Search

The New Development Paradigm will result in the significant development of domestic production networks and the accelerated growth of carbon transfers among provinces in China. However, the existing value chain or the trade of intermediate goods decomposition method cannot completely account for the carbon content of intermediate goods. So the paper developed a accounting model for inter-regional intermediate goods trade based on input-output model. The most significant advantage of this accounting model is that by further decomposing final output into three components--final consumption within the region, final consumption flowing to other regions, and final output flowing to other regions as intermediate goods that are not returned to the region--it achieves a more comprehensive decomposition of the value chain in comparison to the established models. This approach allows for the tracking of longer value chains and the accounting for intermediate goods inflows and outflows simultaneously. Furthermore, the accounting of trade in intermediate goods can be conducted for any number of countries, regions, and sectors within the input-output system, thereby providing a foundation for the comprehensive accounting of inter-regional carbon transfers within production networks. With the input-output tables and carbon emission inventories from the CEADs (the China Carbon Emissions Accounting Database), the paper has calculated the changes of the carbon transfer among provinces in the China's domestic production network from 2012 to 2017 and find that the inter-provincial intermediate goods trade and carbon transfer among provinces is increasing significantly. Each province has a strong incentive to overuse the carbon embodied in the intermediate goods from others, but lacks the motivation to reduce their own carbon emission. In the inter-provincial transfer of the carbon content of intermediate goods in China's domestic production network, the difference between the average value of the ratio of the carbon content of intermediate goods from other provinces used by each province and that supplied for use by other provinces to the ratio of the carbon content of intermediate goods produced by itself increased by 13.6% between 2012 and 2017. Only a few provinces are evolving towards a win-win between economic and environmental benefits, while most are still facing the evolutionary dilemma in choosing between economic and environmental benefits. In the future, we should comprehensively explore the cooperative governance of carbon emission reduction in the domestic production network, including establishing a national standard for calculating the carbon transfer in domestic production network, improving the carbon emission responsibility sharing mechanism and carbon emission reduction compensation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emission accounting is an important basis for global climate governance. Based on the consumption-based accounting (CBA) method, the characteristics of carbon flow between national, regional, and product processes could be more clearly reflected. Therefore, CBA is more conducive to clarifying the attribution of responsibilities between producers and consumers, with the principles of fairness and justice. By accounting for carbon emissions in typical countries from 1990 to 2019, we found that the CBA emissions are higher than the production-based accounting (PBA) emissions in major developed countries, while the results are reversed for developing countries. In the past 30 years, the CBA emissions in targeted developed countries generally have shown a downward trend, while in developing countries, they have shown an upward trend. CBA emissions in China have shown a continuous growth trend from 1990 to 2019, but the pace has slowed down significantly over the last decade. Meanwhile, the embodied carbon intensity of China's exports continues to decline, indicating that China is providing more green and low-carbon products to the world. Taking the PV industry as an example, this study further reveals the contribution of specific product industries to the country's carbon transfer through product carbon footprint analysis. In order to provide a scientific basis for global mitigation and climate governance, it is urgent to innovate a scientific, practical, and standardized CBA technology system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] It reveals the spatial distribution of carbon flow and the key path of carbon element transfer in Bin County, grasps the existing problems of Bin County's Production-Living-Ecological (PLE) space ecological environment, and then provides theoretical support for the future low-carbon rural planning and land-use resilience planning and management decisions in Bin County area. [Methods] Bin County was taken as an example. The overall metabolic network model of rural carbon elements' was constructed to identify and master the evolution law of the PLE spatial pattern, to quantitatively measure the characteristics of carbon sources, carbon sinks and the spatial-temporal dynamic changes of carbon elements in Bin County. [Results] (1) The predominant use of land continued to be for cultivation, while other types of land use displayed varying degrees of change, impacting the ecological environment. (2) Bin County's expanding residential areas had resulted in an initial surge, followed by a decrease in overall carbon emissions. In 2010, carbon emissions of Bin County spiked to 3.07 times of their previous levels, marking a crescendo. In 2020. the emissions of Bin County decreased by 2.25 million tons. The increase in the carbon sink was associated with the alteration in the area of the ecological space. (3) The spatial distribution of high carbon sink and source density mainly concentrated in the central and western parts of Bin County. The cultivated land production space and urban living space were the key components of carbon transfer in the two periods, respectively, and the mutual carbon transfer between the two land uses was also the dominant transfer path in different periods. [Conclusion] The spatial distribution of carbon flow and key paths of carbon element transfer in Bin County mainly concentrate in the areas with rapid urbanization process, where the ecological environment has serious problems. In the future, land use elasticity planning can promote regional sustainable development by formulating sustainable rural low-carbon emission reduction strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is plenty of evidence to suggest that global carbon emission transfer has evolved into a mutually related system, where a realistic and complex network is formed. To profile the structures and features in the global carbon emission transfer network, a carbon-connectedness network model is adapted and combined with the multiregional input–output analysis framework, on the basis of massive and multi-layer global carbon flow data. This study formulates the topological features, spatio-temporal features, dynamic features and core–periphery features from a brand-new perspective on China. Meanwhile, this study identifies the network effects in the global carbon transfer network, including spillover, spillin and spillback effects. In general, an increase in China's carbon emission transfer would lead to significant spillover effects on most economies worldwide, especially on developing economies and those with weaker tertiary industry or situated at the upstream of the global value chain. Simultaneously, China itself would also face substantial spillback effects. Spillovers and spillbacks underscore a broader negative impact that exceeds its initial magnitude. Focused on the connectedness network centered on China, this study is complementary to traditional insights, helping to comprehend the connections and relationships of carbon emissions among economies. This understanding is of substantive significance for the formulation of multi-national mitigation strategies and fostering global climate governance cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are common belowground tree symbionts, supplying trees with water and nutrients. In return, large amounts of C assimilated by trees can be allocated into EMF. However, the chemical forms in which the C is transferred from trees to fungi under field conditions are mostly unknown. In this study, we aimed to unravel the fate of tree‐derived C in EMF. We conducted 13CO2 pulse labelling of Pinus halepensis trees in two forest sites with adjacent EMF sporocarps, combined with a non‐targeted metabolomics profiling of root and sporocarp tissues. 13C was measured in sporocarps of Tricholoma terreum and Suillus collinitus up to 3 m from pine stems. C was assimilated in the labelled trees' needles and transferred to their roots. Starting from Day 2 after labelling, the C was transferred to adjacent sporocarps, peaking on Day 5. We identified more than 100 different labelled metabolites of different chemical groups present in roots and sporocarps. Of them, 17 were common to pine roots and both EMF species, and additional eight common to roots and one of the two EMF. The major labelled metabolites in the root tips were amino acids and tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The major labelled metabolites in sporocarps were amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids. We also identified labelled carbohydrates in all tissues. Labelling patterns diverged across different tissues, which can hint at how the C was transferred. Considering the young tree as a sole C source for these sporocarps, and with a diurnal assimilation of 5.4 g C, the total monthly C source is ~165 g C. On average, there were 10 sporocarps around each tree, each requiring ~1 g C. Therefore, a 10 g C investment would make 6% of total tree C allocation, and about 12% of net primary productivity. Overall, we found that this significant and ubiquitous transfer of metabolites from tree roots to EMF sporocarps is more rapid and chemically diverse than once thought. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences in global value chain division of labor lead to the unequal phenomenon between the economic benefits and environmental costs of different countries in international trade, resulting in the carbon inequality of international trade. This paper used a multi-regional input-output model to track the carbon emissions and value-added transfer caused by international trade, and used the distance evaluation method to construct an inter-regional carbon transfer inequality index based on the net transfer relationship between the two, and analyzed the static distribution characteristics and dynamic evolution trend of global trade carbon inequality. It is found that developed European countries, such as Germany, Britain, France and Italy, have out sourced 43%~59% of consumption-based carbon emissions to other countries, while more than 80% of value-added triggered by these region's final consumption was retained within the region, thereby realizing a win-win situation in economy and environment. However, due to the disadvantage of industrial structure in China and other developing countries, the net inflow of added value is much smaller than the net inflow of carbon emissions, thereby suffering carbon transfer inequality from developed countries. Moreover, the inequality between developed countries and developing countries is relatively large, while that between developed countries is relatively small. However, with the development of economic globalization, global trade carbon inequality has improved during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

International trade and investment flows provide a mechanism for geographical separation between production and consumption processes. In this study, countries that rely heavily on international trade to supply home demand and have reported positive net CO2 emissions from trade (TrdCO2) over the period 1991–2018 were identified. Accounting for possible distributional heterogeneity, this study examined whether the structural composition of bank credit allocation explains TrdCO2 in these countries. With the growing competition for bank credit resources, the impact of a credit allocation system that prioritizes credit demands of government and state-owned enterprises (GSEs) is modeled and compared to another scenario where the credit allocation decisions of banks rather prioritize financing needs of the private sector. The results showed that the structure of bank credit allocation significantly shapes the exposure of these countries to embodied CO2 emissions in the global trade flows. Specifically, restructuring bank credit allocation towards private sector-focused reduces TrdCO2 while a credit allocation system that allocates more credit to GSEs increases TrdCO2. By implication, bank financing of private sector activities encourages cleaner consumption and can help in mitigating trade-related environmental concerns in developing import-oriented economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that industry is the major source of carbon emissions, clarifying the carbon transfer regularity triggered by industry production linkage is of great importance in realizing the synergistic development of industry to reduce pollution and carbon emissions. Based on the perspective of responsibility allocation, the study accounted for the industry carbon emissions and constructed a carbon transfer weighted directed network model and applied the social network analysis method to explore the structure of the industry carbon transfer network and its evolution characteristics from 2005 to 2020. The results showed that： ① The overall carbon emissions of industries from 2005 to 2020 presented a rapid growth trend and large differences occurred in emissions between industries. ② The scale of the carbon transfer network was expanding rapidly and the characteristics of the small-world network were significant. ③ The community structure of the carbon transfer network was obvious, including four optimal associations： high carbon emission, carbon transmission, carbon endogenous, and high spillover. ④ The construction industry and the metal smelting and rolling processing industry were the core of the carbon transfer network structure, with strong network control. In view of the above characteristics, we proposed countermeasures and suggestions in terms of implementing the allocation of carbon emission reduction responsibilities and differentiated emission reduction measures for associations as well as focusing on the management of core nodes of the network, with the intent of providing cross-sectoral synergistic emission reduction ideas for the development of sustainable low-carbon transformation in China's industry sector.

The spatial pattern of carbon transfer is of practical significance for the responsibility sharing of carbon emission reduction. It is a high demand to explore the inter-provincial collaborative strategies of carbon emission reduction for food security. In this study, the inter-provincial grain trade and the carbon emission were calculated to determine the spatial transfer using the linear programming model of carbon emission in the grain trade. The cross-sectional data was selected from 31 provincial administrative regions in China in 2020. The distribution characteristics were analyzed for the carbon emission responsibility sharing of the grain trade in each province. The results were as follows: 1) In the carbon emission pattern of inter-provincial grain trade, the export areas were mainly distributed in the northeast, north, northwest, and central China, whereas, the import areas were mainly in the southwest, south, and east China. The total amount of grain trade was 1.53×108 t in China in 2020. Among the grain export areas, northeast, north, northwest, and central China transported 71.265 4, 26.173 8, 4.555 1, and 50.697 1 million tons, accounting for 46.7%, 17.1%, 3.0%, and 33.2% of the total trade volume, respectively. 2) The carbon emission of grain trade showed the flow pattern of “North carbon to South and China carbon to the west” in space, indicating the small flow from the south to the north and the east to the west. The national export areas of grain carbon emission included the Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Gansu, Ningxia, and Xinjiang regions. The carbon emission flows of the grain trade in the north-south and east-west directions were 9 119.82×104, and 2 229.49×104 t, respectively. 3) The input area was needed to pay greater responsibility for the carbon emission reduction than the output area in the process of carbon emission transfer of grain trade. Economically developed provinces presented a relatively large share of responsibility, while those with smaller economies were relatively small responsibilities. There were 29.5% and 70.5% average proportions of carbon emission reduction shared by the output and the input area, respectively. 4) In the principle of shared responsibility, there was a low share proportion in Anhui, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Jiangxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Xinjiang in the export areas, and the high share proportion was in Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, and Ningxia. Influenced by the assistance effect, economically developed provinces provide more assistance to economically underdeveloped provinces and will assume more responsibility for emission reduction. In general, based on the principle of shared responsibility, it is not only conducive to controlling carbon emissions in export and import areas, but also plays a positive role in stabilizing the output of major grain producing areas. Therefore, the study puts forward targeted strategies to ensure regional food security and fair and reasonable distribution of carbon emission reduction responsibilities among regions, so as to achieve the win-win goal of “carbon neutral, carbon peak” strategy and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment is the property of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

CO2 emissions embodied in domestic trade between Japanese prefectures are gradually increasing and becoming an important growth point in the country's CO2 emissions. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the CO2 emissions embodied in Japan's domestic imports and exports to visualize the carbon transfer paths between prefectures according to the attributes of production and consumption: also to identify the influencing factors of the carbon flow. This study estimated the CO2 emissions embodied in domestic imports and exports by prefectures using input–output analysis, followed by the log-mean Divisia index decomposition approach, which is used to quantify the influencing factor of net export CO2 emissions across prefectures. The results show substantial regional differences in the CO2 emissions embodied in domestic imports and exports across prefectures. Manufacturing prefectures satisfy most of Japan's domestic demand for industrial products and are the main net exporters of CO2 emissions. Carbon flow is more obvious in economically advanced regions (such as the Kanto and Kansai regions) and covers more prefectures through carbon transfer. Consumer prefectures import the most CO2 emissions and export large amounts of CO2 emissions to other prefectures. Among the three factors influencing net export CO2 emissions, the technology effect has the most significant impact through the carbon intensity of domestic trade flows. These findings highlight the substantial differences in CO2 emissions embodied in domestic trade and the influencing factors across prefectures in Japan. The responsibility for emission reduction is attributable to both manufacturing and consumer prefectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newly sprouted culm (culm_new) of Moso bamboo can complete its height growth within 1 or 2 months without growing any leaf. This explosive growth without enough leaf photosynthesis may rely heavily on external carbon input, such as carbon storage in the rhizomes or culms from the nearby mother culms (culm_mother). However, the existing studies have not explored the role of new photosynthesized carbon by the nearby culm_mother and the corresponding water dynamics. Therefore, this study monitored non-structural carbohydrates in the culm_mother and water transfer between the culm_new and their attached culm_mother in a 3-month experiment. Nine pairs of newly sprouted and attached culm_mother were categorized into three groups with three different treatments, that is, (1) control without any treatment, (2) cutting off rhizomes between the culm_new and culm_mother (Treatment I), and (3) removing all leaves of culm_mother based on the Treatment I (Treatment II). The differences between non-structural carbohydrates of the culm_mother in the control and treatment I were defined as transferred carbohydrates transferred outward from culm_mother. The difference between treatments I and II was defined as newly photosynthesized carbohydrates of the culm_mother. Before the culm_new leafing, there were significant transferred carbohydrates and newly photosynthesized carbohydrates from the culm_mother. In contrast, the carbon transfer became fewer after leafing. At the same time, the sap flow direction in the rhizomes indicated water flows from culm_new to culm_mother during the day and vice versa at night of the culm_new at the pre-leafing stage. These findings may suggest that the explosive growth of the culm_new relies on both previous carbon storage and newly photosynthesized carbohydrates, and the carbon transfer may be coordinated with water transportation between the culms. Further study may pay attention to the potential support from the overall network of the bamboo stand or groves.

The division of production leads to the separation of production and consumption, resulting in carbon emissions transfer with trade among regions. Thus, quantifying carbon inequality caused by domestic trade is important for allocating emission-reduction tasks and improving emission-reduction efficiency. Considering domestic value chain (DVC) fragmentation in China, we use multiregional input–output tables to divide products into within-province trade products, traditional trade intermediate/final products, and DVC–related trade products. Then, we examine carbon intensity inequality (CII) under DVC fragmentation and, using Theil index to analyze the contributions of between-province economic differences, within-province trade structures, and related influencing factors to CII. Previous studies have mostly focused on issues related to global value chain fragmentation. We take the lead in exploring CII caused by DVC fragmentation, and for the first time decompose the composition of CII from the perspective of DVC fragmentation. In addition, the national CII is attempted to analyze its contribution at the provincial level for the first time, which is a new improvement and exploration of previous regional research perspectives. The empirical results show that China's CII is on an upward trend, with large changes between 2002 and 2007, and then stabilized between 2007 and 2010 due to the financial crisis, before entering a phase of rapid change after 2012. In terms of regional contribution, between-province inequality is the core to PCII, while within-province inequality is the key to CCII. In terms of province, the changes in between-province inequality are relatively stable at early period. In the middle and late stages, the temporal and spatial changes of PCII and CCII between provinces are obvious with "geographic stickiness" weakening. Specifically, the carbon transfer in the early study period is mostly concentrated in traditional trade products, and the share of carbon transfer in DVC-related trade products later rises significantly from 20.05% in 2002 to 36.32% in 2017, and the value-added transfer rises from 17.09% in 2002 to 27.65% in 2017. In terms of influencing factors, energy intensity remains an important component to CII. In addition, the uncertainties of the data and methodology used in this study are discussed and possible future research directions for expansion are elaborated. Finally, specific policy recommendations for mitigating carbon inequality are presented to inform the development of efficient carbon reduction strategies. • Carbon and value added transfer between provinces is researched under DVC fragmentation. • PEI and CEI are calculated and decomposed from perspective of DVC fragmentation. • PCII and CCII are decomposed based on provincial contributions and influencing factors. • The "geographical stickiness" of carbon transfer between provinces gradually weaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Interregional carbon compensation plays a positive role in mitigating climate change. • China as a whole is currently in the carbon transition phase. • China has a high share of implied carbon transfers from interregional trade. • Economic development is positively correlated with shadow price of carbon emissions. • Industrial structure difference between trading parties affects carbon compensation. Inter-provincial carbon compensation is an important means for a country to realize regional environmental protection and achieve coordinated regional development and realize the carbon neutral goal. It is easier to realize inter-provincial carbon compensation compared with the national level. Based on the multi-regional input-output model and the input–output data of 30 provinces in China, this study measured the carbon transfer in, carbon transfer out and net carbon transfer of each province, and based on the undesirable slacks-based measurement model under the common frontier, the provinces were given the shadow price of carbon emission in line with the situation of the local economic development, resource endowment, and industrial structure, and based on which, the amount of carbon compensation of each province was measured. The results show that: China's provinces and regions have a larger share of trade-implied carbon emissions; the net carbon transfer in areas mainly concentrated in the traditional energy provinces, which provide industrial products for other regions and undertake the transfer of carbon emissions, and become the main carbon compensation recipient areas; the net carbon transfer out is mainly concentrated in the economically developed and densely populated areas such as Beijing–Tianjin region and the eastern and southern coasts, which satisfy the end-consumption by purchasing a large number of industrial products and generate a large amount of carbon emissions. Transfer out; becoming the main carbon offset payment area. Based on the results of this study, it is proposed to improve the national provincial carbon offset mechanism and implement a differentiated and synergistic carbon emission reduction cooperation approach. The research program of this study can provide a reference for the development of inter-regional carbon offset programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycorrhizal fungi can colonize multiple trees of a single or multiple taxa, facilitating bidirectional exchange of carbon between trees. Mycorrhiza‐induced carbon transfer was shown in the forest, but it is unknown whether carbon is shared symmetrically among tree species, and if not, which tree species are better donors and which are better recipients. Here, we test this question by investigating carbon transfer dynamics among five Mediterranean tree species in a microcosm system, including both ectomycorrhizal (EM) and arbuscular (AM) plants. Trees were planted together in "community boxes" using natural soil from a mixed forest plot that serves as a habitat for all five tree species and their native mycorrhizal fungi. In each box, only the trees of a single species were pulse‐labelled with 13CO2. We found that carbon transfer was asymmetric, with oak being a better donor, and pistacia and cypress better recipients. Shared mycorrhizal species may have facilitated carbon transfer, but their diversity did not affect the amount, nor timing, of the transfer. Overall, our findings in a microcosm system expose rich, but hidden, belowground interactions in a diverse population of trees and mycorrhizal fungi. The asymmetric carbon exchange among cohabiting tree species could potentially contribute to forest resilience in an uncertain future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the goal of carbon neutrality and win the blue-sky defense battle, the environmental situation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas is still grim, and the optimization of its industrial structure and energy structure is imminent. With the rapid development of interregional trade in intermediate products, carbon emissions are transferred across regions with the trade. Due to the large differences in the technology, industrial structure, and economic development of cities, extending the environmental governance chain of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas is indispensable. In this article, based on the interregional input-output tables in 2002, 2007, and 2012, we establish the average propagation length (APL) model and the structural path analysis model Structural Path Analysis model for analyzing the carbon conduction relationship in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. And we also compare the situation of the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta. The results show that: i) From perspective of the whole urban clusters, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei has obvious characteristics of coal-fired urban clusters. More than 65% of the carbon-containing resources in Hebei’s coal industry are transferred to the electricity and heat industry. In the carbon conduction chain, the carbon emissions caused by electricity and heat industry, which acts as an intermediary, account for more than 85% of the total emissions. ii) From the perspective of industrial structure transfer within the urban clusters, Hebei Province has an important resource support position. Its secondary industry can not only effectively alleviate the shortage of energy supply in other resource provinces, but also has great development potential in the improvement of economic benefits. iii) From the perspective of specific industry sectors, resource provinces such as Shanxi and Inner Mongolia have high carbon emission coefficients in the electricity and heat industry, which is the main reason for the high carbon emissions in the transfer chain.

The birth of the nautical chart in the late medieval period is seen as a watershed moment in the history of cartography. So far, however, the artisanal practices that permitted the proliferation of sea charts have remained poorly understood and little evidence has been recovered from extant charts on which to base the production history of the surviving charts. This article describes a systematic exploration of the techniques employed in the copying of coastlines on manuscript charts between the fourteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Attention is drawn to the ways different processes shaped contemporary late-medieval and early-modern understanding of the Mediterranean and what the techniques may reveal of that thinking. By reframing the charts in terms of their characteristics as drawings and placing map making in the broader context of two-dimensional graphic art, and by making use of the ever-growing corpus of high-resolution digital reproductions, we gain new insights into the chartmakers' changing approaches to the transmission of geographical information. At the same time, a number of directions for further research are opened up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the goals of carbon emissions peaking and neutrality, China and its provinces are actively promoting emission reductions. As China's largest emission sector, the electric power industry has become the focus of emission reduction. However, the implicit carbon emissions in the power industry have caused actual emissions to be underestimated, and inter-provincial carbon transfer has led to a prominent problem of unfair provincial emission reduction responsibilities. Therefore, identifying the life-cycle carbon footprint of the power industry, especially the characteristics of the implicit carbon footprints of different provinces and the transfer of carbon footprints between provinces, will help to correctly assess the emissions of the power industry, scientifically determine the emission reduction responsibilities of different provinces, and rationally allocate emission reduction responsibilities. This paper constructed a life-cycle node-flow model of the power industry to reveal the energy activities existing in the power industry chain, and then defined the lifecycle carbon footprint based on the consideration of the power consumption side in 2018. Carbon implicit ratio and transfer ratio were established to analyze the implicit emissions and inter-provincial transfer emissions of the power industry. The results showed that: ① The life-cycle emission coefficient of China's power industry was 689 g/(kW·h), and the carbon emissions were 4 .747×109 t, among which the emission coefficient was high in most parts of northern China, with the highest in Shandong (891 g/(kW·h)); the coefficient was low in most parts of southern China, with the lowest in Yunnan (101 g/(kW·h)). ② The carbon implicit ratio of nationwide power industry was 8.95%, and the carbon implicit emissions were 4.25×108 t. The carbon implicit ratio of the coal-poor provinces located in the southeastern coastal areas and the provinces with high carbon emissions in the coal production process was high, with the highest carbon implicit ratio in Guizhou (14.63%). The carbon implicit ratio of the coal-rich provinces in northwestern China and northern China was low, with the lowest carbon implicit ratio in Xinjiang (only 4.94%). The highest carbon implicit emissions in Guangdong were 5.0×107 t, while the lowest emissions in Qinghai were only 1.17×106 t. ③ The carbon transfer emissions of nationwide power industry were 9.26×108 t, accounting for 19.5% of the total carbon emissions. The provinces with lower self-sufficiency ratio of power and coal had higher dependence on external carbon transfer, among which Beijing had the highest ratio of 71.24%. Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Anhui, Xinjiang, and Guizhou were the main carbon transfer-in provinces, with a total carbon transfer-in of 7.11×108 t, among which Inner Mongolia was as high as 2.64×108 t; Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, Liaoning, Henan, and Shanghai were the main carbon transfer-out provinces, with a total transfer-out of 6.92×108 t, among which Jiangsu was as high as 1.12×108 t. 240 pairs of provinces existed carbon transfer, and 102 pairs exceeded 1.0×106 t. Based on the research, corresponding suggestions are put forward to promote the fair and reasonable low-carbon development of the provincial power industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orchids rely on mycorrhizal symbiosis, especially in the stage of mycoheterotrophic protocorms, which depend on carbon and energy supply from fungi. The transfer of carbon from fungi to orchids is well-documented, but the identity of compounds ensuring this transfer remains elusive. Some evidence has been obtained for the role of amino acids, but there is also vague and neglected evidence for the role of soluble carbohydrates, probably trehalose, which is an abundant fungal carbohydrate. We therefore focused on the possible role of trehalose in carbon and energy transfer. We investigated the common marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis) and its symbiotic fungus Ceratobasidium sp. using a combination of cultivation approaches, high-performance liquid chromatography, application of a specific inhibitor of the enzyme trehalase, and histochemical localization of trehalase activity. We found that axenically grown orchid protocorms possess an efficient, trehalase-dependent, metabolic pathway for utilizing exogenous trehalose, which can be as good a source of carbon and energy as their major endogenous soluble carbohydrates. This is in contrast to non-orchid plants that cannot utilize trehalose to such an extent. In symbiotically grown protocorms and roots of adult orchids, trehalase activity was tightly colocalized with mycorrhizal structures indicating its pronounced role in the mycorrhizal interface. Inhibition of trehalase activity arrested the growth of both symbiotically grown protocorms and trehalose-supported axenic protocorms. Since trehalose constitutes only an inconsiderable part of the endogenous saccharide spectrum of orchids, degradation of fungal trehalose likely takes place in orchid mycorrhiza. Our results strongly support the neglected view of the fungal trehalose, or the glucose produced by its cleavage as compounds transported from fungi to orchids to ensure carbon and energy flow. Therefore, we suggest that not only amino acids, but also soluble carbohydrates are transported. We may propose that the soluble carbohydrates would be a better source of energy for plant metabolism than amino acids, which is partially supported by our finding of the essential role of trehalase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of organic fertilizers (OF) can supply carbon (C) to the soil in crop fields. OF-derived C (OF-C) is often estimated using the differential method that can be biased due to indirect effects of OF on soil C. This study tested three methods to quantify OF–C: (i) the widespread differential method, (ii) the synchronic isotope method comparing plots with and without OF and (iii) the asynchronic isotope method mimicking a trial without a control plot. These methods were implemented on an Arenosol and an Andosol supplied during 13 years with slurry or compost. The results highlighted the relevance of using the synchronic isotope method, which focuses on the direct effect of OFs on the soil organic matter (without bias of vegetation change) and considers control soil's evolution. The higher the isotopic difference between soil and OF, the shorter the method implementation time needed: for an initial difference of 7.5 ‰ and 3.5 ‰, quantification is suitable after 4 and 9 years of fertilization respectively. Attention should be paid to OF-δ13C variability to guarantee the method validity. The method proved to be suitable to study the factors controlling the OF-C fate in tropical soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orchids rely on mycorrhizal symbiosis, especially in the stage of mycoheterotrophic protocorms, which depend on carbon and energy supply from fungi. The transfer of carbon from fungi to orchids is well-documented, but the identity of compounds ensuring this transfer remains elusive. Some evidence has been obtained for the role of amino acids, but there is also vague and neglected evidence for the role of soluble carbohydrates, probably trehalose, which is an abundant fungal carbohydrate. We therefore focused on the possible role of trehalose in carbon and energy transfer. We investigated the common marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis) and its symbiotic fungus Ceratobasidium sp. using a combination of cultivation approaches, high-performance liquid chromatography, application of a specific inhibitor of the enzyme trehalase, and histochemical localization of trehalase activity. We found that axenically grown orchid protocorms possess an efficient, trehalase-dependent, metabolic pathway for utilizing exogenous trehalose, which can be as good a source of carbon and energy as their major endogenous soluble carbohydrates. This is in contrast to non-orchid plants that cannot utilize trehalose to such an extent. In symbiotically grown protocorms and roots of adult orchids, trehalase activity was tightly colocalized with mycorrhizal structures indicating its pronounced role in the mycorrhizal interface. Inhibition of trehalase activity arrested the growth of both symbiotically grown protocorms and trehalose-supported axenic protocorms. Since trehalose constitutes only an inconsiderable part of the endogenous saccharide spectrum of orchids, degradation of fungal trehalose likely takes place in orchid mycorrhiza. Our results strongly support the neglected view of the fungal trehalose, or the glucose produced by its cleavage as compounds transported from fungi to orchids to ensure carbon and energy flow. Therefore, we suggest that not only amino acids, but also soluble carbohydrates are transported. We may propose that the soluble carbohydrates would be a better source of energy for plant metabolism than amino acids, which is partially supported by our finding of the essential role of trehalase.

This paper explores the global embodied carbon emissions transfer network. To clarify the carbon emissions reduction responsibilities of each country globally, a complex interdependent network structure based on the 2016 World Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) table and the transfer of production factors between industries is constructed. Using input-output and social network analyses, the structural features of the global carbon emissions flow network is uncovered, and then carbon inequality among countries from a multi-regional perspective is revealed. The research findings show that the scale of global embodied carbon transfer expands continuously. The direction of transfer exhibits asymmetry, regionalism, and complexity. Hungary, Romania, Slovenia, Iran, Ethiopia, and Iran are the main carbon-exporting countries, while the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Spain are the main carbon-importing countries. Furthermore, the block model analysis reveals that the carbon transfer and transmission effects between global regions tend to be centralized clusters, from "demand-driven" to "internalized supply-demand coexistence". There is significant uneven exchange between wealth benefits and environmental burdens among blocks. • Global embodied carbon emissions transfer network is explored. • Carbon inequality among countries from a multi-regional perspective is revealed. • "Middlemen" in the embodied carbon emissions transfer network are discovered. • Significant uneven exchange exists between wealth benefits and environmental burdens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the adjustment of China's regional industrial structure, some industries, especially industrial industries, are gradually transferring to the mainland. This process is also accompanied by carbon transfer. However, few studies focus on the consistency of industrial transfer and carbon transfer path, and do not consider the role of environmental regulation. Based on the multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model, this study measures the industrial transfer and carbon transfer of 30 provinces in China, and compares the path of industrial transfer and carbon transfer. Considering the spatial differences of provinces, the GWR model is used to investigate the impact of industrial structure, energy intensity, urbanization and environmental regulation on carbon transfer. The results show that the eastern coastal region is the largest industrial outflow area and the largest carbon inflow area. The direction of industrial transfer and carbon transfer is inconsistent, indicating that there are other factors that affect carbon transfer. Environmental regulation is negatively correlated with net carbon outflow. Industrial structure, energy intensity and urbanization all contribute to carbon transfer. Among them, energy intensity has the greatest impact on carbon transfer, and the elastic coefficient is above 8. Therefore, it is suggested to strengthen technological innovation, increase the development and utilization of renewable energy, and realize the diversified utilization of energy resources.

Carbon emissions trading scheme (ETS) is becoming a crucial policy in mitigating global climate change. This paper purposes to evaluate the spillover effect of Chinese ETS policy with the data of 30 provinces’ carbon emissions in China by China-MRIO model and input-output analysis. The MRIO model provides the change in production value in each region in the intermediate demand and final demand. 2012 and 2015 were selected as case study years to highlight the spillover effects of ETS policy. The results show that some pilot regions such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing reduced their directed CO2 emissions while Guangdong and Hubei increased their directed CO2 compared to 2012. However, there were places like Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Xinjiang that undertook a mass of embodied CO2 emissions which were majorly caused by providing intermediate products. Similarly, the pilot regions transferred out CO2 emissions by using a good deal of intermediate products. Thus, it is argued that carbon transfer evaluation can provide scientific support for carbon allowance formulating and it is important for policymakers to consider embodied carbon emissions in intermediate product trading when allocating carbon allowance under the market strength of ETS.

This paper constructs an embodied carbon model in inter-provincial trade based on China's inter-provincial multi-regional input-output table. By analyzing the embodied carbon emissions for Guangdong with the forefront of economic development, this research reveals the impact of trade scale and structure between Guangdong Province and other provinces on embodied carbon emissions, and finds out key provinces and sectors for emission reduction. It can enable national and regional economic and environmental policies to be implemented into specific industries, guide capital flow to key sectors for emission reduction, provide comments for relevant national and provincial decision-making sectors to adjust trade structure, and play the role of inter-provincial trade in energy conservation and emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource endowment and economic development of different provinces in China vary greatly, resulting in large amount of CO2 transfers. We need further exploration to help decision makers allocate emission responsibilities reasonably. We construct China's embodied CO2 transfer network (CTN) in 2012 from the perspective of provinces and sectors based on multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model and complex network analysis. The key CO2 transfer nodes and paths, final demand decomposition, topological structure, clustering characteristics, and influencing factors are analyzed. The results show that the average CO2 transfer length from one province (sector) to another is only 1.323 (1.584). The top three net CO2 importers (45.39% of the total), located in developed eastern coastal area, mainly import CO2 from energy-rich but underdeveloped provinces such as Heilongjiang. It presents a CO2 transfer pattern from north to south and from west to east. CO2 transfer in energy industry is mainly driven by urban household consumption. Non-adjacent provinces with distance greater than 750 km have no significant spillover effect and difference in technology level has the greatest impact on CTN. This work is important for differentiating the roles of provinces and sectors in CTN, guiding the allocation of carbon credits and controlling total CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the latest Environmental Accounts and World Input-Output Tables of WIOD, this article uses the MRIO-SNA model to construct a global carbon transfer network, visually analyzes the characteristics of the global carbon transfer network from the view of 'relationship', and used the QAP method to reveal the main reasons for the formation of the global carbon transfer network. The results show that: 1 The global carbon transfer network develops in an unbalanced way, presenting a 'core-periphery' structure; there exists a structural imbalance between supply and demand, with a few countries producing the majority of carbon emissions. China gradually becomes the center of the production-based global carbon emissions network, and China' s position in the consumption-based carbon emissions network is also rising. The United States and Germany remain at the center of consumption-based global carbon emissions network. 2 From the perspective of individual network characteristics, the network status of each country is relatively stable. ln 2014, the top three countries in in-degree centrality were China, Russia, and Germany. The top three countries in out-degree centrality were the United States, Germany, and China. Among them, China's in-degree centrality has always been lower than the out-degree centrality, indicating that China mainly participates in the global carbon transfer network through supply rather than consumption. 3 Block model analysis shows that developing countries headed by China belong to the bidirectional spillover block while the United States and other developed countries constitute main beneficial block. The spillovers between blocks are greater than the spillovers within the blocks, and there are obvious carbon transfer relationships between developed and developing countries. 4 The QAP analysis shows that the influence of geographical location and cultural background on the spatial correlation of carbon emissions is weakening, and factors such as the division of global value chains and environmental regulations gradually dominate the formation of carbon transfer networks. This study attempts to provide a direction for the formulation of future carbon reduction policies. Countries need to perceive global carbon emissions from the new perspective of 'relationship' and abandon the biased rhetoric of 'China climate threat'. Global carbon reduction should fully rely on the consideration of the spatial correlation and the differences of industrial structure and economic level between countries. It is necessary for countries to take ' common but differentiated responsibilities' of coordinated carbon reduction based on the dual control of ' quantity' and ' relationship'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As environmental issues aggravated heavily, China faces increasing pressure and challenges on carbon emission reduction and distribution. we used non-competitive input-output table (I-O table) combined with the methods of Structural Path Analysis (SPA) and Multidimensional Analytical Framework (MAF), based on the data of China in 2012, to analyze the current situation of inter-sector carbon emission transfer and identify the key sectors and the critical paths from multiple perspectives. Our results show that total fixed capital formation is the main final demand. The electricity, petroleum, and metal smelting are the largest carbon outflow sectors, which emit carbon at the upstream of the path. Construction and other services are the most obvious carbon inflow sectors, which belong to the middle and downstream of the path and lead to indirect carbon emissions through their demands for other sectors. "Metal smelting → Construction → Total fixed capital formation," "Nonmetallic products → Construction → Total fixed capital formation," and "Petroleum → Urban consumption," "Electricity → Urban consumption" are the top four paths with large carbon emission, which deserve attention. Finally, this paper puts forward some policy implications on emission reduction based on the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade flows between provinces have led to the transfer of embodied carbon emissions. Therefore, when formulating carbon emission reduction policies for a province, it's necessary to consider the carbon emissions implied in trade. In this study, we established an interprovincial carbon flow analysis framework based on multi-regional input-output model, and we used China's 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012 input-output data to make an empirical research of Hebei Province. The findings are as follows. Firstly, from 1997 to 2012, the embodied carbon emissions' net outflow of Hebei increased by 244.26 Mt, the number of the provinces that net inflowed carbon from Hebei increased from 18 to 22, and they extended from eastern coastal provinces and southern China to most parts of the country. Secondly, technological level and trade demand are the main factors affecting carbon emissions' net outflow, contributing −108.45 Mt and 352.71 Mt, respectively. On this basis, we developed a relationship model of the net outflow of carbon emission and commodity value to optimize the industrial development. Different from previous studies, our research has penetrated into every industry and every related province. We not only calculated the commodity transfer and embodied carbon transfer between Hebei Province and other provinces, and balanced the advantages and disadvantages of trade between key industries and provinces, then gave specific solutions and optimization measures, which has stronger practical meaning and guiding significance. • From 1997 to 2012, the embodied carbon's net outflow of Hebei increased by 244 Mt. • The number of target provinces has increased and spread across the country. • Technical level and trade demand are the main factors affecting carbon's outflow. • The net outflow is mainly concentrated in three industries. • Trade relations with other provinces need to be adjusted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper incorporates the multiregional input-output (MRIO) and social network analysis (SNA) methods to investigate China's embodied carbon transfer across provinces. We estimate the amount of interprovincial embodied carbon transfer from 2002 to 2012, analyse the spatial correlation network structure of carbon transfer and its determinants. Our work can clarify the spatial distribution and different roles of provinces in the carbon transfer network. The empirical results show the spatio-temporal evolution of embodied carbon transfer; in 2002, embodied carbon transfer occurred from the energy-rich northern provinces to the developed eastern and central provinces, but in 2012, it transferred to developing southwestern and southern provinces. Moreover, the northwestern provinces act as "bridges" between the central and eastern provinces; eastern provinces play a "bidirectional spillover" role that transfers carbon internally and externally. The embodied carbon transfer network proposed here can help policy makers further clarify individual provinces' carbon emissions reduction responsibilities and curb national carbon emissions. • The spatial correlation network structure of embodied carbon transfer in China is analysed. • The carbon emissions is with obvious regional disequilibrium and the transfer is "geographic adhesiveness". • Northwestern provinces act as "bridges" meanwhile Eastern provinces play a "bidirectional spillover" role in carbon transfer. • The environmental path dependence is most important in affecting embodied carbon transfer in 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) invasion can alter community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the sagebrush-steppe ecosystem. The feedbacks and underlying mechanisms of a changed AMF community on sagebrush (Artemisia tridentate ssp. wyomingensis) remain unclear. We assessed how 'own' versus 'foreign' AMF impact plant biomass, C transfer to AMF, and decomposition rates.Methods: To evaluate the impact of different AMF communities on plant biomass and C transfer, sagebrush and cheatgrass were grown in sterilized soil amended with 'own' or 'foreign' AMF. Sagebrush plants were labeled with 13C-CO2 to assess changes in allocation of C belowground (13C-PLFA & NLFA) and decomposition (soil respired 13C-CO2). Community structure and alpha-diversity of AMF were examined in native and cheatgrass-invaded communities.Results: Cheatgrass invasion changed AMF community structure and decreased AMF taxon richness. Sagebrush C transfer and decomposition were not altered, but sagebrush root and cheatgrass shoot production was reduced with 'foreign' AMF and no AMF, respectively.Conclusion: Our results from the greenhouse experiment suggest that sagebrush performance declines with cheatgrass invasion. This may be caused by a disadvantageous AMF community shift, where 'foreign' AMF received the same amount of C but provided fewer benefits to sagebrush, as shown by decreased root biomass. These findings provide insight into the feedback mechanism that may contribute to decreasing native plant performance upon invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We modified the CO 2 transfer in social-economic system as a metabolic process in ecosystem. • We utilized ecological network analysis to study the flow variation in global, national, and bilateral scale. • We put up a plan to adjust current mitigation targets set by Paris Agreement based on our study results. Abstract A large share of total global CO 2 emissions results from the production processes of internationally traded goods and services. Such emissions have been referred to as virtual or embodied CO 2 flows. Hence, it is important to understand the directions, locations, and drivers of carbon flows resulting from global trade. To analyze these flows, hotspots, divisions of labor, and directions of flows in the global production and consumption web, we applied a multi-national framework based on a combination of multi-region input-output tables with ecological network analysis. We found that the CO 2 flows between the 40 key countries within the network doubled between 1996 and 2011, and the trade-related emission hub shifted from Europe to Asia. We analyzed a large number of CO 2 transfer paths and their changes over time. We found that the United States participated the most in big paths, including those that represent carbon flows between the United States and both developed and developing countries, whereas developing countries such as China and India participated more in the fast-growing paths, and especially in paths between pairs of developing countries. In contrast, traditionally active countries, including Russia and Germany, grew at a slower rate, resulting in a progressively smaller share in the global system. Taking these large and important CO 2 transfers into consideration, we proposed adjustments to the national mitigation targets set by the Paris Agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic activities among multiple regions are always accompanied by carbon transfers. Analyzing coupling characteristics of economic activities and carbon transfer linkages based on the supply-demand relationships, can further reveal the networked structures of the multiregional interactions and common development trend of various industries, shedding light on carbon emission governance and high-quality development. This study advances novel coupling network models at the regional and industrial levels, and empirically analyzes the coupling characteristics in China based on the input-output data in 2012, 2015, and 2017. The findings reveal a noticeable decoupling process of economic activities and carbon transfers, but with distinct characteristics at the regional and industrial levels. The widening differences in coupling among provinces indicate increasing regional disparities. The decoupling process at the industrial level is primarily driven by the decreased connectivity in networked carbon transfers, instead of economic activities, reflecting the significant variations of industries' low-carbon development. The carbon decoupling process is notably more pronounced in supply-demand chains associated with export as the final use, compared to those linked with capital formation and final consumption. Analysis of coupling characteristics and the identification of decoupling evolution process enhance our understanding of the relationship between economic activities and carbon transfer, and may provide valuable insights for prioritizing actions and achieving efficient carbon emission reduction. • The linkages of economic and carbon transfer in China decouples over time. • The analysis integrates input-output analysis with complex network model. • Different network models are applied at regional level and industrial level. • Multi-level network analysis on coupling characteristics. • The results suggest action priorities to achieve sustainable developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a developing region, South America's aviation industry has also developed rapidly, and its carbon emissions have a significant role in achieving carbon neutrality in the global aviation industry. However, the problem of carbon transfer caused by passenger flow on international routes has not been addressed, especially in South America. This paper uses the Modified Fuel Percentage Method (MFPM) method and the ICAO standard method to calculate the CO 2 emissions of international routes in South America, containing the emissions of each route and each airline. Then we calculate the carbon emissions transfer and carbon compensations generated from South American international routes. In addition, this paper reasonably predicts the carbon emission data from 2023 to 2027 under three different scenarios (L&2027&100%, M&2026&100%, and H&2027&90%). We find that the five countries receiving the most considerable amount of carbon compensation are Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Chile, which is different from the ranking in 2019–2021. In addition, frequently using old and low-efficient aircraft is also a fundamental reason for excessive carbon emissions. Therefore, this paper provides reliable data support and reasonable emission reduction suggestions for the carbon emission control of South America's aviation industry. • Calculated carbon transfers and offsets for South American international routes. • Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Chile are the five countries receiving the most considerable amount of carbon compensation. • The "H&2027&90%" scenario is optimal for South American aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses an enormous challenge to countries across the world. News is a crucial channel to draw society's attention to this issue and strengthen climate governance initiatives, such as carbon emission reduction. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of carbon-related news on carbon emissions and carbon transfer. First, we analyzed the topics of carbon-related news from media outlets such as ABC , CNN , and The Guardian from 2009 to 2019. Then, we calculated the carbon emissions from both production- and consumption-based perspectives and constructed the carbon transfer network of major countries around the world. Finally, we examined the direct and lag effects of carbon-related news attention and contents on carbon emissions and carbon transfer by using the extended population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) model as the analytical framework. The results showed the following. First, countries are paying increasing attention to carbon-related issues with the rise of global carbon emissions, and they mainly focus on the social aspects of carbon emissions. Second, there are differences in production- and consumption-based carbon emissions by country. The amount of embodied carbon transfer between countries has increased over time and the carbon transfer network has become tighter. Finally, carbon-related news has a positive impact on improving carbon emissions and carbon transfer worldwide. Different news topics have also shown varying effects on carbon emissions and carbon transfer. In summary, this study further revealed the impacts of carbon-related news on carbon emissions and transfer and accordingly provided policy implications in carbon emission reduction for the government. • The evolution of carbon-related news topics are analyzed. • The effects of carbon-related news on carbon emissions and carbon transfer are investigated. • Carbon-related news has a positive impact on improving carbon emissions and carbon transfer worldwide. • Different news topics have led to different effects on carbon emissions and carbon transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Carbon pools following harvest of a humid balsam fir boreal forest were studied. • Models of carbon pools according to stand age were built from a chronosequence. • Aboveground dead wood gets transferred to buried wood. • Dead wood does not significantly participate to carbon of the fine soil fraction. Abstract Forest management strongly influences the carbon (C) budget of boreal forests and their potential to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. A better quantification of the net changes of carbon pools with time since harvesting is necessary to guide the development of climate-friendly forest management practices. The objective of this study was to assess the evolution of forest C pools, with a special focus on detrital biomass, in an 80-year post-harvesting chronosequence consisting of 36 very homogenous stem-only harvested plots from a humid boreal balsam fir forest of eastern Canada. Dead wood C stocks comprised of snags, stumps, downed woody debris and buried wood averaged 37 Mg C ha−1 and evolved according to an upward-facing «boomerang» shape pattern throughout the chronosequence (rapid decrease in the first years followed by a constant increase until the end of the time horizon). In contrast, soil C stocks (FH and mineral) averaged 156 Mg C ha−1 and remain constant through time. Stand C sequestration increased rapidly in the early stages up to age 50 when it reached about 250 Mg C ha−1, and then continued to accumulate at a slower rate. The temporal trends observed in C pools suggest that C originating from aboveground dead wood (snags, stumps, downed woody debris) is either leaving the system (respired or leached) or transferred into buried wood, and does not appear to influence the C stocks of the fine fraction of the organic and mineral soil horizons. However, the ultimate fate of dead wood C is still poorly understood and further research is needed in this field. We recommend fixing the length of harvest rotation at a minimum of 50 years for this ecosystem to allow the build-up of its dead wood capital, and to promote dead wood retention on site. We also recommend including buried wood in carbon inventories as this pool represents an important share of the detrital C stock in these humid boreal forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi establish symbiotic interactions with plants, providing the host plant with minerals, i.e. phosphate, in exchange for organic carbon. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi of the order Glomerales produce vesicles which store lipids as an energy and carbon source. Acyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases (Fat) are essential components of the plant plastid‐localized fatty acid synthase and determine the chain length of de novo synthesized fatty acids. In addition to the ubiquitous FatA and FatB thioesterases, AM‐competent plants contain an additional, AM‐specific, FatM gene. Here, we characterize FatM from Lotus japonicus by phenotypically analyzing fatm mutant lines and by studying the biochemical function of the recombinant FatM protein. Reduced shoot phosphate content in fatm indicates compromised symbiotic phosphate uptake due to reduced arbuscule branching, and the fungus shows reduced lipid accumulation accompanied by the occurrence of smaller and less frequent vesicles. Lipid profiling reveals a decrease in mycorrhiza‐specific phospholipid forms, AM fungal signature fatty acids (e.g. 16:1ω5, 18:1ω7 and 20:3) and storage lipids. Recombinant FatM shows preference for palmitoyl (16:0)‐ACP, indicating that large amounts of 16:0 fatty acid are exported from the plastids of arbuscule‐containing cells. Stable isotope labeling with [13C2]acetate showed reduced incorporation into mycorrhiza‐specific fatty acids in the fatm mutant. Therefore, colonized cells reprogram plastidial de novo fatty acid synthesis towards the production of extra amounts of 16:0, which is in agreement with previous results that fatty acid‐containing lipids are transported from the plant to the fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key distinction between production-based and consumption-based accounting lies in the way in which trade-embodied emissions are allocated between producer and consumer regions. Yet, these two regions are not necessarily directly connected to each other in supply chains, due to spatial production fragmentation. To better understand the link from the production-based to the consumption-based regional carbon inventories, this paper defines the economic length of carbon transfer (ELCT) as the number of administrative border-crossing involved in the influence process of a region’s final demand on the carbon emissions of another region. Using a multi-regional input-output analysis framework for China, we propose an approach to calculating the ELCT related to a region’s production or demand for domestic consumption or international export. We find that the average ELCT in 2010 is 1.34 and that more than a quarter of interregional carbon transfer crosses provincial borders twice or more. The provincial and sectoral analysis of ELCT reveals that spatial production fragmentation is an important challenge to be conquered for successful implementation of consumption-based climate regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]