment. Species abundance was analysed for changes over time, where, for example the European plaice showed an increase in abundance over the 4‐year period of investigation. Seagrass meadows can thus be very important for the Atlantic cod population in the Øresund strait and generally for local fish productivity, abundance and diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carwash sector is an unidentified source of pollution that has a significant impact on the environment; furthermore, car wash use a large amount of water during operation. Eight carwash units were selected in Erbil city as a case study to estimate the quantities of water consumed by each type of vehicle commonly used in the city and to calculate total water consumption depending on the numbers and types of vehicles washed at these units. Moreover, the daily volumetric flow of wastewater was determined and its characteristics were studied, analyzing the concentrations of different pollutants for eleven parameters and the size of the annual pollution load resulting from wastewater. Overall, 1.290 vehicles were washed at the eight carwash units; of these, almost 77% were saloons, about 13% were pickups, and 10% were minibuses. The study's eight carwash units recorded daily water usage, which varied from 8.000 to 15.000 l/day. Moreover, the volumetric wastewater flow produced by all the selected car wash units was more than seventy-nine liters; six of these units discharged their effluence into public sewers, while units S1 and S7 used water recycling systems. This study evaluated the wastewater load size expressed via COD, oil and grease, NO3, and TSS; the mean annual load for them was about 413, 3, 70, and 981 kg/year, respectively, for all units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farm dairy effluent (FDE) contains high level of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS) which caused river and groundwater pollution. To reduce those parameters, vermifiltration technique was utilized for dairy effluent treatment. It also could reduce greenhouse gas emissions, removing organic and excessive nutrients without odor and recovering manure nutrients in the treated dairy effluent and vermicompost. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of vermifiltration in reducing COD, BOD, and TSS of the FDE. Samples of wastewater were collected from dairy farm industry from 3542 of total cow populations located in Bandung regency, Indonesia. The sample characteristics of COD, BOD, TSS, pH, NH3-N, organic carbon, and macro nutrients (total N, P2O5, and K2O) were measured before and after vermifiltration treatment. Vermifiltration treatment will produce two types of products, i.e., tea water and vermicompost. The result showed that vermifilter removed the COD, BOD, and TSS of 93%, 95%, and 93%, respectively. The organic carbon NH3-N and total macro nutrients generally decreased after treated by vermifilter (2.01 to 0.0001% of organic carbon, 718 to 3.75 mg L-1 of NH3-N, 0.2 to 0.02% of total N, 0.19 to 004% of P2O5, 0.57 to 0.18% of K2O); however, the pH was not significantly changing (from 8.13 to become 8.05). Vermicompost produced by vermifiltration beds by earthworms consumes sewage solids and excreting them in the vermicast which produces high macronutrients (2.4% of total N, 5.5% of P2O5, and 0.75% of K2O), and organic carbon (15.6%), hence beneficial for soil fertilizer. Vermifilter effectively degrades the organic matter in the dairy effluent. Derivatives produced by the vermifiltration process, namely tea water and vermicompost, can be used as substitutes for irrigation materials and organic fertilizers on agricultural land and act as soil conditioners to improve soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The seafood processing industries are tremendously increasing in numbers which eventually discharge a large quantity of wastewater with a high range of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), directly into the aquatic environment. A high level of BOD and COD in wastewater pertains to a higher level of pollution which must be reduced to prevent hazardous impacts on ecosystems. The main objective of the research aimed to develop cost‐effective biochar and to remove BOD and COD from processing wastewater using two natural biomasses: water hyacinth and sugarcane bagasse. RESULTS: NaOH‐treated and non‐treated biochar for both water hyacinth as well as sugarcane bagasse were prepared through the process of pyrolysis carried out at 600 °C with three different residence times of 30, 45 and 60 min. The wastewater was initially analyzed for BOD and COD levels. The results showed that among all the groups of biochars, the water hyacinth NaOH‐treated biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C for 60 min exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of reduction in BOD (86.6 ± 0.03%) and COD (94.3 ± 0.05%) at a residence time of 60 min in D2 (0.5 g (250 mL)−1). The maximum removal efficiency was observed for water hyacinth NaOH‐treated biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C for 60 min. CONCLUSION: The removal efficiencies of organic load revealed that the treated biochars exhibited a better reduction of nutrients. The biochar efficiencies when compared with those of activated carbon exhibited a higher removal level. The present research can be used to reduce BOD and COD levels in wastewater treatments. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of a large amount of organic and inorganic pollutants in dairy effluent is a substantial environmental issue. This study investigated electrocoagulation (EC) as a potential treatment method for dairy wastewater under different operating conditions, such as applied voltage (5–25 V), electrolysis time (30–90 min), and inter-electrode distance (1–2 cm) by using aluminum electrodes. This study focuses on achieving the maximum removal of BOD, COD, and nitrate in dairy effluents with the aforementioned operating conditions. The process was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) and Taguchi method. RSM method optimized the electrocoagulation operating conditions such as the voltage at 23.75 V, time of 90 min, and inter-electrode distance at 1.07 cm. This optimization achieved the maximum removal percentage of BOD, COD, and nitrate at 79.06%, 84.35%, and 79.64%, respectively, in dairy effluent. Taguchi method optimized the electrocoagulation parameters such as the voltage at 25 V, time duration of 90 min, and inter-electrode distance of 1.00 cm, showcasing improved removal percentages of BOD, COD, and nitrate as 90.54%, 89.28%, and 82.74% respectively. The current study attempts to understand the optimization efficiencies between Taguchi method and response surface method for diary wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced oxidation processes are low-cost, highly efficient, and eco-friendly technologies in the removal of organic pollutants in wastewater using hydroxyl radicals for oxidation. Hydroxyl radicals possess high oxidation potential and can react with organic compounds, resulting in the complete mineralization of these compounds into carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salt or their conversion into other compounds. The present investigation deals with the removal of tetracycline from water using simulated ultraviolet radiation and hydrogen peroxide, assessing the effect of operational parameters like the solution's initial pH, retention time, hydrogen peroxide dosage in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from the standard aqueous solution of tetracycline. Results indicate that alkaline conditions and larger hydrogen peroxide dosage negatively affect the degradation. The removal efficiency of 68 % was achieved at 150 min of batch reaction under optimum conditions: pH = 4, and a dose of hydrogen peroxide of 0.3 ml per 100 ml of the solution to be treated. At optimum conditions, LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) analysis results showed a reduction in initial concentration of aqueous solution of tetracycline. Photocatalytic degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with the rate constant (k) of 0.0061 min-1. Photocatalysis based on hydrogen peroxide is effective in the degradation of tetracycline in an aqueous solution and can be applied as a pretreatment of hospital wastewater containing tetracycline residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hypoxic zone with dissolved oxygen concentrations of 3.0–3.6 mL/L (42–51% saturation) was first discovered in the bottom depression in the Srednyaya Cove (between the Pushchin and Pashinnikov capes) in Vostok Bay in July–September 2021. It existed from mid-July to mid-September. It was revealed that the surveyed area was characterized by high concentrations of phosphates at bottom horizons and organic carbon in sediments. It was shown that the formation of the hypoxic zone occurred as the result of an increase in the anthropogenic impact on this sea area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to improve COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity removal from Bingöl's leachate using a single‐reactor integrated electrocoagulation (EC)–coal‐based powdered activated carbon (CBPAC) process under various experimental conditions. In the EC‐CBPAC process, three stainless‐steel cathodes and three aluminum electrodes were connected to the negative and positive terminals of the power supply, respectively. The initial concentrations in the leachate were 1044 mg O2/L for COD, 204 mg/L for NH3‐N, and 57 NTU (or 71.25‐mg (NH2)2H2SO4/L) for turbidity, respectively. After a 40‐min EC‐CBPAC process, with a CBPAC dosage of 5 g/L and pH of 5 for COD and turbidity, and 9.5 for NH3‐N, the optimum removal efficiencies for COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity were achieved at 92%, 40%, and 91%, respectively. When the EC process was applied without CBPAC under the same experimental conditions, the removal efficiencies of COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity were 87%, 28%, and 54%, respectively. Before and after the EC‐CBPAC process, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, pore volume, and mean pore diameter of the CBPAC were found to be (888 m2/g, 0.498 cm3/g, and 22.28 Å) and (173 m2/g, 0.18 cm3/g, and 42.8 Å), respectively. The optimum pseudo‐first‐order (PFO) rate constants for COD, turbidity, and NH3‐N were determined to be 3.15 × 10−2, 4.77 × 10−2, and 8.8 × 10−3 min−1, respectively. With the current density increasing from 15 to 25 mA/cm2, energy consumption, unit energy consumption, and total cost increased from 68.7 to 122.4 kWh/m3, 6.948 to 15.226 kWh/kg COD, and 0.85 to 1.838 $/kg COD, respectively. Practitioner points: EC‐CBPAC process has greater COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity removal efficiency than EC process.COD and turbidity achieved their optimum disposal efficiencies at 92% and 91%, respectively, at pH 5The most efficient disposal efficiency for NH3‐N was observed to be 40% at pH 9.5.EC‐CBPAC process increased removal efficiencies for COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity by 20%, 19%, and 38%, respectively, compared with EC alone.The turbidity, NH3‐N, and COD disposal fitted PSO model due to high correlation values (R2 0.94–0.99). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for energy resources is constantly increasing. That means need more fossil fuels to provide them. People consume a lot of food and this produces many wastes. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent a new technological method with the potential to generate bioelectricity by the action of electrogenic bacteria on food wastes while reducing the amount of food wastes. This study investigated the possibility of usage of real restaurant wastewater as a fuel (substrate) for microbial fuel cell and its effects on the bacterial consortium attached to the electrodes. Mathematical (R2 > 0.96) and statistical (R2 > 0.99) models were conducted for the MFC performance focusing on the polarization curves. The study demonstrated that the highest COD removal (88.69%) in the semi-batch mode and (99.64%) in continuous mode, and power density (10.9 mW/m2) and (56.8 mW/m2) in semi-batch and continuous mode, respectively. The Bacterial diagnosis for anodophilic biofilm showed important differences in distribution and density of a heavy growth consortium after operation. This research offers restaurants an eco-friendly solution. This is because it demonstrates the benefits of using their own wastewater for power generation, reducing costs and saving the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]