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Canine distemper (CD) is a virulent disease caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV) in canines and mustelidaes with high mortality. The incidence of CDV is worldwide distribution and it has caused huge economic losses to multiple industries around the world. There are many studies investigating the prevalence of CD infection, but no comprehensive analysis of CDV infection in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs worldwide has therefore been carried out. The aim of this meta is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of CDV infection in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs dogs through a meta-analysis of articles published from around the world. Data from 8,582 small carnivores in 12 countries were used to calculate the combined prevalence of CD. A total of 22.6% (1,937/8,582) of minks, foxes and raccoon dogs tested positive for CD. The prevalence was higher in Asia (13.8, 95% CI: 22.2-45.6), especially in South Korea (65.8, 95% CI: 83.3-95.8). Our study found that the incidence of CD was also associated with geographic climate, population size, health status, and breeding patterns. CD is more commonly transmitted in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs. However, the concentrated breeding as an economic animal has led to an increase in the prevalence rate. The difference analysis study recommended that countries develop appropriate preventive and control measures based on the prevalence in the minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs industries, and that reducing stocking density is important to reduce the incidence of CDV. In addition, CDV is more common in winter, so vaccination in winter should be strengthened and expanded to reduce the incidence of CD in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morbilliviruses are members of the family Paramyxoviridae and are known for their ability to cause systemic disease in a variety of mammalian hosts. The prototypic morbillivirus, measles virus (MeV), infects humans and still causes morbidity and mortality in unvaccinated children and young adults. Experimental infection studies in non-human primates have contributed to the understanding of measles pathogenesis. However, ethical restrictions call for the development of new animal models. Canine distemper virus (CDV) infects a wide range of animals, including ferrets, and its pathogenesis shares many features with measles. However, wild-type CDV infection is almost always lethal, while MeV infection is usually self-limiting. Here, we made five recombinant CDVs, predicted to be attenuated, and compared their pathogenesis to the non-attenuated recombinant CDV in a ferret model. Three viruses were insufficient ly attenuated based on clinical signs, fatality, and systemic infection, while one virus was too attenuated. The last candidate virus caused a self-limiting infection associated with transient viremia and viral dissemination to all lymphoid tissues, was shed transiently from the upper respiratory tract, and did not result in acute neurological signs. Additionally, an in-depth phenotyping of the infected white blood cells showed lower infection percentages in all lymphocyte subsets when compared to the non-attenuated CDV. In conclusion, infection models using this candidate virus mimic measles and can be used to study pathogenesis-related questions and to test interventions for morbilliviruses in a natural host species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium that can cause disease in many species, including humans, livestock, and wildlife. Increased interactions via shared habitats may promote pathogen transmission among these groups. Our objectives were to evaluate the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study diagnostic data to characterize and compare L. monocytogenes-induced lesions and comorbidities in gray foxes and wild turkeys, and to describe cases of listeriosis in 2 cervids. From 1991-2020, 8 gray foxes, 8 wild turkeys, a neonatal elk, and a white-tailed deer fawn from several eastern states in the United States were diagnosed with listeriosis. All 8 foxes had hepatitis and/or hepatic necrosis with intralesional gram-positive bacilli, and concurrent canine distemper virus (CDV) infection; 2 of the foxes had been vaccinated recently for CDV. L. monocytogenes was cultured from the liver (6 of 8) or lung (2 of 8) of foxes. Lesions in wild turkeys included hepatocellular necrosis (3 of 8), heterophilic hepatitis (1 of 8), heterophilic granulomas (1 of 8), intrasinusoidal gram-positive bacilli without hepatic lesions (1 of 8), granulomatous dermatitis (1 of 8), and/or granulomatous myocarditis (2 of 8). Lymphoproliferative disease viral DNA was detected in 5 of 6 turkeys tested; reticuloendotheliosis viral DNA was detected in 2 of 3 turkeys tested. Both cervids had systemic listeriosis, with L. monocytogenes isolated from liver. Immunohistochemistry for Listeria spp. on select cases revealed immunolabeling in affected organs. Listeriosis was thus established as a cause of morbidity and mortality in 3 wildlife species, which often suffered from concurrent infections and likely immunosuppression.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a major global pathogen of dogs affecting multiple organ systems of the body and causing the characteristic malady with prominent neurological manifestation. Natural CDV infections with typical clinical symptoms in domestic cats are not yet reported in Kerala, India, even though a few reports on the occurrence of fatal canine distemper in large felids exist. The present study reports a documented preliminary report of the natural canine distemper virus infection in a domestic cat from Kerala, India, with typical neurological manifestations. An unvaccinated adult female domestic cat was presented to the University Veterinary Hospital with the acute onset of neurological signs, viz. typical continuous myoclonus like in a CDV-infected dog and tonic-clonic seizures in between the short intervals of time. The rapid immunochromatography revealed the presence of canine distemper viral antigens on ocular, nasal and faecal samples, and the hemogram revealed thrombocytopenia and severe leukocytosis with granulocytosis, lymphocytosis and monocytosis. The animal responded well to the symptomatic therapy for viral encephalitis and recovered within 24 h to apparent normalcy, except for the myoclonus. The recurrence of acute encephalitic symptoms was reported after 45 days, and the animal died due to uncontrolled seizures by day 90, as the owner was unwilling to provide further veterinary aid for the animal. This case indicates the need for screening the cats with neurological signs for CD and further molecular characterisation of the strains involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Maternally derived antibodies (MDA) have protection against canine distemper virus (CDV) in the first weeks of puppies’ life. However, MDA decreases with age. The most important and effective factor on immunization is timely vaccination. But in recent years, there were some outbreaks of CDV among puppies in Iran and this problem could be related to vaccine failure. Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible effect of MDA titre on vaccines against CDV and the efficacy of two commercial vaccines by using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Methods In this regard, 24 healthy 8‐week old terrier puppies were selected and divided into three identical groups based on a randomized, double‐blind comparative trial. The control group was injected normal saline, and group A was vaccinated by the vaccine namely Biocan L (Bioveta, Czech Republic), and the group B was vaccinated by the other vaccine called Duramune Max 5 + LCI/GP (Fort Dodge Animal Health, USA). The vaccines were used for the puppies between 8 and 16 weeks of age and in every 4 weeks. Results The results showed that the response of both vaccines was satisfactory, and no significant difference was observed between them. Moreover, the MDA in the control group reached an unprotective level in all puppies prior to their 14 weeks of age. In the vaccinated groups, after the second vaccine, all puppies in both groups reached protective levels. Discussion This is the first study on evaluation of two commercial vaccines in changes of serum antibody titres against distemper in puppies in Iran. Conclusion It is recommended that veterinarians during consulting use the ELISA to measure antibody titres to optimize the vaccination schedule and reduce the cost of vaccination failure. This is of paramount importance for puppies.

Canine morbillivirus, also known as canine distemper virus (CDV), is the causative agent of canine distemper (CD), which is a serious contagious disease of canines, large felids, and, occasionally, raccoons. This study included seven raccoons from the Timisoara Zoological Garden, Romania. CDV was detected using RT-qPCR on blood samples, but several other exams were also performed—clinical, bacteriological, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and histopathology, toxicological screening, and necropsy—which confirmed CDV infection. Severe digestive disorders (diarrhea and frequent hematemesis) were observed. The necropsy findings included pseudo membranous gastroenteritis, congestion, and pulmonary edema in two raccoons. Immunohistochemistry showed immunolabeled CDV antigenantibodies on the viral nucleocapsid. Histopathology revealed lymphocyte depletion in mesenteric lymphnodes and intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions in the enterocytes of the small intestine. Based on the RT-qPCR assay, laboratory tests, and the lesions observed, it was established that the raccoons were infected with CDV, which was the cause of death in two cases. The results from the necropsy, histology, and immunohistochemistry in the raccoons are comparable with reported CDV lesions in dogs. In conclusion, several exams may be performed to establish the etiology of possible interspecific viral infection, but only very specific exams can identify aCDV infection. Laboratory analyses must be completed by RT-qPCR assay or IHC to establish infection with uncommon viruses in raccoons with high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A deceased 9-wk-old male gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) with a history of decreased ambulation and diarrhea was submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. No significant gross findings were evident on postmortem examination. Histologically, the cerebrum and brainstem had mild necrotizing meningoencephalitis with protozoal schizonts and merozoites. Additionally, glial cells contained intracytoplasmic and intranuclear viral inclusion bodies. Sections of the cerebrum were positive for canine distemper virus (CDV) and negative for Sarcocystis neurona on immunohistochemistry. Bayesian analysis revealed that this Sarcocystis sp. clustered most closely with a clade of unnamed Sarcocystis sp. found in viperid snakes, with a posterior probability of 99%. CDV likely played a significant role in the expression of clinical sarcocystosis in this gray fox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Canine distemper virus (CDV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae, is the causative agent of canine distemper, a fatal and highly contagious disease that affects dogs and other carnivores. This study aimed to investigate whether there is a correlation between glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament (NF) expression in canine distemper encephalomyelitis (CDE) and the severe neuropathology that occurs. Materials and Methods: GFAP and NF expression levels in the brain tissue of 13 dogs diagnosed with CDE were investigated by immunohistochemical method. Results: The results of the study revealed that GFAP (p< 0.005) and NF (p< 0.005) expression levels in brain tissue were significantly increased in CDV-infected dogs compared to healthy, uninfected dogs. GFAP expression was mainly observed in endothelial cells and astrocytes, whereas NF expression was mainly found in neurons. In addition, it was found that the expression of both GFAP and NF was more pronounced in the areas with the most severe neuropathological findings. Conclusions: This study demonstrated pathological astrocyte reactivation and neuronal degeneration at the molecular level. These findings provide information about the stage of the disease. This study clearly demonstrated that detailed information about the prognosis of the disease can be obtained from GFAP and NF expression. Since GFAP/NF levels provide information about the severity of the disease, they can be used clinically. Therefore, further research into the involvement of GFAP and NF expression in the pathophysiology of CDE has great potential to improve our understanding of this complex neurological disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of canine distemper virus (CDV) in central regions of China in recent years.【Method】A total of 459 samples of dogs, minks, raccoon dogs and foxes were collected randomly from parts of Henan and Hebei provinces from 2019 to 2020. Then, RTPCR detection, isolation and identification of strains, sequencing of hemagglutinin (H) gene and phylogenetic analysis were performed.【Result】87 CDV positive samples are detected, with a positive rate of 18.96%. The positive rate of CDV in dogs is highest (37.77%) in autumn and highest in minks, raccoon dogs and foxes in July. CDV occurs in animals of different ages, and young animals are more susceptible. A wild strain is isolated and identified from the diseased samples and named HB19-1. Phylogenetic analysis of H gene sequence indicates that HB19-1 belongs to the Asia-1 genotype, and it has the closest nucleotide homology with KJ994343 from GenBank. And its nucleotide and amino acid homologous rates with the vaccine strain Onderstepoort (GeneBank Accession No.: AF378705) are 91.3% and 90.2%, respectively.【Conclusion】A CDV strain HB19-1 is isolated and obtained during the epidemiological investigation of CDV in parts of Henan and Hebei provinces from 2019 to 2020. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that HB19-1 belongs to the Asia-1 genotype and has low homology with the vaccine strain. The research results can provide a basis for the prevention and control of CDV and vaccine selection and application in parts of Henan and Hebei involved in the epidemiological investigation.

Canine distemper virus (also known as Canine morbillivirus), the etiologic agent of canine distemper, is a highly contagious pathogen causing a multisystemic infection in carnivores globally. Canine distemper may be clinically indistinguishable from rabies, and outbreaks of either disease are major concerns. In the US, both diseases are endemic and managed by parenteral vaccination in domestic animals. In wildlife, oral vaccination and trap-vaccinate-release programs are available for rabies prevention, but no such strategies exist for canine distemper. We evaluated the prevalence at which canine distemper virus occurred concurrently in animals infected with rabies virus. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed on specimens previously diagnosed with rabies during 2017–19 by the New York State Rabies Laboratory. Real-time qRT-PCR detected concurrent canine distemper virus infection in 73 of 1,302 animals with rabies virus. Coinfection rates were approximately 9% in Procyon lotor, 2% in Vulpes vulpes, and 0.4% in Mephitis mephitis, with an overall prevalence of 5.6%. As comorbidities in wildlife occur, laboratory-based surveillance and confirmatory testing are critical to rapid decision making for disease prevention. Rabies virus incursions are expensive and difficult to manage, and spillover events create health risks to humans and domestic animals as well as to free-roaming wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine distemper, a highly fatal systemic disease in domestic dogs and wild carnivores, has the second highest mortality rate after rabies and is responsible for a large number of animal deaths around the world. It is considered a major pathogen in the canine infectious respiratory disease complex. This paper reports the finding of a study conducted to detect and characterise canine distemper virus (Canine Morbillivirus) based on N gene. A total of 59 samples collected from cases of respiratory infections in dogs were subjected to N gene based reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and eleven of them (18.64 per cent) were found positive. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the canine distemper viruses obtained in the present study were related to Indian strains that were previously reported. However, the viruses from the same district were similar among themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this study, we attempted to prepare and evaluate lyophilized attenuated single and trivalent vaccines of Canine Distemper (CD), Canine Adeno-1 (CA-1), and Canine Parvo (Cp type 2a) viruses. All such preparations were found to be free from foreign contaminants, safe in mice and puppies, and potent, providing vaccinated puppies with good levels of specific antibody titers against the three viruses as estimated by serum neutralization test (SNT) and indirect immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Such antibodies were found to be stable up to 12 months post-vaccination, supporting their use to protect puppies against the three virus infections with the preferable use of the trivalent vaccine, which saves effort and avoids stress factors of vaccinated puppies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternally derived antibodies (MDA) have protection against canine distemper virus (CDV) in the first weeks of puppies' life. However, MDA decreases with age. The most important and effective factor on immunization is timely vaccination. But in recent years, there were some outbreaks of CDV among puppies in Iran and this problem could be related to vaccine failure. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible effect of MDA titre on vaccines against CDV and the efficacy of two commercial vaccines by using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Methods: In this regard, 24 healthy 8‐week old terrier puppies were selected and divided into three identical groups based on a randomized, double‐blind comparative trial. The control group was injected normal saline, and group A was vaccinated by the vaccine namely Biocan L (Bioveta, Czech Republic), and the group B was vaccinated by the other vaccine called Duramune Max 5 + LCI/GP (Fort Dodge Animal Health, USA). The vaccines were used for the puppies between 8 and 16 weeks of age and in every 4 weeks. Results: The results showed that the response of both vaccines was satisfactory, and no significant difference was observed between them. Moreover, the MDA in the control group reached an unprotective level in all puppies prior to their 14 weeks of age. In the vaccinated groups, after the second vaccine, all puppies in both groups reached protective levels. Discussion: This is the first study on evaluation of two commercial vaccines in changes of serum antibody titres against distemper in puppies in Iran. Conclusion: It is recommended that veterinarians during consulting use the ELISA to measure antibody titres to optimize the vaccination schedule and reduce the cost of vaccination failure. This is of paramount importance for puppies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious virus that infects a wide variety of animals of carnivore species and may cause manifestations from subclinical infection to fatal disease. In this study, dogs clinically suspected having distemper were examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), histopathology and immuno-histochemistry. By histopathological examination, characteristic intracytoplasmic and/or intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in the lung, stomach, small intestine, liver, kidney, spleen and central nervous system. Interstitial and broncho-interstitial pneumonia, gastroenteritis and encephalitis were revealed. CDV antigens were detected in all tissues with characteristic histopathological findings. The antigens were more abundant in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium and in the syntitial cells. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the PCR-amplified partial sequences of the genes encoding the viral heamagglutinin and fusion proteins. The phylogenetic trees showed that the newly determined sequences were diverse and clustered within different lineages of the European or the Arctic strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the course of human history, numerous diseases have been caused by the transmission of viruses from an animal reservoir into the human population. The viruses of the genus Morbillivirus are human and animal pathogens that emerged from a primordial ancestor a millennia ago and have been transmitting to new hosts, adapting, and evolving ever since. Through interaction with susceptible individuals, as yet undiscovered morbilliviruses or existing morbilliviruses in animal hosts could cause future zoonotic diseases in humans.

Background : Acupuncture (AP) has been empirically used to relieve post-canine distemper virus (CDV) infection neurological signs in veterinary clinics. Objectives: This clinical study aimed to investigate the effects of AP combined with electroacupuncture (EA) on neurological function in dogs infected by CDV. Methods : Twenty-four CDV-infected dogs with neurological sequelae were recruited to receive weekly AP/EA sections for 24 weeks. Neurological improvements were assessed before each AP/EA session using a modified scoring system. Data were analyzed using the McNemar test, Friedman test, Fisher's exact test, and Kaplan-Meier curves (p < 0.05). Results : Neurological scores improved from seven to 24 weeks after AP/EA treatment compared with pretreatment scores (p < 0.001). Significant improvements were recorded over time for functional limb recovery, cranial nerve deficits, mental status (p = 0.025 - 0.014), and urinary function (p < 0.001). Myoclonus was improved and entirely reversed in 75% and 25% of the dogs, respectively. At the end of treatment, the proportion of dogs with normal proprioception, posture, hopping (p < 0.001), and superficial pain sensation responses (p = 0.004) was greater than pretreatment values. Conclusion : AP/EA therapy promoted significant neurological recovery in CDV-infected dogs and may be considered within the chronic phase of the disease to improve motor and sensory rehabilitation. However, these results are preliminary and must be confirmed by further investigations.

This study investig ated the activation of apoptosis and autophagy in CDV infected brain tissues of dogs with acute neurological signs, by determining Cas-3, Cas-8, Cas-9, Bax, Bcl-2, LC3B, and Beclin-1 expression with real-time PCR. The expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3B, autophagy markers, were significantly up-regulated in comparison with the control group (p < 0.001). The expression levels of apoptotic markers Cas-3, Cas-8, Cas-9 and Bax were slightly up-regulated, but Bcl-2 was slightly down-regulated in contrast to the control group (p < 0.05). Therefore, the autophagy markers were more activated than apoptotic markers in dogs with acute neurological signs. In conclusion, autophagy takes part in the pathogenesis of demyelination in canine distemper. Knowing this may be helpful to create new therapeutic strategies, such as new effective antiviral medicines.

【Objective】The study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of canine distemper virus (CDV) in central regions of China in recent years.【Method】A total of 459 samples of dogs, minks, raccoon dogs and foxes were collected randomly from parts of Henan and Hebei provinces from 2019 to 2020. Then, RTPCR detection, isolation and identification of strains, sequencing of hemagglutinin (H) gene and phylogenetic analysis were performed.【Result】87 CDV positive samples are detected, with a positive rate of 18.96%. The positive rate of CDV in dogs is highest (37.77%) in autumn and highest in minks, raccoon dogs and foxes in July. CDV occurs in animals of different ages, and young animals are more susceptible. A wild strain is isolated and identified from the diseased samples and named HB19-1. Phylogenetic analysis of H gene sequence indicates that HB19-1 belongs to the Asia-1 genotype, and it has the closest nucleotide homology with KJ994343 from GenBank. And its nucleotide and amino acid homologous rates with the vaccine strain Onderstepoort (GeneBank Accession No.: AF378705) are 91.3% and 90.2%, respectively.【Conclusion】A CDV strain HB19-1 is isolated and obtained during the epidemiological investigation of CDV in parts of Henan and Hebei provinces from 2019 to 2020. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that HB19-1 belongs to the Asia-1 genotype and has low homology with the vaccine strain. The research results can provide a basis for the prevention and control of CDV and vaccine selection and application in parts of Henan and Hebei involved in the epidemiological investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a fatal, highly contagious disease found in wild and domestic carnivores. Several outbreaks have occurred in wildlife in Italy in recent years. This study aims to detect CDV in wildlife following the increasing mortality of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the Emilia-Romagna region (northern Italy) observed in 2021. Sixty-seven foxes and one badger (Meles meles) were subjected to necropsy followed by histological examination and were analyzed with molecular techniques to detect the presence of CDV. Of the tested animals, 16% (nine foxes and one badger) were positive for CDV. Phylogenetic analysis showed two different lineages based on complete H gene sequences. The Europe/South America-1 lineage was detected in one fox from Modena, which resembled the CDV variant associated with a previous outbreak in northern Italy in 2018, while the European Wildlife lineage was detected in animals from the Rimini province. Amino acid analysis highlighted a Y549H mutation in all sequences collected, which is commonly associated with increased virulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on canine distemper cases exhibiting distinctive signs such as temporal twitching, hind limb weakness, howling, champing of jaws and jerky limb movements. Cicutavirosa and Conium maculatum were the homeopathic medicines used for treatment of CD affected dogs alongside standard therapeutic approaches. Out of ninety-seven dogs suspected for CD, sixtyeight were diagnosed as positive for CDV infection based on Lateral flow assay and selected for the study. These dogs were divided into two equal groups (group A - standard therapy and group B - standard therapy plus homeopathy therapy (34 in each group). Within 45 days of medication, 79.41% (27 dogs) from group B exhibited clinical recovery, as evidenced by a reduction in nervous signs frequency. As chronic CD leads to progressive demyelination and neurological complications, homeopathic therapy was found effective in prolonging and enhancing the quality of life in CD affected dogs. Practice of homeopathy in veterinary medicine is upcoming due its ease of administration, absence of side effects and non-interference with recommended allopathic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine distemper is caused by canine distemper virus (CDV), a multisystemic infectious disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate in dogs. Nanotechnology represents a development opportunity for new molecules with antiviral effects that may become effective treatments in veterinary medicine. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in 207 CDV, naturally infected, mixed-breed dogs exhibiting clinical signs of the non-neurological and neurological phases of the disease. Group 1a included 52 dogs (experimental group) diagnosed with non-neurologic distemper treated with 3% oral and nasal AgNPs in addition to supportive therapy. Group 1b included 46 dogs (control group) diagnosed with non-neurological distemper treated with supportive therapy only. Group 2a included 58 dogs with clinical signs of neurological distemper treated with 3% oral and nasal AgNPs in addition to supportive therapy. Group 2b included 51 dogs (control group) diagnosed with clinical signs of neurological distemper treated with supportive therapy only. Efficacy was measured by the difference in survival rates: in Group 1a, the survival rate was 44/52 (84.6%), versus 7/46 in Group 1b (15.2%), while both showed clinical signs of non-neurological distemper. The survival rate of dogs with clinical signs of neurological distemper in Group 2a (38/58; 65.6%) was significantly higher than those in Control Group 2b (0/51; 0%). No adverse reactions were detected in experimental groups treated with AgNPs. AgNPs significantly improved survival in dogs with clinical signs of neurological and non-neurological distemper. The use of AgNPs in the treatment of neurological distemper led to a drastic increase in the proportion of dogs recovered without sequels compared to dogs treated without AgNPs. The evidence demonstrates that AgNP therapy can be considered as a targeted treatment in dogs severely affected by canine distemper virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is the cause of a highly lethal infectious disease affecting a broad range of carnivores. Despite using various treatments, there is still no effective treatment, especially in the neurological form of distemper. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of injecting Newcastle disease vaccine into the subarachnoid space of dogs with neurological form of distemper. The dogs that had symptoms of nervous distemper, particularly myoclonus, were included in the plan. After anesthetizing of dogs, 0.10 to 1.00 mL of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were removed and, 0.10 to 0.50 mL of the prepared Newcastle solution were injected into their subarachnoid space. Another 0.50 to 1.00 mL of normal saline was then injected to remove the needle from the vaccine. The live attenuated LaSota or B1 vaccine was used in this study. Rapid kit tests and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were used to diagnose of the disease. Dogs were monitored for up to 3 to 24 months during that time they were evaluated for improvement or worsening of clinical symptoms. Out of nine dogs in which distemper were diagnosed with different tests, one dog recovered completely and another dog recovered greatly. Therefore, the overall recovery rate was 22.20%. It is concluded that administration of Newcastle vaccine into the subarachnoid space of dogs with nervous distemper causes at least 22.20% improvement and does not cause specific side effects and can be used to treat affected dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, is a highly contagious infectious agent causing a multisystemic, devastating disease in a broad range of host species, characterized by severe immunosuppression, encephalitis and pneumonia. The present study aimed at investigating pulmonary immune responses of CDV-infected dogs in situ using immunohistochemistry and whole transcriptome analyses by bulk RNA sequencing. Spatiotemporal analysis of phenotypic changes revealed pulmonary immune responses primarily driven by MHC-II+, Iba-1+ and CD204+ innate immune cells during acute and subacute infection phases, which paralleled pathologic lesion development and coincided with high viral loads in CDV-infected lungs. CD20+ B cell numbers initially declined, followed by lymphoid repopulation in the advanced disease phase. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated an increased expression of transcripts related to innate immunity, antiviral defense mechanisms, type I interferon responses and regulation of cell death in the lung of CDV-infected dogs. Molecular analyses also revealed disturbed cytokine responses with a pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization and impaired mucociliary defense in CDV-infected lungs. The exploratory study provides detailed data on CDV-related pulmonary immune responses, expanding the list of immunologic parameters potentially leading to viral elimination and virus-induced pulmonary immunopathology in canine distemper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to investigate the incidence of CD and CP viruses in Cairo, Egypt. In a private Vet. Clinic in Cairo, five local breed puppies of about 3-5 months of age were supposed to be infected with the virus of canine distemper (CDV) showing fever, runny nose, salivation and coughing. Another 6 German Shepard and 4 Gryphon puppies of about 6-9 months of age were suffered from fever and bloody diarrhea suspected to be infected with canine parvovirus (CPV). All of these puppies had no history of vaccination. Trials of virus segregation in Vero and MDCK cell lines and usage of virus neutralization test (VNT) using specific anti-CD and anti-CP sera revealed that 3 out of 5 nasal swabs were positive to CD virus and 3 out of 10 fecal swabs were positive to CPV. These results were confirmed by Rt-PCR showing positive amplification with CD and CP, respectively. So, we could say that VNT and Rt-PCR are essential assays to identify CD and CP viruses and puppy vaccination should not be neglected to protect them against such diseases.

Diseases are one of the possible threats to the conservation of wild cat populations. One disease that has been reported to infect and cause death, including in various wildlife, is the canine distemper virus (CDV). Here, we report the first case of CDV in an adolescent melanistic Javan female leopard in Indonesia. We combined the clinical report with the Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analyses on the faecal and brain samples of partial nucleoprotein (CDV-N) and hemagglutinin (CDV-H) genes. We also performed analyses of urine, haematology, and blood chemistry. The CDV-H nucleotide sequence confirmed the CDV infection in the female leopard and was clustered to the CDV's Asia 1 genotype. This finding opens an investigating window to analyse the pathogen transmission between animals in wildlife, particularly to support the management of conservation in natural habitats in Indonesia.

Canine morbillivirus, also known as canine distemper virus (CDV), is the causative agent of canine distemper (CD), which is a serious contagious disease of canines, large felids, and, occasionally, raccoons. This study included seven raccoons from the Timisoara Zoological Garden, Romania. CDV was detected using RT-qPCR on blood samples, but several other exams were also performed—clinical, bacteriological, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and histopathology, toxicological screening, and necropsy—which confirmed CDV infection. Severe digestive disorders (diarrhea and frequent hematemesis) were observed. The necropsy findings included pseudo membranous gastroenteritis, congestion, and pulmonary edema in two raccoons. Immunohistochemistry showed immunolabeled CDV antigenantibodies on the viral nucleocapsid. Histopathology revealed lymphocyte depletion in mesenteric lymphnodes and intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions in the enterocytes of the small intestine. Based on the RT-qPCR assay, laboratory tests, and the lesions observed, it was established that the raccoons were infected with CDV, which was the cause of death in two cases. The results from the necropsy, histology, and immunohistochemistry in the raccoons are comparable with reported CDV lesions in dogs. In conclusion, several exams may be performed to establish the etiology of possible interspecific viral infection, but only very specific exams can identify aCDV infection. Laboratory analyses must be completed by RT-qPCR assay or IHC to establish infection with uncommon viruses in raccoons with high accuracy.

The present study was aimed to detect canine distemper virus and study the histopathological changes in tissues of a dog affected with Canine Distemper. The tissue samples were confirmed for the presence of viral RNA with the partial L gene. The brain tissue revealed non suppurative encephalitis and necrosis of neurons. In spleen, lymphoid depletion and focal areas of necrosis in the white pulp were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acupuncture (AP) has been empirically used to relieve post-canine distemper virus (CDV) infection neurological signs in veterinary clinics. Objectives: This clinical study aimed to investigate the effects of AP combined with electroacupuncture (EA) on neurological function in dogs infected by CDV. Methods: Twenty-four CDV-infected dogs with neurological sequelae were recruited to receive weekly AP/EA sections for 24 weeks. Neurological improvements were assessed before each AP/EA session using a modified scoring system. Data were analyzed using the McNemar test, Friedman test, Fisher's exact test, and Kaplan-Meier curves (p < 0.05). Results: Neurological scores improved from seven to 24 weeks after AP/EA treatment compared with pretreatment scores (p < 0.001). Significant improvements were recorded over time for functional limb recovery, cranial nerve deficits, mental status (p = 0.025 - 0.014), and urinary function (p < 0.001). Myoclonus was improved and entirely reversed in 75% and 25% of the dogs, respectively. At the end of treatment, the proportion of dogs with normal proprioception, posture, hopping (p < 0.001), and superficial pain sensation responses (p = 0.004) was greater than pretreatment values. Conclusion: AP/EA therapy promoted significant neurological recovery in CDV-infected dogs and may be considered within the chronic phase of the disease to improve motor and sensory rehabilitation. However, these results are preliminary and must be confirmed by further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken on serological survey of Canine distemper (CD) in dogs in various districts of Gujarat state. Sera samples from 86 CD suspected dogs were collected from Anand, Navsari, Ahmedabad and Vadodara districts for detection of antibodies against CDV. Out of 86 sera samples screened, 35 were found positive for CD by indirect ELISA, indicating overall seroprevalence to be 40.70%. Location wise, seroprevalence was found to be higher 61.53% (16/26) in Navsari district, followed by 30.43% (14/46) in Anand district. With low sample size, Vadodara and Ahmedabad districts showed 40.00% (2/5) and 33.33% (3/9) seroprevalence, respectively. Sex-wise seroprevalence of CD was found to be higher in females (47.36%) than in males (35.41%), whereas age-wise seroprevalence was found to be higher in 6 to 12 months of age group (43.03%) than >12-24 months of age group (14.28%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was focused on comparing lateral flow assay (LFA) and one-step RT-PCR for detection of Canine distemper virus (CDV) in dogs. Total of 74 swab (38 nasal and 36 conjunctival) samples from 23 CD suspected dogs were collected. Detection of CDV was performed by LFA using quickVET Rapid test kit and molecular detection by one-step RT-PCR targeting N gene. Based on the test result, sensitivity and specificity were calculated. The prevalence of CD detected by LFA and RT-PCR were 69.56% and 73.91% respectively among dogs. All the dogs positive for CDV by LFA were also positive by RT-PCR, including one more dog. Comparative analysis of RT-PCR and LFA using sample-wise positivity revealed that relative sensitivity and specificity of LFA considering RT-PCR as the Gold standard test were 66.66% and 100%, while overall agreement between the two assays was 77.03%. For diagnosis of CD in dogs, RT-PCR proved to be a better test than LFA. However, the inherent advantages associated with field tests like LFA and its considerable sensitivity and specificity can be useful and adopted for field-level diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine distemper is a widespread disease affecting both domestic and wild carnivores. This investigation of the geographic distribution, wildlife species infected, and relative prevalence rates was conducted over an 11-yr period and helps to document the disease spread, most highly infected wildlife species, and histologic lesions. Animals were collected as found dead, hunter and trapper harvested, and euthanized for displaying signs of abnormal behavior or neurologic disease. This disease appeared to spread from the Lower Peninsula of Michigan into the Upper Peninsula, was most frequently documented in raccoons (Procyon lotor), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), but also involved additional wildlife species. Three unique wildlife virus strains were identified. Two of these grouped within a separate subclade of the America 2 lineage. A third strain appeared to be a unique sequence type that is not associated with any existing subclade of America 2. We recommend the combined use of routine histology and immunohistochemical staining to confirm the diagnosis, and further recommend that both the lungs and spleen be collected as the optimal tissues to utilize for surveillance purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs, as reservoir hosts, have been implicated in the decline of carnivore populations across the globe. We conducted a serosurvey of free-ranging dog populations to assess the population level exposure rates to three viral pathogens, canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus (CAV) in a Trans-Himalayan landscape in India that is home to the endangered Snow Leopard. A total of 97 dogs were sampled across six villages as a part of a surgical sterilization campaign during the study period. Samples were tested for IgG antibodies using a table top ELISA kit. Exposure rates to the three viral pathogens in the dog populations was high; 100% for CPV, 54% for CDV and 66% for CAV, with high positive immunoglobulin titer values for CAV and CPV, and low to moderate values for CDV. Overall conservation efforts for native carnivores need to address the role of free-ranging domestic dogs in disease transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine distemper (CD) caused by canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the major infectious diseases in minks, bringing serious economic losses to the mink breeding industry. By an integrated analysis of microRNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA), the present study analyzed the changes in the mink transcriptome upon CDV infection in mink lung epithelial cells (Mv. l. Lu cells) for the first time. A total of 4,734 differentially expressed mRNAs (2,691 upregulated and 2,043 downregulated) with |log2(FoldChange) |>1 and P-adj2 and P-adj

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Abstract Canine morbillivirus, also known as canine distemper virus (CDV), induces a contagious multisystemic disease caused by an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. CDV replicates readily in epithelial, nerve and lymphoid tissues; it is excreted in urine, feces, saliva, oral and nasal discharge; and its major route of entry for infection is through the respiratory system. Although the virus was originally believed to infect domestic dogs, new studies have shown that it can also naturally or experimentally infect non‐domestic hosts. A recent blood test performed on a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) found Lentz inclusions in the animal's leucocytes. A rapid CDV test, an RT‐PCR assay and pathology findings confirmed this report of canine morbillivirus in this species, which corresponds to the second report of CDV infection in the order Pilosa, family Myrmecophagidae in central west Brazil.

Canine distemper (CD) is a virulent disease caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV) in canines and mustelidaes with high mortality. The incidence of CDV is worldwide distribution and it has caused huge economic losses to multiple industries around the world. There are many studies investigating the prevalence of CD infection, but no comprehensive analysis of CDV infection in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs worldwide has therefore been carried out. The aim of this meta is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of CDV infection in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs dogs through a meta-analysis of articles published from around the world. Data from 8,582 small carnivores in 12 countries were used to calculate the combined prevalence of CD. A total of 22.6% (1,937/8,582) of minks, foxes and raccoon dogs tested positive for CD. The prevalence was higher in Asia (13.8, 95% CI: 22.2-45.6), especially in South Korea (65.8, 95% CI: 83.3-95.8). Our study found that the incidence of CD was also associated with geographic climate, population size, health status, and breeding patterns. CD is more commonly transmitted in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs. However, the concentrated breeding as an economic animal has led to an increase in the prevalence rate. The difference analysis study recommended that countries develop appropriate preventive and control measures based on the prevalence in the minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs industries, and that reducing stocking density is important to reduce the incidence of CDV. In addition, CDV is more common in winter, so vaccination in winter should be strengthened and expanded to reduce the incidence of CD in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Liang, Wang, Wang, Wang, Fan, Hu, Leng, Shi, Li, Gong and Du.)

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a fatal, highly contagious disease found in wild and domestic carnivores. Several outbreaks have occurred in wildlife in Italy in recent years. This study aims to detect CDV in wildlife following the increasing mortality of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the Emilia-Romagna region (northern Italy) observed in 2021. Sixty-seven foxes and one badger (Meles meles) were subjected to necropsy followed by histological examination and were analyzed with molecular techniques to detect the presence of CDV. Of the tested animals, 16% (nine foxes and one badger) were positive for CDV. Phylogenetic analysis showed two different lineages based on complete H gene sequences. The Europe/South America-1 lineage was detected in one fox from Modena, which resembled the CDV variant associated with a previous outbreak in northern Italy in 2018, while the European Wildlife lineage was detected in animals from the Rimini province. Amino acid analysis highlighted a Y549H mutation in all sequences collected, which is commonly associated with increased virulence.

This study was aimed to investigate the incidence of CD and CP viruses in Cairo, Egypt. In a private Vet. Clinic in Cairo, five local breed puppies of about 3-5 months of age were supposed to be infected with the virus of canine distemper (CDV) showing fever, runny nose, salivation and coughing. Another 6 German Shepard and 4 Gryphon puppies of about 6-9 months of age were suffered from fever and bloody diarrhea suspected to be infected with canine parvovirus (CPV). All of these puppies had no history of vaccination. Trials of virus segregation in Vero and MDCK cell lines and usage of virus neutralization test (VNT) using specific anti-CD and anti-CP sera revealed that 3 out of 5 nasal swabs were positive to CD virus and 3 out of 10 fecal swabs were positive to CPV. These results were confirmed by Rt-PCR showing positive amplification with CD and CP, respectively. So, we could say that VNT and Rt-PCR are essential assays to identify CD and CP viruses and puppy vaccination should not be neglected to protect them against such diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine morbillivirus (CDV) is a viral agent that infects domestic dogs and a vast array of wildlife species. It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, genus Morbillivirus, which is shared with the Measles virus (MeV). Both viruses employ orthologous cellular receptors, SLAM in mononuclear cells and Nectin-4 in epithelial cells, to enter the cells. Although CDV and MeV hemagglutinin (H) have similar functions in viral pathogenesis and cell tropism, the potential interaction of CDV-H protein with human cellular receptors is still uncertain. Considering that CDV is classified as a multi-host pathogen, the potential risk of CDV transmission to humans has not been fully discarded. In this study, we aimed to evaluate both in silico and in vitro, whether there is a cross-species transmission potential from CDV to humans. To accomplish this, the CDV-H protein belonging to the Colombian lineage was modelled. After model validations, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out between Colombian CDV-H protein and canine and human cellular receptors to determine different aspects of the protein–protein interactions. Moreover, cell lines expressing orthologous cellular receptors, with both reference and wild-type CDV strains, were conducted to determine the CDV cross-species transmission potential from an in vitro model. This in silico and in vitro approach suggests the possibility that CDV interacts with ortholog human SLAM (hSLAM) and human Nectin-4 receptors to infect human cell lines, which could imply a potential cross-species transmission of CDV from dogs to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine distemper is caused by canine distemper virus (CDV), a multisystemic infectious disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate in dogs. Nanotechnology represents a development opportunity for new molecules with antiviral effects that may become effective treatments in veterinary medicine. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in 207 CDV, naturally infected, mixed-breed dogs exhibiting clinical signs of the non-neurological and neurological phases of the disease. Group 1a included 52 dogs (experimental group) diagnosed with non-neurologic distemper treated with 3% oral and nasal AgNPs in addition to supportive therapy. Group 1b included 46 dogs (control group) diagnosed with non-neurological distemper treated with supportive therapy only. Group 2a included 58 dogs with clinical signs of neurological distemper treated with 3% oral and nasal AgNPs in addition to supportive therapy. Group 2b included 51 dogs (control group) diagnosed with clinical signs of neurological distemper treated with supportive therapy only. Efficacy was measured by the difference in survival rates: in Group 1a, the survival rate was 44/52 (84.6%), versus 7/46 in Group 1b (15.2%), while both showed clinical signs of non-neurological distemper. The survival rate of dogs with clinical signs of neurological distemper in Group 2a (38/58; 65.6%) was significantly higher than those in Control Group 2b (0/51; 0%). No adverse reactions were detected in experimental groups treated with AgNPs. AgNPs significantly improved survival in dogs with clinical signs of neurological and non-neurological distemper. The use of AgNPs in the treatment of neurological distemper led to a drastic increase in the proportion of dogs recovered without sequels compared to dogs treated without AgNPs. The evidence demonstrates that AgNP therapy can be considered as a targeted treatment in dogs severely affected by canine distemper virus.

Canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, is a highly contagious infectious agent causing a multisystemic, devastating disease in a broad range of host species, characterized by severe immunosuppression, encephalitis and pneumonia. The present study aimed at investigating pulmonary immune responses of CDV-infected dogs in situ using immunohistochemistry and whole transcriptome analyses by bulk RNA sequencing. Spatiotemporal analysis of phenotypic changes revealed pulmonary immune responses primarily driven by MHC-II+, Iba-1+ and CD204+ innate immune cells during acute and subacute infection phases, which paralleled pathologic lesion development and coincided with high viral loads in CDV-infected lungs. CD20+ B cell numbers initially declined, followed by lymphoid repopulation in the advanced disease phase. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated an increased expression of transcripts related to innate immunity, antiviral defense mechanisms, type I interferon responses and regulation of cell death in the lung of CDV-infected dogs. Molecular analyses also revealed disturbed cytokine responses with a pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization and impaired mucociliary defense in CDV-infected lungs. The exploratory study provides detailed data on CDV-related pulmonary immune responses, expanding the list of immunologic parameters potentially leading to viral elimination and virus-induced pulmonary immunopathology in canine distemper.

Abstract Background Canine distemper (CD) is an acute infectious disease with high morbidity rates caused by a highly contagious pathogen (Canine Morbillivirus, also known as canine distemper virus, CDV). CDV can infect a broad range of carnivores resulting in complex clinical signs. Currently, there is no effective method to treat for CDV infections. Favipiravir (T-705), a pyrazine derivative, was shown to be an effective antiviral drug against RNA viruses, acting on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). However, whether the T-705 has antiviral effects following CDV infection is unclear. Here, we investigated the antiviral effect of T-705 against CDV-3 and CDV-11 strains in Vero and DH82 cell lines. Results Our data demonstrated that T-705 significantly inhibited the replication of CDV-3 and CDV-11 in both Vero and DH82 cells at different concentrations, ranging from 2.441 μg/ml to 1250 μg/ml. Additionally, T-705 exhibited efficacious antiviral effects when administered at different time points after virus infection. Cytotoxicity tests showed a slight decline in viability in Vero cells after T-705 treatment, and no apparent cytotoxicity was detected in T-705 treated DH82 cells. Comparison of anti-CDV polyclonal serum only inhibition of CDV in supernatant, T-705 directly inhibited viral replication in cells, and indirectly reduced the amount of virions in supernatant. The combination application of T-705 and anti-CDV polyclonal serum exhibited a rapid and robust inhibition against virions in supernatant and virus replication in cells. Conclusions Our data strongly indicated that T-705 effectively inhibited viral replication following CDV infection in vitro, and could be a potential candidate for treatment for CD.

Abstract Seventy-two canine serum samples were analyzed for post-vaccination serum titers of rabies antibodies. The samples were divided into two groups: Group 1 dogs (n = 36) were imported dogs from the Russian Federation (n = 31) or Romania (n = 5), with a mean serum antibody titer value of 1.54 IU/mL. Group 2 dogs (n = 36) were Finnish dogs vaccinated in Finland, with a mean titer of 4.19 IU/mL. Altogether, 14 (39%) dogs (CI 95% 23–56) were without detectable antibodies (≤ 0.1 IU/mL) in Group 1, whereas in Group 2, all dogs had an antibody titer greater than 0.1 IU/mL. A statistically significant difference was observed between these groups when comparing the proportions of dogs with antibody levels less than or exceeding 0.5 IU/mL. In Group 1, 19 out of the 36 dogs (CI 95% 36–70) had serum titer values

A fatal disease outbreak occurred in palm civets in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala, a southern state of India. The disease killed about twenty animals in three localities of the district. Clinical signs were unnoticed and reported as "found dead" in field. Samples collected during post mortem were positive for canine distemper virus antigen using CDV antigen test kit. Consistently observed lesions consisted of severe pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis and gastroenteritis. Bacteriological culture and antigen detection tests for other infections such as rabies, canine and feline corona infection and parvo viral enteritis were negative. Though not a zoonotic pathogen, the disease has got animal health implications. Being a fatal and highly contagious disease, CDV could threaten their life and endanger the species and also pose a serious threat to the health of pets, stray dogs, zoo animals and wild animals facing species endangerment in the areas they inhabit. The potential of cross-species disease transmission between wildlife and domestic animals is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Although mustelids occur worldwide and include a wide range of species, little is known about the diseases affecting them. Mustelids have regularly been submitted for post mortem investigation in the framework of the program for general wildlife health surveillance in Switzerland, which has been in place for nearly 60 years. We performed a retrospective analysis of the necropsy reports on mustelids submitted to the diagnostic service of the University of Bern. The aims of this study were to present an overview of the causes of mortality and morbidity observed in these carnivores, to assess differences among species, to assess changes in disease detection over the study period, and to describe the pathology of selected diseases. Results Five hundred and sixty-six reports from 1958 to 2015 were analyzed. Most animals were stone martens (Martes foina, 46%) and badgers (Meles meles, 44%); the remaining species were polecats (Mustela putorius, 4.7%), pine martens (Martes martes, 2%), stoats (Mustela erminea, 1.4%), weasels (Mustela nivalis, 0.8%) and otters (Lutra lutra, 0.3%). Infectious diseases (n = 262) were frequent and were mostly bacterial or viral; non-infectious conditions (n = 169) were less common and were mostly traumatic or due to metabolic disorders. The most frequent diagnoses included distemper (75% were badgers), amyloidosis (96% were martens), bacterial respiratory infections (all mustelids), biting lice (badgers only) and pulmonary and gastro-intestinal helminths (all species). Less frequent diseases included histoplasmosis (badgers only), aspergillosis, toxoplasmosis, hepatozoonosis, and sarcoptic mange. Lesions due to infection with distemper virus were primarily appreciated in the respiratory tract and central nervous system; they presented species-specific characteristics such as necrosis in the ependyma in badgers and absence of syncytia in stone martens. Amyloidosis in martens was multisystemic in most cases and included both AA and AL amyloidosis; the main macroscopic change was severe splenomegaly. Conclusion Infectious diseases were the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality of mustelids, with marked species-specific differences. Lung and skin were the most commonly affected organs. Contagious diseases such as canine distemper, sarcoptic mange and rabies in mustelids showed a similar temporal pattern as in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), suggesting pathogen spillovers from foxes to mustelids.