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1. Guinea pigs blocked by intravenous injection of either India ink or trypan blue succumbed with fatal shock after the intravenous injection of heterophile immune serum, although the time of death was somewhat delayed as compared with normal controls. 2. Local blockade of the skin of guinea pigs with trypan blue inhibited completely the development of the characteristic skin reaction following intracutaneous injection of Forssman serum within the blocked area. 3. Infiltration of the skin of guinea pigs with India ink afforded no protection against the full development of the toxic skin reaction.

1. Blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system by means of one intravenous injection of India ink as well as splenectomy did not alter the course of either Pneumococcus Type I infection or tetanus intoxication in mice. 2. The protective action of Antipneumococcus Type I serum against the corresponding infection, as determined by the injection of in vitro prepared mixtures of serum and culture, was definitely lower in mice which had received one blocking injection of India ink shortly before the test. 3. Titration of tetanus toxin and antitoxin in blocked and splenectomized mice gave results identical with those obtained in normal mice, if in vitro prepared and incubated toxin-antitoxin mixtures were injected. The degree of protection, however, conferred by a preceding dose of antitoxin against subsequent intoxication, was markedly lower in blocked mice than in normal control animals, this difference becoming more pronounced with the increase of the time interval.

1. Intravenous injections of India ink into guinea pigs caused a decided drop in the complement titer which set in as early as 15 minutes after the injection, but did not reach its maximum for 3 hours. This drop was followed by a return to normal within the first 24 hours following the injection. 2. India ink mixed in vitro with guinea pig serum adsorbs the complement almost immediately to its full extent. 3. By means of reduction tests (methylene blue and nitroanthraquinone) it was shown that the respiration of the cells of the liver and spleen of guinea pigs was markedly impaired for the first 8 hours, following an intravenous injection of ink. Evidences of a return to normal functional vitality, however, became apparent by the end of the 1st day after the injection.

Summary and Conclusions Samples of spinal fluid taken from poliomyelitis monkeys on the day of the onset of symptoms, show with considerable regularity, i.e., in 75 per cent of the cases, a colloidal gold curve characterized by a well-marked elevation in the second third or middle of the series of dilutions. The curve thus seems to fall into the so-called luetic zone, although the reactions were, as a rule, not as pronounced as in syphilis. As the infectious process progresses, there appears a change in the curve which manifests itself either as a shift forward, or in most cases, as a complete flattening out to a curve which is practically indistinguishable from the reaction of the normal monkey spinal fluid. Any possible diagnostic value of the test in the monkey would thus be limited very largely to the earliest stages of the disease. Whether this subsequent change in the type of curve is related to a characteristic development of the pathologic condition in the central nervous system or whether it has any bearing on the possible presence or absence of the virus in the fluid, we are unable to state at present. Another interesting feature of this work seems to us to lie in the close similarity between our results and those recorded by other investigators for poliomyelitis in the human, thus indicating the far reaching analogy between the original human disease and the experimentally produced infection.

1. Guinea pigs injected intravenously with massive doses of India ink before active sensitization exhibited occasionally a more or less marked, decreased sensitiveness to the reinjection of the antigen. 2. The serum of rabbits which had received massive doses of India ink before the sensitizing injections, showed approximately the same titer of anaphylactic antibodies as that of sensitized normal control animals, as demonstrated by the degree of passive sensitization induced in guinea pigs. 3. The precipitin titer of sensitized rabbits blocked with massive doses of India ink was somewhat lower than that of sensitized normal controls. In one instance, the intravenous injection of smaller doses of India ink was followed by a higher precipitin titer. No uniform relation was found between the height of the precipitin titer and the anaphylactic power of the antiserums. 4. One blocking injection of India ink given to guinea pigs before passive sensitization did not interfere with the occurrence of anaphylactic shock nor alter its nature.

Summary and Conclusions The incidence of blood groups in cases of paralytic poliomyelitis occurring under five years of age shows no radical deviation from the normal figures. Above that age there is a distinct diminution in B and a slight increase in O. This shift in the distribution of blood groups becomes progressively more noticeable with the advance in the age at onset, coincident with the drop in general morbidity. The largest number of deaths after five years of age occurred in individuals other than B, with a predominance of A in the five to ten year period and of O in the cases over ten years. The prevalence of poliomyelitis in different parts of the world appears, with certain exceptions, to diminish in direct proportion to the increase in group B and the decrease in groups A and O among the human races. This relative racial insusceptibility seems to occur independently of climatic factors. No more than one-third of six human convalescent sera belonging to blood group A nor more than about half of thirteen sera belonging to blood groups O and AB were capable of neutralizing the virus of poliomyelitis in vitro. On the other hand six out of seven B sera were found to possess this property. These results may be useful in pointing the way to a more judicial selection of suitable donors in the collection of convalescent sera form therapeutic purposes.

1. The minimum amount of diphtheria toxin which killed normal mice of from 24 to 30 gm. in weight upon intravenous injection, was found to be between 75 and 100 times the M.F.D. for the guinea pig. When given intraperitoneally, the fatal dose for mice was as high as 200 M.F.D. 2. There was no significant difference in the lethal action of diphtheria toxin for normal mice and mice in which an elimination of the reticulo-endothelial system had been attempted by means of blocking injections of India ink, or splenectomy, or a combination of both operations. 3. Attempts to infect normal mice and mice treated as described with large doses of a highly virulent diphtheria strain were unsuccessful with both groups of animals.

Summary Albino rats are highly but not completely resistant to infection with diphtheria bacilli, irrespective of whether the gravis or the mitis types are used. Intravenous or intraäbdominal injection of large doses of diphtheria bacilli produced no effect. The animals survived, the bacilli died out swiftly. Subcutaneous injection, however, resulted in the formation of transitory abscesses in which living diphtheria bacilli persisted not longer than one week after injection. A generalization of the infection was indicated by the survival of the organisms in the spleen. No deaths occurred in these animals. Intracerebral injection of diphtheria bacilli proved lethal within one to seven days. The brain contained numerous diphtheria bacilli but the blood and spleen were sterile. Administration of large amounts of diphtherial antitoxin failed to prevent the development of abscesses following subcutaneous infection, or death following intracerebral infection. Serial passage of a gravis strain of C. diphtheriae through rats did not change the cultural, biochemical or biological characteristics of the organism.

1. A flocculation reaction has been described which occurs between alcoholic extracts of pneumococci and antipneumococcus serum. 2. The reaction appears to be species-specific. It is not strictly type-specific, as slight or moderate cross-reactions occurred between Type I serums and Type II and Type III extracts. 3. The flocculating power of the serum from five horses undergoing immunization with pneumococcus, Type I, did not develop to any extent before the end of the 4th or 5th month. 4. In the case of two of these horses in which it was possible to carry out parallel tests on a larger number of subsequent bleedings until the end of immunization, some relationship was suggested between the flocculating power and the protective titer as ascertained by the routine method of standardization in mice.

Introduction. In 1923 Brokman (1) described an intracutaneous reaction in man occurring in a certain percentage of cases after the intradermal injection of a small amount of dysentery toxin (Shiga). A reaction of similar character had been noted before by Major and Nobel (2) in 1913. Brokman's later work, in which Przesmycki (3, 4) participated, proved that those individuals who gave a positive reaction had no specific antitoxin in their blood, while an appreciable amount could be detected in the serum of those who reacted negatively to the intracutaneous injection of the dysentery toxin. The relative frequency of positive reactions at different ages was subsequently studied by Brokman and Popowski (5). The findings of Brokman and his associates have only recently been confirmed by Zoeller and Lesbre (6). These authors, for the first time, injected also laboratory animals intracutaneously with dysentery toxin.

Many attempts have been made in the past to affect the course of rabies in experimental animals by the prophylactic or therapeutic use of drugs. One of us (Hoyt, with C. W. Jungeblut1) reported that a typical and constant infection could be produced in white mice by the intracerebral injection of fixed virus, and that a dose approximating a minimal lethal dose of virus might thus be determined. Groups of mice were given prophylactic treatments with various drugs (particularly arsenicals and quinine derivatives), which were followed by intracerebral injections of fixed virus. Such treatments failed to protect any of the mice. It was noted, however, that a slight prolongation of the period of incubation occurred in a number of the treated groups, although no mathematical significance could be ascribed to that observation. We have recently been able to continue the experiments on a much more extensive scale, and the present report covers chemotherapeutic attempts involving over fifteen hundred mice.

Es wird berichtet uber die Untersuchung einer Anzahl von Patienten mit der klinischen Diagnose Encephalitis, aseptischer Meningitis oder Poliomyelitis, sowie deren Kontaktpersonen, auf die Gegenwart neutralisierender und hamagglutinationshemmender Antikorper gegen Parapoliomyelitisvirus (Col SK-Stamm). Einwandfrei positive Ergebnisse mit beiden Untersuchungsmethoden betrugen bei einer Gruppe von insgesamt 23 Patienten 8,7% fur Neutralisation und 17,3% fur Hamagglutinationshemmung; bei einer Gruppe von insgesamt 30 klinisch gesunden Kontaktpersonen 16,7 fur Neutralisation und 0% fur Hamagglutinationshemmung. Die atiologische Bedeutung der serologischen Reaktionen fur die verschiedenen Krankheitsbilder wird diskutiert.

The difficulties encountered in obtaining protection against poliomyelitic infection in the monkey with any degree of regularity by the various recognized methods of active immunization are sufficiently known to any worker in this field.1, 2, 3, 4 In the following paper we have compared the efficacy of different routes of administration of the virus in the production of immunity against intracerebral infection.A total of 16 monkeys were divided in small groups of from 4 to 2 animals, a different method of immunization being utilized in each instance. Thus, 4 monkeys were immunized intradermally, 3 intrapleurally,5 2 intraperitoneally, and one subcutaneously, while 2 monkeys received the virus intrarectally after thorough cleansing of the colon.6 From 2 to 4 injections were given in the various groups, at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks. Live virus was used throughout this work, the size of the dose varying from 1 cc. to 3 cc. of a 20% cord suspension. Taking into account the density of the suspension, considera...

The experiments here reported represent a logical continuation of work previously published,1 on the accelerated febrile response of convalescent monkeys to reinoculation with poliomyelitis virus. We interpreted our findings as indicating that recovery from poliomyelitic infection left the animals in a state of hyper-sensitiveness against the specific agent of the disease. The present paper purports to show that a similar condition may be demonstrated in children who have convalesced from a previous attack of infantile paralysis. We are much indebted to Dr. Charlton Wallace, Surgeon-in-Chief, and to Drs. J. M. Moore and F. J. O'Malley, Senior and Junior Resident Physicians of the New York State Reconstruction Home at West Haver straw, N. Y., for their most helpful support in this investigation.Twenty-seven children and youths (3 to 22 years old) with a proven history of a previous attack of poliomyelitis several years ago, were inoculated intracutaneously on one arm with 0.2 cc. of the Berkefeld filtrate ...

In an attempt to explain the protection which a large number of children and the majority of adults enjoy against poliomyelitis it has been generally held that this immunity is acquired by repeated contact with subinfectious amounts of the active virus. It has also been suggested that this process of latent immunization is accomplished by small doses of virus entering the body through the upper respiratory tract. We have undertaken to verify experimentally the soundness of this hypothesis.Four rhesus monkeys were subjected to extensive spraying of the nose and throat with a 10% emulsion of live poliomyelitis virus during a period of about 2 1/2 months. The treatments were given twice a week, so that each monkey received 20 sprays in all. The amount of virus consumed for each spray was approximately 1 cc. per monkey. At the end of the immunization period one of the 4 treated monkeys had died from extensive visceral tuberculosis; the autopsy showed a perfectly normal cord and histological examination reveal...

The authors believe, on the basis of various literature sources as well as their own work, that the body's natural immunity to various infectious diseases depends to a large extent on the function of the adrenal cortex. Vitamin C, one of the important components of the adrenal cortex, has been found to be of great importance here.