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Rezafungin is a long-acting, intravenously administered echinocandin for the treatment of candidemia and invasive candidiasis (IC). Non-inferiority of rezafungin vs caspofungin for the treatment of adults with candidemia and/or IC was demonstrated in the Phase 3 ReSTORE study based on the primary endpoints of day 14 global cure and 30-day all-cause mortality. Here, an analysis of ReSTORE data evaluating efficacy outcomes by baseline Candida species is described. Susceptibility testing was performed for Candida species using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute reference broth microdilution method. There were 93 patients in the modified intent-to-treat population who received rezafungin; 94 received caspofungin. Baseline Candida species distribution was similar in the two treatment groups; C. albicans (occurring in 41.9% and 42.6% of patients in the rezafungin and caspofungin groups, respectively), C. glabrata (25.8% and 26.6%), and C. tropicalis (21.5% and 18.1%) were the most common pathogens. Rates of global cure and mycological eradication at day 14 and day 30 all-cause mortality by Candida species were comparable in the rezafungin and caspofungin treatment groups and did not appear to be impacted by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for either rezafungin or caspofungin. Two patients had baseline isolates with non-susceptible MIC values (both in the rezafungin group: one non-susceptible to rezafungin and one to caspofungin, classified as intermediate); both were candidemia-only patients in whom rezafungin treatment was successful based on the day 30 all-cause mortality endpoint. This analysis of ReSTORE demonstrated the efficacy of rezafungin for candidemia and IC in patients infected with a variety of Candida species.

The physical attributes of corn silage are enhanced by shredlage (SHR), while there is a rising interest in boosting its biological performance. This study aimed to assess and compare the impact of both the chopping method and different yeast strains on ensilage quality including the in vitro evaluation of corn silage. Both types of corn, including chopped and shredded, were harvested on the same day from the same field where the same corn hybrid (Suwan 5) was grown. Subsequently, whole-corn plants were fermented with additives. A 2 × 5 Factorial completely randomized design was employed, where factor A represents corn chopped (CON) and corn shredded (SHR), and factor B represents the additives: no additives, molasses + urea (M + U), M + U + Candida tropicalis KKU20, M + U + Pichia kudriavzevii KKU20, and M + U + saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results demonstrated that SHR fermentation with M + U and yeast significantly increased in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and organic matter degradability (IVOMD). Specifically, at 4 h post-incubation, the addition of Crabtree-negative yeast led to a 5.8% increase in total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) compared to the Crabtree-positive yeast group (P < 0.01). The C2 (acetic acid) + C4 (normal butyric acid and isobutyric acid): C3 (propionic acid) ratio showed a significant decrease without additives, but P. kudriavzevii KKU20 led to the highest ratio and methane production (P < 0.01). Based on this study, it could be concluded that SHR harvesting led to higher digestion efficiency in the rumen. The use of M + U + yeast also demonstrated uncertain effects on rumen fermentation efficiency, and the inclusion of P. kudriazevii KKU20 may potentially reduce rumen fermentation efficiency when used with corn silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluconazole-resistant clade 4 Candida tropicalis causing candidemia in humans has been detected in tropical/subtropical areas, including those in China, Singapore, and Australia. We analyzed 704 individual yeasts isolated from fruits, soil, water, and farmers at 80 orchards in Taiwan. The most common pathogenic yeast species among 251 isolates recovered from farmers were Candida albicans (14.7%) and C. parapsilosis (11.6%). In contrast, C. tropicalis (13.0%), C. palmioleophila (6.6%), and Pichia kudriavzevii (6.0%) were prevalent among 453 environmental isolates. Approximately 18.6% (11/59) of C. tropicalis from the environment were resistant to fluconazole, and 81.8% (9/11) of those belonged to the clade 4 genotype. C. tropicalis susceptibility to fluconazole correlated with susceptibilities to the agricultural azole fungicides, difenoconazole, tebuconazole, and triadimenol. Tandem gene duplications of mutated ERG11 contributed to azole resistance. Agriculture environments are a reservoir for azole-resistant C. tropicalis; discontinuing agricultural use of azoles might reduce emergence of azole-resistant Candida spp. strains in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Candida africana is an emergent variant that has been listed as a new species or variety within the Candida albicans complex since 2001. It has a worldwide intra-albicans complex pooled prevalence of 1.67% and varies between 0 and 8% depending on geographical region. We present the results of a pilot study on its prevalence in Uganda. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional study between March and June 2023. We recruited 4 pregnant women from Mulago Specialized Women and Neonatal Hospital, 102 from Kawempe National Referral Hospital, and 48 from Sebbi Hospital. Vaginal swabs were tested using microscopy, culture and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Results: The prevalence of C. africana was zero. Out of the 103 isolates, the majority (81.553%) were identified as Candida albicans, followed by Nakeseomyces glabrata (13.592%) and Pichia kudriavzevii (1.942%). Cyberlindnera jadinii, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis each accounted for 0.971% of the isolates. Conclusion: The prevalence of C. africana in Uganda is zero. However, large-scale cross-sectional studies, including studies involving the collection of vaginal samples from both urban and rural settings in Uganda and the use of both MALDI-TOF- and PCR-based laboratory methods, are needed to fully describe the public health burden of C. africana infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) is a zoonotic pathogen that is widespread in the environment and in recent years an increasing number of dairy cows have been infected with the fungus causing mastitis in cows.In this study, 37 milk samples from the udders of cows with clinical mastitis were collected from a dairy farm in Guangxi Province, China, from which C. tropicalis was isolated and identified, and then the isolated fungi were subjected to genome frame map sequencing, genome functional analysis as well as comparative genome analysis of the sequencing results, and combined with the virulence test of the fungi and drug sensitivity test of the fungi determined in infected mice, the resistance genes and pathogenicity of the fungi were Analysis of resistance genes and pathogenicity.Our study results revealed the isolation and characterisation of C. tropicalis from diseased cows, with a genome length of approximately 14.27 Mb. Functional annotation of the genome identified 4068 genes associated with C. tropicalis. The strain exhibited a chemoresistance mutation in the gene cyp51,a virulence-enhancing mutation in the gene VTC4, and mutations in genes linked to drug resistance. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that C. tropicalis could induce damage to the internal organs of mice, leading to different levels of cyanosis in the abdominal cavity, white necrotic foci on the surface of internal organs, lung hemorrhage, and enlargement of the spleen and thymus.Histological sections also revealed varying degrees of hemorrhage and degenerative changes in the cells of different organs in the mice. Drug sensitivity tests showed that the fungus was highly sensitive to nystatin and ketoconazole, moderately sensitive to amphotericin B, and insensitive to antibiotics such as itraconazole, gentamicin, and penicillin. In conclusion, C. tropicalis isolated from dairy cows in the Guangxi region in this study was pathogenic and resistant to azoles such as itraconazole and fluconazole, and this study provides a theoretical basis for the further screening of novel resistance genes in C. tropicalis, as well as providing a certain reference for the drugs used for the treatment of fungal cow mastitis in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To establish a rapid detection method for invasive candidiasis based on droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). Methods We developed an assay system using a microtitre-based digital PCR platform and designed primer probes specific for four Candida species, namely Candida albicans, Candida smoothii, Candida near-smoothii, and Candida tropicalis. (1) The Limit of Blank (LOB) range and positive judgment value were determined by analyzing No Template Control (NTC) samples. (2) The Limit of Detection (LOD) range was determined by diluting positive samples with 10 replicate extractions at each concentration gradient. (3) The Linear Limit of Quantitation (LOQ) range was determined by repetitive testing of diluted samples. (4) The linear range limit was determined through gradient dilution of the positive samples. (5) The coefficient of variation (CV), calculated from the logarithmic values of the resultant concentrations, was assessed by extracting and testing positive samples in 12 repetitions at both high and low concentrations. (6) Method reliability was evaluated by calculating the CV from the logarithmic values of the resultant concentrations obtained from clinical samples with fungal culture results. Results The ddPCR assay detected Candida LOB at a range of 0 ~ 81 copies/mL, with a positive threshold set at 5 3 positive microdroplets. The LOD and LOQ were determined to be 3 x 10² copies/mL. The linear range for detecting different concentration gradients was found to be between 3 x 10² and 3 x 107 copies/mL, with high correlation coefficients observed for Candida albicans (R² = 0.999 5), Candida smoothii (R² = 0.998 9 ), Candida near-smoothii (R² = 0.999 4), and Candida tropicalis (R² = 0.999). Additionally, the coefficient of variation for the resultant concentration logarithmic values was less than 5%, meeting precision requirements. Furthermore, preliminary validation using clinical specimens demonstrated consistent results compared to clinical culture findings. Conclusion ddPCR exhibits rapidity, high sensitivity, good repeatability, and high specificity in detecting invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients. This study highlights the potential value of droplet digital PCR as a diagnostic tool for invasive candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, novel Schiff base, PTIEO and PABHP were synthesized using Phenyl Glyoxal as a major constituent and their structures were elucidated through modern spectroscopic techniques. Antioxidant assays were performed using DPPH and ABTS assays. Further, PTIEO and PABHP were subjected to in vitro biological evaluations against ESKAP pathogens. This investigation revealed significant antibacterial activity of both compounds, with MIC below 64 μg mL−1 against Staphylococcus aureus and 64 μg mL−1 against Acinetobacter baummanii. In molecular docking studies, PTIEO shows enhanced binding energy with Acinetobacter baumannii bacterial protein Diaminopimelate epimerase at −7.45 Kcal mol−1, while PABHP exhibited −8.32 Kcal mol−1 binding energy with NADH‐dependent enoyl‐ACP reductase. Additionally, PTIEO and PABHP demonstrated good binding energy with Sortase‐A of Staphylococcus aureus at −7.59 Kcal mol−1 and −8.75 Kcal mol−1, respectively. Moreover, antifungal capabilities of these compounds were evaluated against pathogenic fungi Candida Albicans, Candida Parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis, highlighting their broad‐spectrum antimicrobial properties. Moreover, PABHP displayed cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 23.50 μg mL−1, suggesting its safer administration. ADMET calculations were also performed to demonstrate their effectiveness. Overall, these experiments attribute to the significant therapeutic behavior of Schiff bases as comprehensive biomedical agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presenting with cardiac tamponade is a rare cardiac manifestation, Candida pericardial effusion is a very rare entity in clinical settings especially in developing world where tuberculosis is the frequent cause of pericardial effusion, Fungal diseases suspicion arises in the setting of immune suppression like malignancy, diabetes, Steroid treatment and HIV etc, Our case is one such rare event where a treatment naïve young female presented with cardiac tamponade in high disease activity of SLE with superimposed Candida infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin injury affects the integrity of the skin structure and induces the wound healing process, which is defined by a well-coordinated series of cellular and molecular reactions that aim to recover or replace the injured tissue. Hydrogels are a group of promising biomaterials that are able to incorporate active ingredients for use as dressings. This study aimed to synthesize hydrogels with and without propolis extract and evaluate their physical characteristics and biological activities in vitro for potential use as active dressings in the treatment of skin lesions. Methods: The antifungal [Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis)] and antibacterial [Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosas (P. aeruginosas) and Escherichia coli (E. coli)] activity was assessed by the microdilution method in plates and antioxidant potential by the reduction of the phosphomolybdate complex. Results: The hydrogels showed good water absorption capacity, high solubility, and high gel fraction, as well as good porosity, water retention, and vapor transmission rates. They revealed a totally amorphous structure. The extract and the hydrogels containing the propolis extract (1.0% and 2.5%) did not inhibit fungal growth. However, they showed antibacterial activity against strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosas. Regarding the E. coli strain, only the extract inhibited its growth. It showed good antioxidant activity by the evaluation method used. Conclusions: Therefore, the hydrogels containing propolis extract can be a promising alternative with antibacterial and antioxidant action for use as dressings for the treatment of skin lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economically feasible ethanol production requires efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and high–temperature processing to enable simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. During the lignocellulolysic hydrolysate, the yeast must encounter with a multiple of inhibitors such as heat and furfural. To solve this problem, a potential fermentative yeast strain that tolerated simultaneous multistress and enhance ethanol concentration was investigated. Twenty yeast isolates were classified into two major yeast species, namely Pichia kudriavzevii (twelve isolates) and Candida tropicalis (eight isolates). All P. kudriavzevii isolates were able to grow at high temperature (45 °C) and exhibited stress tolerance toward furfural. Among P. kudriavzevii isolates, NUCG–S3 presented the highest specific growth rate under each stress condition of heat and furfural, and multistress. Morphological changes in P. kudriavzevii isolates (NUCG–S2, NUCG–S3, NUKL–P1, NUKL–P3, and NUOR–J1) showed alteration in mean cell length and width compared to the non–stress condition. Ethanol production by glucose was also determined. The yeast strain, NUCG–S3, gave the highest ethanol concentrations at 99.46 ± 0.82, 62.23 ± 0.96, and 65.80 ± 0.62 g/l (P < 0.05) under temperature of 30 °C, 40 °C, and 42 °C, respectively. The tolerant isolated yeast NUCG–S3 achieved ethanol production of 53.58 ± 3.36 and 48.06 ± 3.31 g/l (P < 0.05) in the presence of 15 mM furfural and multistress (42 °C with 15 mM furfural), respectively. Based on the results of the present study, the novel thermos and furfural-tolerant yeast strain P. kudriavzevii NUCG–S3 showed promise as a highly proficient yeast for high–temperature ethanol fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are the most common causes of foodborne illness. Candida tropicalis is also found in the faeces of chronic diarrhoea patients. Biofilms can form on the surfaces of living or inanimate objects. Biofilm formation contributes to various infections and makes their eradication difficult. The Nephelium mutabile plant is known to have active substances that are antibacterial, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, and anti-carcinogenic. The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of Nephelium mutabile leaf extract in inhibiting biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida tropicalis. This study used a Completely Randomized Design [CRD] with two sample groups: the sample group with the addition of Nephelium mutabile extract before biofilm formation and the group sample without any treatment. The concentration of Nephelium mutabileleaf extract for the biofilm inhibition test was 25%. Distilled water is used for negative control. Nephelium mutabile extract was most effective in inhibiting the formation of a Candida tropicalis biofilm [92.24%], and the lowest effectiveness inhibited the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm [35.76%]. Nephelium mutabile leaf extract has the potential to be an antibiofilm for bacteria and fungi [Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida tropicalis]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aimed to develop and evaluate hydrogels containing a cyclodextrin complex with clove essential oil and other free volatile oils with antimicrobial properties (tea tree and rosemary essential oils), focusing on their pharmaco-technical and rheological characteristics. The formulations varied in the Carbopol 940 (a hydrophilic polymer) and volatile oils' concentrations. Rheological analysis indicated that the gels displayed pseudoplastic behavior, with the flow index (n) values below 1, ensuring appropriate consistency and handling. The results showed that increasing the Carbopol concentration significantly enhanced the yield stress, consistency index, and viscosity, with gel B, containing 1% Carbopol, 1.5% tea tree essential oil, and 1.5% rosemary essential oil, demonstrating optimal stability and rheological properties. At the same time, the concentration of volatile oils was found to modulate the gels' flow parameters, but their effect was less pronounced than that of the gel-forming polymer. Antimicrobial testing revealed that both gel B and gel E (containing 1% Carbopol, 2% tea tree essential oil, and 2% rosemary essential oil) exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida spp., with gel E showing superior efficacy against Candida tropicalis. The antimicrobial effects were likely influenced by the higher concentrations of tea tree and rosemary essential oils in gel E. Overall, the study demonstrates that the concentration of Carbopol 940 primarily determines the gel's rheological behavior, while volatile oil concentration modulates antimicrobial effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioethanol production from agro-food industry waste is one of the suitable alternatives to fossil fuels. In this study, six agro-food wastes were evaluated to select those with a high concentration of starch or fermentable sugars for bioethanol processing. Yeast's ability to produce biofuels by fermentation is affected by temperature. In this study, thermotolerant yeasts, obtained from natural sources in Algeria (soil and agro-food waste), were selected for their capacity to produce and tolerate bioethanol. Three wastes were selected, two of which had significant starch content. In order to get fermentable sugars, these wastes underwent chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. The selected yeasts were identified by morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. Enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of whole potato and durum wheat bran released (190 g/L and 130 g/L) and (138.40 g/L and 90.03 g/L) reducing sugars, respectively. Among the isolated strains, three were found to be able to produce bioethanol, namely Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These strains were identical to those stored in the data bank with 99%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. In addition, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis exhibited an ethanol tolerance of up to 14%, while S. cerevisiae tolerates up to 15%. Interestingly, enzymatic hydrolysis–treated potatoes produced a considerable amount of bioethanol after 48 h of fermentation by S. cerevisiae (7.525% (v/v)), C. glabrata (6.80% (v/v)), and C. tropicalis (4.50% (v/v)). Taken together, our findings suggest that S. cerevisiae and whole potato waste could be considered good candidates for industrial bioethanol production at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Japanese male in his 30s with no underlying medical condition presented with painless nodules after being bitten by a dog during a stay in Bali, Indonesia, 7 years earlier. He was referred to our department with multiple ulcers, nodules, and masses on the right leg. The final diagnosis was mycetoma caused by Nocardia vulneris, which may have been exacerbated by colonization of Candida parapsilosis and C. tropicalis as these yeasts were isolated by culture from the tissue. Treatment with minocycline hydrochloride and sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim showed partial efficacy, but the addition of posaconazole achieved significant efficacy. This suggests that the surmised coexistence of pathogenic yeasts of lower virulency may have made mycetoma in this case intractable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida species are opportunistic fungal pathogens commonly found in clinical settings, causing a spectrum of infections known as candidiasis. The virulence of these organisms is multifunctional, involving attributes such as adhesion, biofilm formation, secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and evasion of host immune responses. Evaluating the Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species isolated in different clinical samples and their in vitro antifungal susceptibity profile. This was a 1 years prospective observational study conducted in the Department of Microbiology at Integral Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Lucknow. The sample size of this study was 1130. Culture identification, specification, antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted in Microbiology Department according to the CLSI guidelines. Out of 1130 different samples, 67.5% (652) were culture positive, among them only 21.1% (138) were Candida isolates. Out of which 53(38.4%) were Candida albicans, while 85(61.6%) were Non-Candida albicans. Among Non-Candida albicans, the frequency of Candida tropicalis was 58 (68.2%). Maximum number of Non-Candida albicans were isolated from Urine samples (44.7%) followed by Vaginal swab(22.3%) and sputum(20%) While frequency of C.albicans was found more in Sputum sample (39.6%), followed by urine (24.5%), Vaginal swab (22.6%). It was observed that 112(53.5%) Candida isolates shows biofilm production, While Phospholipidase enzymes production were observed in only 21(10.04%) of Candida isolates. It was observed that the maximum sensitivity was observed in Amphotericin-B(95%), followed by Voriconazole(85%) and itraconazole(49.2%). In conclusion, characterization of virulence factors in Candida species isolated from various clinical specimens provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis and clinical outcomes of candidiasis. Continued research efforts are essential to address the evolving challenges posed by Candida infections and improve patient outcomes in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reptiles in the wild or as pets may act as spreaders of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. However, studies on the mycobiota of these animals are scanty. This study investigates the occurrence of yeasts from the cloacal swabs of snakes of different origins and the antifungal profile of the isolated strains. A total of 180 cloacal samples of snakes were collected from Morocco (Group I: n = 68) and Italy (Group II: n = 112). Yeast species were biochemically and molecularly identified. A total of 72 yeast strains belonging to 13 genera, 8 from snakes in Group I and five from snakes in Group II were identified. The most frequently isolated species were Trichosporon asahii (22.2%) and Candida tropicalis (15.3%) from snakes in Group I and Debaryomyces spp. (16.7%) and Metahyphopichia silvanorum (11.1%) from snakes in Group II. Multiple azole and amphotericin B (AmB) resistance phenomena were detected among isolated yeasts. Azole multi drug resistance phenomena were detected among yeasts from Group I and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa from Group II, whereas AmB resistance phenomena among those from Group II. Data suggest that snakes may harbor pathogenetic yeasts, being potential reservoirs and spreaders of these organisms in the environment. Since the yeast species community from different groups of animals as well as their antifungal profile reflects the epidemiology of human yeast infections in the same geographical areas, the results indicate that snakes may be considered as sentinels for human/animal pathogenic microorganisms and bio-indicators of environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the phenol degradation capabilities and oxidative stress responses of Candida tropicalis SHC-03, demonstrating its metabolic superiority and resilience compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 in a culture medium with phenol as the sole carbon source. Through comparative growth, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses under different phenol concentrations, this study revealed C. tropicalis SHC-03's specialized adaptations for thriving in phenol as the sole carbon source environments. These include a strategic shift from carbohydrate metabolism to enhanced phenol degradation pathways, highlighted by the significant upregulation of genes for Phenol 2-monoxygenase and Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. Despite phenol levels reaching 1.8 g/L, C. tropicalis exhibits a robust oxidative stress response, efficiently managing ROS through antioxidative pathways and the upregulation of genes for peroxisomal proteins like PEX2, PEX13, and PMP34. Concurrently, there was significant upregulation of genes associated with membrane components and transmembrane transporters, enhancing the cell's capacity for substance exchange and signal transduction. Especially, when the phenol concentration was 1.6 g/L and 1.8 g/L, the degradation rates of C. tropicalis towards it were 99.47 and 95.91%, respectively. Conversely, S. cerevisiae BY4742 shows limited metabolic response, with pronounced growth inhibition and lack of phenol degradation. Therefore, our study not only sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underpinning phenol tolerance and degradation in C. tropicalis but also positions this yeast as a promising candidate for environmental and industrial processes aimed at mitigating phenol pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection predominantly caused by Candida species, which can manifest in immunocompromised individuals such as those with aplastic anemia. Aplastic anemia, characterized by bone marrow failure, significantly increases susceptibility to infections, with fungal infections being a leading cause of mortality. Oral candidiasis is one of the most common manifestations, and it typically presents as white pseudomembranes. However, atypical presentations can occur. We report a case of a 26-year-old male with aplastic anemia who presented with general weakness, fever, and painful swallowing. On examination, a blackish plaque was observed on his palate. Laboratory tests, including palatal tissue smear, histological examination, and culture, confirmed an infection of Candida tropicalis. This unusual blackish manifestation of oral candidiasis, resembling mucormycosis, has not been previously described in the literature. The patient was treated with intravenous fluconazole, leading to complete resolution of the oral lesions within 11 days. Through this case, we underscore the importance of recognizing atypical presentations of common infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients, and highlight the need for thorough diagnostic evaluation to guide appropriate antifungal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The examination of Salvia verticillata extract encompassed an exploration of its anti-Candida properties, phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and the quantification of total tannins. The use of ethanol as a solvent yielded the highest extraction efficiency at 26.1%. The plant exhibited a substantial tannin content of 6.5 mg/kg, signifying a noteworthy concentration. The inhibitory zones against Candida tropicalis reached a minimum diameter of 17.6 mm, while Candida guilliermondii displayed the most significant inhibition with a zone diameter of 21.8 mm. The minor inhibitory concentration (MIC) findings for all Candida species ranged from 6.25 to 12.5 g/ml. In the case of Candida guilliermondii, the synthetic antifungal activity FLU/25 demonstrated a maximal inhibition zone measuring 39.30 mm. Additionally, the maximum antioxidant activity, recorded at 0.3 ml, reached a value of 98.65. Phytochemical screening unveiled elevated concentrations of phenols and flavonoids, with malic acid (1901.1 g/g), hesperidin (302.4 g/g), and rosmarinic acid (30619.93 g/g) all experiencing an increase in concentration. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the diverse bioactive components and properties associated with Salvia verticillata extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Oral candidiasis is one of the most common infections affecting the mucosal surfaces and skin, specifically involving the oral mucosa. This disease is primarily caused by various species of Candida, including Candida albicans. Current treatments with polyene and azole antifungal drugs can affect patient cells, and there are also several limitations in treating fungal infections. These limitations include the shortage and high cost of antifungal drugs, their side effects, and the increasing resistance to azole drugs among Candida species. Given these challenges, researchers are exploring new antifungal drugs, particularly heterocyclic compounds. Heterocyclic compounds are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Thiazolidinone derivatives can weaken the fungal and bacterial resistance caused by many antibiotics and drugs. Additionally, oxindoles show significant pharmacological and biological activity. Given these factors and the notable biological properties of thiazolidinones and oxindoles, their potential for developing new antifungal drugs has gained interest among researchers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of synthetic indole-hydrazono-thiazolidinones on Candida isolates obtained from oral infections. Materials and methods: Antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted on 100 clinical isolates of Candida, including 53 Candida albicans isolates, 22 Candida tropicalis isolates, 17 Candida parapsilosis isolates, and 8 Candida glabrata isolates. The susceptibility of these isolates to 4a and 4b indole-hydrazonothiazolidinone derivatives and nystatin was assessed using the broth microdilution method, based on CLSIM27S4 guidelines for determining drug sensitivity in yeasts. Species identification was performed using phenotypic chrome agar and genetic PCR-RFLP methods. The compounds and antifungal drugs were tested at a dilution range of 0.016–16 μg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the concentration that resulted in at least 50% inhibition of growth compared to the positive control group. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software, with a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The results showed a significant difference in MIC values between the indole-hydrazonothiazolidinone derivatives 4a and 4b, and nystatin against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis. There was also a significant difference in the average MIC values of the derivatives. However, no significant difference was observed in MIC values between these derivatives and nystatin against Candida glabrata. Conclusion: The antifungal activity of the indole-hydrazono-thiazolidinone derivatives was lower than that of nystatin against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis. However, the activity against Candida glabrata was comparable to that of nystatin. Further studies on the cytotoxicity and side effects of these derivatives may pave the way for the development of new antifungal drugs and treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histone acetyltransferase inhibitors (HATi) are mechanism-based inhibitors that show promise in the treatment of several illnesses, including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. The work emphasizes the significance of HATi as a possible treatment strategy against Candida species biofilms. Here, in this study, we found that combining a HATi, anacardic acid (AA), and quercetin, a known flavonoid, significantly prevented biofilm formation by C. tropicalis. We further show that C. tropicalis exhibited a considerable downregulation of drug-resistance gene expression (CDR1 and MDR1) when co-administrated. Additionally, in silico studies revealed that the AA interacts strongly with a histone acetyltransferase, Rtt109, which may account for the observed biofilm inhibitory effect. In conclusion, the study illustrates how HATi may be used to potentiate the inhibitory action of phytoactives or antifungals against drug-resistant yeast infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antioxidant properties, in addition to the chemical constituents of Satureja graeca L. ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions using HPLC-DAD analysis, phenolic compound detection was established. Six in vitro assays (DPPH, ABTS, β-carotene, O2•-, CUPRAC, and Reducing power) were employed to assess the antioxidant capacities. In order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of both extracts against six bacterial strains and two fungi, the serial micro-dilution method was used. According to analysis, the extracts' main phenolic components were chlorogenic acid, rutin, ellagic acid, vanillin, and caffeic acid. Both fractions revealed high antioxidant capacities at different levels in all assays and they showed a strong antimicrobial activity against all tested strains as MIC came out to be 0.3-10 mg/ml. However, ethyl acetate fraction exerted important effect compared to that of n-butanol fraction on Enterococcus faecalis ATCC19433 (1.2 and 2.5 mg/mL), Candida albicans ATCC10239 (2.5 and 10 mg/mL) and Candida tropicalis RSKK 665 (2.5 and 5 mg/mL). Furthermore, ethyl acetate fraction showed a significant antibiofilm activity against C. tropicalis RSKK 665 (41.9%) and C. albicans ATCC 10239 (38.6%) at 2.5 mg/mL. These findings suggest that Satureja graeca L. can be used in food and may be a promising therapeutic agent for treating a wide range of disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains capable of transporting and fermenting cellobiose directly is a promising strategy for second-generation ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we cloned and expressed in the S. cerevisiae CEN.PK2-1C strain an intracellular β-glucosidase (SpBGL7) from Spathaspora passalidarum and co-expressed the cellobiose transporter SiHXT2.4 from Scheffersomyces illinoinensis, and two putative transporters, one from Candida tropicalis (CtCBT1 gene), and one from Meyerozyma guilliermondii (MgCBT2 gene). While all three transporters allowed cell growth on cellobiose, only the MgCBT2 permease allowed cellobiose fermentation, although cellobiose consumption was incomplete. The analysis of the β-glucosidase and transport activities revealed that the cells stopped consuming cellobiose due to a drop in the transport activity. Since ubiquitinylation of lysine residues at the N- or C-terminal domains of the permease are involved in the endocytosis and degradation of sugar transporters, we constructed truncated versions of the permease lacking lysine residues at the C-terminal domain (MgCBT2ΔC), and at both the C- and N-terminal domain (MgCBT2ΔNΔC) and co-expressed these permeases with the SpBGL7 β-glucosidase in an industrial strain. While the strain harboring the MgCBT2ΔC transporter continued to produce incomplete cellobiose fermentations as the wild-type MgCBT2 permease, the strain with the MgCBT2ΔNΔC permease was able to consume and ferment all the cellobiose present in the medium. Thus, our results highlight the importance of expressing cellobiose transporters lacking lysine at the N- and C-terminal domains for efficient cellobiose fermentation by recombinant S. cerevisiae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective is to provide crucial epidemiological insights that may aid in early clinical intervention and judicious deployment of antifungal therapies. Methods: This retrospective analysis analyses data on 182 different Candida strains with positive clinical blood cultures obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory of Suining Central Hospital over a period of nine consecutive years. The study involved identification of Candida species and assessment of resistance patterns to fungal drugs. Results: Our analysis revealed that the median age of patients diagnosed with Candidaemia from the 182 strains was 62 years, with a distribution of 63.7% females and 36.3% males. Within the cohort of 182 Candida strains, Candida albicans constituted 32.4%, while non-albicans Candida species comprised 67.6% of the cases. Specifically, Candida tropicalis represented 37.4%, Candida glabrata 12.1%, Candida parapsilosis 11.0%,Candida guilliermondii 3.8%, and both Candida krusei and Candida Dublin accounted for 1.6% each. These Candida species were predominantly identified in intensive care units (ICU), hematology, gastroenterology, neurology centers, and endocrine metabolism units. Conclusion: The findings of this investigation suggest a shift in the prevalence of non-Candida albicans species, notably C. tropicalis, as the predominant cause of Candidaemia at Suining Central Hospital, surpassing C. albicans. Although instances of antifungal resistance are infrequent, there has been a notable rise in resistance to azoles. This study provides important insights into the local epidemiology, which will be essential for informing the selection of empirical antifungal therapy and contributing to the global surveillance of antifungal resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the efficiency of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology in treating wastewater contaminated with tetracycline (TC), a common antibiotic. AGS was cultivated under a TC pressure gradient ranging from 5 mg/L to 15 mg/L and compared with conventional wastewater conditions. The results demonstrated that AGS achieved high removal efficiencies and exhibited robust sedimentation performance, with significant differences in average particle sizes observed under both conditions (618.6 μm in TC conditions vs. 456.4 μm in conventional conditions). Importantly, exposure to TC was found to alter the composition and production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), thereby enhancing the structural integrity and functional stability of the AGS. Additionally, the selective pressure of TC induced shifts in the microbial community composition; Rhodanobacter played a crucial role in EPS production and biological aggregation, enhancing the structural integrity and metabolic stability of AGS, while Candida tropicalis demonstrated remarkable resilience and efficiency in nutrient removal under stressful environmental conditions. These findings underscore the potential of AGS technology as a promising solution for advancing wastewater treatment methods, thus contributing to environmental protection and sustainability amid growing concerns over antibiotic contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Daniellia oliveri Rolfe is a well-known plant of Fabaceae family whose previous phytochemical and pharmacological studies led to the identification of triterpenoid, phenol, anthraquinone oxalate with antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities. This study aimed to investigate chemical constituents and evaluate the antimicrobial potency of the root of D. oliveri. Methods: The methanol extract of the root barks of D. oliveri was subjected to silica gel chromatographic separation. The structures of the isolated compounds (1 - 9) were determined by analyzing their spectrometric and spectroscopic spectra. Single-crystal-Xray analysis was used to establish the absolute skeletal structure of compound 1. Crude extract, fractions and compounds were investigated against four bacteria vis Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853, Escherichia coli 5, Staphylococcus aureus 25923 and Streptococcus sp. 9619 and, two yeast vis Candida albicans 14053 and Candida tropicalis 018 using broth microdilution method. Results: The phytochemical prospection of the methanol extract of D. oliveri allowed the isolation of a naturally crystallized diterpenoid type furolabdane: polyalthic acid 1, as well as eight amorphous compounds (2 - 9). Among the tested samples, the crude extract, fractions and compounds selectively showed inhibitory effects against the tested microorganisms with MIC values ranging from 4 to 1024 μg/mL. Fraction D1 and compounds 1, 4, 7, 8 and 9 exhibited the broadest antimicrobial effects among fractions and compounds while D5 and compound 1 showed the best activity with MIC values of 16 and 4 μg/mL respectively against E. coli which appeared to be the most sensitive strain. Conclusion: Polyaltic acid (1) showed the best activity with significant MIC value of 4 μg/mL identical to that of ceftazidine against E. coli. The MIC values of the active compounds 1, 4 and 7 are comparable to those of ceftazidime. Then, these compounds from natural origin, could serve as markers in the standardization of Daniellia plant as phytomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A co-substrate model of Candida tropicalis TISTR 5306 cultivated in 10 - 100 g/L xylose and 1 - 10 g/L glucose at the ratio of 10:1 was developed based in part on modified Monod equation. The kinetic parameters include substrate limitation as well as substrate and product inhibitions with inclusion of threshold values. A general good fitting with average RSS total , R 2 , and MS total values of 162, 0.979, and 10.8, respectively, was achieved between ten simulated profiles and experimental kinetics data. The implementation of developed model on xylitol production from non-detoxified corncob hemicellulosic hydrolysate resulted in relatively good agreement with RSS total , R 2 , and MS total values of 368, 0.988, and 24.5, respectively. The developed model can be applied to predict microbial behavior in batch xylitol production system using hemicellulosic hydrolysate over a xylose range of 10 - 100 g/L and provide useful information for subsequent design of fed-batch and continuous systems to achieve the efficient sustainable resource management of this agricultural and agro-industrial waste.

Background and purpose: Oral candidiasis is one of the most common infections affecting the mucosal surfaces and skin, specifically involving the oral mucosa. This disease is primarily caused by various species of Candida, including Candida albicans. Current treatments with polyene and azole antifungal drugs can affect patient cells, and there are also several limitations in treating fungal infections. These limitations include the shortage and high cost of antifungal drugs, their side effects, and the increasing resistance to azole drugs among Candida species. Given these challenges, researchers are exploring new antifungal drugs, particularly heterocyclic compounds. Heterocyclic compounds are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Thiazolidinone derivatives can weaken the fungal and bacterial resistance caused by many antibiotics and drugs. Additionally, oxindoles show significant pharmacological and biological activity. Given these factors and the notable biological properties of thiazolidinones and oxindoles, their potential for developing new antifungal drugs has gained interest among researchers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of synthetic indole-hydrazono-thiazolidinones on Candida isolates obtained from oral infections. Materials and methods: Antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted on 100 clinical isolates of Candida, including 53 Candida albicans isolates, 22 Candida tropicalis isolates, 17 Candida parapsilosis isolates, and 8 Candida glabrata isolates. The susceptibility of these isolates to 4a and 4b indole-hydrazono-thiazolidinone derivatives and nystatin was assessed using the broth microdilution method, based on CLSI-M27S4 guidelines for determining drug sensitivity in yeasts. Species identification was performed using phenotypic chrome agar and genetic PCR-RFLP methods. The compounds and antifungal drugs were tested at a dilution range of 0.016–16 μg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the concentration that resulted in at least 50% inhibition of growth compared to the positive control group. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software, with a significance level of P

The impact of Candida sp. in the development of oral cancer remains uncertain and requires sensitive analytical approaches for clarification. Given the invasive capabilities of these microorganisms in penetrating and invading host tissues through hyphal invasion, this study sought to detect the presence of five Candida sp. in oral biopsy tissue samples from non-smoker patients. Samples were obtained from patients at varying stages of oral carcinogenesis, including dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, OSCC, and histologically benign lesions, and analyzed using Real-Time PCR. Oral tissue samples from 80 patients (46 males and 34 females) were included. Significantly higher C. albicans presence was detected in the mild/moderate dysplasia group compared to the healthy (p = 0.001), carcinoma in situ (p = 0.031) and OSCC groups (p = 0.000). Similarly, C. tropicalis carriage was higher in tissues with mild/moderate dysplasia compared to healthy (p = 0.004) and carcinoma in situ (p = 0.019). Our results showed a significant increase in the presence of C. albicans and C. tropicalis within the mild/moderate dysplasia group compared to other cohorts. Coexistence of these two microorganisms was observed, suggesting a potential transition from a commensal state to an opportunistic pathogen, which could be particularly linked to the onset of oral neoplasia.

A tremendous amount of recent work has been done on different metal oxide nanomaterials for biological activities and photocatalytic dye degradation. This work used the Cissus quadrangularis leaf extract to prepare TiO2, CdO, Mn2O3, and ZnO nanoparticles using a green synthesis approach. To ascertain the physicochemical characteristics of the generated metal oxide nanoparticles, various characterisation techniques were used. The X-ray diffraction technique was used to determine the composition of the crystal and phase. Metal oxide nanoparticles have been proven to be present through surface morphological investigations using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. UV–Vis and Fourier transform infrared spectra were used for spectroscopic analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy can determine a material's elemental composition in addition to the electronic and chemical states of its atoms. The nanomaterial's distinct morphology, which resembles rods, rose petals, platelets, and spheres, was discovered by scanning electron microscope. Synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles have demonstrated a remarkable efficiency of 87.5–90.6% when utilized as a catalyst towards the removal of the malachite green dye under UV light irradiation. Additionally, we use the disc diffusion method to assess antibiotic efficacy against Bacillus subtilis, Candida tropicalis, and Escherichia coli. ZnO nanoparticles had the greatest zones of inhibition for 80 μL doses, measuring 26.99 mm for Bacillus subtilis, 27.57 mm for Escherichia coli, and 25.28 mm for Candida tropicalis. The antimicrobial activity was strongly impacted by the size of the nanoparticles and increased with decreasing particle size. Overall, our research demonstrates that metal oxide nanoparticles are a promising photocatalytic agent for wastewater treatment and biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There is increasing evidence that gut fungi dysbiosis plays a crucial role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). It has been reported that gut fungi exacerbate the severity of CRC by regulating tumor immunity. Our previous studies have shown that the opportunistic pathogenic fungal pathogen, Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) promotes CRC progression by enhancing the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs and activating the NLRP3 inflammasome of MDSCs. However, the relationship between IL-1β produced by NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs enhanced by C. tropicalis in CRC remains unclear. Methods The TCGA database was used to analyze the relationship between IL-1β and genes related to immunosuppressive function of MDSCs in human CRC. The expression of IL-1β in human CRC tissues was detected by immunofluorescence staining. The proteomic analysis was performed on the culture supernatant of C. tropicalis-stimulated MDSCs. The experiments of supplementing and blocking IL-1β as well as inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation were conducted. A mouse colon cancer xenograft model was established by using MC38 colon cancer cell line. Results Analysis of CRC clinical samples showed that the high expression of IL-1β was closely related to the immunosuppressive function of tumor-infiltrated MDSCs. The results of in vitro experiments revealed that IL-1β was the most secreted cytokine of MDSCs stimulated by C. tropicalis. In vitro supplementation of IL-1β further enhanced the immunosuppressive function of C. tropicalis-stimulated MDSCs and NLRP3-IL-1β axis mediated the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs enhanced by C. tropicalis. Finally, blockade of IL-1β secreted by MDSCs augmented antitumor immunity and mitigated C. tropicalis-associated colon cancer. Conclusions C. tropicalis promotes excessive secretion of IL-1β from MDSCs via the NLRP3 inflammasome. IL-1β further enhances the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs to inhibit antitumor immunity, thus promoting the progression of CRC. Therefore, targeting IL-1β secreted by MDSCs may be a potential immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of CRC.

Introduction: Evidence suggests that the dietary intake of Candida tropicalisZD-3 (ZD-3) has various health benefits, but the treatment mechanisms and effects remain unclear. The aim of this study investigates the effect of ZD-3 on reducing fat deposition in broilers and the underlying mechanism. Methods: 180 one-day-old, yellow-feathered broilers were randomly divided into three groups: control (CON) group fed a basal diet, an active Candida tropicalis ZD-3 (ZD) group supplemented with ZD, and a heat-inactivated Candida tropicalis ZD-3 (HZD) group supplemented with HZD. The experiment lasted for 28 d. Results: The ZD and HZD treatments significantly reduced the abdominal fat index (p < 0.05), decreased TG levels in serum and liver (p < 0.05), altered the ileal microbial composition by reducing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio. Additionally, the ZD and HZD treatments reduced liver cholesterol by decreasing ileal FXR-FGF19 signaling and increasing liver FXR-SHP signaling (p < 0.05). The ZD and HZD treatments also changed liver PC and TG classes lipid composition, regulating liver lipid metabolism by promoting TG degradation and modulating the signal transduction of the cell membrane. Discussion: Overall, ZD-3 was effective in improving lipid metabolism in broilers by regulating the ileal microbial composition and BAs enterohepatic circulation. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of ZD-3 for the regulation of lipid metabolism in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perillic acid has been studied as an anticancer and antimicrobial drug. Production of perillic acid has attracted considerable attention. Meanwhile, Candida tropicalis is an unconventional diploid yeast, most significantly characterized by its ability to metabolize alkanes or fatty acids for growth and proliferation. Therefore, perillic acid's precursor (L-limonene) in C. tropicalis was firstly synthesized by expressing a Mentha spicata L-limonene synthase gene, LS_Ms in this work. Expression of a gene which encoded for a truncated version of tLS_Ms increased the production of L-limonene with a 2.78-fold increase in the titer over C. tropicalis GJR-LS-01. Compartmentalized expression of the gene tLS_Ms inhibited the production of L-limonene in C. tropicalis compared to cytoplasmic expression. Cytoplasmic overexpression of seven precursor synthesis genes significantly enhanced the production of L-limonene in C. tropicalis compared to their compartmentalized expression (mitochondria or peroxisomes), which increased by 31.7-fold in C. tropicalis GJR-tLS-01. The L-limonene titer in C. tropicalis GJR-EW-tLS-04 overexpressing the mutant gene ERG20WW in the cytoplasm was significantly increased, 11.33-fold higher than the control. The titer of L-limonene for 60 g/L glucose was increased by 1.40-fold compared to the control. Finally, a Salvia miltiorrhiza cytochrome P450 enzyme gene CYP7176 and an Arabidopsis thaliana NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase gene CPR were heterologously expressed in C. tropicalis GJR-EW-tLS-04C for the synthesis of perillic acid, which reached a titer of 106.69 mg/L in a 5-L fermenter. This is the first report of de novo synthesis of perillic acid in engineered microorganisms. The results also showed that other chemicals may be efficiently produced in C. tropicalis. Key points: • Key genes cytoplasmic expression was conducive to L-limonene production in C. tropicalis. • Perillic acid was first synthesized de novo in engineered microorganisms. • The titer of perillic acid reached 106.69 mg/L in a 5-L fermenter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is increasing evidence that gut fungi dysbiosis plays a crucial role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). It has been reported that gut fungi exacerbate the severity of CRC by regulating tumor immunity. Our previous studies have shown that the opportunistic pathogenic fungal pathogen, Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) promotes CRC progression by enhancing the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs and activating the NLRP3 inflammasome of MDSCs. However, the relationship between IL-1β produced by NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs enhanced by C. tropicalis in CRC remains unclear. Methods: The TCGA database was used to analyze the relationship between IL-1β and genes related to immunosuppressive function of MDSCs in human CRC. The expression of IL-1β in human CRC tissues was detected by immunofluorescence staining. The proteomic analysis was performed on the culture supernatant of C. tropicalis-stimulated MDSCs. The experiments of supplementing and blocking IL-1β as well as inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation were conducted. A mouse colon cancer xenograft model was established by using MC38 colon cancer cell line. Results: Analysis of CRC clinical samples showed that the high expression of IL-1β was closely related to the immunosuppressive function of tumor-infiltrated MDSCs. The results of in vitro experiments revealed that IL-1β was the most secreted cytokine of MDSCs stimulated by C. tropicalis. In vitro supplementation of IL-1β further enhanced the immunosuppressive function of C. tropicalis-stimulated MDSCs and NLRP3-IL-1β axis mediated the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs enhanced by C. tropicalis. Finally, blockade of IL-1β secreted by MDSCs augmented antitumor immunity and mitigated C. tropicalis-associated colon cancer. Conclusions: C. tropicalis promotes excessive secretion of IL-1β from MDSCs via the NLRP3 inflammasome. IL-1β further enhances the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs to inhibit antitumor immunity, thus promoting the progression of CRC. Therefore, targeting IL-1β secreted by MDSCs may be a potential immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is the most common pathogen causing hospital respiratory tract infection and epidemic. Gold standard procedures of microscopic examination and biochemical identification are widely used in clinical diagnosis with disadvantages of low sensitivity, time-consuming and sophisticated equipment requiring. An efficient, nucleic acid amplification-based sensitive and specific on-site identification of K. pneumoniae in clinical is necessary to facilitate clinical medication and disease control. Methods: We developed a closed dumbbell mediated isothermal amplification (CDA) assay for the rapid and sensitive detection of conserved rcsA gene in K. pneumoniae by real-time fluorescence monitoring and end-point colorimetric judgement. We designed and selected a pair of inner primers of CDA to detect K. pneumoniae. Then outer and loop primers were designed and verified to accelerate CDA reaction to achieve more efficient detection of K. pneumoniae. Results: The results showed the detection limit of CDA assay was 1.2x10-5 ng/μL (approximately 1 copy of the target gene) within 60 min, which was 100-fold more sensitive than real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Several pathogen genomic DNAs (Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonnei, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Streptococcus agalactiae, Rickettsia, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Klebsiella aerogenes) were used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the established K. pneumoniae CDA assay. Total 224 batches of samples from other strains tested were negative and 296 batches of extracted K. pneumoniae DNA samples were positive by the developed CDA amplification approach, revealing high specificity and specificity of the diagnostic assay. In addition, the results of real-time fluorescence amplification of the K. pneumoniae CDA were in consistent with those of end-point colorimetric results. Discussion: The established real-time fluorescence and visual CDA assays of K. pneumoniae with merits of rapid, sensitive and specificity could be helpful for on-site diagnosis and clinical screening in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Candida species, opportunistic yeast, are the second most common cause of female vulvovaginal candidiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility profile of the isolated Candida species in pregnant women in Hajjah governorate, Yemen. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 396 pregnant women attending Authority AL-Gumhorri Hospital Hajjah between February and July 2023. Vaginal swabs were collected, and Candida species were isolated and identified based on the standard laboratory method. Furthermore, the antifungal drug susceptibility of Candida species was determined by the Kirby-Bauer technique. Results and discussion: The prevalence of vaginal Candida infection among pregnant women was 61.4%. Candida albicans was the most predominant species (59.26%), followed by Candida krusei(13.58%), Candida Tropicalis (11.12%), Candida Grabata (9.87%), and Candida dubliniensis (6.17%). The highest rate of Candida infections was among women aged 24-30 years (71.9%) who finished primary school (77.8%), with the third trimester (80%), multigravida (66.1%), and recurrent infection (67.7%) showing significant differences (P < 0.05). The Candida albicans isolates were resistant to clotrimazole and itraconazole at 34.7% and 23.6%, respectively. In addition, the resistance of Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, and Candida dublinensis isolates to fluconazole, voriconazole, voriconazole, and nystatin was 57.6%, 63%, 43.8%, and 60%, respectively. Additionally, approximately 46.2% of isolated Candida albicans exhibited one kind of antifungal drug resistance, whereas 38.7% of isolated non-albicans exhibited resistance to three different antifungal agents. According to the above findings, Candida infection is highly prevalent in Yemen and quite widespread. Interventions in health education are advised to increase women's knowledge of vaginitis and its prevention. The antifungal susceptibility test may also be helpful in determining the best medication for each patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to determine, at the phenotypic and molecular levels, resistance and virulence markers in Candida spp. isolated from community-acquired infections in Bucharest outpatients during 2021, and to demonstrate the efficiency of alternative solutions against them based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Methods: A total of 62 Candida spp. strains were isolated from dermatomycoses and identified using chromogenic culture media and MALDI-TOF MS, and then investigated for their antimicrobial resistance and virulence markers (VMs), as well as for metabolic enzymes using enzymatic tests for the expression of soluble virulence factors, their biofilm formation and adherence capacity on HeLa cells, and PCR assays for the detection of virulence markers and the antimicrobial activity of alternative solutions based on AgNPs. Results: Of the total of 62 strains, 45.16% were Candida parapsilosis; 29.03% Candida albicans; 9.67% Candida guilliermondii; 3.22% Candida lusitaniae, Candia pararugosa, and Candida tropicalis; and 1.66% Candida kefyr, Candida famata, Candida haemulonii, and Candida metapsilosis. Aesculin hydrolysis, caseinase, and amylase production were detected in the analyzed strains. The strains exhibited different indices of adherence to HeLa cells and were positive in decreasing frequency order for the LIP1, HWP1, and ALS1,3 genes (C. tropicalis/C. albicans). An inhibitory effect on microbial growth, adherence capacity, and on the production of virulence factors was obtained using AgNPs. Conclusions: The obtained results in C. albicans and Candida non-albicans circulating in Bucharest outpatients were characterized by moderate-to-high potential to produce VMs, necessitating epidemiological surveillance measures to minimize the chances of severe invasive infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida tropicalis is regarded as an opportunistic pathogen, causing diseases ranging from superficial infections to life-threatening disseminated infections. The ability of this yeast to form biofilms and develop resistance to antifungals represents a significant therapeutic challenge. Herein, the effect of geraniol (GER), alone and combined with fluconazole (FLZ), was evaluated in the planktonic and sessile cells of azole-resistant C. tropicalis. GER showed a time-dependent fungicidal effect on the planktonic cells, impairing the cell membrane integrity. Additionally, GER inhibited the rhodamine 6G efflux, and the molecular docking analyzes supported the binding affinity of GER to the C. tropicalis Cdr1 protein. GER exhibited a synergism with FLZ against the planktonic and sessile cells, inhibiting the adhesion of the yeast cells and the viability of the 48-h biofilms formed on abiotic surfaces. C. tropicalis biofilms treated with GER, alone or combined with FLZ, displayed morphological and ultrastructural alterations, including a decrease in the stacking layers and the presence of wilted cells. Moreover, neither GER alone nor combined with FLZ caused toxicity, and both treatments prolonged the survival of the Galleria mellonella larvae infected with azole-resistant C. tropicalis. These findings indicate that the combination of GER and FLZ may be a promising strategy to control azole-resistant C. tropicalis infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida endophthalmitis is a severe complication of candidemia. Currently, the recommended treatment of fungal endophthalmitis is a combination of intravitreal and systemic antifungal drugs, and in some cases vitrectomy is also required. Intravitreal therapies that are commonly used are amphotericin B and voriconazole, although recently the use of intravitreal caspofungin has been described in a few case reports. However, clinical experience with intravitreal caspofungin is still limited. We report a case of bilateral candida tropicalis endophthalmitis, initially managed with repeated 100 μg/0.1 ml caspofungin intravitreal injections and posteriorly treated with pars plana vitrectomy in both eyes. Intravitreal caspofungin could be a safe intravitreal alternative to habitual antimycotic drugs in cases with resistant candida endophthalmitis.Abbreviations: Intensive Care Unit (ICU); Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida species are common human pathogens that cause a wide range of diseases ranging from superficial to invasive candidiasis. However, basic studies focusing on the mechanisms underlying these diseases are limited. This article reviews our previous research on the mechanisms of superficial and invasive candidiasis, the virulence of Candida species, and Candida species fitness to hosts. Regarding invasive candidiasis, we focused on two types of infections: ocular candidiasis and endogenous candidiasis from the gastrointestinal tract. Using an established ocular candidiasis mouse model, along with retrospective epidemiological research, we found a strong association between Candida albicans and ocular candidiasis. Regarding endogenous candidiasis, research using Candida auris indicated that invasive strains had a higher capability for gastrointestinal tract colonization and showed greater dissemination compared with non-invasive strains. In terms of superficial candidiasis, we focused on the defense mechanism in vulvovaginal candidiasis. The results suggested that stimulated invariant natural killer T cells played a protective role against C. albicans vaginal infection and might be a therapeutic target for vulvovaginal candidiasis. Concerning Candida species fitness, we focused on environmental factors, particularly oxygen concentration, and evaluated biofilm formation under various oxygen concentrations, revealing that each Candida species favored different oxygen concentrations. In particular, Candida tropicalis showed greater biofilm formation under hypoxic conditions. Our research revealed several insights for understanding the exact mechanisms of candidiasis, which might lead to better control of Candida species infections and appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline using web server Swiss absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, safety profile. Moreover, to assess the efficacy of 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline (a natural quinoxaline derivative) in vitro and in vivo. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline were predicted using the web servers Swiss absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and ProTox-II, respectively. In vitro efficacy against Madurella mycetomatis and a wide range of other pathogenic fungi was determined by microdilution assay. In vivo activity was evaluated using a topical gel (1 %) in the Bagg Albino mice eumycetoma model and an oral candidiasis model. 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline showed favourable absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion drug-likeness features and a high safety profile. It inhibited Madurella mycetomatis at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 312 µg/ml and exhibited potent in vitro activity against a range of other fungi, including Cryptococcus neoformans (minimum inhibitory concentration=9 µg/ml) and Candida tropicalis is (minimum inhibitory concentration=1.125 µg/ml). In vivo, 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline gel was effective in treating both skin Madurella mycetomatis infection and oral candidiasis. 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline is a promising natural antifungal drug with the potential to treat eumycetoma and other fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candidemia is an opportunistic mycosis with high morbidity and mortality rates. Even though Candida albicans is the main causative agent, other Candida species, such as Candida tropicalis, are relevant etiological agents of candidiasis and candidemia. Compared with C. albicans, there is currently limited information about C. tropicalis' biological aspects, including those related to the cell wall and the interaction with the host. Currently, it is known that its cell wall contains O-linked mannans, and the contribution of these structures to cell fitness has previously been addressed using cells subjected to chemical treatments or in mutants where O-linked mannans and other wall components are affected. Here, we generated a C. tropicalis pmt2∆ null mutant, which was affected in the first step of the O-linked mannosylation pathway. The null mutant was viable, contrasting with C. albicans where this gene is essential. The phenotypical characterization showed that O-linked mannans were required for filamentation; proper cell wall integrity and organization; biofilm formation; protein secretion; and adhesion to extracellular matrix components, in particular to fibronectin; and type I and type II collagen. When interacting with human innate immune cells, it was found that this cell wall structure is dispensable for cytokine production, but mutant cells were more phagocytosed by monocyte-derived macrophages. Furthermore, the null mutant cells showed virulence attenuation in Galleria mellonella larvae. Thus, O-linked mannans are minor components of the cell wall that are involved in different aspects of C. tropicalis' biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Invasive candidiasis is a major hospital acquired fungal infection in Nigeria. Despite advances in support of critically ill patients, candidaemia is still associated with high morbidity and mortality. Data on Candida bloodstream infection among paediatric patients is limited in Nigeria and this informed this study, which was undertaken to investigate the prevalence, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility pattern for blood stream infections due to Candida species in University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a descriptive study which recruited 322 immunocompromised paediatric patients. All Candida isolates obtained from their blood samples through blood culture were identified to species level by germ tube test and PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA genes with MspI. Antifungal susceptibility test was performed on the isolates using the Vitek 2 system Results: Eighteen (5.6%) of the 322 patients had candidaemia, with Candida albicans accounting for 14 (77.0%), and Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis accounting for 2 (11.0%) of the isolates each. Fourteen (77.0%) isolates were susceptible to fluconazole and voriconazole, 8 (44.0%) were susceptible to caspofungin and micafungin, 10 (55.0%) were susceptible to amphotericin B and 17 (94.0%) were susceptible to flucytosine. Conclusion: This study highlights the reality of candidaemia in hospitalized immunocompromised children, mostly caused by Candida albicans and other Candida species, exhibiting resistance to echinocandins, azoles and amphotericin B. It is important to have a high index of suspicion and efforts should be made to rightly identify the concerned Candida species and perform susceptibility testing before initiating antifungal treatment. This will ensure better outcome for the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive fungal infections pose a substantial threat to patients in healthcare settings globally. Recent changes in the prevalence of fungal species and challenges in conducting reference antifungal susceptibility testing emphasize the importance of monitoring fungi and their antifungal resistance. A two-phase surveillance project was conducted in Beijing, China, involving 37 centres across 12 districts, from January 2012 to December 2013 and from January 2016 to December 2017. We found that the proportion of Candida albicans in intensive care units (ICUs) during 2016–2017 exhibited a significant decline compared with the 2012–2013 period, although it remained the most predominant pathogen. In contrast, the prevalence of Nakaseomyces glabratus (formerly Candida glabrata) and Candida tropicalis notably increased during the two-phase surveillance. The high prevalence of C. tropicalis and its resistance to azole drugs posed a serious threat to patients in ICUs. The pathogens causing invasive fungal infections in Beijing were relatively sensitive to echinocandins. While C. albicans continued to exhibit susceptibility to azoles, the resistance and growth rates of C. tropicalis towards azoles were particularly prominent. Concerns were raised due to the emergence of multiple, short-term isolates of Clavispora lusitaniae and Candida parapsilosis complex in neonatal ICUs, given their similarity in antifungal susceptibilities. Such occurrences point towards the potential for transmission and persisting presence of these pathogens within the ICU environment. Our study complements existing data on the epidemiology of invasive fungal infections. It is imperative to exercise cautious medication management for ICU patients in Beijing, paying particular attention to azole resistance in C. tropicalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida species, typically part of the human skin and mucous membrane flora, can cause opportunistic fungal infections, notably urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are on the rise among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The lack of understanding of UTIs in this population, coupled with the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, poses significant challenges for effective treatment and further investigations. In this study, urine samples were collected from 70 COVID-19 patients with UTIs in sterile containers for microbiology examination. After microscopic observation, the isolates were identified both by phenotypic and molecular techniques such as multiplex PCR. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) against fluconazole (Flu), itraconazole (Itr), and amphotericin B (AMB) was performed according to CLSI M27/S4 standard methods, with the frequency of isolates including Candida albicans (n = 20, 51.3%), Candida tropicalis (n = 15, 38.4%), Nakaseomyces glabrata (previously Candida glabrata) (n = 2, 5.1%), Pichia kudriavzevii (previously Candida krusei), and Candida parapsilosis (n = 1, 2.5%). All isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis were sensitive to amphotericin B, while C. kruzei was resistant to AMB. Around 70% of C. albicans isolates were sensitive to Flu; 20% of C. tropicalis were resistant to itraconazole, while 33% were resistant to fluconazole. C. albicans and C. tropicalis were the main causes of candiduria in infected cases and both Flu and AMB showed good results in AFST in these species. Performing drug susceptibility testing for clinical isolates of Candida spp. provided guidance for appropriate management and control, and timely antifungal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive candidiasis poses a worldwide threat because of the rising prevalence of antifungal resistance, resulting in higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Additionally, Candida species, which are opportunistic infections, have significant medical and economic consequences for immunocompromised individuals. This study explores the antifungal potential of chitosan to mitigate caspofungin resistance in caspofungin-resistant Candida albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis isolates originating from human and animal sources using agar well diffusion, broth microdilution tests, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis of treated Candida cells. Reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to assess the expression of SAGA complex genes (GCN5 and ADA2) and the caspofungin resistance gene (FKS) in Candida species isolates after chitosan treatment. The highest resistance rate was observed to ketoconazole (80%) followed by clotrimazole (62.7%), fluconazole (60%), terbinafine (58%), itraconazole (57%), miconazole (54.2%), amphotericin B (51.4%), voriconazole (34.28%), and caspofungin (25.7%). Nine unique FKS mutations were detected, including S645P (n = 3 isolates), S645F, L644F, S645Y, L688M, E663G, and F641S (one isolate in each). The caspofungin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values before chitosan treatment ranged from 2 to 8 µg/mL and 4 to 16 µg/mL, respectively. However, the MIC and MFC values were decreased after chitosan treatment (0.0625–1 µg/mL) and (0.125–2 µg/mL), respectively. Caspofungin MIC was significantly decreased (p = 0.0007) threefold following chitosan treatment compared with the MIC values before treatment. TEM analysis revealed that 0.5% chitosan disrupted the integrity of the cell surface, causing irregular morphologies and obvious aberrant changes in cell wall thickness in caspofungin-resistant and sensitive Candida isolates. The cell wall thickness of untreated isolates was 0.145 μm in caspofungin-resistant isolate and 0.125 μm in sensitive isolate, while it was significantly lower in chitosan-treated isolates, ranging from 0.05 to 0.08 μm when compared with the cell wall thickness of sensitive isolate (0.03 to 0.06 μm). Moreover, RT-qPCR demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the expression levels of histone acetyltransferase genes (GCN5 and ADA2) and FKS gene of caspofungin-resistant Candida species isolates treated with 0.5% chitosan when compared with before treatment (fold change values ranged from 0.001 to 0.0473 for GCN5, 1.028 to 4.856 for ADA2, and 2.713 to 12.38 for FKS gene). A comparison of the expression levels of cell wall-related genes (ADA2 and GCN5) between caspofungin-resistant and -sensitive isolates demonstrated a significant decrease following chitosan treatment (p < 0.001). The antifungal potential of chitosan enhances the efficacy of caspofungin against various caspofungin-resistant Candida species isolates and prevents the development of further antifungal resistance. The results of this study contribute to the progress in repurposing caspofungin and inform a development strategy to enhance its efficacy, appropriate antifungal activity against Candida species, and mitigate resistance. Consequently, chitosan could be used in combination with caspofungin for the treatment of candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim & Objectives: To isolate and identify yeast like fungal agents from the different lower respiratory tract samples up to the species level. And perform the antifungal sensitivity testing of isolated species. Material & Method: This study was conducted in the Mycology Section, Microbiology department, Moradabad (TMMC & RC), from November 2022 to June 2023. By using common microbiological techniques, Candida isolates were found in samples from the lower respiratory tract, and speciation was carried out using conventional and HiCrome differentiating medium. The disc diffusion technique developed by the CLSI (clinical and laboratory Standard Institute) was used to assess the antifungal susceptibility. Result- 150 isolates were acknowledged from various clinical samples like BAL (Bronchoalveolar Lavage), ET (Endotracheal tube) secretion, TT (Transtracheal) secretion. Where 49 (32%) were positive. Maximum age was 41- 60 years and minimum age was from 0-20, from whom the isolates were discovered, among which females were (32.6%) and males were (65.3%). Prime Candida isolates were Candida albicans (44%), Candida tropicalis (45%). Other was Aspergillus fumigatus (60%) Among the azoles, the most sensitive drug was Amphotericin B (95.83%) and least was fluconazole (79.16%). Conclusion- In comparison to Candida albicans, there is a varied tendency in the rising incidence of NAC (Non albicans Candida). Because some Candida species are naturally resistant to particular antifungal medicines, early detection of Candida strains would not only reduce the usage of empiric antifungal treatments but also have a significant impact on clinician’s treatment options and benefit patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Oral candidosis is common in patients with end‐of‐life cancer; however, its prognosis is unclear. We aimed to assess oral candidosis and Candida species as prognostic indicators in palliative care for these patients. Methods: We consecutively included palliative care patients, assessed for candidosis via microbiological techniques, and classified into three groups by the extent of oral lesions. The association between oral candidosis and overall survival was assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted by performance status (PS). Results: We studied 142 patients (median age 77; 52.8% women) with a 76.1% oral candidosis prevalence. Candida albicans (80.6%) was the most common species. Oral lesions were classified as none, grade 1 (28.7%), or ≥ grade 2 (14.8%). During follow‐up, Cox models identified ≥grade 2 lesions (aHR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.18–3.54; p =.011) and Candida tropicalis (aHR = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.03–5.55; p =.044) as predictors. Conclusion: The extent of oral candidosis lesions or the presence of C. tropicalis may serve as prognostic indicator in patients with end‐of‐life cancer. Therefore, solely concentrating on the prevalence and frequency of fungal species may be insufficient for predicting life prognosis; it is advisable to assess these parameters through both visual examination and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. In the oral cavity, yeasts commonly colonize the tongue, palate, and buccal mucosa. Aside from oral mucosa, recent research have revealed the existence of C. albicans in other oral sites such as root canal, including persistent infection, carious lesions, and periodontal pockets.[5] The main aim of the study is to evaluate and compare Candidal colonization and species variation in healthy individuals and Diabetic patients. Material and Methods: Study includes 60 samples which are divided into Group -I consist of 30 Diabetic patients & Group II consists of 30 healthy individuals. Blood samples were collected to estimate the glucose levels using Glucose Tolerance Test & HbA1C. Saliva Sample was collected to estimate the candida using VITEK_2 Procedure. The absorbance values were measured on a digital calorimeter for Glucose Tolerance Test & HbA1C levels using the standard protocol. Results: Statistical Analysis was done using SPS software. Anova test & Paired t -test were done to estimate the comparison of Candidal positivity to HbA1C and VITEK_2 Procedure showed a mean of 97.33 and SD of 11.02 and with that of HbA1C, showed a mean of 4.93 and SD of 1.00. Comparison of study & control groups with VITEK2 status showed (46%) Candida albicans, followed by (16.67%) Candida famata and (10%) Candida tropicalis. Conclusion: The patients with diabetes mellitus are at a higher risk of developing oral Candidiasis. These members of the normal flora probably acquire invasiveness and become pathogenic leading to change in disease progression and develop resistance to the existing drug regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]