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1. Commissioning and operation of the readout system for the SoLid neutrino detector

Author

Dave M Newbold, Muriel Fallot, G. Lehaut, S. Ihantola, H. Chanal, I. Piñera, D. Boumediene, N. Van Remortel, Konstantinos Petridis, M. Settimo, S. Manley, M. Labare, P. Van Mulders, Antonin Vacheret, S. Van Dyck, D. Henaff, D. Boursette, David Cussans, Yasmine Amhis, B. Viaud, M. Bongrand, B. Guillon, M. H. Schune, S. Jenzer, L. Popescu, S. Monteil, L. Simard, S. Binet, Johan Borg, W. Beaumont, Lydie Giot, Dominique Durand, D. Ryckbosch, L. N. Kalousis, C. Moortgat, B. C. Castle, N. C. Ryder, Daniel Martin Saunders, I. Michiels, A. De Roeck, J. Park, P. Crochet, L. Manzanillas, S. Vercaemer, G. Vandierendonck, F. Yermia, S. Kalcheva, J. Mermans, A. C. Weber, L. Ghys, Y. Abreu, K. Graves, B. Hosseini, M. Verstraeten, K. Clark, B. Coupé, V. Pestel, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), SoLid, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), SoLid Collaboration, Commission of the European Communities, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), and ANR-16-CE31-0018,SoLid,Recherche d'oscillations à très courte distance avec un détecteur au Lithium6 auprès du SCK-CEN BR2(2016)

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, scintillation counter: sandwich, costs, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, High Energy Physics - Experiment, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0302 clinical medicine, Front-end electronics for detector readout, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Mathematical Physics, FPGA, Physics, wavelength shifter: fibre, detector readout, Control and monitor systems online, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Trigger algorithms, neutrino: detector, Neutrino detector, Inverse beta decay, zinc: sulfur, Zero suppression, Particle Physics - Experiment, performance, lithium: fluorine, Front-end electronics for, FOS: Physical sciences, Data acquisition circuits, Scintillator, 03 medical and health sciences, Silicon photomultiplier, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron, photomultiplier: silicon, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Neutrino oscillation, detector: design, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, hep-ex, trigger, Physics and Astronomy, electronics: readout, business, electronics: design
Abstract

The SoLid experiment aims to measure neutrino oscillation at a baseline of 6.4 m from the BR2 nuclear reactor in Belgium. Anti-neutrinos interact via inverse beta decay (IBD), resulting in a positron and neutron signal that are correlated in time and space. The detector operates in a surface building, with modest shielding, and relies on extremely efficient online rejection of backgrounds in order to identify these interactions. A novel detector design has been developed using 12800 5 cm cubes for high segmentation. Each cube is formed of a sandwich of two scintillators, PVT and 6LiF:ZnS(Ag), allowing the detection and identification of positrons and neutrons respectively. The active volume of the detector is an array of cubes measuring 80× 80× 250 cm (corresponding to a fiducial mass of 1.6 T), which is read out in layers using two dimensional arrays of wavelength shifting fibres and silicon photomultipliers, for a total of 3200 readout channels. Signals are recorded with 14 bit resolution, and at 40 MHz sampling frequency, for a total raw data rate of over 2 Tbit/s. In this paper, we describe a novel readout and trigger system built for the experiment, that satisfies requirements on: compactness, low power, high performance, and very low cost per channel. The system uses a combination of high price-performance FPGAs with a gigabit Ethernet based readout system, and its total power consumption is under 1 kW. The use of zero suppression techniques, combined with pulse shape discrimination trigger algorithms to detect neutrons, results in an online data reduction factor of around 10000. The neutron trigger is combined with a large per-channel history time buffer, allowing for unbiased positron detection. The system was commissioned in late 2017, with successful physics data taking established in early 2018. The SoLid experiment aims to measure neutrino oscillation at a baseline of 6.4 m from the BR2 nuclear reactor in Belgium. Anti-neutrinos interact via inverse beta decay (IBD), resulting in a positron and neutron signal that are correlated in time and space. The detector operates in a surface building, with modest shielding, and relies on extremely efficient online rejection of backgrounds in order to identify these interactions. A novel detector design has been developed using 12800 5 cm cubes for high segmentation. Each cube is formed of a sandwich of two scintillators, PVT and 6LiF:ZnS(Ag), allowing the detection and identification of positrons and neutrons respectively. The active volume of the detector is an array of cubes measuring 80x80x250 cm (corresponding to a fiducial mass of 1.6 T), which is read out in layers using two dimensional arrays of wavelength shifting fibres and silicon photomultipliers, for a total of 3200 readout channels. Signals are recorded with 14 bit resolution, and at 40 MHz sampling frequency, for a total raw data rate of over 2 Tbit/s. In this paper, we describe a novel readout and trigger system built for the experiment, that satisfies requirements on: compactness, low power, high performance, and very low cost per channel. The system uses a combination of high price-performance FPGAs with a gigabit Ethernet based readout system, and its total power consumption is under 1 kW. The use of zero suppression techniques, combined with pulse shape discrimination trigger algorithms to detect neutrons, results in an online data reduction factor of around 10000. The neutron trigger is combined with a large per-channel history time buffer, allowing for unbiased positron detection. The system was commissioned in late 2017, with successful physics data taking established in early 2018.

Published
2019
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2. Development of a Quality Assurance Process for the SoLid Experiment

Author

G. Lehaut, Y. Abreu, B. Hosseini, M. Verstraeten, K. Graves, B. C. Castle, S. Jenzer, S. Manley, I. Piñera, S. Kalcheva, J. Mermans, Lydie Giot, D. Ryckbosch, K. Clark, W. Beaumont, D. Henaff, Muriel Fallot, C. Moortgat, M. Bongrand, K. Petridis, P. Crochet, L. Manzanillas, A. C. Weber, B. Coupé, G. Vandierendonck, L. Ghys, S. Vercaemer, David Cussans, S. Binet, Dominique Durand, L. N. Kalousis, V. Pestel, L. Popescu, Daniel Martin Saunders, I. Michiels, P. Van Mulders, S. Van Dyck, A. De Roeck, Yasmine Amhis, N. C. Ryder, Antonin Vacheret, M. Labare, B. Viaud, D. Boursette, S. Monteil, F. Yermia, M. Settimo, D. M. Newbold, J. Park, B. Guillon, Marie Helene Schune, N. Van Remortel, S. Ihantola, H. Chanal, G. Ban, L. Simard, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), SoLID, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), SoLid Collaboration, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), ANR-16-CE31-0018,SoLid,Recherche d'oscillations à très courte distance avec un détecteur au Lithium6 auprès du SCK-CEN BR2(2016), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Physics, and Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences

Subjects
Technology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 01 natural sciences, 09 Engineering, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, High Energy Physics - Experiment, thermal, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Particle identification methods, 0302 clinical medicine, n: irradiation, n: detector, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Neutron detection, Neutrino detectors, gamma ray: irradiation, Instrumentation, Instruments & Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Physics, 02 Physical Sciences, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), neutrino: sterile, Nuclear & Particles Physics, quality, Inverse beta decay, Mathematical physics, zinc: sulfur, Neutrino, photon: yield, organic compounds, Neutron detectors (cold, thermal, fast neutrons), lithium: fluorine, fast neutrons), Particle physics, FOS: Physical sciences, fabrication, Scintillator, 03 medical and health sciences, Calorimeters, 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], detector: design, scintillation counter, Scintillation, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Order (ring theory), calibration, Neutron detectors (cold, Physics and Astronomy, efficiency, High Energy Physics::Experiment, nuclear reactor
Abstract

The SoLid experiment has been designed to search for an oscillation pattern induced by a light sterile neutrino state, utilising the BR2 reactor of SCK$\bullet$CEN, in Belgium. The detector leverages a new hybrid technology, utilising two distinct scintillators in a cubic array, creating a highly segmented detector volume. A combination of 5 cm cubic polyvinyltoluene cells, with $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) sheets on two faces of each cube, facilitate reconstruction of the neutrino signals. % The polyvinyltoluene scintillator is used as an $\overline{\nu}_e$ target for the inverse beta decay of ($\overline{\nu}_e + p \rightarrow e^{+}+n$), with the $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) sheets used for associated neutron detection. Scintillation signals are read out by a network of wavelength shifting fibres connected to multipixel photon counters. Whilst the high granularity provides a powerful toolset to discriminate backgrounds; by itself the segmentation also represents a challenge in terms of homogeneity and calibration, for a consistent detector response. The search for this light sterile neutrino implies a sensitivity to distortions of around $\mathcal{O}$(10)\% in the energy spectrum of reactor $\overline{\nu}_e$. Hence, a very good neutron detection efficiency, light yield and homogeneous detector response are critical for data validation. The minimal requirements for the SoLid physics program are a light yield and a neutron detection efficiency larger than 40 PA/MeV/cube and 50 \% respectively. In order to guarantee these minimal requirements, the collaboration developed a rigorous quality assurance process for all 12800 cubic cells of the detector. To carry out the quality assurance process, an automated calibration system called CALIPSO was designed and constructed., Comment: Submitted to JINST

Published
2019
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3. Journal of Instrumentation

Author

B. Guillon, M. Labare, I. Piñera, Marie Helene Schune, P. Van Mulders, J. Park, K. Clark, S. Jenzer, B. Viaud, W. Beaumont, Y. Abreu, D. Henaff, A. C. Weber, K. Petridis, N. C. Ryder, B. Hosseini, M. Verstraeten, L. Simard, David Cussans, M. Bongrand, L. N. Kalousis, L. Ghys, G. Vandierendonck, C. Moortgat, L. Popescu, G. Lehaut, D. Boursette, S. Van Dyck, Muriel Fallot, A. De Roeck, Dirk Ryckbosch, N. Van Remortel, S. Manley, S. Kalcheva, Lydie Giot, J. Mermans, S. Ihantola, M. Settimo, B. Coupé, F. Yermia, V. Pestel, B. C. Castle, L. Manzanillas, Dominique Durand, S. Vercaemer, Daniel Martin Saunders, I. Michiels, K. Graves, D. M. Newbold, Yasmine Amhis, Antonin Vacheret, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), SoLid, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, SoLid Collaboration, and Center for Neutrino Physics

Subjects
Test bench, Technology, Optical fiber, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, fibre: optical, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, energy resolution, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), law, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], silver, Neutrino detectors, Scintillators and scintillating fibres and light guides, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, mirror, Instrumentation, Instruments & Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, detectors, Physics, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Neutrino detector, Mathematical physics, Scintillation counter, zinc: sulfur, photon: yield, organic compounds, Particle Physics - Experiment, lithium: fluorine, Materials science, FOS: Physical sciences, Scintillator, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Neutrino, Calibration, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, scintillation counter, Scintillation, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, hep-ex, trigger, calibration, Physics and Astronomy, efficiency, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Detector design and construction technologies and materials, business
Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive optimisation study to maximise the light collection efficiency of scintillating cube elements used in the SoLid detector. Very short baseline reactor experiments, like SoLid, look for active to sterile neutrino oscillation signatures in the anti-neutrino energy spectrum as a function of the distance to the core and energy. Performing a precise search requires high light yield of the scintillating elements and uniformity of the response in the detector volume. The SoLid experiment uses an innovative hybrid technology with two different scintillators: polyvinyltoluene scintillator cubes and $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) screens. A precision test bench based on a $^{207}$Bi calibration source has been developed to study improvements on the energy resolution and uniformity of the prompt scintillation signal of antineutrino interactions. A trigger system selecting the 1~MeV conversion electrons provides a Gaussian energy peak and allows for precise comparisons of the different detector configurations that were considered to improve the SoLid detector light collection. The light collection efficiency is influenced by the choice of wrapping material, the position of the $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) screen, the type of fibre, the number of optical fibres and the type of mirror at the end of the fibre. This study shows that large gains in light collection efficiency are possible compared to the SoLid SM1 prototype. The light yield for the SoLid detector is expected to be at least 52$\pm$2 photo-avalanches per MeV per cube, with a relative non-uniformity of 6 %, demonstrating that the required energy resolution of at least 14 % at 1 MeV can be achieved., 25 pages, 19 figures, published in JINST 2018_JINST_13_P09005

Published
2018
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4. Performance of a full scale prototype detector at the BR2 reactor for the SoLid experiment

Author

Konstantinos Petridis, S. Kalcheva, J. Mermans, K. Clark, I. Michiels, A. C. Weber, David Cussans, A. De Roeck, L. Ghys, L. Popescu, G. Pommery, M. Bongrand, Jonas Rademacker, C. Moortgat, Dominique Durand, L. N. Kalousis, M. Labare, Lydie Giot, Xavier Janssen, Jorgen D'Hondt, I. Piñera, B. Guillon, Y. Abreu, P. Van Mulders, Dave M Newbold, M. Verstraeten, L. O. Arnold, G. Ban, N. Van Remortel, J. Park, B. Coupé, Yasmine Amhis, D. Boursette, S. Van Dyck, Marie Helene Schune, V. Pestel, Antonin Vacheret, B. C. Castle, G. Pronost, Dirk Ryckbosch, F. Yermia, G. Lehaut, W. Beaumont, L. Manzanillas, S. Vercaemer, D. Saunders, S. Ihantola, E. Koonen, Muriel Fallot, L. Simard, N. C. Ryder, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), SoLid, Commission of the European Communities, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen ( LPCC ), Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen ( ENSICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées ( SUBATECH ), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire ( IMT Atlantique ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Nantes ( UN ), Elementary Particle Physics, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), SoLid Collaboration, and Center for Neutrino Physics

Subjects
Technology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, shape analysis, energy resolution, 01 natural sciences, Particle identification, High Energy Physics - Experiment, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), muon: tracks, law, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Neutron detection, Neutrino detectors, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instruments & Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Mathematical Physics, detectors, Physics, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Neutrino detector, Electromagnetic shielding, Particle Physics - Experiment, performance, detector: technology, STERILE NEUTRINO, antineutrino/e: detector, FOS: Physical sciences, [ PHYS.HEXP ] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Neutrino, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, n: background, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, hep-ex, shielding, Nuclear reactor, stability, calibration, Physics and Astronomy, efficiency, Environmental science, Neutron source, nuclear reactor, particle identification
Abstract

The SoLid collaboration has developed a new detector technology to detect electron anti-neutrinos at close proximity to the Belgian BR2 reactor at surface level. A 288$\,$kg prototype detector was deployed in 2015 and collected data during the operational period of the reactor and during reactor shut-down. Dedicated calibration campaigns were also performed with gamma and neutron sources. This paper describes the construction of the prototype detector with a high control on its proton content and the stability of its operation over a period of several months after deployment at the BR2 reactor site. All detector cells provide sufficient light yields to achieve a target energy resolution of better than 20%/$\sqrt{E(MeV)}$. The capability of the detector to track muons is exploited to equalize the light response of a large number of channels to a precision of 3% and to demonstrate the stability of the energy scale over time. Particle identification based on pulse-shape discrimination is demonstrated with calibration sources. Despite a lower neutron detection efficiency due to triggering constraints, the main backgrounds at the reactor site were determined and taken into account in the shielding strategy for the main experiment. The results obtained with this prototype proved essential in the design optimization of the final detector. This paper is dedicated to our SCK$\cdot$CEN colleague, Edgar Koonen, who passed away unexpectedly in 2017. Edgar was part of the SoLid collaboration since its inception and his efforts were vital to get the experiment started. He will be duly missed., 29 pages, 23 figures, submitted to JINST

Published
2018
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5. A novel segmented-scintillator antineutrino detector

Author

Jonas Rademacker, E. Koonen, C. Moortgat, M. Bongrand, Lydie Giot, Muriel Fallot, K. Petridis, B. Guillon, I. Piñera, Y. Abreu, A. C. Weber, B. C. Castle, A. S. Cucoanes, L. Ghys, Jorgen D'Hondt, J. Park, G. Ban, Yasmine Amhis, G. Pronost, K. Clark, David Cussans, F. Yermia, N. C. Ryder, P.R. Scovell, G. Lehaut, L. Popescu, A. De Roeck, Marie Helene Schune, A. V. Waldron, S. Van Dyck, Yu. Shitov, P. Van Mulders, B. Coupé, Antonin Vacheret, J. M. Buhour, G. Guilloux, S. Vercaemer, N. Van Remortel, David M Newbold, D. Boursette, L. O. Arnold, S. Kalcheva, Xavier Janssen, J. Mermans, Dirk Ryckbosch, Daniel Martin Saunders, I. Michiels, S. Ihantola, W. Beaumont, S. Fresneau, G. Pommery, Dominique Durand, L. N. Kalousis, M. Labare, Alex Reynolds, L. Simard, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), SoLid, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen ( LPCC ), Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen ( ENSICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées ( SUBATECH ), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire ( IMT Atlantique ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Nantes ( UN ), SoLid Collaboration, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Center for Neutrino Physics, Commission of the European Communities, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, and Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences

Subjects
Technology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Monte Carlo method, shape analysis, energy resolution, positron: energy, antineutrino: detector, NEUTRONS, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 09 Engineering, High Energy Physics - Experiment, thermal, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Particle identification methods, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Neutron detection, Neutrino detectors, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, n: capture, Instruments & Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Instrumentation, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Mathematical Physics, Physics, 02 Physical Sciences, Detector, zinc, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), scintillation counter: design, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Neutron capture, Inverse beta decay, photon: yield, numerical calculations: Monte Carlo, organic compounds, Neutron detectors (cold, thermal, fast neutrons), Particle Physics - Experiment, lithium: fluorine, fast neutrons), Technology and Engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, gamma ray: particle identification, Scintillator, Calorimeters, Optics, [ PHYS.HEXP ] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Scintillation, Science & Technology, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, background, Neutron detectors (cold, Physics and Astronomy, efficiency, sulfur, High Energy Physics::Experiment, nuclear reactor, NEUTRINO, n: particle identification, business, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

The next generation of very-short-baseline reactor experiments will require compact detectors operating at surface level and close to a nuclear reactor. This paper presents a new detector concept based on a composite solid scintillator technology. The detector target uses cubes of polyvinyltoluene interleaved with $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) phosphor screens to detect the products of the inverse beta decay reaction. A multi-tonne detector system built from these individual cells can provide precise localisation of scintillation signals, making efficient use of the detector volume. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that a neutron capture efficiency of over 70% is achievable with a sufficient number of $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) screens per cube and that an appropriate segmentation enables a measurement of the positron energy which is not limited by gamma-ray leakage. First measurements of a single cell indicate that a very good neutron-gamma discrimination and high neutron detection efficiency can be obtained with adequate triggering techniques. The light yield from positron signals has been measured, showing that an energy resolution of 14%/$\sqrt{E({\mathrm{MeV}})}$ is achievable with high uniformity. A preliminary neutrino signal analysis has been developed, using selection criteria for pulse shape, energy, time structure and energy spatial distribution and showing that an antineutrino efficiency of 40% can be achieved. It also shows that the fine segmentation of the detector can be used to significantly decrease both correlated and accidental backgrounds., 17 pages, 15 figures, submitted to JINST

Published
2017
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