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Women use power in more prosocial ways than men and they also engage in more emotional labor (i.e., self-regulate their emotions to respond and attend to the needs and emotions of other people in a way that advances organizational goals). However, these two constructs have not been previously connected. We propose that gendered emotional labor practices and pressures result in gender differences in the prosocial use of power. We integrate the literature on emotional labor with research on the psychology of power to articulate three routes through which this happens. First, women may be more adept than men at the intrapersonal and interpersonal processes entailed in emotional labor practices—a skill that they can apply at all hierarchical levels. Second, given women’s stronger internal motivation to perform emotional labor, they construe power in a more interdependent manner than men, which promotes a more prosocial use of power. As a result, female powerholders tend to behave in more prosocial ways. Third, when they have power, women encounter stronger external motivation to engage in emotional labor, which effectively constrains powerful women’s behaviors in a way that fosters a more prosocial use of power. We discuss how, by promoting prosocial behavior among powerholders, emotional labor can be beneficial for subordinates and organizations (e.g., increase employee well-being and organizational trust), while simultaneously creating costs for individual powerholders, which may reduce women’s likelihood of actually attaining and retaining power by (a) making high-power roles less appealing, (b) guiding women toward less prestigious and (c) more precarious leadership roles, (d) draining powerful women’s time and resources without equitable rewards, and (e) making it difficult for women to legitimize their power in the eyes of subordinates (especially men). Thus, emotional labor practices can help explain the underrepresentation of women in top leadership positions.

Women are underrepresented in fields in which success is believed to require brilliance, but the reasons for this pattern are poorly understood. We investigated perceptions of a “masculinity-contest culture,” an organizational environment of ruthless competition, as a key mechanism whereby a perceived emphasis on brilliance discourages female participation. Across three preregistered correlational and experimental studies involving adult lay participants online ( N = 870) and academics from more than 30 disciplines ( N = 1,347), we found a positive association between the perception that a field or an organization values brilliance and the perception that this field or organization is characterized by a masculinity-contest culture. This association was particularly strong among women. In turn, perceiving a masculinity-contest culture predicted lower interest and sense of belonging as well as stronger impostor feelings. Experimentally reducing the perception of a masculinity-contest culture eliminated gender gaps in interest and belonging in a brilliance-oriented organization, suggesting possible avenues for intervention.

Introduction/Objective Immunotherapy provides an efficacious and durable therapeutic option for patients with advanced-stage neoplastic disease. Related adverse events are several. Sarcoid-like granulomatous reaction is a rare, not severe complication, more frequent in skin, lung and lymph nodes. It should not be misdiagnosed as tumor recurrence or progression. Methods/Case Report Case Report. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Female 50 years old. Smoker for 40 years until 2016. Reumathoid arthritis at age 50. Palmo-plantar psoriasiform dermatitis since 2016. Sporadic corticoids use and topic therapy. Lung adenocarcinoma in june 2021, multifocal, acinar-papillary, pT4-pN1- pM1a. TPS PD-L1 70%. In treatment with pembrolizumab since july 2021, without toxicities. In november 2021, after 6 doses, PET/CT shows mild growth of bilateral nodules. Stereotaxic breast biopsy for microcalcifications of recent appereance in january 2022. Pathology report: “Sarcoid-like reaction. Microcalcifications, present in biopsied material, not visualized after cuts of all tissue (mecanically displaced). PAS, Grocott and Ziehl-Neelsen negatives”. Currently, after 16 cycles of pembrolizumab, the patient is in good condition. Conclusion Sarcoid-like reaction (epithelioid non necrotizing granulomas), during immunotherapy is rare, can be seen especially in skin, lung, mediastinal lymph nodes. For some authors it would be a marker for therapy response and correlated with improve overall survival. It is very important to differentiate this reaction with progression or recurrence of tumor disease. Our case is the first immunotherapy induced sarcoid-like reaction described in the mammary gland.

The madonna-whore dichotomy denotes polarized perceptions of women as either good and chaste or as bad and promiscuous. In the present research, we examined the correlates of madonna-whore dichotomy among samples of heterosexual Israeli, U.S., and German women and heterosexual U.S. and German men. Demonstrating cross-cultural generalizability, madonna-whore dichotomy endorsement correlated with endorsement of patriarchy-supporting ideologies across samples. U.S. (but not German) men’s madonna-whore dichotomy endorsement negatively correlated with their sexual satisfaction in romantic relationships, which in turn predicted lower general relationship satisfaction. Among women, madonna-whore dichotomy endorsement did not correlate with sexual or general relationship satisfaction. These findings (a) support the feminist perspective on the madonna-whore dichotomy, which points to the role of the stereotype in policing women and limiting their sexual freedom; and (b) provide evidence that madonna-whore dichotomy endorsement can have personal costs for men. Increasing awareness to the motivations underlying the madonna-whore dichotomy endorsement and its costs can be beneficial at the social and personal levels for women and men, by providing knowledge that may help in developing focused interventions to change existing perceptions and scripts about sexuality, and perhaps foster more satisfying heterosexual relationships.

Five studies illuminate how the demands of the roles that people occupy can sometimes contribute to the maintenance of group inequality by promoting the accommodation of others' biases, even when those biases disadvantage an in-group or clash with personal views. When role demands to maximize candidate fit in hiring selections were strong, preference for job candidates of a given group tended to be lower when there were cues to third-party prejudice against that group (vs. no cues), irrespective of in-group favoritism effects (Studies 1–5) or participant attitudes (Studies 4 and 5). We found supporting evidence for the underlying processes in the context of hiring selections involving fictional groups (Study 1) as well as female job candidates (Studies 2–5). A concern with meeting the demands of the gatekeeper role was at the root of prejudice accommodation: When role-demands to prioritize candidate fit were strong, role-relevant considerations (interpersonal and task-focused) mediated the accommodation effect (Studies 1 and 4). The more gatekeepers in charge of hiring sought to meet role demands by considering the preferences of relevant third parties, the more they accommodated third-party prejudice (Study 2). Moreover, role-based concerns mediated the accommodation of prejudice—but not other potential considerations that were unrelated to role demands (Study 3). Finally, the accommodation effect was eliminated when the role definition did not prioritize candidate fit (Study 4) and when we experimentally reduced the strength of role-related concerns (Study 5). These findings illustrate the relevance of the role concept for understanding the social transmission of bias.

Context.The Metis coronagraph on board Solar Orbiter offers a new view of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), observing them for the first time with simultaneous images acquired with a broad-band filter in the visible-light interval and with a narrow-band filter around the H ILy-αline at 121.567 nm, the so-called Metis UV channel.Aims.We show the first Metis observations of a CME, obtained on 16 and 17 January 2021. The event was also observed by the EUI/FSI imager on board Solar Orbiter, as well as by other space-based coronagraphs, such as STEREO-A/COR2 and SOHO/LASCO/C2, whose images are combined here with Metis data.Methods.Different images are analysed here to reconstruct the 3D orientation of the expanding CME flux rope using the graduated cylindrical shell model. This also allows us to identify the possible location of the source region. Measurements of the CME kinematics allow us to quantify the expected Doppler dimming in the Ly-αchannel.Results.Observations show that most CME features seen in the visible-light images are also seen in the Ly-αimages, although some features in the latter channel appear more structured than their visible-light counterparts. We estimated the expansion velocity of this event to be below 140 km s−1. Hence, these observations can be understood by assuming that Doppler dimming effects do not strongly reduce the Ly-αemission from the CME. These velocities are comparable with or smaller than the radial velocities inferred from the same data in a similar coronal structure on the east side of the Sun.Conclusions.The first observations by Metis of a CME demonstrate the capability of the instrument to provide valuable and novel information on the structure and dynamics of these coronal events. Considering also its diagnostics capabilities regarding the conditions of the ambient corona, Metis promises to significantly advance our knowledge of such phenomena.

Despite the progress American women have made in other arenas, they still remain underrepresented in top leadership positions in both the public and private sectors, thus contributing to their marginalized status in these domains. Although people do not expect to encounter women in positions of power, a solely cognitive process cannot fully account for the negative interpersonal characterizations and poor leadership evaluations (i.e., backlash) that female leaders disproportionately receive. Rather, recent evidence suggests that because female leaders are seen as gender norm deviants who threaten the gender status hierarchy, the backlash they encounter more likely constitutes a motivated process whereby perceivers’ negative evaluations stem from a desire to maintain the status quo (i.e., gender inequality). Here, we expand on this work by proposing that a desire to defend the gender hierarchy causes people to feel negative moral emotions when encountering powerful women who display dominance and/or agency which, in turn, causes backlash effects against such individuals. Study 1 finds that morally laden negative affect explains why evaluators penalize dominant female leaders, but not dominant male leaders. Studies 2 and 3 then manipulate this mediator via the use of use disgust primes. Given that embodied disgust amplifies moral judgment severity, we hypothesized that if moral emotions underlie gender backlash, enhanced feelings of disgust should result in harsher penalties for leaders in gender-incongruent roles than those in gender-congruent roles as only the former violate core gender norms that undermine the status quo. Indeed, compared to a neutral prime, disgust primes (taste in Study 2, visual in Study 3) resulted in lower leadership evaluations and liking of only the gender deviant targets. We discuss the implications of these findings for organizational interventions and female leaders’ impression management strategies.

Context. Empirical relations between major UV and extreme UV spectral lines are one of the inputs for models of chromospheric and coronal spectral radiances and irradiances. They are also needed for the interpretation of some of the observations of the Solar Orbiter mission. Aims. We aim to determine an empirical relation between the intensities of the H I 121.6 nm and He II 30.4 nm Ly-α lines. Methods. Images at 121.6 nm from the Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha Spectro Polarimeter (CLASP) and Multiple XUV Imager (MXUVI) sounding rockets were co-registered with simultaneous images at 30.4 nm from the EIT and AIA orbital telescopes in order to derive a spatially resolved relationship between the intensities. Results. We have obtained a relationship between the H I 121.6 nm and He II 30.4 nm intensities that is valid for a wide range of solar features, intensities, and activity levels. Additional SUMER data have allowed the derivation of another relation between the H I 102.5 nm (Ly-β) and He II 30.4 nm lines for quiet-Sun regions. We combined these two relationships to obtain a Ly-α/Ly-β intensity ratio that is comparable to the few previously published results. Conclusions. The relationship between the H I 121.6 nm and He II 30.4 nm lines is consistent with the one previously obtained using irradiance data. We have also observed that this relation is stable in time but that its accuracy depends on the spatial resolution of the observations. The derived Ly-α/Ly-β intensity ratio is also compatible with previous results.

Background and purpose Hypertrophy/signal hyperintensity and/or gadolinium enhancement of plexus structures on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are observed in two-thirds of cases of typical chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). The objective of our study was to determine the additional benefit of plexus MRI in patients referred to tertiary centers with baseline clinical and electrophysiological characteristics suggestive of typical or atypical CIDP. Methods A total of 28 consecutive patients with initial suspicion of CIDP were recruited in nine centers and followed for 2 years. Plexus MRI data from the initial assessment were reviewed centrally. Physicians blinded to the plexus MRI findings established the final diagnosis (CIDP or neuropathy of another cause). The proportion of patients with abnormal MRI was analyzed in each group. Results Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy was confirmed in 14 patients (50%), as were sensorimotor CIDP (n = 6), chronic immune sensory polyradiculoneuropathy (n = 2), motor CIDP (n = 1) and multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy (n = 5). A total of 37 plexus MRIs were performed (17 brachial, 19 lumbosacral and 8 in both localizations). MRI was abnormal in 5/37 patients (14%), all of whom were subsequently diagnosed with CIDP [5/14(36%)], after an atypical baseline presentation. With plexus MRI results masked, non-invasive procedures confirmed the diagnosis of CIDP in all but one patient [1/14 (7%)]. Knowledge of the abnormal MRI findings in the latter could have prevented nerve biopsy being performed. Conclusion Systematic plexus MRI in patients with initially suspected CIDP provides little additional benefit in confirming the diagnosis of CIDP.

Aims. In this paper we focus on the possible observational signatures of the processes which have been put forward for explaining eruptive prominences. We also try to understand the variations in the physical conditions of eruptive prominences and estimate the masses leaving the Sun versus the masses returning to the Sun during eruptive prominences.Methods. As far as velocities are concerned, we combined an optical flow method on the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) 304 Å and Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). Mg IIh&k observations in order to derive the plane-of-sky velocities in the prominence, and a Doppler technique on the IRIS Mg IIh&k profiles to compute the line-of-sight velocities. As far as densities are concerned, we compared the absolute observed intensities with values derived from non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer computations to derive the total (hydrogen) density and consequently compute the mass flows.Results. The derived electron densities range from 1.3 × 109to 6.0 × 1010cm−3and the derived total hydrogen densities range from 1.5 × 109to 2.4 × 1011cm−3in different regions of the prominence. The mean temperature is around 1.1 × 104K, which is higher than in quiescent prominences. The ionization degree is in the range of 0.1–10. The total (hydrogen) mass is in the range of 1.3 × 1014–3.2 × 1014g. The total mass drainage from the prominence to the solar surface during the whole observation time of IRIS is about one order of magnitude smaller than the total mass of the prominence.

We examine how feelings of power affect gender identification and the endorsement of sexism. Participants wrote essays about a time when they felt powerful or powerless (Studies 1–3) or about an event unrelated to power (Studies 2–3). Then, they reported how much they identified with their gender group. When primed with high power, women reported lower levels of gender identification, as compared to those primed with low power (Studies 1–2) and to a control condition (Studies 2–3). In Study 3, we also found that women primed with high power endorsed benevolent (but not hostile) sexism less than women in both the low power and control conditions. Power had no impact on men's gender identification or sexism.

In patients with autoimmune diseases who still derive benefit from high dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment, some physicians resort to subcutaneous (SC) Ig as a replacement therapy.To collect quality of life (QoL) and tolerance data on SCIg in patients for whom the switch from IVIg to SCIg is essential to maintain treatment.This observational study included patients with either idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) or chronic dysimmune peripheral neuropathies (CDPN) treated with IVIg, who had been switched to SCIg administration for at least three months. The main objective was to describe the impact of SCIg on QoL after six months, using the generic Short-Form 36 questionnaire (SF-36). The secondary objectives were to evaluate SCIg tolerance and clinical efficiency.Eight centres recruited 12 IIM patients and two centres recruited 11 CDPN patients. Neither the physical nor the mental health SF-36 component summaries showed any QoL deterioration during the six-month study period and all IIM and CDPN patients remained clinically stable during the same period. The most frequent adverse effects were injection site reactions (50%), cutaneous tissue disorders (18.2%), and nervous system disorders (13.6%). Two serious adverse events (myocarditis and cerebrovascular accident) occurred in two patients.In these rare inflammatory diseases, high dose SCIg administration (which can be home based) has no deleterious effect on patient QoL. It appears to be a safe and efficient alternative to hospital-based IVIg.

In an attempt to explain why the gender gap in leadership positions persists, we propose a model centered on legitimacy. When women hold powerful positions, they have a harder time than men eliciting respect and admiration (i.e., status) from subordinates. As a result, female power-holders are seen as less legitimate than male power-holders. Unless they are able to legitimize their role, relative illegitimacy will prompt a variety of consequences such as more negative subordinate behavior and reduced cooperation when the leader is a woman. Subordinate rejection will likely put female leaders in a precarious mindset, and trigger negative responses toward subordinates; such behavior can confirm negative expectations of female leaders and further undermine female authority in a self-reinforcing cycle of illegitimacy. Leader or organizational features that enhance status attributions and/or lower subordinates' perceptions of power differentials may increase legitimacy for women in leadership roles.

We theorize that individuals’ pre-existing beliefs about the hiring manager role (role construal) are associated with their tendency to condone bias accommodation in hiring contexts, in which a person aligns hiring decisions with the perceived biases of others. In two studies, we focus on human resources (HR) professionals’ endorsement of the role demand to prioritize candidate fit with others (e.g., supervisor) when making hiring decisions. Study 1 examined bias accommodation from a vicarious perspective, revealing that role demand endorsement is positively associated with viewing it as acceptable and common foranotherhiring manager to accommodate third-party bias against women. Study 2 examined bias accommodation experimentally from an actor’s perspective, showing lower preference for and selection of a female (vs. male) job candidate in the presence of cues to third-party bias against women, but only when role demand endorsement is relatively high. HR professionals in both studies indicated that third-party bias influences in hiring are relatively common. Responses in Study 2 provide preliminary evidence that the phenomenon of third-party bias accommodation might be relevant in the context of employment discrimination based on group characteristics other than gender (e.g., race/ethnicity, age). We discuss the practical implications of our findings for hiring professionals and for organizations seeking to increase diversity in their workforce.

Context. With more than four years of IRIS observations, and in order to avoid building customized diagnostics for each observation, it is useful to derive some simple relations between spectra and physical quantities. This is even more useful for the k and h lines of Mg II, which require complex non-local-thermodynamic-equilibrium NLTE treatments.Aims. The aim of this work concerning prominences is to correlate observable spectral features in h and k lines of Mg IIto physical quantities such as the density and the emission measure (EM) in the same way as similar correlations have been obtained in the hydrogen lines. In this way, and within approximations done on some parameters such as temperature, it is possible to build pixel by pixel an IRIS map of the above-mentioned quantities.Methods. In order to simplify and shorten the modeling, we chose to compute one-dimensional (1D) isothermal and isobaric models that are treated with the PROM7 NLTE code available at MEDOC (IAS). We built a set of models with large ranges of temperature, pressure, and thickness. At all altitudes considered, we paid attention to the exact computation of the incident radiation. Then we compared the emergent Mg IIh and k intensities with the corresponding hydrogen and electron densities and EMs.Results. From the NLTE computation, we derive correlations between the k and h emergent intensities on one hand and the densities and EM on the other hand. With some assumptions on the temperature, we obtain a unique relation between the k (and h) intensities and the EM that should be useful for deriving either the hydrogen and electron densities or the effective thickness of an observed prominence.Conclusions. From NLTE modeling, we have provided a relationship between observable integrated intensities of the Mg IIresonance lines and prominence plasma EM, which will contribute to a first-order analysis of long time series of spectroscopic observations, for example, with IRIS. We anticipate building more complex relations between the profiles and other plasma quantities.

We investigated how gatekeepers sometimes arrive at discriminatory hiring selections to accommodate prejudiced third parties due to role demands (i.e., the "third-party prejudice effect"). Studies 1 and 2 show that individuals in charge of personnel decisions were significantly less likely to select a woman when a relevant third party (the chief executive officer of the company in Study 1; the "proposer" in an ultimatum game in Study 2) was prejudiced against women. Gatekeepers accommodate third-party prejudice in this way in order to avoid conflict in relations and task-related problems that would likely occur if the gatekeeper introduced a member of the target of prejudice into an organization. Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated that both interpersonal and task-focused concerns significantly mediated third-party prejudice accommodation. Furthermore, experimentally reducing task-focused concerns significantly reduced the accommodation of third-party prejudice against women (Study 4). We also found that gatekeepers accommodate third-party prejudice regardless of their own beliefs and attitudes (Studies 5 and 6), or their own desire to get along or affiliate with the third party (Study 7), and despite leading to feelings of guilt (Studies 4 and 5). Both men and women accommodated third-party prejudice against women. A role-based framework can be useful to understand the persistence of gender inequality in various fields and organizations, even as individuals endorse increasingly gender-egalitarian views. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Although leader role expectations appear to have become relatively more compatible with stereotypically feminine attributes like empathy, women continue to be highly underrepresented in leadership roles. We posit that one reason for this disparity is that, whereas stereotypically feminine traits are appreciated as nice “add-ons” for leaders, it is stereotypically masculine attributes that are valued as the defining qualities of the leader role, especially by men (who are often the gatekeepers to these roles). We assessed men’s and women’s idea of a great leader with a focus on gendered attributes in two studies using different methodologies. In Study 1, we employed a novel paradigm in which participants were asked to design their “ideal leader” to examine the potential trade-off between leadership characteristics that were more stereotypically masculine (i.e., agency) and feminine (i.e., communality). Results showed that communality was valued in leaders only after meeting the more stereotypically masculine requirements of the role (i.e., competence and assertiveness), and that men in particular preferred leaders who were more competent (vs. communal), whereas women desired leaders who kept negative stereotypically masculine traits in check (e.g., arrogance). In Study 2, we conducted an experiment to examine men’s and women’s beliefs about the traits that would be important to help them personally succeed in a randomly assigned leader (vs. assistant) role, allowing us to draw a causal link between roles and trait importance. We found that both men and women viewed agentic traits as more important than communal traits to be a successful leader. Together, both studies make a valuable contribution to the social psychological literature on gender stereotyping and bias against female leaders and may illuminate the continued scarcity of women at the very top of organizations, broadly construed.

International audience

Le cheptel équin français est estimé à 1 million de têtes, ce qui le place toutefois, loin derrière les cheptels de bovins et d’ovins. Les poneys et chevaux de selle pour le sport et les loisirs équestres représentent les 2/3 des effectifs. Le seul secteur des courses réalise un chiffre d’affaire de l’ordre de 10 milliards d’euros. Quelle que soit l’orientation (élevage, pension, entraînement, centre équestre…), la présence d’équins dans les structures est principalement motivée par la passion des dirigeants pour cet animal, si bien que la limite entre loisir et activité productive n’est pas toujours claire. Cet aspect influe sur l’atomisation de la filière, le temps consacré aux animaux et les objectifs économiques des exploitants, ainsi que sur leur perception par le reste du monde agricole. Cette motivation peut néanmoins expliquer, pourquoi les productions et activités équines sont présentes sur tout le territoire national où elles contribuent à l’image et à l’attractivité des zones rurales et suburbaines. Les spécificités intrinsèques de cet herbivore lui permettent de valoriser des surfaces en herbe non exploitables par les bovins ou en complément de ceux-ci. La présence de chevaux contribue ainsi à la préservation de ressources naturelles et de la biodiversité. L’illustration des différents impacts - économiques, sociaux et environnementaux - des productions et activités équines dans le secteur agricole devrait contribuer à une meilleure lisibilité de cette filière par la profession agricole et ses interlocuteurs publics permettant ainsi son intégration dans les stratégies d’évolution de l’agriculture vers plus de durabilité., The numbers of equine livestock in France (around 1 million heads) are much fewer compared to those of cattle and sheep. Saddle horses and ponies used for equestrian sports and leisure represent 2/3 of the equine population. The racing sector represents alone a turnover of 10 billion euros. Whatever the type of production or activity (breeding, livery yard, training center, equestrian center…), the presence of equines on structures is mainly motivated by the leader’s enthusiasm for this animal. This leads to confusions between leisure activities and economic productions. This also influences the time that farmers spend with horses and their economic objectives. This finally can generate a lack of understanding from the rest of the agricultural world. Nevertheless, this interest may also explain why equine production and activities are encountered all over the country, where horses contribute to the image and attractiveness of rural and suburban areas. Moreover, the specificities of horse behavior allow them to use grasslands that are unsuitable for cattle grazing or to use the same areas in a complementary way. Horses therefore contribute to the preservation of natural resources and biodiversity. A better knowledge of the economic, social and environmental impacts of equine production and activities in the agricultural sector should increase its readability with agricultural professionals and public interlocutors. This could lead to a better integration of the equine industry in the agriculture policies towards more sustainability.

Two studies evaluated the lay belief that women feel particularly negatively about other women in the workplace and particularly in supervisory roles. The authors tested the general proposition, derived from social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979, 2004), that women, compared to men, may be more supportive of other women in positions of authority, whereas men would respond more favorably to other men than to women in positions of authority. Consistent with predictions, data from an online experiment (n = 259), in which the authors randomly assigned men and women to evaluate identical female (vs. male) supervisors in a masculine industry, and a correlational study in the workplace using a Knowledge Networks sample (n = 198) converged to demonstrate a pattern of gender in-group favoritism. Specifically, in Study 1, female participants (vs. male participants) rated the female supervisor as higher status, were more likely to believe that a female supervisor had attained her supervisory position because of high competence, and viewed the female supervisor as warmer. Study 2 results replicated this pattern. Female employees (vs. male employees) rated their female supervisors as higher status and practiced both in-role and extra-role behaviors more often when their supervisor was female. In both studies, male respondents had a tendency to rate male supervisors more favorably than female supervisors, whereas female respondents tended to rate female supervisors more favorably than male supervisors. Thus, across both studies, the authors found a pattern consistent with gender in-group favoritism and inconsistent with lay beliefs that women respond negatively to women in authority positions. (PsycINFO Database Record

This study compared the ability of different field and online recruitment venues to reach those at highest risk for HIV infection among HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM), given that some subgroups are difficult to reach, and venues vary in the demographic characteristics of the samples they yield. Compared to other venues, dating/hookup websites reached significantly higher-than-expected concentrations of White MSM aged 40 and above, including those who reported unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). Facebook was the most successful venue for the recruitment of MSM who used stimulants, including those who reported UAI. MSM who reported UAI were more likely to be recruited online. This study points to systematic variation in the samples obtained via different recruitment strategies, which should be taken into consideration when designing intervention/prevention programs targeting HIV-negative MSM.

INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of death in Latin American women [1]. Although differences in incidence exist, mortality rates remain proportionally higher (approximately 10%) in Latin America compared with the mortality rates in United States and Canada. Late stage detection in these countries is believed to be a major contributing factor to decreased survival [2]. Globally, increasing adherence to screening mammography guidelines has led to a significant improvement in early detection. Mammography screening compliance rates throughout Latin America are estimated around 8% to 34% [3]. Alternatively, compliance is estimated at an average of 66% in the United States, though it varies from 38% to 75%, dependent on various cultural and socioeconomic factors [4]. Many lowand middle-income Latin American countries struggle to implement screening programs because of limited resources. In many cases, mammographic exams remain opportunistic rather than compulsory. For example, the

Le patologie della giunzione neuromuscolare pre- o postsinaptiche restano spesso una diagnosi difficile per il medico. Se essa si basa essenzialmente sull’anamnesi, la conferma e fornita dai test terapeutici e dagli esami di laboratorio, elettrofisiologici e radiologici. Questi esami sono diventati piu sensibili e specifici. Essi hanno beneficiato di lavori che permettono una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi di funzionamento della giunzione neuromuscolare e del coinvolgimento delle diverse proteine. Questi sviluppi hanno permesso di risolvere in parte il problema delle miastenie definite sieronegative, con l’evidenziazione degli anticorpi anti-MuSK, e di comprendere meglio la varieta delle sindromi miasteniche congenite con l’apporto importante della biologia molecolare. Parallelamente, sono comparsi nuovi trattamenti sintomatici (come la 3–4 diaminopiridina nella sindrome di Lambert-Eaton o in certe sindromi miasteniche congenite) e le strategie terapeutiche immunomodulatrici sono definite meglio nella miastenia.

Brown Norway rats injected with aurothiopro-panolsulfonate sodium salt develop systemic autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the sulfur-containing group in this experimental model of gold-induced autoimmunity. It was shown that the sulfur-containing group does not induce autoimmunity of itself, but potentiates the immunotoxic effects of gold.

Resume La maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth est un ensemble de degenerescences distales des nerfs peripheriques avec une forte heterogeneite genetique. L’electroneuromyographie permet de distinguer une forme myelinique de la maladie (CMT1) et une forme axonale (CMT2). Nous presentons nos resultats de diagnostic moleculaire pour 251 cas index de CMT2 caracterises par une vitesse de conduction motrice du nerf median superieure ou egale a 38 m/s et par leur mode de transmission (217 cas dominants et 34 cas recessifs). Pour chacun des cas, au moins un des 13 genes pour les CMT2 a ete etudie ( MFN2 , RAB7 , GARS , NF-L , HSPB1 , GDAP1 , MPZ , HSPB8 , GJB1 , DNM2 , YARS , LMNA , MED25). Un diagnostic moleculaire a ete etabli pour environ 22 % des dossiers, avec une efficacite comparable pour les cas dominants ou recessifs. Pour les formes dominantes, les mutations des proteines connexine 32 ( GJB1 ), mitofusine 2 ( MFN2 ) et P0 ( MPZ ) sont a rechercher en premier. Pour les formes recessives, la proteine GDAP1 est la porte d’entree du diagnostic et les mutations de la lamine A/C ont ete uniquement trouvees pour des patients originaires du Maghreb. Les proteines de choc thermique HSPB1 et HSPB8 sont impliquees de facon significative dans les formes motrices (ou « spinales ») de CMT2. Les mutations NF-L ou RAB7 sont rares. Nous n’avons pas identifie de mutations pathogenes pour GARS , DNM2 , YARS ou MED25 . Pour la pratique, nous proposons un arbre decisionnel simple pour les CMT2.

In the frame of Symposium 264 which concerns Solar and Stellar Variability we address the space solar missions devoted to the various aspects of solar activity. We describe them in three time categories: missions ready for launch, missions which will operate in the 2012-2015 time frame and ambitious missions to be launched after 2015. We focus on the contributions of these missions according to the following criteria: Understanding mechanisms of activity, Improving detection and characterisation, Working out some prediction. Major activity contributors and manifestations are addressed: Coronal Mass Ejections, Flares, Solar winds, Magnetism (including dynamo), Irradiance.

In various neurosurgical operations, there is a risk of cranial nerve lesion that can be avoided or minimized with intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring. Regarding motor function of the cranial nerves, stimulodetection techniques are used, including electrical stimulation of nerve trunks and electromyographic recording of evoked motor responses. These techniques can be used for monitoring the trigeminal nerve (Vth cranial nerve), facial nerve (VIIth), glossopharyngeal nerve (IXth), pneumogastric nerve (Xth), spinal accessory nerve (XIth), and hypoglossal nerve (XIIth), in particular during surgical removal of tumors of the cerebellopontine angle or skull base. When beginning an operation, electrical stimulation is only used to identify the nerve structures. As removal of the tumor progresses, the goal is to verify that a surgical injury to the nerve is avoided by looking for the absence of any change regarding amplitude, morphology, and latency of motor responses. Intraoperative electromyographic monitoring can also be applied during the surgical treatment of primary hemifacial spasm by microvascular decompression. An effective decompression is usually associated with the disappearance of "lateral spread" motor responses to facial nerve branch stimulation. Therefore, the intraoperative disappearance of the lateral spread responses can be considered a predictive factor of good postoperative clinical outcome, even if this assertion remains a matter of debate.

The diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is above all clinical, however electroneuromyography (ENMG) and laboratory tests can be helpful. ENMG testing is readily available and with immediate results. Useful with emergent symptoms, it is equally so in the event of more acute pictures found in generalized motor deficit and bulbar findings of respiratory failure. It can be performed in out-patient clinics or at the bedside. ENMG is based on an assessment of repetitive nerve stimulations (RNS), which can be sensitized, and more rarely on jiter studies using single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG). RNS recordings from multiple sites, depending on symptoms, are preferable. The usefulness of these tests varies depending on the clinical situation, not only for diagnosis but also during follow-up, in order to obtain objective evidence of the effects of treatment.

The Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) is a small, semiaquatic mammal endemic to the Pyrenean Mountains and the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula where it lives in cold and well-oxygenated flowing mountain streams. This species is currently classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and has been undergoing habitat loss and fragmentation for decades, inevitably impacting its distribution. A recent genetic study, based on mitochondrial and intronic sequences, showed that the genetic variability of the Pyrenean desman is very low in the Pyrenees. In this study, we investigated the potential existence of genetic structure and gene flow at a smaller scale using 24 polymorphic microsatellite loci. As the Pyrenean desman is a very elusive species, we supplemented our tissue sample collection with samples of feces collected in the French range of this species. We successfully identified 70 individuals based on 355 fecal samples. Bayesian analyses revealed 3 genetic and geographic clusters (1 eastern, 1 central, and 1 western, including 3 genetic subclusters), with origins tracing back only 200 years. These clusters were characterized by low levels of genetic diversity and high inbreeding coefficients. Although gene flow among clusters appeared to be limited, populations seem to have exchanged alleles recently. Therefore, connectivity between watersheds should be enhanced to maintain genetic diversity and potentially improve the long-term survival of the Pyrenean desman in France.

Resume Nous rapportons une serie de 32 enfants pris en charge dans un meme service de pediatrie entre janvier 1991 et decembre 2002 pour encephalite aigue. L'agent causal a ete determine 26 fois (81 %). Les plus frequemment impliques etaient les virus varicelle–zona (dix enfants ; 31 %), Herpes simplex (six enfants ; 19 %) et enterovirus (quatre enfants ; 13 %). Les deux examens pertinents pour le diagnostic et dont les resultats etaient obtenus dans les heures suivant l'accueil de l'enfant etaient l'analyse du liquide cephalorachidien et l'electroencephalogramme. L'imagerie encephalique precoce participait surtout au diagnostic differentiel tandis que l'imagerie a distance etait un element pronostic pour les encephalites a replication virale. La determination de l'agent infectieux necessitait plusieurs jours, voire plusieurs semaines. Elle avait surtout un interet documentaire, sans influence sur la prise en charge initiale. Dix-neuf enfants, en plus des six ayant une encephalite herpetique (soit 78 % en tout) ont des lors recu un traitement par aciclovir, maintenu jusqu'a la preuve d'une autre infection. Vingt-deux enfants (69 %) ont eu une evolution favorable, deux (6 %) ont garde des sequelles moderees, deux (6 %) des sequelles importantes, cinq (16 %) des sequelles majeures et un (3 %) est decede. L'evolution etait tres dependante de la cause et du mecanisme de l'encephalite. Cette serie apporte une representation de l'epidemiologie de la maladie dans notre region au cours d'une periode de 12 ans.

Background and purpose Our objective was to evaluate the extent to which the 2005 recommendations of the European Federation of Neurological Sciences (EFNS) on the multidisciplinary management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are followed in clinical practice. Methods This was a multicentre observational study involving six French ALS referral centres receiving prevalent and incident cases. Recommendations were translated into ad hoc questions referring to key aspects of management, and their application was evaluated by a clinical research assistant who independently examined the medical charts (MCs). When necessary, an independent board-certified neurologist answered the questions based on examination of the MC and interview of the caring neurologist. Questions regarding diagnosis and communication were put to patients in a self-administered questionnaire. Results In all, 376 patients [176 incident, 200 prevalent cases; median age at diagnosis 62.8 years (interquartile range 55.7–72.3); sex ratio 1.37; 27.3% bulbar onset] were included. All the topics covered in the recommendations were evaluated: diagnostic delay (e.g. mean 13.6 months, associated with age and onset); breaking the news (e.g. criteria for communication quality were satisfactory in more than 90%); multidisciplinary and sustained support (e.g. clinic visits were scheduled every 2–3 months in 90%). Also considered were whether riluzole had been offered, symptom management, genetic testing, ventilation, communication defects, enteral nutrition, palliative and end-of-life care. Characteristics associated with poor compliance with some guidelines (schedule of visits, delayed riluzole initiation) were also identified. Conclusion This is the first evaluation of the application of the EFNS recommendations for the management of ALS in a nationwide sample. The results allow us to highlight areas for improvement.

We aim at studying the effect of radial motions on the spectrum emitted by moving prominences in the helium resonance lines and at facilitating the interpretation of observations, in order to improve our understanding of these dynamic structures. We develop our non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer code formerly used for the study of quiescent prominences. The new numerical code is now able to solve the statistical equilibrium and radiative transfer equations in the non-static case by using velocity-dependent boundary conditions for the solution of the radiative transfer problem. This first study investigates the effects of different physical conditions (temperature, pressure, geometrical thickness) on the emergent helium radiation. The motion of the prominence plasma induces a Doppler dimming effect on the resonance lines of He I and He II. The velocity effects are particularly important for the He II 304 A line as it is mostly formed by resonant diffusion of incident radiation under prominence conditions. The He I resonance lines at 584 and 537 A also show some sensitivity to the motion of the plasma, all the more when thermal emission is not too important in these lines. We also show that it is necessary to consider partial redistribution in frequency for the scattering of the incident radiation. This set of helium lines offers strong diagnostic possibilities that can be exploited with the SOHO spectrometers and with the EIS spectrometer on board the Hinode satellite. The addition of other helium lines and of lines from other elements (in particular hydrogen) in the diagnostics will further enhance the strength of the method., Replaced by revised version: 13 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Resume Introduction Les statines representent un des traitements hypolipemiants le plus prescrit au monde. Leur efficacite dans la prevention primaire et secondaire des maladies cardio-vasculaires est prouvee. Leurs effets indesirables musculaires sont bien documentes. La possibilite d’une toxicite sur le systeme nerveux peripherique est evoquee depuis plusieurs annees. Etat des connaissances Les effets indesirables nerveux peripheriques des statines sont suggeres par les observations et les etudes retrospectives publiees. Seule une etude prospective va a l’encontre de cette hypothese. C’est l’inhibition de l’Hydroxy-Methyl-Glutaryl-Co-Enzyme A Reductase (HMGCoA reductase) qui expliquerait a la fois leur effet normolipemiant et leur toxicite nerveuse peripherique en alterant la gaine de myeline et en perturbant le metabolisme energetique mitochondrial. Conclusions Les experts retiennent que le risque d’effets indesirables des statines sur le systeme nerveux peripherique est negligeable. En cas de survenue d’une polyneuropathie sans autre etiologie decelable, chez un patient traite par statine, l’indication doit etre rediscutee en fonction de la balance benefice/risque.

Resume Le diagnostic de la SLA repose sur l’association conjointe d’une atteinte du neurone moteur peripherique (NMP) et du neurone moteur central (NMC), et sur une evolutivite de cette atteinte. En l’absence de marqueur diagnostique, la federation mondiale de neurologie a etabli des criteres cliniques et paracliniques (El Escorial 1991, Airlie House 1998). Ces criteres permettent de poser un diagnostic avec des degres variables de certitude. A l’usage, ils s’averent peu sensibles, surtout au debut de la maladie, pouvant retarder le diagnostic. Ils excluent aussi certaines formes cliniques et n’aident pas au diagnostic differentiel.

There are four basic electrophysiological parameters of demyelination: reduced motor conduction velocity, prolonged distal motor latency and F waves, and motor conduction blocks. These parameters are combined to determine an electrophysiological set of criteria for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Whereas their specificity is good, their sensitivity level does not exceed 75 percent. However, these sets of criteria are not commonly used especially in benign forms, at the beginning of the disease, in associated forms or in case of secondary axonal degeneration. We can push the limits using others criteria such as the terminal latency index, sensory criteria, or by the contribution of others electrophysiological procedures such as the radicular stimulation or sensory evoked potentials. Due to the therapeutic implications, any axonal neuropathy without aetiologia, with at least one demyelinating electrophysiological criteria, could be considered as a putative CIDP.

Introduction La myotonie de Thomsen est une myotonie non dystrophique de transmission autosomique dominante. Nous rapportons le cas d′une famille associant myotonie congenitale de Thomsen, strabisme et myopathie oculaire. Par la suite, nous avons examine six autres patients atteints de myotonie et deux temoins. Nous nous sommes plus particulierement interesses a l′enregistrement des saccades oculaires de ces patients (amplitude et vitesse). Patients et methodes Nous rapportons le cas d′une famille presentant une myotonie de Thomsen et un strabisme. Un bilan oculomoteur avec video et enregistrement electro-oculographique a ete realise chez trois patientes de cette famille. Les sept autres patients, recrutes en service de neurologie, ont ete evalues par enregistrement electro-oculographique, selon quatre programmes de saccades differents. Resultats Les patients du cas familial presentaient de facon constante un strabisme convergent, associe ou non a un element vertical. Une limitation et une lenteur d′execution des mouvements oculaires, typiques des atteintes myogenes etaient notees dans chaque cas. Les enregistrements electro-oculographiques mettaient en evidence un ralentissement et un allongement de la duree des saccades. Seuls les patients atteints d′une myotonie de Steinert, dans les cas sporadiques, presentaient des anomalies des saccades. Discussion Nous retrouvons une myopathie oculaire chez differents membres d′une famille presentant une myotonie de Thomsen. Aucun cas signalant cette association n′est rapporte dans la litterature. L′evaluation des cas sporadiques par un enregistrement electro-oculographique, temoigne, uniquement dans le cas de la myotonie dystrophique de Steinert, d′une atteinte oculaire. Conclusion Il s′agit d′une observation originale de myotonie de Thomsen avec atteinte, clinique et electro-oculographique, de la musculature oculaire extrinseque et strabisme. La physiopathologie de ces troubles reste a decouvrir.

A continuous co-precipitation method under steady-state conditions has been investigated for the preparation of nanometer-size layered double hydroxide (LDH) particles using Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 (CO 3 ) 0.5 ·2H 2 O as a prototype. The objective was to shorten the preparation time by working without an aging step, using a short and controlled residence time in order to maintain a constant supersaturation level in the reactor and constant particle properties in the exit stream over time. The effects of varying the operating conditions on the structural and textural properties of the LDHs have been studied, including total cation concentration, solvent, residence time, pH and intercalation anion. The products have been characterized using ICP, XRD, FTIR, BET, SEM and TEM. The LDHs prepared by the continuous coprecipitation method have a poorer crystallinity and lower crystallite sizes than those synthesized by the conventional batch method. The results have shown that increasing either cation concentration or the fraction of monoethylene glycol (MEG) in MEG/H 2 O mixtures up to 80% (v/v) affect salt solubility and supersaturation, which gives rise to smaller crystallites, larger surface areas and more amorphous compounds. This increase is however limited by the precipitation of zinc and aluminum hydroxides occurring around a total cation concentration of 3.0×10 −1 M in pure water and 3.0×10 −2 M in H 2 O/EtOH mixtures. Crystallite size increases with residence time, suggesting a precipitation process controlled by growth. Finally, the continuous coprecipitation method under steady-state conditions has been shown to be a promising alternative to the traditional coprecipitation technique in either pure water or mixed H 2 O/MEG solvents.

Carriers’ mobilities in spin-coated films of branched thiophene-based polymers have been studied using field effect transistor measurements. Systems under study consist in non-regioregular poly(octylthiophene) chain segments connected by various trithienylbenzenes (70,000

New results concerning prominence observations and in particular the prominence–corona transition region (PCTR) are presented. In order to cover a temperature range from 2 × 104 to 7 × 105 K, several emission lines in many different ionization states were observed with SUMER and CDS on board SOHO. EM and DEM were measured through the whole PCTR. We compared the prominence DEM with the DEM from other solar structures (active region, coronal hole and the chromosphere–corona transition region (CCTR)). We notice a displacement of the prominence DEM minimum towards lower temperatures with respect to the minimum of the other structures. Electron density and pressure diagnostics have been made from the observed C III lines. Local electron density and pressure for T ∼ 7 × 104 K are respectively log Ne = 9.30−0.34+0.30 and 0.0405−0.014+0.012. Extrapolations over the entire PCTR temperature range are in good agreement with previous SOHO results (Madjarska et al., 1999). We also provide values of electron density and pressure in two different regions of the prominence (center and edge). The Doppler velocity in the PCTR shows a trend to increase with temperature (at least up to 30 km s -1 at T ∼ 7 × 104 K), an indication of important mass flows. A simple morphological model is proposed from density and motion diagnostics. If the prominence is taken as a magnetic flux tube, one can derive an opening of the field lines with increasing temperature. If the prominence is represented as a collection of threads, their number increases with temperature from 20 to 800. Derived filling factors can reach values as low as 10−3 for a layer thickness of the order of 5000 km. The variation of non-thermal velocities is determined for the first time, in the temperature range from 2 × 104 to 7 × 105 K. The quite clear similarity with the CCTR non-thermal velocities would indicate that heating mechanisms in the PCTR could be the same as in the CCTR (wave propagation, turbulence MHD).

The recently developed broad-band absorption technique of 'mode-locked cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy' (ML-CEAS) is applied to the diagnostics of argon and nitrogen plasmas. Using a commercial tunable mode-locked Ti?:?Sa femtosecond laser, this combines the multipass advantage of the cavity-enhanced technique with the simultaneous acquisition over a broad spectral range of classic broad-band absorption spectroscopy. Absorption spectra in the 400?nm range are acquired after frequency doubling of the Ti?:?Sa femtosecond laser in a BBO crystal. The measurement of the metastable Ar*(3P2) atom density in a low pressure argon glow discharge through its weakly absorbing lines at 394.75 and 394.898?nm allows us to illustrate the importance of the apparatus' spectral resolution for determination of absolute number densities. Absorption spectra of the first negative band of the nitrogen ion, , around 391?nm are recorded in a nitrogen glow discharge and in the afterglow of a flowing ?-wave nitrogen plasma. The absolute ion density (and its rotational temperature) measured in the discharge zone and in the maximum of the short-lived afterglow (SLA) are 1.5 ? 1015?ions?m?3 (1300?K) and 1.0 ? 1015?ions?m?3 (800?K), respectively. Compared with the previously measured electron density at the maximum of the SLA, it is concluded that ions are not the dominant positive ions in this zone.