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In this article, we show how a rainwater harvesting system is made to work. Located at a school in the rural outskirts of Cochabamba, Bolivia, the performance of the system depends on ongoing forms of sociotechnical tinkering: it works well because of the continuous fine-tuning, adaptations, negotiations, and adjustments that people engage in. Acknowledging this hinges on accepting that infrastructures are more fragile, emergent, and contingent than is normally allowed for in engineering textbooks. The language people mobilize to explain their acts of tinkering is also different from how engineers express what they do: they talk about care and caring – care for each other, for their children, for plants – and emphasize reciprocal responsibilities and collective concerns. For them, making water flow is not just about meeting goals of productivity and efficiency, but also about restoring and sustaining the infrastructure itself as well as the relations it supports and makes possible. It is a way of talking that expresses concerns of sustainability and justice. Our conclusion from studying this rainwater harvesting system is that there is merit in expanding and complementing prevailing notions of engineering as optimizing forms of control, with theorizations of engineering as forms of tinkering care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Reportamos el primer registro formal de Cercosaura parkeri (Ruibal, 1952) para el departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia, en base a registros comprobables provenientes de la ecorregión de los Bosques secos Interandinos del departamento. Este registro no sólo corrobora la presencia de esta especie para el departamento, a su vez extiende su registro en más de 90 Km al oeste, desde el registro más cercano en Comarapa, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Se confirma también el registro más alto para la especie en Bolivia y Sudamérica.

Este artículo revisa y reflexiona el impacto urbano de la implementación de un servicio de tranvía en el área metropolitana de Cochabamba. Se centra en las transformaciones urbanas que se generaron durante la puesta en marcha de esta nueva prestación y las infraestructuras conexas. Su contenido es relevante porque exhibe el reducido impacto en la configuración espacial del entorno urbano de los municipios de Colcapirhua y Quillacollo, respecto a la envergadura de las obras y la importancia de un servicio de transporte de estas características denominado “Tren Metropolitano de Cochabamba”. Adquiere importancia porque se trata del proyecto de transporte más importante de la región, cuya concepción no deviene de un plan de movilidad específico, sus obras e implementación no están vinculadas con la planificación urbana de las jurisdicciones indicadas, y la situación urbana actual y de transporte, parecen no haber sido afectadas por esta nueva infraestructura.

En este trabajo se propone una aproximación a la Visita General (1570-1575) ordenada por el virrey Francisco de Toledo como instancia de administración de justicia y reconfiguración territorial. Para ello, se procede al estudio de caso de la visita realizada al repartimiento de indios de Sipesipe (Cochabamba, Charcas) por parte de Diego Núñez Bazán. Primeramente, se examinan los litigios iniciados por los indígenas, en el marco de la visita general, para conseguir la restitución de tierras ocupadas por españoles. Luego, se avanza en un análisis de la actuación del Visitador general, en tanto agente de justicia, para dirimir estos pleitos. Finalmente, se consideran los efectos que las resoluciones de Núñez Bazán y la política toledana tuvieron sobre el territorio cochabambino.

En la región metropolitana de Cochabamba se ha observado un crecimiento acelerado de la mancha urbana, hacia las zonas de recarga acuífera y un incremento en el estrés hídrico de las aguas subterráneas, siendo el consumo de estas aproximadamente un 65% del consumo total de agua. Por esta razón, se ha visto la necesidad de realizar un estudio hidrogeológico en un sector de abanicos aluviales con acuíferos extensos y productivos, en el Valle Central de Cochabamba. En este sentido se propuso una red de monitoreo de niveles freáticos de pozos de abastecimiento de agua potable y riego en los Municipios de Tiquipaya y Colcapirhua, donde se realizaron 26 mediciones en un periodo de 6 meses entre abril y septiembre de 2021. Se ha configurado un modelo hidrogeológico simplificado en régimen estacionario, para comprender el comportamiento de los acuíferos en la zona, utilizando el software Visual MODFLOW Flex, considerando cuatro estratos: dos de arenas, gravas o bloques y dos de limos y arcillas con sus respectivas conductividades. Posteriormente, se realizó la calibración de los parámetros resultando en una correlación de 0.94, un RMS (Raíz Media Cuadrática) de 17 m y un RMS Normalizado de 16%. En la validación se obtuvo una correlación de 0.63 y un RMS normalizado de 78%. La tendencia de la dirección de flujo subterráneo principal es de norte a sur. Durante el periodo de monitoreo, se observó un descenso del nivel freático considerable, especialmente en los pozos OG-5 y OG-7. En los pozos OG-18 y OG-10, ubicados al noroeste con niveles profundos y al centro con niveles superficiales, respectivamente, los niveles freáticos subieron de 3 a 5 metros desde 2019, evidenciando una recarga correspondiente a los abanicos aluviales, principalmente del río Chijlawiri. Por ello, es crucial realizar monitoreos periódicos de los niveles freáticos, al igual de caracterizar la calidad de las aguas subterráneas en la zona.

Copyright of Memoria Americana is the property of Memoria Americana, Cuadernos de Etnohistoria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cien años después de la colecta de J. Steinbach de Erythrolamprus andinus (Dixon, 1983), reportamos el redescubrimiento de E. andinus en la localidad tipo de Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Por primera vez, se proporcionan comentarios sobre la coloración en vida, como también las primeras imágenes a color para la especie. Considerando la rareza de esta serpiente debido a los pocos registros desde su descripción, recomendamos un estado de conservación global de En Peligro Crítico para E. andinus.

También la lluvia, dirigida por Icíar Bollaín, relata la filmación de una película sobre la colonización de una isla en Cochabamba, Bolivia, durante un conflicto local sobre la privatización del agua. Bollaín emite una crítica del uso de representaciones del colonialismo en el cine moderno, sin reconocer las luchas en curso de la gente colonizada hoy día. No obstante, la representación de la Guerra de Agua de Cochabamba en También la lluvia perpetúa narrativas perjudiciales sobre la historia boliviana.

In Cochabamba, the vulnerability assessment process focused on La Maica community and the agriculture sector. Community stakeholders were involved in workshops while municipal and regional actors participated through interviews. In the Kota process, the municipality was in the geographical focal point and a multi-level stakeholder group focused upon slum inhabitants. The suggested interventions and actions in both cities were dominated by systems (infrastructure and ecosystems) while identified barriers and facilitating factors to implementation revealed a greater acknowledgement of governance issues. Focus on marginalized groups and sectors is facilitated by the direct representations of those issues. While multi-stakeholder processes can be important forums for social learning adaptation planning that benefit vulnerable sectors and groups, with limited inclusion and responsibility given to representatives of marginalized sectors and groups for implementation actions, it is likely that the interests and priorities of more powerful actors will dominate and not contribute to increasing the resilience of the most vulnerable.

Three agaric species are cited for the first time for the Bolivian Yungas mycobiota: Agrocybe perfecta, Hygrocybe atrosquamosa and Mycena holoporphyra. These species are described, illustrated, and data on their distribution and ecology are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current Bolivian water policy incorporates the IWRM paradigm adopting the river basin as the space for water management in the country. The linkage of water management with communal territories in the Andes challenges the application of the river basin approach, bringing water spaces into the discussion. Considering the example of the Pucara River Basin, the article uses space theory to identify characteristics of local spaces for water management and to contrast them with the river basin concept. The river basin concept is applied by water professionals, mostly taking the perceived dimension of this space into consideration and sometimes in abstract terms. In contrast, the lived dimension of space is more important in local water management spaces and it is not represented in abstract terms. Local water spaces are flexible and strongly related to local organisations, which allows them to respond appropriately to the needs and demands of peasant society in the area, characteristics that cannot be found in the river basin space.

In early 2000, the "water war" in Cochabamba (Bolivia) pitted a social movement, led by the Coordination for the Defence of Water and Life (CDWL), against the national government, over the concession of water services to a transnational private consortium, Aguas del Tunari. What politic of scale has enabled the CDWL to constitute a political subject able to impose its demands and challenge the scalar arrangement of domination? What become this high place of contestation in the reorganization of power relations resulting from the change in national political hegemony? The answers to these questions will be based on an analysis of the texts produced by the CDWL (and militant graffiti), combined with an ethnographic approach. In addition to observing the moments of commemoration of this popular victory, interviews were conducted with actors of the "water war". By adressing the "people of Cochabamba" in order to defend water and its territory, the discursive strategy of the CDWL legitimized the reappropriation of urban space by the segregated working classes, forcing the central state to temporarily cede control over the capital of the department. Over the following decades, the CDWL updated the memory of the "water war" by organizing events in Cochabamba, a symbolic dimension attached to the place that was subject of appropriation by the "government of social movements" of Evo Morales.

The article describes the history of drinking water provision of the city of Cochabamba, Bolivia, as an instructive case for analyzing the dynamic reconfiguration of hydrosocial territories and rural–urban relations over time. Cochabamba's growing drinking water demand obliged the city to expand its access to water sources, involving diverse rural areas and groups of rural inhabitants. Using the concept of hydrosocial territories, the history of Cochabamba's water solutions is explored, showing the need to analyze rural actors in a differentiated way in order to understand their (changing) role in the configuration of the hydrosocial territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ante la limitada capacidad del sector público en Bolivia para dotar de servicios básicos e infraestructuras al interior del área metropolitana de Cochabamba, decenas de organizaciones vecinales desarrollan prácticas y estrategias dirigidas a la autogestión de diferentes servicios, entre ellos el agua para consumo humano. estas estrategias alrededor de la autogestión del servicio de agua son desarrolladas por una serie de operadores locales de pequeña escala, pequeñas organizaciones barriales cuyo fin principal es garantizar el acceso a servicios de agua mediante la administración de pequeños sistemas y redes de servicio de agua. Su acción permite el equitativo y permanente acceso al recurso; sin embargo, sus estrategias devienen en escenarios de fragmentación urbana donde cunden fuertes procesos de dislocación social, con pérdida de solidaridad entre vecinos y la división de la ciudad en centenares de fragmentos.

In Cochabamba, the vulnerability assessment process focused on La Maica community and the agriculture sector. Community stakeholders were involved in workshops while municipal and regional actors participated through interviews. In the Kota process, the municipality was in the geographical focal point and a multi-level stakeholder group focused upon slum inhabitants. The suggested interventions and actions in both cities were dominated by systems (infrastructure and ecosystems) while identified barriers and facilitating factors to implementation revealed a greater acknowledgement of governance issues. Focus on marginalized groups and sectors is facilitated by the direct representations of those issues. While multi-stakeholder processes can be important forums for social learning adaptation planning that benefit vulnerable sectors and groups, with limited inclusion and responsibility given to representatives of marginalized sectors and groups for implementation actions, it is likely that the interests and priorities of more powerful actors will dominate and not contribute to increasing the resilience of the most vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the limited capacity of the public sector in Bolivia to provide basic services and infrastructure, within the metropolitan area of Cochabamba, multiple neighborhood organizations have developed practices and strategies aimed at self-management of different services, including water supply for human consumption. Strategies around self-management of the water service are developed by a series of small-scale local operators, small neighborhood organizations whose main purpose is to guarantee access to water services through the administration of local water systems and networks. Their actions allow equitable and permanent access to water, however, these strategies evolve in urban fragmentation where strong processes of social dislocation, loss of solidarity between neighbors and the division of the city into hundreds of fragments take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence shows that over the last 15 years Bolivia and Cochabamba have experienced increased migration flows and that international emigration has become an important strategy for many households. The purpose of this article is to show intra-family solidarity, as well as how households respond to an absent parent in the Cochabamba urban area. The simultaneous interaction of six analytic dimensions is analysed: the socio-economic situation in the country of origin; the characteristics of migrants in the host country; maternal/paternal communication from a distance; the role of remittances; and political participation and role changes within the family remaining in the country of origin. The procedure of generalized canonical correlation analysis (GCCA) allows us to demonstrate the multiple transnational maternity/paternity arrangements and the solidarity of the family networks in Cochabamba.

Copyright of Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino is the property of Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current Bolivian water policy incorporates the IWRM paradigm adopting the river basin as the space for water management in the country. The linkage of water management with communal territories in the Andes challenges the application of the river basin approach, bringing water spaces into the discussion. Considering the example of the Pucara River Basin, the article uses space theory to identify characteristics of local spaces for water management and to contrast them with the river basin concept. The river basin concept is applied by water professionals, mostly taking the perceived dimension of this space into consideration and sometimes in abstract terms. In contrast, the lived dimension of space is more important in local water management spaces and it is not represented in abstract terms. Local water spaces are flexible and strongly related to local organisations, which allows them to respond appropriately to the needs and demands of peasant society in the area, characteristics that cannot be found in the river basin space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Procesos Historicos is the property of Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: determine the prevalence of chronic malnutrition in children < 5 years, treated at the outpatient Health Center Tacopaya of the Cochabamba Arque province in the first half of 2014. Material and methods: A descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study was performed, including 654 children, reported in the SNIS. Data on height, weight, age, sex and age group were collected and analyzed, in agreement to WHO standards, to determine the height-for-age chronic malnutrition anthropometric indicator. Our data, tabulated in Excel, were stratified by sex, age group and compared to other year periods. Results: among the 361 (55,20%) boy and 293 (40,8 %) girls treated for height control weight at the Tacopaya Health Center, 106 (16,2%) showed chronic malnutrition. The highest number of chronic malnutrition was in the age group of 1 year to less than 2 years and in the male group. The lowest record of chronic malnutrition was for children less than 1 year. Conclusions: chronic malnutrition in children less than 5-year-old, attending the Tacopaya outpatient Health Center, reached 16,2% in 2014, showing higher prevalence in boys than in girls. Children up to 1 year to less than 2 years were the most affected. Malnutrition remains a serious problem still affecting the Bolivian population. This information may be useful for planning nutritional interventions aiming to reduced chronic malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the language use of bilingual students (Quechua-Spanish) in the urban area of Cochabamba. Their perceptions of language use at the societal as well as the individual level are analysed using empirical-qualitative methodologies. The urban area of Cochabamba constitutes a special 'sociolinguistic reality', which is mainly characterized by the language contact between Spanish and Quechua, and, though to a lesser extent, Aimara as well as other indigenous languages spoken there. This complex situation of language contact frequently results to be conflictive. Due to the long history of asymmetric power relations between the speakers of Spanish and those of Quechua, we find highly diglossic relations between these languages. At the same time, Quechua in Cochabamba has a remarkable vitality and there is evidence of an extended and relatively stable bilingualism at the societal and the individual level. This sociolinguistic situation exerts an influence on the current state and the future position of the Quechuan language in the urban area of Cochabamba. It is there that Quechua is suffering an accelerated language shift and loss at the societal and individual level. This phenomenon is closely related to a widespread lack of the intergenerational language transmission that plays a key role in language maintenance. Taking into account the current socio-political transformations in Bolivia and their possible influence on the region's sociolinguistic situation, this article focuses on the individual bilingual speaker; it analyses his or her language use, which is understood as a cultural practice that gives life to a language and ensures its survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mülkiye Dergisi is the property of Mulkiye Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT The existing biocultural links are analyzed among ancient inhabitants of the Cochabamba valleys (Bolivia) from the Formative and Tiwanaku periods, coastal and inland Azapa region (Chile) from the Late Archaic to the Late periods, and the Atacama Desert oases (Chile) from the Formative period to the time of European contact. Craniometric information obtained from a sample of 565 individuals from different sites of the studied regions was evaluated using methods derived from quantitative genetics and multivariate statistical analysis techniques. It is shown that during the Formative and Tiwanaku periods inhabitants of the Cochabamba valleys maintained contact with the population of northern Chile. This contact was more fluid with the people from the interior valley of Azapa than it was with the settlers of San Pedro Atacama (SPA). An important biological affinity in the Late Period between the inhabitants of the Azapa valley and the late SPA groups is also examined. The Late-Inca Catarpe SPA sample shows a broad genetic variability shared with the majority of the groups studied. The results reaffirm the differences between the coastal and interior Azapa valley groups and strengthen the hypothesis of two pathways to populating the south central Andean area. The divergence observed among subpopulations can be explained by the spatiotemporal dispersion between them, genetic drift dispersion compensated by the action of gene flow, and cultural norms that regulate within group mating. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:591-599, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence shows that over the last 15 years Bolivia and Cochabamba have experienced increased migration flows and that international emigration has become an important strategy for many households. The purpose of this article is to show intra-family solidarity, as well as how households respond to an absent parent in the Cochabamba urban area. The simultaneous interaction of six analytic dimensions is analysed: the socio-economic situation in the country of origin; the characteristics of migrants in the host country; maternal/ paternal communication from a distance; the role of remittances; and political participation and role changes within the family remaining in the country of origin. The procedure of generalized canonical correlation analysis (GCCA) allows us to demonstrate the multiple transnational maternity/paternity arrangements and the solidarity of the family networks in Cochabamba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El propósito general de este trabajo es contribuir a la comprensión de las transformaciones políticas de las comunidades indígenas de la región andina de Bolivia a partir de las reformas estatales implementadas en la década de 1990, desde una perspectiva que atiende a la manera cómo la comunidad indígena, en nuestro caso el ayllu Kirkyawi, se ha reconfigurado política y organizativamente a partir del nuevo marco legal, institucional y político. En el mismo pretendemos mostrar que es la “comunidad” construida desde su sistema de organización política propia la que podría constituirse jurídicamente como “nación” en el contexto del Estado Plurinacional, es decir, que es necesario pasar del “reconocimiento” de la diversidad étnica y cultural a la construcción de un sistema político administrativo que contemple la posibilidad de que las comunidades indígenas puedan construir su verdadera autonomía; es decir, determinar el sistema político por el que les conviene regirse, el sistema de autoridades, las instancias de participación y toma de decisiones y las instancias y formas legislativas propias. En definitiva, la posibilidad de gobernarse a sí mismos. Este es el proyecto político que surge a partir de la comunidad para la constitución de las nacionesdel Estado Plurinacional.