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Identifying cable insulation defects is crucial for preventing system failures and ensuring the reliability of electrical infrastructure. This paper introduces a novel method leveraging the Markov transition field (MTF) and Transformer network to improve the precision of cable insulation defect identification and enhance the algorithm's noise resistance. Firstly, the algorithm performs modal transformation on the time series data acquired by the ultrasonic probe through MTF, generating corresponding images. Following this, the image data are input into a pre-trained Transformer network to achieve automated feature extraction. Subsequently, a multi-head attention mechanism is introduced, which assigns weights to the features extracted by the Transformer network, thereby emphasizing the most critical information for the identification task. Finally, more accurate defect identification is achieved based on the weighted features. The results demonstrate that this method achieves higher accuracy and stronger noise resistance compared to traditional image processing and recognition methods, making it a robust solution for cable insulation defect identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses a gap in previous research by thoroughly investigating the relationship between the optimal tunnel diameter and cable thermal effects in underground cable tunnels using a thermal-coupling correlation method. Our research innovatively integrates theoretical principles of cable thermal convection with practical applications. By integrating theories of cable thermal convection and factors such as cable heat dissipation performance, cable structure, tunnel radius, cable length, thermal conductivity, and temperature difference, we establish a precise electro-thermal-fluid multiphysics coupling model using the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation tool, offering new perspectives and methodologies for the design of underground cable tunnels. The simulation results effectively validate the proposed method, providing reliable theoretical guidance for the optimization design and construction of underground cable tunnels. The prominent conclusion is the significance of our proposed thermal-coupling correlation method in cable tunnel design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical behavior of cable pylon anchorage zone in a cable‐stayed bridge is complex due to high localized stresses. A strut‐and‐tie model (STM) has been introduced in this paper, which is recommended as an efficient way to analyze the disturbed region. However, predicting the internal forces in the tie members in the STM by integrating stresses was time‐consuming and inefficient. To address this issue, the principle of minimum strain energy was used to analyze the STM of the cable pylon anchorage zone. A simplified method was presented to assess the internal forces in the cable pylon anchorage zone. Moreover, an actual bridge (Cao'e River Bridge) was employed to be analyzed, and the prestressed steel strands in the bridge were obtained by the simplified method. A full‐scale test model of the bridge was fabricated to validate the accuracy of the simplified method. Furthermore, based on the simplified method, the effect of the thickness of front wall, the length of inner opening straight section, the thickness of side wall, the thickness of inner wall and the width of inner opening straight section on the internal force in the tie members in the STM was studied. The results show that the length of inner opening straight section has negligible effect on the internal forces in all tie members. Compared with the thickness of the side wall, the thickness of inner wall and the width of inner opening straight section have limited effect on the internal force of tie members. This study was expected to promote the design of cable pylon anchorage zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on modeling, analysis, and control of an over-constrained Cable-Driven Parallel Robot taking into account the deformation of the cable transmission system due to the elastic model of the transmission mechanism and the affection of tension distribution for cables. The Cable-Driven Parallel Robot is used for a virtual reality motion simulation system with a simulation cabin mounted on a moving platform. A nonlinear cable length controller with tension feedback is designed to control the cabin to move along a trajectory extracted from the virtual simulated environment. The tension distribution algorithm is integrated into the controller to compensate for the dynamic error caused by the two redundant cables and the elastic characteristic of the transmission mechanism. The tensions are calculated based on the constraints of the workspace, the structure of the system, and the force limits of actuators. The cable tension feedback control algorithm was tested on the concept Cable-Driven Parallel Robot, the experimental results show that the joint trajectories meet the desired moving trajectory with high accuracy, and the cable tensions are controlled in the optimal region to ensure safety and save energy, but still suitable for the control requirements of the virtual reality motion simulator system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cables are vital load-bearing components of cable-stayed bridges. Surface defects can lead to internal corrosion and fracturing, significantly impacting the stability of the bridge structure. The detection of surface defects from bridge cable images faces numerous challenges, including shadow disturbances due to uneven lighting and difficulties in addressing multiscale defect features. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel and cost-effective deep learning segmentation network, named Trans-DCN, to detect defects in the surface of the bridge cable. The network leverages an efficient Transformer-based encoder and integrates multiscale features to overcome the limitations associated with local feature inadequacy. The decoder implements an atrous Deformable Convolution (DCN) pyramid and dynamically fuses low-level feature information to perceive the complex distribution of defects. The effectiveness of Trans-DCN is evaluated by comparing it with state-of-the-art segmentation baseline models using a dataset comprising cable bridge defect images. Experimental results demonstrate that our network outperforms the state-of-the-art network SegFormer, achieving a 27.1% reduction in GFLOPs, a 1.2% increase in mean Intersection over Union, and a 1.5% increase in the F1 score. Ablation experiments confirmed the effectiveness of each module within our network, further substantiating the significant validity and advantages of Trans-DCN in the task of bridge cable defect segmentation. The network proposed in this paper provides an effective solution for downstream cable bridge image analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the photovoltaic industry, flexible photovoltaic supports are increasingly widely used. Parameters such as the deflection, span, and cross-sectional dimensions of cables are important factors affecting their mechanical and economic performance. Therefore, in order to reduce steel consumption and cost and improve application value, it is crucial to design and optimize their initial morphology. In this paper, the mechanical behavior of a single-cable structure is introduced, and the simplified analytical formulations for internal force and displacement are deduced based on the geometric nonlinear characteristics and small strain assumption of the flexible photovoltaic supports. On this basis, the analytical expressions for the cable force and displacement of a convex prestressed double-layer cable truss flexible photovoltaic support structure under a uniform load are derived, and the correctness of the analytical formulations is verified by comparing the values with the finite element analysis results. In order to reduce the construction costs of the flexible photovoltaic support, a mathematical model for optimizing the initial structure's morphology is established according to the analytical formulations. The initial morphology of the double-layer cable truss flexible photovoltaic support is optimized, and the optimization results of different deflection deformation limits and whether the lower load-bearing cable is allowed to relax are compared. The results indicate that the errors of the displacement formulation and cable force formulation, when compared with the finite element results, are less than 3% and 4%, respectively, which verifies the accuracy of the analytical formulations. By analyzing the cable force and displacement of the structure under static action, it is suggested that the deflection limit of the double-layer cable truss structure should be 1/100 of the single span. The lower load-bearing cables of the double-layer cable truss flexible photovoltaic support are highly susceptible to relaxation under wind suction loads, and, by comparing the optimization results, it is suggested that slack should be allowed in the lower load-bearing cables for a better economic effect. When choosing the most economical structure morphology, it is recommended that the total height of the mid-span struts should be 1/20~1/15 of the single span. The analytical formulation and the mathematical model for the optimization of the initial morphology proposed in this paper can provide certain theoretical references and bases for the design of practical engineering projects and play an important role in promoting its application and promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a full tension structural system, the spoke-type single-layer cable net structure has a light graceful shape and superior mechanical properties. During construction, the structure will gradually be tensioned from the flexible unstressed state to the formed state with stiffness, and the structural configuration changes greatly, making construction difficult. This study focused on the spoke-type single-layer cable net structure of the Linyi Olympic Sports Center Stadium. The structural finite element model was established in ANSYS, and the construction scheme was selected and simulated using the nonlinear dynamic finite element method (NDFEM). Most of the existing structural automatic measuring systems are suitable for measuring points with gentle deformation. However, there is the lack of a stable and reliable automatic configuration monitoring system for the construction of single-layer cable net structures. Based on the Lecia TS16 robotic total station (RTS), the configuration automatic monitoring system (CAMS) was developed to obtain the coordinate data of key nodes on the ring cable and compression ring during the construction process. The original finite element model of clamps was refined to obtain the corresponding data in ANSYS. The results indicate that the selected construction scheme has a rational mechanical response according to the finite element simulation. The radial cable force when anchoring the traction cables is smaller than or equal to that in the formed state, which proves that the construction method of anchoring in batches is safe. The results of the ANSYS simulation is basically consistent with those obtained by CAMS, proving that the simulation method is credible. CAMS has good stability and measurement accuracy and can achieve the automatic monitoring of large structural deformation. The research findings provide valuable guidance for practical construction and other similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cable-stiffened steel columns (CSSC) have a high load-carrying capacity and strong stability compared to ordinary steel columns. In practical engineering, the connection between the crossarm and main column of a CSSC is usually welded. However, the welding-residual stress adversely affects the steel column. In this study, pre-cast CSSCs, with a pinned connection between the crossarm and main column, are presented. The new type of pre-cast CSSCs avoid the welding-residual and are easy to disassemble. A model test and numerical analysis of its global stability behavior under eccentric compression is conducted. Based on the analysis, the buckling modes of these columns are defined and a method for determining the governing imperfection in a nonlinear buckling analysis is proposed. The effects of slenderness ratio, cross-arm length, cable diameter, and other parameters on the load-carrying capacities of the columns are investigated using the proposed method. The results of this study can be used as a reference for the engineering designs and specifications of pre-cast CSSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submerged tensioned anchor cables (STACs) are pivotal components utilized extensively for anchoring and supporting offshore floating structures. Unlike tensioned cables in air, STACs exhibit distinctive nonlinear damping characteristics. Although existing studies on the free vibration response and tension identification of STACs often employ conventional Galerkin and average methods, the effect of the quadratic damping coefficient (QDC) on the vibration frequency remains unquantified. This paper re-examines the effect of bending stiffness on the static equilibrium configuration of STACs, and establishes the in-plane transverse free motion equations considering bending stiffness, sag, and hydrodynamic force. By introducing the bending stiffness influence coefficient and the Irvine parameter, the exact analytical solutions of symmetric and antisymmetric frequencies and modal shapes of STACs are derived. An improved Galerkin method is proposed to discretize the nonlinear free motion equations ensuring the accuracy and applicability of the analytical results. Additionally, this paper presents an analytical solution for the nonlinear free vibration response of the STACs using the improved averaging method, along with improved frequency formulas and tension identification methods considering the QDC. Through a case study, it is demonstrated that the improved methods introduced in this paper offer higher accuracy and wider applicability compared to the conventional approaches. These findings provide theoretical guidance and reference for the precise dynamic analysis, monitoring, and evaluation of marine anchor cable structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural health monitoring (SHM) of cable-stayed bridges requires periodic assessment for the deteriorating stay cables to ensure a long-term service life of the bridge. However, conducting the non-destructive SHM for operating cable-stayed bridges and analyzing the safety statuses of all the working cables are still challenging, due to the lack of in situ cable data for previously constructed bridges. This study developed an innovative framework of health condition assessment for stay cables based on cable vibration frequencies from an interferometric radar (IBIS-FS) using engineering reliability analysis (ERA). Taking a cable-stayed bridge in Victoria, Australia as a target structure for the case study, it shows that the presented framework can remotely monitor the accurate real-time load bearing conditions of stay cables by calculating tension forces, and effectively assess their health conditions. The results show that the natural frequency (up to the fifth mode) of a healthy cable remains constant under different external loadings but varies for damaged cables. The measured reliability index of all the stay cables is higher than the safety threshold factor at ultimate limit states, while one carries tension force higher than the maximum design load (lower than the minimum breaking load) and other three cables need to be monitored regularly due to their low reliability indices. This is attributed to an integrated effect of applied tension force, cable diameters, and minimum breaking loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy of main cable construction in suspension bridges is directly influenced by the sag of the strands during the erection process. Thus, effective methods for controlling strand sag are crucial. However, the current control standards and methods are primarily based on practical engineering experience, lacking quantitative analysis and a sufficient basis. This paper aims to address this gap by summarizing four commonly used strand sag control methods and proposing a quantitative analysis model that considers the influence of random factors. The model quantifies the impact of these methods on the main cable shape and strand tension after cable tightening. To illustrate the practical application, a suspension bridge is utilized as a case study. The results of the study illustrate a linear relationship between the main cable sag and inter-strand distance, with each control method exhibiting a varying linear change rate. Moreover, the discrepancy in strand distance contributes to uneven strand tension after cable tightening. Random errors contribute to the dispersion of the main cable sag and strand tension, which are further exacerbated by cumulative errors between layers of general strands. Based on the study's results, this paper provides valuable references for the erection and control of the main cable in suspension bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cable monitoring is essential for the prevention of machine malfunctions as machines are operated dynamically. Traditional methods of cable monitoring, conducted through portable or fixed devices, possess the inherent limitations in real‐time damage detection and precise location identification. Herein, a self‐powered, smart cable monitoring system is proposed, utilizing a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as a sensor for the cable and an electric field energy harvester (EFEH) as a power source of the system. Also, the generated electrical outputs from the EFEH are theoretically and experimentally investigated according to the EFEH‐layer numbers, and the optimal number of EFEH‐layers is determined, generating an average electrical power of 2.04 mW. Through hybridization of TENG and EFEH, a synergistic effect is confirmed, resulting in a remarkable 155% enhancement in electrical energy. Consequently, the proposed system is endowed with self‐powered wireless communication capabilities. Additionally, employing a pre‐trained long short‐term memory‐based model, the system can predict the remaining lifespan of the cable with an accuracy rate of 93.7%. Considering these results, the proposed system demonstrates significant potential for industrial cable monitoring applications in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the need for real-time sag monitoring of Overhead Power Lines (OPL) for electricity transmission, this article presents the implementation of a hardware and software system for online monitoring of OPL cables. The mathematical model based on differential equations and the methods of algorithmic calculation of OPL cable sag are presented. Considering that, based on the mathematical model presented, the calculation of cable sag can be done in different ways depending on the sensors used, and the presented application uses a variety of sensors. Therefore, a direct calculation is made using one of the different methods. Subsequently, the verification relations are highlighted directly, and in return, the calculation by the alternative method, which uses another group of sensors, generates both a verification of the calculation and the functionality of the sensors, thus obtaining a defect observer of the sensors. The hardware architecture of the OPL cable online monitoring application is presented, together with the main characteristics of the sensors and communication equipment used. The configurations required to transmit data using the ModBUS and ZigBee protocols are also presented. The main software modules of the OPL cable condition monitoring application are described, which ensure the monitoring of the main parameters of the power line and the visualisation of the results both on the electricity provider's intranet using a web server and MySQL database, and on the Internet using an Internet of Things (IoT) server. This categorisation of the data visualisation mode is done in such a way as to ensure a high level of cyber security. Also, the global accuracy of the entire OPL cable sag calculus system is estimated at 0.1%. Starting from the mathematical model of the OPL cable sag calculation, it goes through the stages of creating such a monitoring system, from the numerical simulations carried out using Matlab to the real-time implementation of this monitoring application using Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes an innovative concept of an intelligent bridge system that integrates sensors, a processing unit, and an actuator to maintain bridge safety and performance even in the face of unexpected environmental changes and disturbances. Although technically challenging, this system is an exciting prospect for young engineers who aspire to contribute to cutting-edge technological advancements. As a practical example, this article presents an ICT-based bridge remote monitoring system called the "Intelligent Bridge," which allows real-time monitoring and control during extreme events such as earthquakes and typhoons. The Intelligent Bridge comprises a stand-alone monitoring system and a web-based internet monitoring system for bridge maintenance, which is introduced as an intelligent structure integrated into the intelligent bridge system. To verify the validity of the proposed system, it is investigated the ability to adjust cable forces on a 2-span continuous cable-stayed bridge model to control its structural performance. The development of an intelligent bridge system represents a significant advancement in bridge engineering and has the potential to improve the safety and longevity of bridges, particularly in areas prone to extreme environmental events. The system proposed in this article has practical applications that can benefit both engineers and the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regular monitoring of cable forces is essential for ensuring the safety of cable structures both during construction and throughout their lifetime. This paper aims at developing a vibration-based identification procedure of the axial forces, bending stiffness, and, secondarily, the crossing point position of cable networks. A model constituted by two crossing stays having small bending stiffness and negligible sag effects is considered. The in-plane direct dynamic problem is solved both numerically and through a perturbation approach. The obtained results are compared to the outcomes of a finite element model for verification purposes. The theoretical studies are also supported by experimental tests performed on a real cable-stayed bridge (Haccourt bridge), which provide insights into the dynamics of the system showing that models of cables with small bending stiffness are more appropriate than taut string models. The inverse analysis based on non-linear Bayesian regression is developed and the closed-form asymptotic formulations are used to prove that the bending stiffness, the cable forces, and the crossing point position can be separately identified from a set of observed frequencies. The implemented procedure is then applied to the tested bridge as a proof of concept, showing that the proposed in-plane identification strategy provides satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractViscous dampers commonly mitigate structural vibrations, and various models exist to capture their nonlinear behavior. This article proposes a Hysteretic Maxwell model obtained by evolving the standard Maxwell model to effectively integrate the hysteresis effect. The model entails only a limited number of parameters. The optimized model parameters are identified by fitting model predictions with reported experimental measurements. A numerical case study is conducted, focusing on the longest stay cable of the Rades-La Goulette cable-stayed bridge. Simulation results emphasize the significant improvement of the proposed model over its predecessor, showcasing reductions in both free and forced first-mode vibrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractExosuits for the lower limb have developed rapidly as an affordable, light, and more cost-effective alternative to the bulkier, traditional exoskeletons. The synergy-based approach aims at further emphasizing such advantages, providing even lighter and cheaper solutions, thanks to its reduction in actuators and the subsequent simplification of the actuation unit. In this paper, a design approach based on dynamic synergies is proposed to reduce the number of required actuators, thus decreasing the price and weight of walking-assistance exosuits. Also, in this work, we propose a methodology to calculate motor torque output and cable forces during assisted gait. Mechanical designs for the actuation unit are proposed along with experimental and computer-based testing and simulation. Lastly, actuation units with one and two motors are studied and compared, regarding control, mechanical complexity, and metabolic cost reduction. The results show that dynamic synergies can indeed contribute to the design of these assistive devices, with its own set of advantages and disadvantages when compared to the previously proposed postural synergies: while the latter led to a higher cumulative variance of the first principal component and the transmission system is simpler, control may be more unpredictable and forces upon the system, harder to estimate. With dynamic synergies, more related to muscle synergies, metabolic benefit on users may be more significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the degradation and failure mechanisms of dielectric insulation in medium- and high-voltage power equipment. It highlights the importance of controlling insulation material degradation to prevent equipment failures and reduce the risk of environmental pollution. The document includes several research papers that address various topics related to the measurement, monitoring, and improvement of power equipment components. These papers cover issues such as winding breakdown faults in transformers, overvoltages caused by vacuum circuit breaker interruptions, insulation resistance degradation in cables, temperature rise in composite insulators, partial discharges and their effects on insulation, and acoustic inspection for detecting partial discharges. The document also presents studies on the technical condition of on-load tap changers, the behavior of silicone elastomers under electrical and mechanical stress, and the percolation phenomenon in square matrices. [Extracted from the article]

A Cable-Driven Continuum Robot (CDCR) that consists of a set of identical Cable-Driven Continuum Joint Modules (CDCJMs) is proposed in this paper. The CDCJMs merely produce 2-DOF bending motions by controlling driving cable lengths. In each CDCJM, a pattern-based flexible backbone is employed as a passive compliant joint to generate 2-DOF bending deflections, which can be characterized by two joint variables, i.e., the bending direction angle and the bending angle. However, as the bending deflection is determined by not only the lengths of the driving cables but also the gravity and payload, it will be inaccurate to compute the two joint variables with its kinematic model. In this work, two stretchable capacitive sensors are employed to measure the bending shape of the flexible backbone so as to accurately determine the two joint variables. Compared with FBG-based and vision-based shape-sensing methods, the proposed method with stretchable capacitive sensors has the advantages of high sensitivity to the bending deflection of the backbone, ease of implementation, and cost effectiveness. The initial location of a stretchable sensor is generally defined by its two endpoint positions on the surface of the backbone without bending. A generic shape-sensing model, i.e., the relationship between the sensor reading and the two joint variables, is formulated based on the 2-DOF bending deflection of the backbone. To further improve the accuracy of the shape-sensing model, a calibration method is proposed to compensate for the location errors of stretchable sensors. Based on the calibrated shape-sensing model, a sliding-mode-based closed-loop control method is implemented for the CDCR. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed closed-loop control method, the trajectory tracking accuracy experiments of the CDCR are conducted based on a circle trajectory, in which the radius of the circle is 55 mm . The average tracking errors of the CDCR measured by the Qualisys motion capture system under the open-loop and the closed-loop control are 49.23 and 8.40 mm , respectively, which is reduced by 82.94%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical control charts were developed with the assumption that the quality characteristics being monitored are independent. However, observations from several time‐dependent processes, such as industrial or manufacturing, are bound to be autocorrelated such that their autocorrelations decay gradually (long memory) rather than exponentially (short memory). Runs rules monitoring schemes have been proposed in Statistical Process Control literature to monitor processes in the presence of autocorrelation by incorporating the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) class of models which can only handle autocorrelation with a short memory. This paper therefore incorporates the autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (ARFIMA (1,d,1)) model into four one‐sided runs rules schemes to monitor the mean of an autocorrelated process with long memory. The performance of these four one‐sided schemes was assessed using average run length (ARL) and expected ARL (EARL) metrics. Based on the ARL and EARL of the improved runs rules (IRR) schemes, the IRR5‐of‐5 and IRR2‐of‐7 were found to issue an out‐of‐control signal faster than the corresponding standard runs rules (RR) schemes, RR5‐of‐5 and RR2‐of‐7, respectively. Also, the four one‐sided schemes IRR5‐of‐5, IRR2‐of‐7, RR5‐of‐5, and RR2‐of‐7 in their steady state condition perform better than their corresponding zero state condition. We further observed that as the fractional parameter d increases, the detection ability of the monitoring schemes reduces. The application of the four one‐sided schemes was demonstrated on the diameter of cable production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the concept of Pulley-Driven Clustered Tensegrity Structures (PD-CTS) and develops nonlinear and linearized static and dynamic equations using the Lagrangian method. The generalized coordinates utilized in this framework comprise the nodal coordinates of the tensegrity structure and the string sliding distances. The governing equations are specifically constructed, considering situations with and without boundary constraints. The developed method can be applied to nonlinear and linearized static and dynamic analysis of any PD-CTS, covering various research domains such as load analysis, form-finding, large deformation analysis, modal analysis, and dynamic response to various inputs. The substructure method is used to lower the order of the equations to reduce computational costs and facilitate the study of actuation strategies of tensegrity structures. The effectiveness of the suggested methods is validated through the analysis of two case studies: a 2D T-bar and a 3D tensegrity tower. Furthermore, the methodologies established in this paper can also be employed to examine deployable cable net structures and pulley-driven robotic systems. • The concept of pulley-driven clustered tensegrity structures (PD-CTS) is proposed. • Nodal coordinates and sliding distances of cables are the generalized coordinates. • Explicit equations of nonlinear & linearized statics and dynamics are derived. • Substructure method is used to study the reduced-order model & actuation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new cable-damper stopper equipped for Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plants (CFTPPs) was proposed in our previous paper, where a series of shaking table tests were carried out to investigate its seismic performance, so this paper aims to reveal the working mechanism of the stopper from the theoretical and numerical simulation aspects. The stopper is composed of three main components, i.e. a steel cable, a steel block and a viscous damper. First, the nonlinear restraint stiffness of the steel cable to the boiler was derived; second, the critical damping of the stopper, which makes the vibration of the boiler decay exponentially with no oscillation, was derived; third, an iterative method was proposed to globally tune the CFTPP structure, which makes it possible to obtain the optimal parameters of the cable-damper stopper, including the diameter of the steel cable and damping coefficient of the damper. Finally, finite element models were built and time history analyses were conducted to verify the proposed optimization approach. Firstly, the finite element models were proved valid through the comparison between the results of the simulations and the experiments. Then, based on the results of the simulations, the theoretical procedure was validated. The results revealed that the proposed cable-damper stopper reduced the seismic responses of displacements of the top floor and the boiler significantly, about 30.18% and 60.01% respectively compared with their counterparts of CFTPPs without stoppers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main bridge of Wanlong Bridge under construction is the first spatial self anchored suspension bridge with elliptical steel tower in the world. The saddle of this bridge adopts an self-adaptive space cable saddle combined with casting and welding, which has the following technical difficulties: the force of space cable saddle is complex. The longitudinal stiffness of the elliptical tower is large, and the slip resistance of the main cable saddle is prominent. The bottom of the saddle is a flexible support, the cable saddle and the main tower are co-deformed, and the tower-saddle connection structure is complicated in force transmission. In order to master the key technology of the main cable saddle and the tower-saddle connection structure of the self-anchored suspension bridge with elliptical tower and space cable, this paper carries out a systematic study by using numerical analysis method. The research conclusions are as follows: (1) When the bridge is subjected to (dead load+car+crowd+tap water+temperature+wind), the minimum friction coefficient µ that satisfies the requirements is 0.215, and the 12 mm vertical friction plates are required. (2) The maximum Von Mises stress and maximum vertical deformation of the main cable saddle under the condition of maximum cable force are 186.2 MPa and 1.572 mm, which meet the requirements of strength and stiffness. (3) In the structure connecting the main cable saddle and the steel tower, the force of the main cable saddle is transferred to the web of the steel tower in the form of vertical shear force through the supporting baffle. The shear force of the supporting baffle at the end is significantly greater than that of the middle baffle, and the non-uniformity coefficient of shear transfer is 1.29. (4) The support plate of the main cable saddle has a certain angle at the edge of the saddle area. The maximum longitudinal angle under the condition of empty cable is 0.366‰ rad, which should be taken into consideration in the saddle pushing construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sample carried back by the Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) is a potential flagship mission of deep space exploration in recent years. A low-gravity simulation experiment is an effective method and a necessary stage for verifying the performance of the MAV launch dynamic in Earth's gravity. In this paper, the uniqueness of low-gravity simulation is illustrated by the classical pulley balance method for the high dynamic process of a test model of the MAV. Its movement direction is the same as the compensation force, which leads to the relaxation of the sling and the failure of the compensation force in traditional cable suspension. Here, three cable suspension schemes including an improved pulley balancing scheme based on a coordinate transformation scheme and based on a dynamic pulley group scheme are proposed. For the actual launch condition of the MAV, the motion state of the ascent under the schemes and the real Mars launch are compared, which proves the feasibility of the schemes. Among them, the improved pulley balancing scheme has the best gravity compensation effect, and the error between the average value and the required value is the smallest, only 1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the primary challenges in cable-stayed bridges is to assess the service performance of stay cables in response to applied loads and ensure that they meet safety requirements. This paper proposes a new strategy to analyze the time-varying reliability of the ultimate load-carrying capacity of stay cables under resistance and stress uncertainty conditions. Initially, we employ the frequency-squeezing processing (FSP) technique within the vibration frequency method (VFM) to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of cable force identification through field measurement. Subsequently, we thoroughly discuss and establish the statistical characteristics and probabilistic models of stress, including both slow-varying trend and fast-varying trend components, as well as resistance considering the strengthening deterioration effect. The slow-varying trends of the cable forces are extracted using the moving average method (MAM), and both the extracted slow variation and the fast-varying trend components are analyzed in detail. Finally, we introduce a Gaussian process-based surrogate model to assess the time-varying structural reliability by analyzing the associated limit-state function for the ultimate load capacity of the stay cables. In this study, the proposed strategy is applied to quantify the ultimate load-carrying reliability of a stay cable under the uncertainty of the coupled action of corrosion and fatigue. Compared with conventional reliability analysis, the failure probability interval estimation shows the uncertainty boundaries and provides specific years of reliability failure, which can serve as an important reference for bridge maintenance and strengthening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-span dual-purpose highway-rail double-tower cable-stayed bridge has the characteristics of a large span and large load-bearing capacity. Compared with the traditional cable-stayed bridge, its wind resistance and seismic resistance are weaker, and the dynamic characteristics of the bridge are closely related to the wind resistance and seismic bearing capacity of the bridge. This study investigated the influence of the variations of bridge member parameters on the dynamic characteristics of the bridge and then improved the dynamic characteristics of the bridge. To provide the necessary experimental theory for the research work of the long-span dual-purpose highway-rail double-tower cable-stayed bridges, this paper takes the world's longest span of the dual-purpose highway-rail double-tower cable-stayed bridge as the background, using the finite element analysis software Midas Civil 2022 v1.2 to establish a three-dimensional model of the whole bridge by changing the steel truss beam stiffness, cable stiffness, pylon stiffness, and auxiliary pier position, as well as study the influence of parameter changes on the dynamic characteristics of the bridge. The results show that the dynamic characteristics of the bridge can be enhanced by increasing the stiffness of the steel truss beam, the cable, and the tower. The stiffness of the steel truss beam mainly affects the transverse bending stiffness and flexural coupling stiffness of the bridge. The influence of cable stiffness is weak. The tower stiffness can comprehensively affect the flexural stiffness and torsional stiffness of the bridge. The position of auxiliary piers should be determined comprehensively according to the site conditions. In practical engineering, the stiffness of components can be enhanced according to the weak links of bridges to improve the dynamic characteristics of bridges and save costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates the feasibility of using a fully suspended inter-array cable system for an offshore wind farm. It includes both numerical simulations and a scaled-down experiment, conducted at a 1:49 scale, to validate the numerical results. To achieve the goal, a 15 MW floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) and a floating offshore substation (FOSS) are involved to simulate the wind farm array. This study incorporates the 50-year return period conditions of the Taiwan Hsinchu offshore area, which has a water depth of about 100 m, to validate the specifications related to the platform motion and mooring line tension. Additionally, an analysis of the tension, curvature, and fatigue damage of the dynamic cable system is discussed in this research. Because a fully suspended cable is a relatively new concept and may be more frequently considered in a deeper water depth area, numerical simulation software Orcina Orcaflex 11.4 has been chosen to conduct the fully coupled simulation, determining whether the fully suspended cable system could effectively withstand the challenges posed by extreme sea conditions. This is due to the reason that a fully suspended cable would occupy a larger space in the ocean, which may pose a risk by influencing the navigation of the vessels. Therefore, the cable laying depth under normal sea states is also discussed to evaluate the influence over vessel navigation. This study also collects the long-term environmental data from the Central Weather Bureau, Taiwan, to calculate the accumulative cable fatigue damage under different sea states. To integrate the results, this research applies fitness parameters to evaluate the feasibility of each cable configuration. Covering the cable performance under extreme sea states and regular operating sea states offers valuable insights for applications in ocean engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a comprehensive optimization algorithm for the crossbeam cross-section size to solve the vibration problem of the flexible cable-driven parallel robot frame. The goal is to achieve an innovative design of the cross-sectional structure. By using a differential evolution algorithm, a comprehensive scale analysis of the cross-section size of the beam is carried out. This optimization method effectively improves the cross-section moment of inertia and the bending stiffness of the beam. Additionally, based on the variable density penalty method, the topological optimization design of the cross-section is carried out under the condition of minimum flexibility, the optimization objective function is established, and the objective function is solved by the moving asymptote method. The optimization results show that the beam stiffness is maximized while meeting the minimum flexibility required by the project. Through comparative analysis with various aluminum profile structures and their constructed frames, it is verified that the cross-sectional shape obtained through the optimized design method can significantly improve the anti-vibration stability of the frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cables are critical in engineering structures for load‐bearing, electronic connection, and mechanical transmission. Various cable‐crawling robots (CCRs) have been developed to perform scheduled inspection or convey supplies. Most existing CCRs are often actuated by motors and used in large‐scaled engineering structures. The heavy bodies of these CCRs can cause damage or even casualties once slippage or drop occurs. A small and lightweight CCR that can crawl on thin cables is highly demanded for safety inspection in narrow and confined inner spaces of engineering structures. Herein, a soft CCR (weight, 2.1 g; length, 43 mm) is developed by utilizing multilayered dielectric elastomer actuators. Compared with existing solutions, this CCR achieves crawling on thin cables (diameter: <1 mm) while crawling fastest (horizontal: 0.72 body length per second). The CCR is also capable of transporting objects (horizontal: 3.69 times its own weight; vertical: 0.76 times its own weight), climbing upward on a vertical cable, and locomoting across the water–air interface. The CCR is also demonstrated to crawl on a slack cable and circular/spiral cables. Finally, the soft robot, equipped with an endoscope, demonstrates inspections on a tensegrity structure as well as in an airplane wing model with a preplaced cable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the shortcomings of the small support scope of single anchor cable and failure to fully utilize the joint anchoring for surrounding rock, this study summarizes the classification of basic support forms for coal mine roadway surrounding rock and clarifies the main composition and mechanism of anchor cable beam-truss structure. A mechanical model of roadway roof beam under the conditions of no support, single anchor cable support, and anchor cable beam-truss structure support at both ends of the roadway is constructed, and the force and maximum bending moment of roadway roof beam under different support types are compared and analyzed. The study clarifies the bending moment reduction rate of anchor cable beam-truss structure relative to unsupported and single anchor cable support and combines numerical simulation to analyze the response laws of anchor cable beam-truss to prestress distribution and stress shell in roadway surrounding rock. Based on the on-site engineering application of a typical large-deformation mining roadway in a deep coal mine, the important role of anchor cable beam-truss structure in ensuring the safety and stability of surrounding rock in deep high-stress and intense-mining large-deformation roadway is revealed, providing technical references for surrounding rock control of similar conditions in deep roadways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the occurrence of high-voltage cable buffer layer ablation faults has become frequent, posing a serious threat to the safe and stable operation of cables. Failure to promptly detect and address such faults may lead to cable breakdowns, impacting the normal operation of the power system. To overcome the limitations of existing methods for identifying buffer layer ablation faults in high-voltage cables, a method for identifying buffer layer ablation faults based on frequency domain impedance spectroscopy and artificial intelligence is proposed. Firstly, based on the cable distributed parameter model and frequency domain impedance spectroscopy, a mathematical model of the input impedance of a cable containing buffer layer ablation faults is derived. Through a simulation, the input impedance spectroscopy at the first end of the cables under normal conditions, buffer layer ablation, local aging, and inductive faults is performed, enabling the identification of inductive and capacitive faults through a comparative analysis. Secondly, the frequency domain amplitude spectroscopy of the buffer layer ablation and local aging faults are used as datasets and are input into a neural network model for training and validation to identify buffer layer ablation and local aging faults. Finally, using multiple evaluation metrics to assess the neural network model validates the superiority of the MLP neural network in cable fault identification models and experimentally confirms the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variable and complex marine environmental loads combined with wave resistance and the insufficient controllability of large caisson structures pose serious challenges during maritime towing. Cable breakage events are common, and improper behaviors could give rise to a variety of accidents. This work explored the dynamic responses of large caisson structures following towing cable breakage under irregular waves combined with harsh currents. Two types of cable breakage, i.e., main bridle and towing bridle breakage, were taken into account. Four potential wave–current combinations were assumed for each situation according to direction. The obtained results show that drag rope breakage could give rise to lateral shifts in the structure, which can become a serious condition when exposed to angled waves. Additionally, following breakage, significant force fluctuations took place in the remaining intact cables. For main cable breakage, both lateral and backward displacements were observed in the structure, which gradually entered a 'flowing with the wave' state. Furthermore, under the two abovementioned cable breakage conditions, the structure air gap consistently exceeded 2.3 m, ignoring the possibility of a wave slamming event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the existing permanent load equilibrium method, influence matrix method and adaptive control method, a distributed algorithm and control method for the cable forces of hybrid laminated girder cable-stayed bridges is proposed. The method uses the permanent load equilibrium approach to initially determine the permanent load cable forces, then adjusts it based on the influence matrix of the main girder displacement, and finally combines the calculation of finite element software to determine the cable forces that satisfy the internal force requirements of each member of the hybrid laminated girder cable-stayed bridge under the joint action of permanent load and live load. Through adjusting the cable force of an actual bridge, it can be found that this method is highly efficient in calculation, and the efficiency and accuracy of control of the cable forces are high, ensuring that the cable forces and alignment of the bridge structure after completion are in line with the design expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a thorough investigation is presented on the static and dynamic behaviors of a short-span cable-stayed bridge (CSB) incorporating steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) hybrid cables. The study focuses on the world's largest span and China's first highway, CFRP CSB. The performance of the CSB was compared using numerical simulations under four different cable patterns: steel cables, CFRP cables, and steel, and two types of hybrid cables with different structural arrangements. The results indicate that the use of the use of CFRP cables in the long cable region in the short-span CSB project investigated in this study offers improved performance in terms of stability, seismic response, and reduced displacements. In comparison to CFRP cables, hybrid cables have demonstrated a reduction of 12% in the maximum vertical displacement of the main girder. On the other hand, the hybrid cables result in reduced maximum internal forces and longitudinal and lateral displacements of the main girders and towers compared to steel cables. The difference in the arrangement of CFRP cables in the long cable region or short cable region is not obvious under dead loads, but significant differences still exist between the CFRP cable bridges in the short cable region and the long cable region in terms of live load effects, temperature effects, and dynamic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actuator line modeling of wind turbines requires the definition of a free‐stream velocity in a computational mesh and a regularization kernel to project the computed body forces onto the domain. Both choices strongly influence the results. In this work, a novel velocity sampling method—the so‐called effective velocity model (EVM)—is implemented in the CFD software SOWFA, validated, and compared to pre‐existing approaches. Results show superior method robustness with respect to the regularization kernel width (ϵ) choice while preserving acceptable accuracy. In particular, the power predicted by the EVM is nearly independent of the ϵ value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-sea cable-stayed bridges encounter challenges associated with cable corrosion and cable-force relaxation during their service life, which significantly affects their structural performance and seismic response. This study focuses on a cross-sea cable-stayed bridge located in Hainan Province. Utilizing an LSTM deep learning model, this study aims to fill in the gaps in short-term cable-monitoring data from the past year using the available cable-force-monitoring data from the same period. The authors of this study interpolated the cable-force data in the absence of sensors and employed a SARIMA machine learning time-series-prediction model to predict the future trends of all cable forces. A finite-element model was constructed, and a dynamic time-history analysis of the seismic response of the cross-sea cable-stayed bridge was conducted, considering the influence of cable-force relaxation and cable corrosion in the future. The findings indicate that the LSTM-SARIMA model predicted an average decrease of 11.81% in the cable force of the cable-stayed bridge after 20 years. During the lifecycle of the cables, cable corrosion exerts a significant impact on the variation in cable stress within the bridge structure during earthquakes, while cable-force relaxation has a more pronounced effect on the vertical displacement of the main beam of the bridge structure during seismic events. Compared to when using the traditional model that only considers cable corrosion, the maximum negative vertical displacement of the main beam increases by 29.7% when using the proposed model if the earthquake intensity is 0.35 g after 20 years, which indicates that the proposed machine learning model can exactly determine the seismic behavior of the lifecycle cross-sea cable-stayed bridge, considering the impacts of both cable-force relaxation and cable corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A moored spar platform, equipped with various instruments, serves as a crucial tool in hydrological monitoring. However, conducting dynamic analyses of a single spar that endures wind and current requires significant amount of computational time. To address this challenge, this study proposes an efficient surrogate model to represent fluid loads. A database is established to capture the relationship between fluid loads, spar displacements and uniform currents based on a numerical model of the spar. Subsequently, an artificial neural network method is employed to construct the surrogate model. Finally, the surrogate model is integrated with a numerical model of the cable, developed using the lumped mass method, to create a coupled model of the moored spar. The dynamic responses of this coupled model align closely with those obtained from the purely numerical model, demonstrating the efficacy of the surrogate model in capturing fluid loads on the spar. In addition to the surrogate model generation approach, this research provides an efficient method to couple the surrogate model with the numerical model in dynamic analysis of floating systems in uniform currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Tensegrity systems are construction system that offers solutions for lighter designs compared with a standard truss system consisting of tension and compression elements. Due to their structure, they are recommended in the design of space structures due to the use of lighter and easy‐to‐assemble structural elements such as cables, ropes, and similar to provide the desired durability. In this study, energy minimization was carried out to solve the structural element displacements. It is expected to reduce the total potential energy of the system with minimization. By minimizing the total potential energy of the tensegrity system models, the displacement of each building element is found for the equilibrium condition. Tensegrity models were analyzed by minimizing energy via the adaptive harmony search (AHS) algorithm. In this research, two distinct tensegrity structure specimens were employed. One comprised a cantilever beam, while the other adopted a cyclic model, forming eight equal octagons from eight nodes at both the base and the top. Additionally, an examination was conducted on a two‐layer iteration of the cyclic model. The method is robust for both space and planar tensegrity structures, allowing the determination of deformed shapes under various loads without design assumptions. The TPO/MA method demonstrates superiority in handling nonlinear and barely stable systems, as evidenced by examples illustrating its efficacy in maintaining structural form under increasing loads and challenging conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the operation of medium-voltage distribution cables, the local insulation performance may degrade due to inherent defects, environmental influences, and external forces, leading to consecutive self-recovering latent faults in the cables. If not addressed promptly, these faults may escalate into permanent failures. To address this issue, this paper analyzes the development mechanism and characteristics of latent cable faults. A 10kV low-resistance cable latent fault model based on the Kizilcay arc model is built in the PSCAD/EMTDC platform. Furthermore, the paper analyzes and extracts the time-domain, frequency-domain, and time-frequency domain features of fault current samples. Effective fault feature vectors are constructed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Based on the fault feature vectors and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), an intelligent fault identification model for cable latent faults is developed. The initial parameters of the ELM model are optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Finally, the superiority of the proposed model is validated in terms of classification accuracy, training time, and robustness compared to other machine learning algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome the inaccurate frequency band division in empirical wavelet transform (EWT) induced by high noise and modulation edge band, this study proposes an improved EWT (IEWT) and applies it to operational modal analysis (OMA) in civil structures. The IEWT segments the frequency band using spectral trend determined with removing the high-frequency components of the Fourier spectrum. The synchroextracting transform is employed to denoise the frequency components obtained from IEWT combined with the random decrement technique and Hilbert transform to identify modal parameters. The effectiveness of IEWT and the proposed modal analysis method is comprehensively verified by a full-scale cable-stayed footbridge. The results demonstrate that the proposed IEWT, random decrement technique, and Hilbert transform can accurately identify the modal parameters from multi-setup ambient vibration measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analytical and geometric study of catenary curves is a classic matter of applied mathematical modeling. The paper systematizes a methodological strategy to achieve fully analytical solutions for the mechanical problem of determining the equilibrium configuration assumed by inextensible inclined cables under gravitational loads. By developing a two-step perturbation scheme, the statically indeterminate equilibrium problem is asymptotically formulated, and asymptotic solutions are obtained in the form of convergent polynomial series of terms with increasing orders of smallness. As a major achievement, the asymptotic analytical solutions are explicit functions of the governing parameters and automatically satisfy the integral compatibility condition, which traditionally requires a numerical solution to assess the hyperstatic unknowns. The mathematical conditions for the existence of admissible solutions and asymptotic consistency of the perturbation scheme are provided, while the characteristic properties of the asymptotic series are recognized or demonstrated. Parametric analyses successfully verify the high approximation accuracy achievable by high-order asymptotic series, truncated to a large but finite number of terms. With the aim of extending the methodology to the largest possible variety of cable structure applications, a fully analytical, although asymptotic, expression of the geometric stiffness matrix of inextensible inclined cables is determined. Parametric analyses confirm that high-order asymptotic expressions can accurately approximate the exact stiffness matrix assessed numerically. This achievement opens up viable opportunities for analytically studying and parametrically designing complex cable structures (including collaborations with other structural elements), within the framework of the direct stiffness method. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the asymptotic direct stiffness method are successfully verified by solving in a fully-analytical way a paradigmatic static problem for the catenary cable-stayed beam. • The catenary configuration of inextensible cables is asymptotically described through a consistent perturbation strategy. • Differential perturbation equilibrium equations and algebraic perturbation compatibility equations are analytically solved. • The geometric stiffness matrix is determined in exact quasi-analytical form and in asymptotic fully analytical form. • Parametric analyses confirm excellent agreement between numerical and high-order analytical perturbation-based results. • The theoretical findings can be applied in direct stiffness methods for parametric study and design of cable structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cable-stayed bridges have been widely used in large-span bridge engineering because of their large span capacity and novel structure. The frequent traffic of vehicles transporting flammable and explosive materials has increased the incidence of bridge fires. After being burned, the cable-stayed bridge will suffer from varying degrees of damage, which affects its performance. Therefore, mechanical analysis and evaluation of the fire-damaged cable-stayed bridge are necessary. Due to the development of technology, the structural analysis of cable-stayed bridges has gradually shifted from experimental methods to numerical simulation or artificial intelligence methods, and from local performance research to holistic research. In this paper, a fire accident in the Sifangtai Bridge in Harbin, China, is taken as a case study. Finite element software and damage theory calculation methods were used, and the static and dynamic performances of the bridge under the condition of cable fire damage were analyzed. The results show that the variation of cable force during the movement of vehicle load along the bridge is relatively small, within the range of 7% to 12%. The fusing of the upper cables of the bridge tower has the greatest impact on the deflection of the beam, while the fusing of lower cables has the same impact on the deflection of the entire bridge as the undamaged state. Near the fused cables, cable forces change significantly, increasing by over 20%. As the degree of damage increases, the increase in deflection of the beam becomes more pronounced. The impact of different degrees of cable damage on the dynamic performance of cable-stayed bridges is reflected in quantitative changes. As the degree of cable damage and the amount of fusing increase, the change in structural frequency becomes more pronounced. This paper not only provides technical support and a theoretical basis for the performance analysis of cable-stayed bridges damaged by fire, but it also improves the research content of combining static and dynamic performance, which provides important reference values for similar research in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reconstruction of traffic accidents has grown as an interdisciplinary field, encompassing bodies of research from automotive engineering, traffic and transport engineering, biomechanics, and forensic sciences. In this work, a method is proposed by which the value of the force in the safety belt buckle can be determined provided the belt buckle is equipped with a pretensioning system with a pyrotechnic trigger in the pretensioner tube, PBP—Pyrotechnical Buckle Pretensioner, or PLP—Pyrotechnical Lap Pretensioner type. The anti-return system of the pretensioner mechanism, which prevents the passenger's body from moving forward, contains a set of balls that block the movement of the piston in the pretensioner tube after its activation. When limiting the movement, the force the human body exerts on the safety belt webbing is transformed into the deformation of the pretensioner tube by the balls of the anti-return system. Depending on the magnitude of the force, the marks left by the balls differ. This is an alternative method for determining the force that occurs in a seatbelt and causes injury to the occupants of a vehicle. The advantage of this method is that the force in the seatbelt buckle cable can be determined relatively quickly and accurately by analyzing the deformations in the pretensioner tube, without a need for expensive laboratory equipment. The limitation of the model resides in the consideration of a static system with rigid bodies. The correlation between the normal force causing the deformation of the tube and the force in the belt buckle cable is obtained by means of a mechanical model that explains the operation of the anti-return system. By comparing the values of the normal force given by the proposed model and the elastoplastic model, a good correlation is found. Finally, a regression curve is determined to help the expert in approximating the force in the buckle cable depending on the deformation size in the pretensioner tube. The value of this force also enables biomechanical or medical specialists to correlate the degree of injury to occupants of a vehicle depending on the force in the seatbelt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of stay cable icing is crucial for robot deicing to improve efficiency and prevent damage to stay cables. Therefore, it is significant to identify the areas and degree of icing in the images of stay cables. This study proposed a two-stage model that combines U-Net and ResNet50. In the first stage, this model used U-Net to segment the surface ice and icicles from the stay cable. The image of icing obtained after segmentation was used as the input for the second stage. In the second stage, ResNet50 was used to classify the degree of icing. The experimental results show that the proposed model can successfully segment the icicles and surface ice from the stay cable icing image to complete the classification of the icing degree. The mean pixel accuracy and intersection over the union of icing were 96.65% and 82.10%, respectively. The average accuracy of the icing degree classification was 95.71%. The method proposed in this study meets the requirements of robustness, segmentation accuracy, and classification accuracy for stay cable icing recognition, which provides a research basis for the precise icing recognition of cable-deicing robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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