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Background: Elettaria cardamomum possesses a variety of beneficial effects. Thus, we aimed to investigate cardamom essential oilloaded nanostructured lipid carrier (CEO-NLC) gastro-protective effects in an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in a rat model. Materials and Methods: Forty male albino rats of the Wistar strain were assigned into eight groups. Pretreatment of animal groups with the low (300 mg/kg) and high (600 mg/kg) doses of CEO-NLC alleviates the pathological damage. It significantly reduces the ulcer areas induced by ethanol in rats, reducing pH, gastric-free, and total acidity measurements. Omeprazole 20 mg/kg was utilized as a reference medication to compare its effect with CEO-NLC. Results: Treatment with CEO-NLC increases total antioxidant capacity and suppresses oxidative damage of the stomach by lowering malonaldehyde (MDA) levels. Furthermore, inflammatory infiltration in groups treated with CEO-NLC is alleviated by decreasing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α and increasing anti-inflammatory IL-10. Administration of CEO-NLC, either at prophylactic or therapeutic doses, significantly reduces gastrin levels. Conclusion: CEO-NLCs demonstrated curative effects in inhibiting ethanolinduced gastric damage, which is related to suppressing gastric inflammation and oxidative stress. Thus, CEO-NLC might enhance the management of gastric ulcers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Essential herbs such as garlic, ginger, and cardamom have shown antimicrobial activity with no potential adverse effects and are cost-effective. Despite these advantages, the efficacy of these agents needs to be tested against common oral pathogenic microorganisms to ensure that if found effective, they can be used in clinical settings. Aim: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of garlic, ginger, and cardamom oils on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) against chlorhexidine. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted at Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, in the Department of Microbiology and Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India from January 2023 to September 2023. Oil extracts of garlic, ginger, and cardamom were loaded onto sterile filter paper discs measuring 6 mm in diameter in concentrations of 50 µL, 100 µL, and 200 µL. Additionally, 2% chlorhexidine (control group) was loaded onto similar sterile paper discs. The discs were dried and placed aseptically on culture media plates inoculated with S. mutans, and the plates were then incubated at 37°C overnight. Subsequently, the zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters. Results: Ginger oil exhibited the highest zone of inhibition, measuring 25 mm, followed by cardamom oil and garlic oil measuring 18 mm and 12 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 200 µL. The zone of inhibition measured for 100 µL concentrations of garlic, ginger, and cardamom oils were 7 mm, 16 mm, and 13 mm, respectively. For 50 µL concentrations of the oils, the zones of inhibition for garlic, ginger, and cardamom were 0 mm, 13 mm, and 9 mm, respectively. The zone of inhibition shown by chlorhexidine was 22 mm for concentrations of 50 µL, 100 µL, and 200 µL. Conclusion: Essential oil extracts from ginger, cardamom, and garlic were found to have antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, with ginger oil showing the highest effectiveness, followed by cardamom oil and garlic oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the use of essential oils from cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) and galangal (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd) as alternatives to synthetic insecticides for controlling the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). The chemical compositions of these oils were analyzed using GC-MS, and their fumigation effects were tested in a vapor-phase bioassay. The experiment followed a factorial design with four types of essential oils, namely, those manually extracted from cardamom leaves (MCL) and galangal leaves (MGL) and those commercially produced from cardamom seeds (CCS) and galangal rhizomes (CGR), at seven concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 µL/L air). The manually extracted oils yielded 0.6% from cardamom leaves and 0.25% from galangal leaves. MCL contained 28 components, with eucalyptol (25.2%) being the most abundant, while CCS had 34 components, primarily α-terpinyl acetate (46.1%) and eucalyptol (31.2%). MGL included 25 components, mainly caryophyllene (28.7%) and aciphyllene (18.3%), whereas CGR comprised 27 components, with methyl cis-cinnamate (47.3%) and safrole (19.8%) as the major constituents. The fumigation bioassay results revealed that CGR was the most effective, demonstrating the highest mortality rates of T. castaneum across all the tested periods and concentrations, achieving up to 96% mortality at 168 h with a concentration of 300 µL/L air. Statistical analyses showed significant differences in mortality based on the type and concentration of essential oil, particularly after 96 h. These findings highlight the potential of CGR, with its advantages and differences in chemical composition, as an effective biopesticide against T. castaneum, with increasing efficacy over time and at higher concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rambutan peel (RP), an agricultural by‐product from rambutan trading, contains the red pigment anthocyanin. This research explores developing a colouring agent from RP, utilising cardamom oil (CM) to enhance colour stability, improve antimicrobial functionality, and create a new high‐value red colouring agent from fruit waste. A colouring agent was produced by placing 50 g of RP inside a 1 L glass box, and varying amounts of CM (5 μL, 25 μL, 50 μL, and 100 μL) on filter paper were placed inside the box lid. The box was sealed and left closed for 8 h to allow CM vapour to release onto the surface of RP before being dried at 30 °C and ground into powder. The antibacterial impact of CM‐treated RP on Staphylococcus aureus was assessed using the nutrient broth. The CM‐treated RP powder was used as a food colouring agent in shrimp paste to evaluate the shelf life of shrimp paste during storage at 30 °C. Results revealed that treated RP with 25 μL of CM showed the best red colour appearance in the dried powder. RP with 25 μL of CM exhibited time killing against S. aureus (approximately 4 log10cfu g−1) after being added to the medium for 6 h, disrupting the cell membrane integrity of S. aureus and leading to cell lysis. RP treated with 25 μL of CM also prevented darkening in shrimp paste, maintaining higher values for L* and a*, resulting in increased lightness and a more red appearance. It also inhibited pathogenic bacteria, extending shelf life, and preserving colour stability for 14 days, compared to the control's 7 days. These insights provide valuable guidance for the sustainable utilisation of agricultural waste in the food colouring industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To synthesize silver nanoparticles suspended in deionized water, Elettaria cardamomum (Car) seed extract and Car@Ag nanoparticles were prepared in three steps. The first used a hot aqueous extract of Elettaria cardamomum seed, and then, the second used pulsed laser ablation technique (PLAL) by Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1064 nm wavelength) at laser energy of 400 mJ, and the number of pulses was 500 pulses and third step for the synthesis of creating a non-conjugated Elettaria cardamomum extract. Ultraviolet visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to investigate the optical, structural, and morphological characterizations of synthesized Car@AgNPs. The nanoparticles were spherical in shape, and a size distribution exhibited a mean size of 21 nm, according to the TEM findings. AgNPs and Car@AgNPs have free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay. Additionally, Car@AgNPs were examined in vitro for zones of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition rate of Escherichia coli was higher than that observed in Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, Car@AgNPs demonstrated a potential cytotoxicity agent breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line that was evaluated by MTT assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) is an important spice crop with high market value. In this study, we describe the phenological growth stages of cardamom using a three‐digit extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie (BBCH) scale, which includes eight principal growth stages, comprising four vegetative, two reproductive and two capsule development stages. Additionally, we identified 45 secondary stages within these principal growth stages, providing a comprehensive characterisation of the crop's growth progression, including bud development, leaf emergence, tillering and shoot development, while the reproductive stages included inflorescence emergence and flowering. The capsule development stage details the maturation process of capsules. The study also highlights the parallel occurrence of tillering, shoot development and inflorescence emergence stages during specific growth phases. The knowledge of growth stages facilitates timely interventions, optimising crop management strategies and enhancing overall crop productivity. Additionally, these findings offer valuable insights for breeding programmes and the selection of superior genotypes, contributing to the sustainable cultivation and economic viability of cardamom as an important export‐oriented spice crop. Highlights: BBCH scale provides uniform coding for different growth stages of cardamom.Identified and described eight principal growth stages (PGS).PGS comprises of 4 vegetative, 2 reproductive and 2 capsule development stages.45 secondary stages were identified within 8 principal growth stages.Tillering, shoot development and inflorescence emergence occurs parallelly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton; Zingiberaceae) is one of India's most export oriented spices. Insect pests and diseases are major threats to the sustainable cultivation of cardamom in India, and this crop alone consumes 26.21 kg a.i. ha-1 of pesticides per year. Shoot and capsule borers, thrips and root grubs are the major insect pests, and capsule rot, clump rot and leaf blight are the major diseases demanding more pesticides in the cardamom production system. The frequency of pesticide application in the system is nearly three times more than the recommended frequency. Various management strategies are advocated to reduce the load of pesticides and their residues. By considering the unique nature of the agroforestry system, varietal replacement, shade and nutrient management, exploitation of bioagents, organic initiatives, cultural and mechanical methods, biotechnological approaches, judicious application of synthetic chemicals and use of less toxic pesticides are the available employable strategies to minimize the pesticide load in the production system. Proper integration and adoption of these strategies by farmers are imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal spices are an agricultural commodity, economically very important and beneficial in primary healthcare in the food and medicine sectors. Herbal spices are used as food flavoring agents as well as in phytotherapies throughout the world and have nutritive benefits. The food and medicine industries widely employ artificial or natural adulteration to retard the deterioration and utilization of these adulterants in food and medicine products has given rise to significant apprehension among consumers, primarily stemming from the potential health risks that they pose. Thus, their characterization for the purpose of identification, origin, and quality assurance is mandatory for safe human consumption. Here, we studied 22 samples of commonly traded herbal spices that belong to 20 different genera and 21 species comprising 14 families, investigated macroscopically or organoleptically as well as histologically under microscopic examination. In this study, we provide details on organoleptic features including appearance, taste, odor, color, shape, size, fractures, types of trichomes, and the presence of lenticels among the examined herbal spices and these features have great significance in the detection of both natural as well as artificial deterioration. In terms of microscopic characterization, each examined plant part comprising different anatomical characteristics has taxonomic importance and also provides useful information for authentication from natural adulterants. Furthermore, the studied taxa were also described with nutritive and therapeutic properties. For condiments, herbal beverages and medicinal purposes, different herbal parts such as leaves, floral buds, seeds, fruit, and accessory parts like mericarp, rhizome, bulbs, and bark were used and commercially traded. Similarly, in this study, the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala and Mentha spicata, the floral buds of Syzygium aromaticum, the seeds of Amomum subulatum, Brassica nigra, Punica granatum, Myristica fragrans, Phyllanthus emblica, and Elettaria cardamomum, the mericarp of Coriandrum sativum, and Cuminum cyminum were observed. As a result, we show the potential of herbal spices as a source of many valuable phytochemicals and essential nutrients for food, nutraceutical, and homoeopathic medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the eco-friendly production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has become a focal point for researchers. In India, the quest for cost-effective, non-hazardous compounds suitable for reducing and stabilizing AgNPs has been limited. This study explores the synthesis of AgNPs using Elettaria cardamomom seed extract. We evaluated the efficiency of silver ion (Ag+) reduction and AgNP formation from an aqueous AgNO3 solution combined with the cardamom seed extract. Characterization of the AgNPs was carried out through UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, EDAX, and FTIR. This research presents a practical and efficient strategy for AgNP production. A formulation using readily available 1 mm aqueous AgNO3, known for its accessibility and therapeutic properties, was created with cardamom seed extract serving as both a capping and reducing agent. Within 30 minutes, the silver ions were reduced to AgNPs, resulting in a change from golden to dark brown-reddish tint. Various analytical techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, were employed for characterization. This study introduces an affordable, robust, and renewable method using E. cardamomum seeds for AgNP synthesis, which is entirely eco-friendly and devoid of toxic chemicals. AgNPs hold promise for applications in cancer treatment and diagnosis, setting them apart from other noble metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research is the property of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Price discovery and its related volatility spillover effect are significant indicators in commodity derivatives market to hedge the risk against sharp price fluctuations. This study empirically analyses the price discovery and volatility spillover using vector error correction model, Granger causality and bivariate exponential GARCH model (EGARCH) in Indian cardamom spot-futures markets. Daily time series data of spot market and near month futures contracts spanning the period from January 2009 to December 2020 have been used for the study. These price series data are based on the authenticated sources of Multi Commodity Exchange. The results of vector error correction model supported by Granger causality test indicates that spot market plays the role of leader as it is more efficient in reflecting the new information to prices. The results of bivariate EGARCH (1,1) model show that volatility spillover from cardamom spot market to futures market is dominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton originated in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of South India. In order to compare the percentage of essential oil and its components of selected small cardamom landraces, the study was conducted at the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara, Idukki Dt. of Kerala. Essential oil components of nine farmer's varieties such as Njallani Green Gold, Thiruthali, Panikulangara Green Bold No.1, Wonder Cardamom, Elarajan, Arjun, Pappalu, PNS Vaigai, Pachaikkai; and ICRI-5 as control were compared to evaluate the quality of genotypes. Essential oil content was significantly higher in Najllani Green Gold (9.18%), followed by Wonder Cardamom (8.36%). GC-MS profiling identified twenty-five compounds contributing to 90-93% of essential oil. The higher percentage of 1,8-cineole was observed in PNS Vaigai (38.04%) and the control ICRI-5 (38.99%), while Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 had the lowest percentage (24.30%). a-terpinyl acetate was higher (43.39%) in Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 followed by Thiruthali (39.21%), and was lowest in ICRI-5 (35.97%). Panikulangara Green Bold 1 had a higher percentage of a-terpineol, Geranyl acetate, Geraniol and Linalyl acetate than other genotypes. The percentage of sabinene was higher in Njallani Green Gold (7.56%), and in the genotype, Elarajan (5.46%) was lowest. Due to the medicinal and flavour-contributing properties, the essential oil components can be used in medicinal and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel herbal medicinal waste-derived black cardamom (Amomum subulatum) adsorbent was investigated for cadmium (II) removal from water. The biosorbent was characterized by SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and pHZPC. The equilibrium uptake of cadmium (II) from water was studied under the influence of solution pH, contact time, operating temperature, adsorbent dose, cadmium (II) initial concentration, and adsorbent size. The maximum removal of cadmium (II) (96%) through biosorbent was observed at pH of 4, 150–180 micron particle size, initial concentration of 50 mg/L in 50 ml solution having 0.5 g of dose. The cadmium (II) uptake by biosorbent was well fitted by Freundlich isotherm, suggesting multilayer adsorption as Chi-squared and sum of square errors values for the Freundlich isotherm model also lay in narrow range, i.e., 0.009–0.035 and 0.016–0.059, respectively. The higher coefficient of determination values of 0.972–0.997 also indicated a strong fit of the Freundlich model to the experimental data. Kinetic studies suggested appropriateness of the pseudo-second-order model with coefficient of determination values close to 1. Likewise, Chi-squared and normal standard deviation values also fell within smaller ranges of 0.002–0.007 and 0.006–0.016, respectively, for pseudo-second-order model. The thermodynamic evaluation revealed the adsorption of cadmium (II) to be spontaneous, random, and exothermic. The pore volume and surface diffusion model simulated in gPROMS software was used to analyze cadmium adsorption. The simulation results closely fitted with the experimental data. Thus, this novel adsorbent could be a low-cost and efficient alternative for removing cadmium (II) from polluted waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural herbs are excellent alternatives to synthetic compounds to enhance the growth performance and health status of fish. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of black cardamom (Amomum subulatum) extract (BCE) as an herbal supplement in improving the growth, antioxidant status, haematology, and serum biochemistry of Catla catla. The acclimatized fish (N = 900; average initial weight = 14.44 ± 0.33 g) were allocated into five groups (60 fish/group in triplicate) in hapas (4 × 2 × 2.5 ft) and provided with feed containing 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g/kg BCE for 90 days before being subjected to 8 days of crowding stress. After 90 days, significantly higher feed utilization and growth were observed in all BCE‐fed treatments compared to the control; however, the maximum values of these parameters were noted in the 2 g/kg BCE‐fed treatment. Moreover, the BCE‐fed groups exhibited a significant increase in antioxidant indices (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase), with a significant reduction in malondialdehyde levels, indicating a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the control. Significant improvements in haematological parameters, such as an increase in haematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cells and a decrease in white blood cells, were observed in BCE‐fed treatments compared to the control. Furthermore, BCE‐fed groups showed a significant decrease in serum glucose, cortisol and triglycerides, while total protein, globulin and albumin levels were significantly higher compared with the control. During the feeding trial of 90 days, no mortality was observed; however, the lowest cumulative mortality was noted in the 2 g/kg BCE group after crowding stress of 8 days. In conclusion, the use of BCE in feed can enhance the growth performance, antioxidant status, haematology, and serum biochemistry of C. catla and improve the resistance against crowding stress. The optimum levels of BCE for C. catla were estimated based on weight gain % (1.78 g/kg; R2 = 0.97), feed conversion ratio (1.65 g/kg; R2 = 0.98), MDA content (1.66 g/kg; R2 = 0.93) and serum lysozyme activity (1.72 g/kg; R2 = 1) using broken‐line regression analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of carminative essential oils could be an approach for food preservation and would minimize or substitute chemical preservatives. In the present study, essential oils (n=11) namely, Anethum sowa, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus bergamia, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Cymbopogon martini, Cymbopogon winterianus, Elettaria cardamomum, Mentha arvensis, Ocimum basilicum, Salvia sclarea and Trachyspermum ammi, were screened against Aeromonas hydrophila and Listeria monocytogenes. The largest diameters of zone of inhibition, 19.9 ± 0.33 mm and 21.7 ± 0.58 mm, were exhibited by T. ammi essential oil against Aeromonas hydrophila and Listeria monocytogenes, respectively. Growth inhibition studies for T. ammi essential oil, sodium nitrite and their combinations were also carried out on cucumber, apple, gram flour soup and mutton broth models. The combination of T. ammi essential oil and sodium nitrite depicted synergism and was also effective in reducing the bacterial counts in artificially inoculated food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardamom has the potential to offer anti‐inflammatory and antihypertensive advantages, but the findings from clinical trials have been inconsistent. To address this knowledge gap, the present systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory and antihypertensive effects of cardamom in adults. We systematically searched databases including PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Sciences, for papers published up to October 2022 to identify clinical studies. Eight eligible studies were included in the meta‐analysis. A fixed model was used to estimate weighted mean difference (WMD), standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The results showed that cardamom significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory factors, including hs‐CRP (SMD: −0.60 mg/dL; 95% CI: −0.78 to 0.42), IL‐6 (WMD: −1.25 mg/dL; 95% CI: −1.48 to −1.03), TNF‐α (WMD: −2.10 kg; 95% CI: −2.36 to −1.84, p <.001), and measures of systolic (WMD: −0.54 mmHg, 95% CI: −0.88, −0.19, p =.002) and diastolic (WMD: −0.90 mmHg; 95% CI: −1.07 to −0.73) blood pressure. The current meta‐analysis showed that cardamom can help reduce inflammation and improve blood pressure. However, due to the limited number of studies, caution must be exercised when interpreting the current results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics is the property of Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, AUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The farmers' livelihood in the Himalayan region of West Bengal mainly depends on large cardamom cultivation. However, the farmers in the region were continuously facing low yield, high disease incidence, and poor quality of large cardamom. An alternative extension approach namely 'Model Large Cardamom Village' was conceptualized to address these issues in Tindhurey village of Kalimpong in West Bengal. Diverse scientific technologies and practices were promoted in the adopted village from 2018 to 2022. An outcome-based impact evaluation was done in 2023 with a sample of 350 farmers. The maximum yield increment was observed in the Seremna cultivar (45.94%) followed by Bharlangey (42.86%), Ramsai (40%), and Golsey cultivar (36.67%). Similarly, the maximum increase in income was reported in the Seremna cultivar from Rs. 160000/ha. to Rs. 290000/ha. Other significant impact of Model Large Cardamom Village was increased adoption of recommended technologies, the decline in pest and disease incidence, enhanced social networking, the decline in migration of youth from the village, increased access to different production inputs and services, and starting large cardamom-based tourism. The study shows the potential of a specific and focused extension approach to address the technological gap at the regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Zingiberaceae, the ginger family, is a family of monocotyledonous herbaceous plants with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes. The plants are aromatic, characterized by the presence of volatile oils and oleoresins. The Zingiberaceae are especially abundant in Southeast Asia and they have been widely used as spices, ornamental, or medicinal plants. The most important commercial spices in the family are ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and black cardamom (Amomum subulatum), that also have a great number of health properties. Due to their use in the food and pharmaceutical industries, the microscopic analysis and other parameters of the whole rhizomes/powder of turmeric and ginger provide valuable information in the identification of the plant material, followed by biochemical analysis. In the current study, a microscopic analysis of ginger and turmeric rhizome was carried out to record some of the parameters of taxonomic relevance using a simple method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemp is probably one of the most studied plants for its health-promoting properties, with countless documented and patented extraction methods, but literature is scarce on the simultaneous extraction of mixture of raw materials. Hemp, along with other plant materials, could represent a potentially highly valuable source material with resulting reciprocal effects. In this study, hemp (Cannabis sativa) and three members of the Zingiberaceae family, ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), were extracted simultaneously, and their bioactive component values were investigated. Two extraction methods were used, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol and supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide. First, extracts were obtained from separate plant materials. Then, hemp was extracted in combination with ginger, turmeric, and cardamom in a 1:1 ratio. The extracts obtained were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolic content using UV/VIS spectrophotometry; cannabinoid content, 6-gingerol, and 6-shogaol were measured using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); volatile components such as 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpinyl acetate, linalool, and aR-turmerone were measured using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria has remained the most dreadful vector-borne disease; hence, vector control is the most affordable and achievable approach to mitigate the disease burden. Due to the emergence of resistance and environmental pollution, herbal larvicides are considered an alternative to chemical types. Also, nanotechnology has been proposed as a promising solution to improve the efficiency of plant larvicides. This study aimed to develop an effective herbal larvicide. Methods: The chemical composition of Elettaria cardamomum essential oil (EO) was first investigated. Nanoliposomes containing the EO were then prepared using the ethanol injection method. After that, the larvicidal efficacy of the EO and its liposomal state were compared against Anopheles stephensi in laboratory conditions. Results: Alpha-terpinyl acetate (77.59%), eucalyptol (4.38%), nerolidol (2.96%), linalool (1.77%), and limonene (1.69%) were the five major compounds of the EO. Nanoliposomes containing the EO with a particle size of 73±5 nm and a zeta potential of -16.3±0.8 mV were prepared. Additionally, the ATR-FTIR analysis verified the successful loading of the EO into nanoliposomes. The larvicidal activity of nanoliposomes exhibited remarkable potency, with an LC50 value of 14.35 (10–18) µg/mL, significantly more potent than the non-formulated EO, which had an LC50 value of 33.47 (28–39) µg/mL against Anopheles stephensi larvae. Conclusion: The nanoliposomes containing E. cardamomum EO showed promising efficacy against An. stephensi larvae. It could thus be considered for further application against other species of mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardamom is Queen of Spices belonging to Zingiberaceae family. The present study to reveals the comparative metabolomic profile of the two different types of cardamom such as Cardamom elettaria and Amomum subulatum. Methods: Physical parameters and chemical parameters were screened in both species. The essential oil was extracted by using Clevenger apparatus and analysed the volatile profile by GC-MS studies. Results: Capsule of C. elettaria was observed to dominant in bulk density and volatile oil content whereas A. subulatum is greater in size and shape. Oil of C. elettaria showed the good ascent of Optical rotation (+29.1), Specific gravity (1.4620), refractive index (0.927), aroma and taste. In C. elettaria and A. subulatum the terpinyl acetate, geranyl acetate, and myrcene were present in high level. As well, 1,8-cineole, pinene, 3-carene, and terpineol are the primary differentiators in both seeds with diverse therapeutic effects. Conclusion: The physico-chemical characteristics of C. elettaria and A. subulatum were contrasted in this work. α-terpinyl acetate is a lead molecule in C. elettaria. 1,8-cineoleare is rich in both essential oils. Future researchers and flavourists can use this study to improve the scent and therapeutic elements of drug repurposing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Elettaria cardamomum, commonly known as cardamom, is one of the most widely used spices worldwide and is conventionally well known for its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) as a food additive. Aims and Objectives: This study was carried out to assess the ethanolic extract of E. cardamomum (EEEC) for its CNS activity in rats. The purpose of this study was to validate the traditional use of E. cardamomum as an antianxiety agent. Materials and Methods: The elevated plus maze and light–dark arena models were used to evaluate its anxiolytic activity. The open field test and actophotometer were used for assessing its effect on locomotor activity. The experiments were performed in Wistar albino rats of either sex after grouping the animals into three different groups. Twelve animals per group were used. Distilled water (10 mL/kg) was used as Control and Diazepam (1 mg/kg) were used as standard drugs for the respective tests. Results: EEEC (at a dose of 100 mg/kg) has shown anxiolytic and reduced locomotor activity. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that EEEC has anxiolytic and sedative effects, similar to benzodiazepine and possibly similar mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV; genus Macluravirus), which causes mosaic (katte) disease in cardamom, is a highly variable member of the family Potyviridae. So far, the complete genome sequence of one isolate from Karnataka (KS) has been reported. In the present study, we determined the complete genome sequence of a CdMV isolate from Kerala (KI) and the complete CP gene sequences of nine isolates of CdMV from Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, India. The complete genome of CdMV (KI) consists of 8255 nucleotides (nt) with two open reading frames (ORFs). The large ORF, potentially coding for a polyprotein of 2638 amino acids (aa), is further processed into nine mature proteins at eight cleavage sites. The second ORF, PIPO (pretty interesting Potyviridae ORF) starting with a C(A)6 motif, encodes a small protein of 56 aa. The viral genome contains an additional 13 nt in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and 6 nt in the CP gene, as well as a deletion of 13 nt at the 3′ UTR in comparison to the KS isolate of CdMV. The complete viral genome and polyprotein share 76% and 85% sequence identity with the KS isolate of CdMV, indicating that the present isolate is highly divergent from the KS isolate. Sequencing and analysis of the CP sequences of 16 CdMV isolates from different regions revealed high heterogeneity among them, suggesting that they should be considered members of more than one species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (Zingiberaceae family) is a plant traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. In this work, the essential oil of E. cardamomum was found to inhibit the enzymes AChE (62.6% of inhibition, IC50 24.9 μg/mL) and BChE (55.8% of inhibition, IC50 25.9 μg/mL) by performing an in vitro colorimetric assay using the Ellman method. A bio-guided fractionation approach was used to isolate fractions/pure compounds that were tested individually to evaluate their activity. The resulting oxygenated fraction was found to be active against both AChE (percentage inhibition 42.8%) and BChE (percentage inhibition 63.7%), while the hydrocarbon fraction was inactive. The activity was attributed to a pool of oxygenated terpenes (α-terpinyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, and α-terpineol) that synergistically contributed to the overall activity of the essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and antibacterial properties of essential oils and hydroalcoholic extracts from Elettaria cardamomum fruit (E. cardamomum). Methods Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) was used as the test subject for the agar diffusion test in this in-vitro investigation to determine the antibacterial effect of the extract and essential oil. The broth microdilution method was used to calculate their minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to assess their cytotoxicity against human gingival fibroblasts. Tukey's test (alpha=0.05) and ANOVA were used to evaluate the data. Results The E. cardamomum hydroalcoholic extracts and essential oil demonstrated strong antibacterial activity on A. actinomycetemcomitans. E. cardamomum essential oil (91.5±1.1 mm) and E. cardamomum extract (9.5±0.4 mm) had the highest and lowest growth inhibition zones, respectively. For E. cardamomum essential oil, the MIC and MBC were 1.45%, and for E. cardamomum extract, they were 11.5% (v/v). The essential oil exhibited appreciable cytotoxicity at low doses, while the extract did not. Conclusion Because of its antibacterial properties and low cytotoxicity at low concentrations, the hydroalcoholic extract of E. cardamomum, one of the compounds examined, may have applications as an organic mouthwash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil has been reported to be one of the Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor resources. Moreover, it has been proven against bacterial pathogens that cause infectious diseases. Amomum compactum is one source of essential oil, known as Javanese cardamom is a spice herb commonly used for flavouring food and traditional medicine in Indonesia. However, ACE inhibition activity of A. compactum has not been reported. The purposes of this study were to identify the main constituent of volatile compounds, inhibition activity toward bacteria, and antihypertension potency of A. compactum essential oils. Volatile compounds were investigated using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The antimicrobial activity was observed using the microdilution method toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antihypertension effect was studied using an ACE inhibition assay. The result showed that eucalyptol was a primary compound of A. compactum fruit either in Banjar (BJR) and Bogor (BGR) essential oils with the value of 62.22% and 66.23%, respectively. Both BJR and BGR are more active to inhibit gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis) with MIC values of 1 mg/mL. Meanwhile, the BJR exhibited a higher inhibitory activity effect toward ACE compared to BGR with the value of IC50 64.86 ± 0.57 μg/mL. These findings suggest that A. compactum essential oil can be the potential to lead to the treatment of hypertension as an ACE inhibitor and antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Spermatogenesis is significantly influenced by the thyroid gland. Thyroid disorders can be caused by a variety of factors. Traditionally, Ellettaria cardamomum has been used to treat a variety of ailments. The effects of E. cardamomum extract (ECE) on spermatogenesis in hypothyroid mice were investigated in this study. Methods: In this study 42 male mice, weighing (25–35 g) were randomly divided in six groups: control group (taking normal saline, 0.5 mL/day, by oral gavage [P.O.]), hypothyroid group (taking 0.1% propylthiouracil in drinking water for 2 weeks), hypothyroid groups treated by levothyroxine (15 mg/kg/day, P.O.) and hypothyroid groups treated by ECE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day, P.O.). After the end of experiments the mice were anaesthetised and blood samples were collected for hormonal analysis. Results: The sperm count and microscopic studies of testes were done also. Our results showed that the T3, T4, testosterone levels and spermatogenesis in hypothyroid animals decreased and thyroid‐stimulating hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone increased compared with control group. Treatment by ECE reverse these effects in comparison with hypothyroid group. Conclusions: According to our findings, the ECE may stimulates thyroid gland function and increases testosterone and spermatogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, developed linseed mucilage (M)-based films loaded with E. cardamom (MCA), C. officinalis (MCO), and co-loaded with both compounds (MCACO) were evaluated. The incorporation of the active compounds modified the color (redness–greenness, and yellowness); however, the thickness remained constant in all treatments (0.0042–0.0052 mm). In addition, the solubilization time of the films (in artificial saliva) to release the active compounds fluctuates between 9 and 12 min. Furthermore, the incorporation of bioactive compounds increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS, respectively), mainly in MCA (inhibition of 81.99 and 95.80%, respectively) and MCACO (inhibition of 47.15% and 39.73%, respectively). In addition, the incorporation of these compounds also decreased the hardness (39.50%–70.81%), deformation (49.16%–78.30%), and fracturability (39.58%–82.95%). On the other hand, it did not modify the adhesiveness, except in MCO. Moreover, SEM micrographs showed a more homogeneous structure in the MCO films among the films that contained CA in the formulation (heterogeneous structure with the presence of protuberances). Finally, due to the previously reported pharmacological properties of E. cardamomun and C. officinalis, the films developed in this study could have an application as a wound dressing in dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elettaria cardamomum is known as the 'Queen of spices'; its leaf essential oil (EO) is least investigated and barely utilized. Here we report the chemical composition of E. cardamomum leaf EOs collected from five locations in the southern Western Ghats in India. EOs of fresh and dry capsules were also analyzed for comparison of their chemical profiles. The major constituents in cardamom leaf EOs were β-pinene (35.6–51.9%) and coronarin E (17.7–34.2%). In fumigant toxicity assays against two stored product pests, lowest LC50 against Tribolium castaneum was recorded in EO of fresh capsules (124.05 µL/L), followed by dry capsules (LC50 128.21 µL/L) and leaves (LC50 148.00 µL/L); LC50s of fresh, dry capsule and leaf EOs against Sitophilus oryzae were 30.24, 35.33 and 89.42 µL/L, respectively. This study demonstrates cardamom leaves as a source of untapped bioactive principles which can be viably utilized for the production of botanical pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the high rates of global antimicrobial resistance, researchers are looking for new ways to deal with the resistance. Therefore, this study is aimed at analyzing the bioactive compounds and antimicrobial effects of honey and alcoholic extracts of Zataria multiflora and Black cardamom. The mixture of honey (30%) and alcoholic extracts of Zataria multiflora (35%) and Black cardamom (35%) as named F6 revealed the antibacterial activity against three tested bacteria (MIC = 1000 μg/ml). Thymol, resorcinol, and phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl, 3,7-octadiene-2, 6-diol, 2, 6-dimethyl) were identified as potential antimicrobial agents using GC-MS. The F6 toxicity to RBCs and HEK293 human cells was 11.13 and 13.84 times lower for Triton X-100 toxicity (95%), respectively. We concluded that F6 has the best antibacterial activity against E. coli and less toxicity against tested eukaryotic cells due to the presence of chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, thymol, and resorcinol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.), is a major cash crop grown in Sikkim Himalaya region. The crop is found to be affected by many pests (insects and diseases); which hinders the production, productivity as well as quality of the produce. Based on symptoms in this crop, similar to nematode infestation, soil and root samples were collected from the rhizosphere of different large cardamom fields and analyzed for presence of nematodes. Laboratory analysis revealed the association of six nematode species with large cardamom viz., Meloidogyne incognita, Helicotylenchus spp., Hoplolaimus sp., Tylenchorhynchus annulatus, Pratylenchus sp. and Macroposthonia spp., of which Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus sp. were recorded in roots also and the percentage of occurance was 59.09. Apart from Meloidogyne incognita, all other five nematode species were recorded for the first time in large cardamom. Helicotylenchus spp. was the dominant genera among the six genera with 50% occurrence, 61.56 % relative abundance and 60 nematodes per 200 cc soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the globe has seen the many manifestations of Coronavirus. Outbreaks of various mutant strains of Coronavirus have been a severe threat to people, health, and medical sectors since its inception; this zoonotic virus has a fatality rate of about 50 lakhs with positive reports ranging from 24.5 cores to 24.5 cores. Recent advances in biomedical engineering and computational technology have provided us with a toolset of previously unimaginable possibilities for allowing transdisciplinary breakthroughs and highly rapid discoveries. Although approved vaccinations and treatments are extensively used to battle this dangerous virus, several additional medications are still required to cure or treat the various strains of Covid 19. Medicinal plants are high in anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory properties, and anti-viral properties, among other things. The bioactive components from traditional medicinal plants and shrubs are treated to SARS-CoV variants such as Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Main protease (Mpro), Papain-like protease (PLpro), and Spike protein in this computational study. Furthermore, the lead complexes had higher docking values and better interactions with the target receptor's SARS-CoV binding sites. Throughout the simulation duration of roughly 50 ns, the lead complexes demonstrated greater affinity and stability. All of the Phytocompounds' pharmacological features were observed, including Human Oral Absorption, Molecular Weight, Blood-Brain Barrier, Hydrogen Bond Donor and Acceptor, and so on. Finally, the researchers found that the Docking and Dynamics analyses of the target receptors with the lead phytocompound from Elettaria cardamomum revealed possible inhibitory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton), the queen of spices, is the third most expensive spice in the world after saffron and vanilla, valued highly for its aroma and taste. This perennial herbaceous plant is a native of coastal parts of Southern India and displays a significant amount of morphological diversity. Its genetic potential has not been exploited due to lack of genomic resources limiting our understanding of the genome and important metabolic pathways which give it the economic advantage in the spice industry. Here, we report upon the de novo assembled, draft whole genome sequence of cardamom variety, Njallani Green Gold. We used a hybrid assembly strategy using the reads from the Oxford Nanopore, Illumina and 10x Genomics GemCode sequencing chemistries. The assembled genome length was 1.06 Gb (gigabases) which is close to the estimated genome size of cardamom. More than 75% of the genome was captured in 8000 scaffolds with a N50 of 0.15 Mb. The genome appears to have a high repeat content and 68055 gene models were predicted. The genome is close to Musa species and displays an expansion and contraction in different gene families. The draft assembly was used for in silico mining of simple sequence repeats (SSRs). A total of 2,50,571 SSRs were identified of which 2,18,270 were perfect SSRs and 32,301 were compound SSRs. Among the perfect SSRs, trinucleotides were most abundant (1,25,329) and hexanucleotide repeats appear least (2,380). From the 2,50,571 SSRs mined, 2,27,808 primer pairs were designed based on flanking sequence information. Wet lab validation was performed for 246 SSR loci and based on their amplification profiles, 60 SSR markers were used for diversity analysis of a set of 60 diverse cardamom accessions. The average number of alleles detected per locus were 14.57 with a minimum of 4 and maximum of 30 alleles. Population structure analysis revealed the presence of high degree of admixtures which could primarily be due to cross-pollination prevalent in this species. The SSR markers identified would help in the development of gene or trait-linked markers which can be subsequently used for marker-assisted breeding for crop improvement in cardamom. The information on utilization of the SSR loci for generation of markers has been developed into a public database, 'cardamomSSRdb' that is freely available for use by the cardamom community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increase in life expectancy leads to a greater impact of chronic non-communicable diseases. This is even more remarkable in elder populations, to whom these become main determinants of health status, affecting mental and physical health, quality of life, and autonomy. Disease appearance is closely related to the levels of cellular oxidation, pointing out the importance of including foods in one's diet that can prevent oxidative stress. Previous studies and clinical data suggest that some plant-based products can slow and reduce the cellular degradation associated with aging and age-related diseases. Many plants from one family present several applications that range from the food to the pharmaceutical industry due to their characteristic flavor and scents. The Zingiberaceae family, which includes cardamom, turmeric, and ginger, has bioactive compounds with antioxidant activities. They also have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiemetic activities and properties that help prevent cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. These products are abundant sources of chemical substances, such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and diarylheptanoids. The main bioactive compounds found in this family (cardamom, turmeric, and ginger) are 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, β-turmerone, and α-zingiberene. The present review gathers evidence surrounding the effects of dietary intake of extracts of the Zingiberaceae family and their underlying mechanisms of action. These extracts could be an adjuvant treatment for oxidative-stress-related pathologies. However, the bioavailability of these compounds needs to be optimized, and further research is needed to determine appropriate concentrations and their antioxidant effects in the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Maximum removal of Congo Red on black cardamom activated carbon occurs at pH 6. • Langmuir adsorption capacity was found to be 69.93 mg/g. • Uptake of Congo Red follows pseudo-second-order kinetics. • Congo Red adsorption was found to be spontaneous, random, and exothermic. • Predictions of Congo Red adsorption by Machine Learning models were accurate and generalized (R2 > 0.99). The present work utilizes waste black cardamom (BC) as an inexpensive and environmentally friendly adsorbent for sequestering the Congo Red (CR) dye from aqueous media for the first time. Following a carbonization process at 600 °C, chemical activation with KOH was carried out for waste BC and subsequent black cardamom activated carbon (BCAC) was employed as an absorbent for CR eradication. The effect of experimental factors, including pH, adsorption time, dose and CR initial concentration, was investigated. 96.21 % of CR dye removal was achieved at pH 6 for 100 mg/L of CR concentration having 0.1 g dose at 30 °C. Maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of BCAC was found to be 69.93 mg/g at 30 °C. The kinetic analyses showed that the CR adsorption over BCAC behaved in accordance with a pseudo-second order kinetic model as high R2 values (0.997–1) were obtained. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG°) demonstrated that the CR adsorption over BCAC was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic in nature. In addition, the state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) approaches namely, support vector regression (SVR) and artificial neural network (ANN) were employed for modeling the BCAC adsorbent for CR removal. The statistical analysis revealed high prediction performance of SVR model with AARE value of 0.0491 and RMSE value of 0.4635 while the corresponding values for the ANN model were 0.0781 and 0.5395, respectively. Furthermore, the plots between experimental CR data and ML forecasted data were closely matched (R2 > 0.99). Thus, it can be concluded that BC, an agro waste could be utilized for CR removal and that the adoption of ML approaches can benefit users by providing them with a tool to enhance the design and performance of wastewater treatment operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uses of natural plant origin bioactive compounds are emerging as a promising strategy to detoxify aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). This study aimed to explore the potential of cooking, phytochemicals content, and antioxidant activities derived from garlic, ginger, cardamom, and black cumin to detoxify AFB1 on spice mix red pepper powder (berbere) and sauté. The effectiveness of the samples was analyzed for AFB1 detoxification potential through standard methods for the examination of food and food additives. These major spices showed an AFB1 level below the detection limit. After cooking in hot water for 7 min at 85 ℃, the experimental and commercial spice mix red pepper showed the maximum AFB1 detoxification (62.13% and 65.95%, respectively). Thus, mixing major spices to produce a spice mix red pepper powder had a positive effect on AFB1 detoxification in raw and cooked spice mix red pepper samples. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, and ferrous ion chelating activity revealed good positive correlation with AFB1 detoxification at p < 0.05. The findings of this study could contribute to mitigation plans of AFB1 in spice-processing enterprises. Further study is required on the mechanism of AFB1 detoxification and safety of the detoxified products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton.), often referred to as the 'queen of spices' is believed to have originated in the moist evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of South India. The present study was conducted at the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara, Idukki Dt. of Kerala. Different farmer's varieties, nine landraces viz., Njallani Green Gold, Thiruthali, Panikulangara Green Bold No.1, Wonder Cardamom, Elarajan, Arjun, Pappalu, PNS Vaigai, Pachaikkai and ICRI-5 as control were evaluated in the cardamom tract of Idukki District. The selected genotypes were evaluated in the field for three consecutive years. The data on growth and yield were recorded, pooled and analyzed. From the analysis, it was found that the genotype Njallani Green Gold performed well compared to other varieties with respect to the yield (1271.80 kg/ha) followed by Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 (1134.67 kg/ha) and more tillers (74.46) were found in the same clone also. The plant height was significantly higher in Elarajan (316.24 cm), followed by Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 (312.45 cm). The number of leaves was greater in Elarajan (16.72), followed by Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 (16.43). More vegetative buds were observed in Pappalu followed by Wonder Cardamom. Panicles per clump were more in Thiruthali (47.98), followed by Njallani Green Gold (46.59). Racemes per panicle were greater in Pachaikkai (26.57), followed by Njallani Green Gold (26.19). The number of capsules per racemes was more in Njallani Green Gold (9.59) followed by Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 (8.59). The results pointed out that each clone in the trial differs from another with respect to the characters studied. The findings could be used for further breeding studies in small cardamom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Java cardamom is an herbal medicinal plant known as the "queen of spices". This research aims to determine the influence of shading and nitrogen fertilizer dose on the total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of Java cardamom stems and rhizomes. The study employed a split-plot design with two factors: the level of shading (0, 25, 50, and 75%) as the main plot and the dosage of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 0.9, and 1.36 g polybag-1) as the subplots. Twelve months after planting, the rhizome and stem dried powder were extracted using the sonication-maceration technique with ethanol as the solvent. The 75% shading affected the more outstanding production of total phenolics (1.65 ± 0.59 mg GAE g-1 DW), DPPH antioxidant (4.95 ± 0.50 µmol TEAC g-1 DW), and FRAP antioxidant (8.94 ± 2.56 µmol TEAC g-1 DW) activities of the rhizomes cultivated with 0 g/polybag N in comparison to the stems of the plants. Contrary to phenolics and antioxidant activities, total flavonoids cultivated at 0% shading with 1.36 g polybag-1 N of the stems increased concentration than the rhizomes. The results indicated that the 75% shading affected the Java cardamom rhizome's phenolic content and antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]