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В статье рассматриваются вопросы проявления национального типа сознания в художественном характере главного героя романа М. Магауина «Сары қазақ». Определение новизны типа положительного героя тесно связывается с отражением в его образе философии истории казахского народа. Автор романа через характеросложение репрезентирует в реальном социальном пространстве современности процесс восстановления разорванных духовных связей казахского народа с культурно-историческими традициями прошлых веков. Национальный характер раскрывается не только в изображаемых конфликтах, но и с обязательным условием соотнесения поступков и мыслей персонажа с реалиями и феноменами национально-народного, общественного бытия в большом историческом времени. Всем строем сюжетно-композиционной организации романа писатель уверенно доказывает закономерность представленной диалектики художественного характера вымышленной исторической личности, убеждает, что изображенное возможно, могло быть, и тем самым совмещает свой эстетический идеал с историческими задачами, стоящими перед казахстанским обществом сегодня

espanolAcercarse al sentido de educacion en san Juan Pablo II es apuntar, sin ninguna duda, a un proceso de humanizacion de la persona. Sus escritos sobre la formacion humana descubren la belleza de un ser creado por Dios para alcanzar la plenitud, un ser perfectible cuya educabilidad debe ser acompanada. El Papa concibe la educacion como un proceso de personalizacion realizado desde la razon y la liber-tad de la persona. Un acompanamiento, cercano y autonomo, para ir descubriendo desde una relacion interpersonal maestro-alumno, la verdad que envuelve la reali-dad, la verdad personal que encierra el misterio de cada hombre y la Verdad, con mayuscula, que nos habla de Dios. El motor y la clave de la educacion, en toda su obra escrita, se centra en la busqueda de la verdad y en el deseo de transformar la realidad al servicio de los hermanos. Karol Wojtyla cree en la comunidad educativa, especialmente en la escuela catolica, como lugar de referencia y transmision de la cultura, pero tambien, como lugar de maduracion de la fe donde el testimonio de los creyentes actua como agente evangelizador. EnglishTo begin to examine the meaning of education in Saint John Paul II is to point clearly to a process of humanization of the person. His writings on human formation show the beauty of a being created by God to reach fullness, a perfectible being who needs to be accompanied as they are being educated. The Pope conceived of education as a process of personalization carried out from reason and the freedom of the person. That education is a close and autonomous accompaniment, to dis-cover, from a relationship between the teacher and student, the truth that surrounds reality: the personal truth contained within the mystery of each person and the Truth, with a capital letter, that tells us about God. The engine and key to education, in all his written work, focuses on the search for truth and the desire to transform reality at the service of our brothers and sisters. Karol Wojtyla believed in the educational community, especially in the Catholic school, as a place of reference and transmis-sion of culture, but also as a place of maturation of faith where the testimony of believers acts as an evangelizing agent

espanolA mediados del siglo XX en Colombia, se expusieron nuevas formas narrativas, algunas de ellas con tinte de denuncia, acompanado por una implicita agencia politica de sus autores. La novela Detras del rostro (1963) del escritor colombiano Manuel Zapata Olivella se inscribe en esta tendencia. Esta sera nuestra fuente primaria para analizar desde un marco socio-historico el valor de la obra, desde el enfoque metodologico de la sociologia de la literatura. En este sentido, se realizara un analisis y contraste del momento historico y social en el cual se inscribio esta produccion, la Violencia (con mayuscula), por medio del registro de la prensa nacional de mitad de siglo, que permitira contrastar el contexto de Colombia con las situaciones representadas en el libro. EnglishIn the mid-twentieth century in Colombia, new narrative forms were exposed, some of them with complaint dye, accompanied by an implicit political agency of their authors. The novel Behind the Face (1963) by Colombian writer Manuel Zapata Olivella is part of this trend. This will be our primary source to analyze the value of the work from a socio-historical framework, from the methodological approach of the sociology of literature. In this sense, there will be an analysis and contrast of the historical and social moment in which this production was registered, Violence (with capital letter), through the registration of the national press of half a century, which will allow to confront the context of Colombia with the situations represented in the book.

Рукопись поступила в редакцию 25.12.2021. Авторы благодарят сотрудников научного издательства «Большая Российская энциклопедия», а также специалистов по восточным языкам и ономастике А. Р. Абянову, Г. Р. Аганину, А. В. Байыроол, А. Д. Бахматову, Н. В. Бубнову, К. М. Пименову, М. Б. Рукодельникову, Н. Д. Сувандии за помощь в сборе материала, консультации и обсуждение проблем русской передачи иностранных имен. Received on 25 December 2021. The authors express their gratitude to the staff of the scientifi c publishing house “Big Russian Encyclopedia,” as well as to the specialists in Oriental languages and onomastics (A. Abyanov, G. Aganina, A. Baiyr-ool, A. Bakhmatova, N. Bubnova, K. Pimenov, M. Rukodelnikov, N. Suvandia) for their valuable assistance in collecting material, consultations, and discussion of the problems of Russian translation of foreign names. В статье предлагается развернутое правило употребления прописных и строчных букв в собственных именах людей, прозвищах, псевдонимах, кличках. Правило отражает системное устройство орфографии антропонимов — использование прописной буквы как маркера индивидуализирующих компонентов антропонимической модели, в состав которой могут также входить различные компоненты, пишущиеся со строчной буквы: структурообразующие слова (в том числе непереводимые иноязычные предлоги, союзы, артикли; нарицательные слова, указывающие на степень родства, пол, возраст) и определения, обозначающие социальное положение, служащие для придания вежливости обращению и др. Правило не меняет сложившиеся в русской культуре письменные нормы и при этом вводит актуальные нормы написания для структурных типов имен, кличек, прозвищ, которые ранее правилами не регламентировались или регламентировались лишь частично и противоречиво (Петушок со шпорами и Петушок со Шпорами). Основное правило дополнено подправилом-исключением о написании имен, представляющих собой предложно-падежные сочетания или глагольные сочетания (Некто в сером, лиса Принеси огня), и примечанием, в котором описывается зависимость оформления именных сочетаний от осмысления пишущим границ собственного имени (курочка ряба, курочка Ряба, Курочка Ряба), а также параграфами о применении правила в сложных случаях: 1) при неоднозначной функционально-семантической интерпретации слов, входящих в состав антропонимической модели (Юлиан-отступник и Юлиан Отступник); 2) при использовании имен собственных не в своей основной функции (Цербер — цербер, проба Манту — сделать манту); 3) при написании родового имени для выделения одного из членов фамильного рода (ван Гог — Ван Гог), при разрыве традиции в написании (ван де Вельде — Вандевельде, ла Гранж — Лагранж); 4) при передаче современных и исторических имен из арабского и связанных с ним языков (приводятся структурные элементы (артикль аль и его варианты), термины родства (ибн, бен, заде, оглы ‘сын’, бинт, кызы, кыз ‘дочь’, но Абу ‘отец’, Умм ‘мать’; тув. оол ‘мальчик’ и кыс ‘девочка’), термины социального статуса (ага, бей, мурза, паша)); 5) при передаче китайских имен. The article proposes a detailed rule for the use of uppercase and lowercase letters in proper names, pseudonyms, and nicknames. It follows the systemic principle of personal names’ spelling under which a capital letter is used to mark the individualizing components of an anthroponymic pattern. The latter may also include various components written with lowercase letters such as function words (including untranslatable foreign prepositions, conjunctions, articles; common words indicating degree of kinship, gender, age) and defi nitions denoting social status, serving to impart courtesy, etc. The rule does not change the existing written norms while introducing the new ones to cover the structural types of names, nicknames, and pseudonyms that previously were not regulated at all or regulated only partially and inconsistently. The main rule is supplemented by a sub-rule exception on the spelling of names that are prepositional-case combinations or verb combinations, and a note introducing the correlation between capitalization in compound names and the writer’s understanding of the proper name’s delimitation (chicken Ryaba, Kurochka Ryaba). It also includes a paragraph applying to the following diffi cult cases: 1) ambiguous functional and semantic interpretation of words that make up the anthroponymic formula, 2) proper names used as appellatives (Mantoux test — to do a mantoux), 3) changing a surname spelling to single out a particular member of the family (for Romance and other European languages) (van Gogh — Van Gogh) or a general change in the spelling tradition (van de Velde — Vandevelde, la Grange — Lagrange), 4) rendering modern and historical names from Arabic and related languages, namely structural elements (the article al and its variants), kinship terms (ibn, bin, zade, ogly ‘son’, bint, kyzy, kyz ‘daughter’, but Abu ‘father’, Umm ‘mother’), terms of social status (aga, bey, murza, pasha), 5) rendering Chinese names.

This paper aims at analysing the capital letter inserted in the poem entitled “panegyric to the Marquis of Marialva”, attributed to the Luso-Brazilian poet Manuel Botelho de Oliveira. In the analysis of the referred capital letter it will be considered its position in the book Música do Parnasso, in which several types of poetic and rhetorical texts are attributed to the artifice, such as sonnets, rounds, madrigals, romances, songs and tenths. This letter is a mark textual that indicates the beginning of a new book section – that of the poems composed in octave rhyme. It will be considered also how this particular capital letter relates itself to the panegyric, amplifying its sense., O presente trabalho tem por fito analisar a letra capital do poema “Panegírico ao Marquês de Marialva”, atribuído ao poeta luso-brasileiro Manuel Botelho de Oliveira. A leitura de tal letra versal maiúscula será levada a termo tendo em vista a sua disposição no processo de demarcação e organização de gêneros de poemas no interior do livro Música do Parnasso, no qual estão reunidos diversos tipos de textos poéticos e retóricos atribuídos ao artíficie, a exemplo de sonetos, redondinhas, madrigais, romances, canções e décimas. Analisar-se-á o assunto ilustrado em tal aparato visual-textual em seu caráter particular do panegírico, para, posteriormente, tentarmos relacionar o tipo de cena desenhada com as noções sobre um distinto costume de se pensar o gênero panegírico, em certas sociedades de outrora., Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la letra capital del poema “Panegírico ao Marquês de Marialva”, atribuido al poeta portugués-brasileño Manuel Botelho de Oliveira. La lectura de dicha letra capital se realizará en vista de su disposición en el proceso de demarcación y organización de géneros de poemas dentro del libro Música do Parnasso, en el que se atribuyen al poeta varios tipos de textos poéticos y retóricos, como sonetos, rondas, madrigales, romances, canciones y décimas. El tema ilustrado en este aparato visual-textual será analizado en su carácter particular del panegírico, para luego intentar relacionar el tipo de escena dibujada con las nociones sobre uno costumbre distinto de pensar el género panegírico, en determinadas sociedades de antaño.

Grapheme-colour synaesthesia is a condition in which the visual perception of letters or numbers induces a specific colour sensation. In this study, we demonstrated that the apparent physical brightness of graphemes is modulated by the synaesthetic colours elicited by them. Synaesthetes first selected a synaesthetic colour corresponding to each capital letter and digit. Then, we selected a grapheme stimulus with a bright synaesthetic colour and one with a dark colour for each synaesthete. Finally, synaesthetes and non-synaesthete controls participated in a brightness judgment task, in which each participant judged the real brightness of each of the two stimuli compared to a standard stimulus. Compared to non-synaesthetes, synaesthetes judged a grapheme with a bright synaesthetic colour to be brighter than one with a dark synaesthetic colour, suggesting that the synaesthetic colour experience of synaesthetes alters their brightness perception. Such alteration in real brightness perception was observed both in those who experienced synaesthetic colours in external space (projector-type synaesthetes) and in those who experienced such colours ‘in the mind’s eye’ (associator-type synaesthetes). These results support the view that early visual processing is modulated by feedback transmitted from the V4 colour area, the neural activation of which accompanies synaesthetic colour experience.

El arte flamenco se escribe con mayúscula. De una tradición anclada al pasado podríamos encontrar su explicación actual a través de pasajes de la mitología antigua, al igual que de la herencia de árabes y sefardíes. El presente artículo pretende poner en valor el potencial expresivo del cuerpo y la comunicación gestual en el baile flamenco. Con ello, pies y manos, cara y cabello dibujan el compás en el escenario y permiten diseñar siluetas con el cuerpo como si de un pincel se tratase. Mientras que la expresividad eclosiona con tonos cromáticos que facilita el deleite y la belleza. Un baile que se nutre de objetos para significarlo y el bailaor o bailaora se vale del zapateo para hacerse, también, en músico que lleva el compás, comunicando según su intensidad o velocidad de ejecución. El cuerpo en el baile flamenco y la comunicación gestual es un pretexto para iniciar un debate que no concluye sino que se nutre de la herencia y camina, evolucionando, hacia un presente con futuro Flamenco art is written with a capital letter. From a tradition anchored in the past we could find its current explanation through passages from ancient mythology, as well as from the heritage of Arabs and Sephardim. Everything gives us to understand the expressive value of the body and the gestual communication in the flamenco dance. Body and face, hair and hands draw the compass on stage. They allow to draw silhouettes that take the compass taking as a brush the body and its expressiveness hatches with chromatic tones that facilitate the delight and the beauty. A dance that is nourished by objects to signify it and the dancer uses the zapateo to become, also, a musician who carries the compás and communicates according to its intensity or speed of execution. The body in flamenco dance and gestural communication is a pretext to start a debate that does not end, but is nourished by heritage and walks, evolving, towards a present with a future

This paper examines the challenge of starting a sentence with a proper noun or an abbreviation that is written with an initial lowercase letter (e.g. iPhone, danah boyd, pH). Traditionally, placing such words at the beginning of a sentence would be avoided, but this limits one’s syntax and style. Hence, the aim of this paper is to explore the rules and practices of writing certain proper nouns and abbreviations with a lowercase letter and starting a sentence with such words in Croatian and English. Therefore, we reviewed the rules and guidelines in orthography handbooks and style guides, analyzed the corpora to examine the use of the initial lowercase letter, and surveyed a group of 60 bilingual college students to gain an insight into what they find acceptable regarding the matter. The results show that a sentence can indeed begin with a lowercase letter and that the acceptability of this phenomenon depends on several factors.

Received on 27 April 2019. Рукопись поступила в редакцию 27.04.2019. В статье исследуется актуальная проблема упорядочения употребления прописной и строчной буквы в официальной топонимии России на материале Государственного каталога географических названий, нормативно-правовых документов и топографических карт. Определены и описаны в ортологическом аспекте наиболее типичные случаи варьирования в написании прописной и строчной буквы в однословных и многословных топонимах. У однословных топонимов варьированию подвержены начальные буквы топонимов, представляющих собой звуковую аббревиатуру, а также начальные буквы сложносокращенных и сложных слов. В многословных топонимах варьирует написание так называемых ложных терминов, наименований хозяйственных объектов, первого компонента топонима, постпозитивных определительных компонентов, компонента имени (им.) в составе топонима, компонентов, стоящих после порядковых числительных, а также компонентов топонимов, присоединяемых дефисом. По каждому случаю варьирования представлены отраженные в официальных документах разного порядка факты нормализации аналогичных явлений, которые в разных регионах могут быть противоречащими. Для определения частотности того или иного явления приведены количественные данные, обобщенные в трех таблицах. Установлено, что основными причинами варьирования прописной и строчной буквы в топонимах являются кодификационные лакуны и недостаточность иллюстративного материала в действующих правилах орфографии. Наибольшие трудности вызывает написание многокомпонентных топонимов, образованных в результате топонимизации наименований хозяйственных объектов. В написании компонентов таких топонимов широко употребляются строчные буквы. Для решения вопроса о правилах употребления прописных и строчных букв в наименованиях географических объектов автором предлагается введение категории квазитопонимов, которые, выполняя функции топонимов, будут оформляться на письме как наименования переходного типа. The paper explores the use of capital and lowercase letters in the offi cial toponymy of Russia based on the material of the State Catalogue of Geographical Names, legal documents, and topographic maps. The most typical cases of variable case spelling in one-word and multiword toponyms are identifi ed and described in the context of orthographic rules. One-word toponyms show the variation of capital and lowercase letters in the initial elements of a toponymabbreviation as well as in the initials of abridgments and compounds. Multiword toponyms display the variation of capital and lowercase letters in «false» geographical terms, in the names of economic sites, in the fi rst word of a compound, in postponed complements, in the word imeni ‘named after’ as part of the toponym; it also occurs after ordinal numbers and in hyphenized words. The paper presents existing standardization solutions for each similar case of variation usage, although these can be contradictory in different regions. Quantitative data presented in table form showcase the prevalence of a particular norm. It is established that the variation of capital and lowercase letters in toponyms is mainly caused by codifi cation gaps and the lack of illustrative examples in orthographic rules. The main issue is the spelling of multiword toponyms formed from the names of economic sites, commonly written in lowercase. To regulate the use of capital and lowercase letters in the names of geographical objects, the author proposes the concept of quasi-toponyms, which shall be written as transition-type names while retaining toponymic functions. Статья подготовлена в рамках государственного задания (проект XII.193.1.5 «Ментальность монгольских народов в зеркале языка», № АААА-А17-117021310266-8). The research was carried out within the state assignment (project XII.193.1.5 “Mentality of the Mongolian Peoples in the Mirror of Language,” AAAA-A17-117021310266-8).

This chapter presents the advantages of using geometrical tolerances in engineering drawings and demonstrates how their correct use ensures that the communications between the drawing office and the workshop are complete and incapable of any misinterpretation. Geometrical tolerances are used over and above normal dimensional tolerances when it is necessary to control more precisely the form or shape of some feature of a manufactured part, because of the particular duty that the part has to perform. Geometrical tolerances are used to convey in a brief and precise manner complete geometrical requirements on engineering drawings. They should always be considered for surfaces, which come into contact with other parts, especially when close tolerances are applied to the features concerned. No language barrier exists, as the symbols used are in agreement with published recommendations of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and have been internationally agreed. The use of geometrical tolerances does not involve or imply any particular method of manufacture or inspection. A datum is designated by a capital letter enclosed by a datum box, which is connected to a solid or a blank datum triangle. A datum surface on a component should be accurately finished, since other locations or surfaces are established by measuring from the datum.

The paper represents an attempt at a multi-aspect analysis and interpretation of Leśmian’s poem entitled Niedziela (Sunday) through putting it firstly in the context of the cycle W chmur odbiciu (In the reflection of clouds) in which it was placed, and then through extracting some immanent meaning contained in the poem. Particular attention was paid to the ballads semantics, the symbolism of Sunday (spelt with a capital letter), Biblical intertextual references and Schopenhauer’s inspirations. Careful analysis of these issues leads to conclusions concerning tasks and obligations of poetry in the world subdued to suffering and death. Artykuł stanowi próbę wieloaspektowej analizy i interpretacji wiersza Leśmiana Niedziela, poprzez usytuowanie go, najpierw, w kontekście cyklu W chmur odbiciu, w którym został umieszczony, a następnie – poprzez wydobycie znaczeń immanentnie zawartych w utworze. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na: semantykę ballady, symbolikę Niedzieli (pisanej wielką literą), biblijne nawiązania intertekstualne, Schopenhauerowskie inspiracje. Wnikliwe rozważania dotyczące tych kwestii prowadzą do konkluzji, tyczących zadań i powinności poezji w świecie podporządkowanym cierpieniu i śmierci. &nbsp

This paper presents a short review of the life and work of Nikola Tesla (1856–1943) commencing with his early life and education in Eastern Europe. The Tesla coil is described. His early work with alternating current (AC) is detailed together with his disagreements with Thomas Edison and the so-called War of the Currents . As with many X-ray experimenters in the year after Rontgen’s discovery in November 1895, Tesla lost interest in X-rays and moved his attention to radio transmission. He was able to obtain financial backing for his projects in the years at the end of the 19th century and in the early 20th century, but thereafter eventually found it impossible. It was to be Marconi who made huge profits from radio transmission becoming standard science, and not Tesla who died virtually penniless. Although acknowledged as one of the world’s greatest inventors, his lack of financial acumen and some fantastic claims, also led him to be regarded as a mad scientist. His name is perpetuated with the Systeme International (SI) unit of magnetic flux density, the Tesla, denoted by the capital letter T.

Methamphetamine (MA) tablet production confers chemical and physical properties. This study developed a simple and effective physical characteristic profiling method for MA tablets with capital letter "WY" logos, which realized the discrimination between linked and unlinked seizures. Seventeen signature distances extracted from the "WY" logo were explored as factors for multivariate analysis and demonstrated to be effective to represent the features of tablets in the drug intelligence perspective. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate efficiency of different pretreatments and distance/correlation metrics, while "Standardization + Euclidean" and "Logarithm + Euclidean" algorithms outperformed the rest. Finally, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied to the data set of 200 MA tablet seizures randomly selected from cases all around China in 2015, and 76% of them were classified into a group named after "WY-001." Moreover, the "WY-001" tablets occupied 51-80% tablet seizures from 2011 to 2015 in China, indicating the existence of a huge clandestine factory incessantly manufacturing MA tablets.

Email is one of the most powerful tools for communication. Many businesses use email as the main channel for communication, so it is possible that substantial data are included in email content. In order to help businesses grow faster, a workflow management system may be required. The data gathered from email content might be a robust source for a workflow management system. This research proposes an email extraction system to extract data from any incoming emails into suitable database fields. The database, which is created by the program, has been planned for the implementation of a workflow management system. The research is presented in three phases: (1) define suitable criteria to extract data; (2) implement a program to extract data, and store them in a database; and (3) implement a program for validating data in a database. Four criteria are applied for an email extraction system. The first criterion is to select contact information at the end of the email content; the second criterion is to select specified keywords, such as tel, email, and mobile; the third criterion is to select unique names, which start with a capital letter, such as the names of people, places, and corporates; the fourth criterion is to select special texts, such as Co. Ltd, .com, and www. The empirical results suggest that when all four criteria are considered, the accuracy of a program and percentage of blank fields are at an acceptable level compared with the results from other criteria. When four criteria are applied to extract 7,340 emails in English, the accuracy of this experiment is approximately 68.66%, while the percentage of blank fields in a database is approximately 68.05. The database created by the experiment can be applied in a workflow management system.

In this paper, we analyze the combined application of signatures and capital handwriting in a biometric recognition application. We combine a signature recognition system based in a multi-section vector quantization with a handwriting text recognition system based in self-organizing maps and DTW. Due to the need to normalize the scores before the combination, we study the effect of different normalization methods and we propose the application of a logarithmic transformation for signature scores previous normalize them. Experimental results show that the identification rate raises from 86.11% using capital letter words and 96.95% using signatures up to 99.72% with a fusion of both traits. Minimum detection cost function (DCF) also improves, from 3.56 and 3.51%, respectively, up to 1.0% using the fusion of both traits.

The predecessor of the modern trigonometric function known as the sine of an angle was born, apparently, in India. The Greek trigonometry had been based on the functional relationship between the chords of a circle and the central angles they subtend. The Indians, on the other hand, used half of a chord of a circle as their basic trigonometric function. The Indian (or Hindu) Sine (usually written with a capital letter to distinguish it from the modern Sine) of an arc in a circle is defined as half the length of the chord of double the arc. Thus the (Indian) Sine of an arc \(\alpha \) is equal to R \(\sin \theta \) where R is the radius of the circle of reference and \(\sin \theta \) is the modern sine of the angle \(\theta \) subtended at the centre by the arc \(\alpha \).

The current study compared the Q-test, a colloquial measure of self-monitoring, to the reliable and validated 18-item Self-Monitoring Scale-Revised (Gangestad & Snyder, 1985). Self-monitoring theory contends that individuals differ on how they regulate their self-presentation, and via self-observation individuals can adjust their behaviors to accommodate social situations (Snyder, 1987). Tracing the capital letter “Q” on the forehead can supposedly provide a rough measure of self-monitoring. The “Q” can be traced on the forehead in two different orientations. It can be traced such that its tail is placed in such a way that it is pointing towards the person’s left shoulder, making the capital “Q” readable to their audience. It can also be traced in such that its tail is placed in such a way that it is pointing towards the person’s right shoulder, making the capital “Q” readable to the person. In theory, a “Q” that is readable to others corresponds to high self-monitors and “Q” readable to the individual corresponds to low self-monitors. Results showed that the Q-test carries some merit; the correlation between the Q-test and Gangestad and Snyder’s (1985) 18-item Self-Monitoring Scale-Revised was statistically significant.

The purpose of this chapter is to provide you with enough information to begin to read, understand, and evaluate published research in the social sciences. It is not a comprehensive introduction to statistics; for more information, see the ‘Further reading’ suggested below. The first part of the chapter reviews some common methods for summarizing data, both numerically and graphically. The second part gives an overview of significance testing: why it's important, how it's usually reported, and how to interpret it.With the background provided in these two sections, you should be able to read a typical scholarly paper reporting the results of social science research and understand the gist of what's going on, even if you cannot follow all the details. The last part of this chapter describes some of the major issues in conducting social science research. This section will expose you to some of the most important questions you can ask about how an experiment was designed and carried out; learning to ask those questions is the first step towards being able to evaluate the results of a particular study. The examples in this chapter are taken from a study of the effects of intoxication on speech. In that experiment, eight subjects recorded a list of several dozen words, once while sober and once while moderately drunk; see Kaplan (2010) for a more detailed description of the methods involved. I've chosen these examples for convenience: the experiment generated a large amount of data that lends itself to many different types of analysis. The results presented here are meant to illustrate statistical points; they aren't novel (or even representative) findings about the general effect of alcohol on speech, nor are they necessarily the best way to analyze the data. For an overview of the literature on intoxicated speech, see Chin and Pisoni (1997). Descriptive statistics The purpose of descriptive statistics is to summarize datasets in a concise way. This section reviews some common descriptive techniques, both numeric and graphical. Some common statistics for summarizing data Perhaps the most common statistic for summarizing a large set of numbers is the familiar mean (or average ), which is a single number intended to reflect a typical value for the set. Mean is often abbreviated with the capital letter M .