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This study describes for the first time the purification and characterization of a glucoamylase from Aspergillus wentii (strain PG18), a species of the Aspergillus genus Cremei section. Maximum enzyme production (∼3.5 U/ml) was obtained in submerged culture (72 h) with starch as the carbon source, at 25°C, and with orbital agitation (100 rpm). The enzyme was purified with one-step molecular exclusion chromatography. The 86 kDa purified enzyme hydrolyzed starch in a zymogram and had activity against p-nitrophenyl α- d-glucopyranoside. The optimal enzyme pH and temperature were 5.0 and 60°C (at pH 5.0), respectively. The Tm of the purified enzyme was 60°C, at pH 7.0. The purified glucoamylase had a KM for starch of 1.4 mg/ml and a Vmax of 0.057 mg/min of hydrolyzed starch. Molybdenum activated the purified enzyme, and sodium dodecyl sulfate inhibited it. A thin layer chromatography analysis revealed glucose as the enzyme's main starch hydrolysis product. An enzyme's peptide sequence was obtained by mass spectrometry and used to retrieve a glucoamylase within the annotated genome of A. wentii v1.0. An in silico structural model revealed a N-terminal glycosyl hydrolases family 15 (GH15) domain, which is ligated by a linker to a C-terminal carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) from the CBM20 family.

SUMMARYInsect sociality is a major evolutionary transition based on the suppression of worker reproduction in favor of the reproductive monopoly of the queen. In the honey bee (Apis mellifera) model organism, the development of the two female caste phenotypes, queen and worker, is triggered by differences in their larval diets. However, the mechanistic details underlying their respective developmental trajectories, as well as the maintenance of sterility in the adult workers, are still not fully understood. Here we show that the long non-coding RNA lncov1 interacts with the Tudor staphylococcus nuclease (Tudor-SN) protein to form a regulatory module that promotes apoptosis in the ovaries of worker larvae. In adult workers, the lncov1/Tudor-SN module responds positively to environmental cues that suppress reproductive capacity. As lncov1 is considerably conserved in the Apidae, we propose that, by promoting worker sterility, the lncov1/Tudor-SN module has likely played critical roles in the social evolution of bees.

This work presents an application of different deep learning related paradigms to the diagnosis of multiple chest pathologies. Within the article, the application of a well-known deep Convolutional Neural Network (DenseNet) is used and fine-tuned for different chest X-Ray medical diagnosis tasks. Different image augmentation methods are applied over the training images to improve the performance of the resulting model as well as the incorporation of an explainability layer to highlight zones of the X-Ray picture supporting the diagnosis. The model is finally deployed in a web server, which can be used to upload X-Ray images and get a real-time analysis. The proposal demonstrates the possibilities of deep transfer learning and convolutional neural networks in the field of medicine, enabling fast and reliable diagnosis. The code is made publicly available

Objective To investigate whether increasing protein consumption to twice the recommended daily allowance (RDA) by The Institute of Medicine affects lean body mass (LBM), muscle strength, and physical performance in late postmenopausal women. Methods Parallel-group randomized trial with 26 apparently healthy women aged ≥ 65 years. Participants were randomly assigned to low-glycemic index diets with protein consumption at current RDA (0.8 g/kg body weight) or twice the RDA (2RDA, 1.6 g/kg body weight). Protein intake was assessed by 24-hours urinary nitrogen excretion. Change in LBM was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 3 and 6 months. Secondary outcomes were appendicular lean mass, handgrip strength by dynamometry, and physical performance by gait speed. Results Mean age was 70.8 ± 3.6 years, and mean BMI was 26.1 ± 3.5 kg/m in the overall sample. The RDA and 2RDA groups did not differ regarding baseline dietary intake. Changes from baseline in LBM (0.07 kg; 95% CI, -0.39; 0.52 kg; P = 0.100) and appendicular lean mass (0.07 kg; 95% CI, -0.34; 0.47 kg; P = 0.100) did not differ between the groups. Total body fat (-1.41 kg; 95% CI, -2.62; 0.20 kg; P = 0.019) and trunk fat mass (-0.90 kg; 95% CI, -1.55; -0.24 kg; P = 0.005) decreased similarly in both groups at the end of intervention. Adjusting for baseline BMI did not alter these findings. Handgrip strength and 4-m gait speed increased after the intervention, with no significant difference between the groups. Conclusions Protein intake exceeding the RDA did not increase LBM, strength, and physical performance in a sample of late postmenopausal woman consuming a low-glycemic index diet for 6 months.

International audience; Ageing is a complex multifaceted process affecting skin functionality and structure. Several 3D organotypic skin culture models have reproduced ageing by inducing replicative senescence, glycation or oxidative stress. Yet, very few models have focused on hormonal ageing and especially the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signalling pathway, which has been associated with longevity in animal studies and is necessary for the early stages of skin development. In this study, we built an organotypic epidermis model with targeted IGF-1 receptor knockdown to reproduce some aspects of hormonal ageing on skin. Our model displayed morphological and functional features of aged epidermis, which were mostly attributed to a loss of function of the Stratum basale. IGF-1 receptor knockdown keratinocytes depicted an extended cell cycle, reduced proliferation potential and reduced adhesion capacities and greater sensitivity to oxidative stress than control cells. Altogether, this model represents an essential tool for further investigations into the mechanisms linked to some aspects of hormonal decline or when screening for potent anti-ageing compounds.

La ciencia se ha incorporado de una manera definitiva al deporte. Las decisiones que toman los preparadores están soportadas cada vez más por el conocimiento científico. Al finalizar un entrenamiento o un partido, cualquier deportista traslada a los técnicos una enorme cantidad de datos de todo tipo. Si se ha utilizado un dispositivo de localización GPS, el preparador físico sabrá qué distancia ha recorrido cada jugador durante la sesión, a que velocidades, con qué frecuencia se han producido la acciones técnicotácticas, las aceleraciones y desaceleraciones, la potencia de golpeo,… Si además el club dispone de sistemas todavía más sofisticados de recogida de información podrá recopilar el número de pases, los lanzamientos, la distancia entre jugadores, los mapas de calor de cada jugador,… Incluso es posible que se interrogue al deportista acerca de su percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo o su estado de ánimo. Los grandes clubes deportivos son verdaderos centros de I+D+I, preocupados por investigar todos los aspectos que puedan mejorar el rendimiento de los deportistas. Cada equipo dispone de un pequeño ejército de analistas, preparadores físicos, fisioterapeutas, recuperadores, ayudantes,… que intentan aportar desde su parcela datos para incrementar la probabilidad de ganar.

Enteromyxum scophthalmi is a myxozoan parasite that causes severe parasitic diseases in cultured turbot affecting mainly the intestine of the host. It is characterized by producing acute enteritis, starvation and eventually death. Current diagnosis of E. scopthalmi use traditional techniques, based on the identification of the morphology of the parasite. These techniques take extended time to be carried out and do not favour the adoption of control measure at turbot farms and require the sacrifice of fish. This study develops a fast real-time PCR molecular tool for the detection of E. scophthalmi in infected farmed turbot. This methodology is applicable for routine controls on the farm at every stage of the parasite infection. Results of the study demonstrate the robustness, specificity, efficiency and reliability of the technique. In addition, this study also provides a non-invasive procedure of sampling through swaps. This allows control, prevention and diagnosis of the parasite infection at turbot farms while maintaining the welfare of the cultivated fish and avoiding sacrifice of the fish sampled.

Economic importance of gadoids such as fishing resource, and their conservation status, necessitates the development of techniques that allow unequivocal authentication of products made from them. Amplification of a fragment of mitochondrial cytochromeb (cyt b) marker and subsequent phylogenetic analysis were carried out to authenticate these products and assure their correct labeling. Also, SNP analysis that allows detection of species mixtures of Gadus genus was developed. For this, two fragments of the cyt b gene were amplified and sequenced, one of 464 bp and another internal fragment to this of 263 bp to allow the authentication of gadoid species in highly processed products. Obtained sequences were aligned and analyzed in order to assess the presence of informative variable positions and a maximum of 14 SNP were identified and selected. These allow detection and identification of species mixtures belonging to this genus. The developed methodologies were validated and applied to 25 commercial samples. The main novelty of this work lies in the fact that is the only work that allows the detection of species mixtures of the Gadus genus and is the only one that allows the authentication of highly processed products up to date. Furthermore, this methodology allows identifying more of 15 species of gadoids and can be applied to all kinds of seafood products. Therefore, this molecular tool can be applied in questions related to check the fulfillment of labeling regulations for seafood products, verify the correct traceability in commercial trade and for fisheries control.

Food quality depends largely on the source of origin of the products used. Here we use methylation sensitive amplified polymorphisms (MSAP) analysis to diagnose and quantify the tissue of origin in salmon and veal products. We exploited the variability of MSAP profiles between tissues of an organism in order to characterise the origin of the food product. MSAP profiles provided robust discrimination of tissues from salmon (brain, eye, liver, and muscle) and veal (heart, kidney, liver, and muscle). Isolation of the diagnostic markers revealed by MSAP may ultimately allow for the development of a new STS-based epigenetic profiling technique for the detection and quantification of mixture of tissues in the same sample; offering not only rapid determination of the tissue of origin but also potential quantification of the components in processed food products.

Rajidae family is one of the most diverse families within Batoidea superorder with more of 220 described species, of which many skates are particularly vulnerable to overfishing. This fact makes IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List of Threatened Species contains 209 of these skate species. The main marketing formats of these species are fresh and frozen wings. This makes impossible their identification on the basis of their morphological characters. For these reasons, in the present study a method for genetic identification of different skate species has been developed. The technique is based on sequencing of a fragment of 555 bp from amplified DNA, COI (Cytochrome Oxidase subunit 1) gene, by PCR and subsequent phylogenetic analysis (FINS: Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing). The technique allows the genetic identification of more than 40 skate species in skate products. The main novelty of this work lies in the fact that up to now there is no work about the genetic identification that includes so many skate species. Therefore, this molecular tool is appropriate to clarify questions related with the correct labeling of skate commercial products, the traceability of raw materials, and the control of imported skates, and also can be applied to questions linked to the control of skate fisheries.

Microalgae are the main component of first tropic level in aquatic food chain; it is for this reason that they are used as food in aquaculture. Also due to its biotechnological potential properties, they are used in the production of diverse components, dyes, antioxidants, enzymes, emulsifiers, etc. The extended ways of microalgae applications require physiologically and genetically stable cultures as well as correctly identified organisms to guarantee reproducibility and reliability. But the variety of species and the morphological similarity between some of them make difficult the identification of some microalgae. The use of molecular markers has supplied a very useful tool for identification of microalgae in fast mode, such as in classification. The present study has worked on the molecular characterization of main species of microalgae used in aquaculture in base of the molecular markers 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA. Microalgae DNA has been amplified and sequenced, and the resultant sequences were analyzed and reflected in phylogenetic trees. The phylogenetic analyses obtained reflect as both molecular markers allow to differentiate the main genus used in aquaculture.

Eels are a taxonomic group with great commercial importance due to their huge steaks. They have very high demand, especially the young ones. There are high morphological similarity and different market values between different species. For these reasons arises the need to develop techniques that allow identifying as many species as possible. In this study, a DNA method based on DNA phylogenetic analysis of sequences (forensically informative nucleotide sequencing) has been developed. This method has been used to authenticate 12 eel species, including the most important to commercial level (Anguilla anguilla, A. rostrata, A. japonica, A. australis), by means of the amplification of a 239-base pair (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b (cyt b) gene. This method is useful to clarify questions related to the correct labeling of commercial products and to verify the traceability in commercial trade and for fisheries control.

Judged by quality and taste, the European sole (Solea solea) is considered one of the finest flatfish and is, thus, of considerable commercial value. In the present work, a specific fast real-time PCR was developed for the authentication of S. solea, i.e. to distinguish it from other related species and avoid substitution of this species, either deliberately or unintentionally. The method is based on a species-specific set of primers and MGB Taqman probe which amplifies a 116-bp fragment of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) ribosomal DNA region. This assay combines the high specificity and sensitivity of real-time PCR with the rapidity of the fast mode, allowing the detection of S. solea in a short period of time. The present methodology was validated for application to all types of manufactured products for the presence of S. solea, with successful results. Subsequently, the method was applied to 40 commercial samples to determine whether correct labeling had been employed in the market. It was demonstrated that the assay is a useful tool in monitoring and verifying food labeling regulations.

The squids are a group of cephalopods widely distributed and with high commercial value. In the present work, a fast real-time PCR was developed for the authentication of the European squid (Loligo vulgaris). This method is based on a specific primer/probe set that amplifies a fragment of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS 1) ribosomal DNA region. This technique is notable for its conceptual and practical simplicity, together with its combination of speed, sensitivity and specificity in a homogeneous assay. To all this must be added the time savings produced by the fast real-time PCR due to shorter runs. The presented methodology was validated to check how the degree of food processing affects the applicability of this technique and therefore the detection of L. vulgaris. It was demonstrated that the technique can be applied to all kinds of processed products. The commercial denomination of some cephalopods, including European squids, is an important issue due to the legal gaps, since the same species has different commercial name depending on the format in the market. The methodology herein developed was applied to 42 commercial samples to evaluate the situation regarding the labeling of products made from these species. Moreover, the method can be applied to all kinds of products regardless of the degree of processing.

In the present study, two methods for the authentication of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) were developed. The first one is based on a TaqMan probe real-time PCR technology using the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), while the second one is based on the phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences (forensically informative nucleotide sequencing, FINS) using the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene fragment. Both techniques can be applied depending on the laboratory equipment and allow the detection of fraudulent or unintentional mislabelling of this species. The developed methodologies were validated and subsequently were applied to 30 commercial samples labelled as swordfish or X. gladius in order to determinate whether the species used for their manufacturing corresponded to this species. These tools are useful to clarify questions related to the correct labelling of commercial products and to verify the correct traceability in commercial trade and for fisheries control.

In the present study, a methodology based on the amplification of a fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome b and subsequent phylogenetic analysis (FINS: forensically informative nucleotide sequencing) to genetically identify horse mackerels have been developed. This methodology makes possible the identification of more than 20 species belonging to the families Carangidae, Mullidae, and Scombridae. The main novelty of this work lies in the longest number of different horse mackerel species included and in the applicability of the developed methods to all kinds of processed products that can be found by consumers in markets around the world, including those that have undergone intensive processes of transformation, as for instance canned foods. Finally, the methods were applied to 15 commercial samples, all of them canned products. Therefore, these methods are useful for checking the fulfillment of labeling regulations for horse mackerels and horse mackerel products, verifying the correct traceability in commercial trade, and fisheries control.

In the present work, a method for the authentication of meat products was developed, using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) followed by Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing (FINS). This study describes the use of sequencing of the cytochrome b gene of the mtDNA in a wide variety of species to diagnose adulteration of meat through the substitution from one species to another that have less commercial value. The main importance of this work is to deal with a wide variety of species that have not previously been analyzed. This methodology strategy allows the authentication of meat species in all kind of products, fresh, or precooked products, the more usual format for marketing in that species. This method shows a specificity of 100%. The developed methodology was validated and finally applied to 20 commercial samples including some that had been subjected to intensive thermal treatment. In 15% of the products analyzed, the name of the species displayed in the label was not in agreement with the identified species. The main novelty of this work lies in the fact that it allows the identification of a large number of meat species not analyzed so far in previous works. In this work are included meat species, which can be easily found in our markets, and a wide variety of others whose consumption is common in other parts of the world. Therefore, this technique can be used as a routine method to avoid the mislabeling in the marketing of these products and to assess their correct traceability.

RESUMEN En este artículo se ha estimado cuál es el efecto que tiene el cambio de entrenador sobre el resultado alcanzado por los equipos en la Liga Española de Fútbol. La muestra consiste en los 276 cambios de entrenador que se han producido entre las temporadas 1997-1998 y 2006-2007 en la Liga Española de Fútbol de Primera y Segunda División. Mediante diferentes análisis basados en la regresión lineal y la comparación de medias se concluye que los equipos que cambian de entrenador consiguen más puntos en la competición en comparación con los resultados alcanzados por el entrenador cesado. Además se ha verificado que este efecto ganador de los entrenadores nuevos no tiene una influencia lineal a lo largo del tiempo. A medida que se suceden las jornadas, el efecto positivo del cambio de entrenador sobre el resultado de los equipos se reduce progresivamente hasta llegar a anularse. Finalmente, se ha comprobado como el efecto que tiene el cambio de entrenador sobre el resultado de los equipos no es diferente cuando se comparan la Primera y la Segunda División de la Liga Española de Fútbol. Palabras Clave:cambio de entrenador, fútbol, regresión lineal, resultado ABSTRACT In this paper, the impact of the coach´s change on the results obtained by teams in the Spanish Soccer League is analyzed. The empirical analysis is based on data from the 1997-1998 to the 2006-2007 seasons of the First and Second Spanish Soccer League. According to the estimations based on linear regression analysis and mean comparison test, the first conclusion is that teams with a new coach obtain more points in comparison with the results reached by the dismissed coach. Moreover, it has been verified that the winning effect of the new coach does not have a linear influence throughout the time. The positive effect of the coach's change on the result of teams diminishes progressively up to managing to be annulled. In other words, the higher the number of days the lower the impact of the winning effect of the new coaches. Finally, it has been verified that the effect of the coach´s change on the results of teams is not different when there are compared the First one and the Second Division of the Spanish Soccer League.Key Words:coach´s change, soccer, linear regression analysis, results.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar cuál es el efecto del rendimiento y la suerte sobre el resultado alcanzado por los equipos en competiciones oficiales de fútbol con diferentes formatos de competición. La muestra consiste en los 190 partidos disputados en la primera vuelta de la Liga Española de Fútbol de la temporada 2006-2007, los 64 partidos disputados en el Campeonato Mundia1 de Fútbol de Alemania 2006 y los 125 partidos de la Liga de Campeones de la temporada 2005-2006. Mediante una estimación basada en el análisis de regresión lineal y en la comparación de medias se concluye que en las competiciones disputadas bajo el formato de liga (la Liga Española, la primera fase de la Liga de Campeones y la primera fase del Campeonato del Mundo) el azar puede tener relevancia para explicar el resultado de los equipos en un único partido o, a lo sumo, en un número muy limitado de ellos, pero que a partir de cierta cantidad de encuentros el rendimiento es determinante para dar cuenta de los puntos que alcanzan los conjuntos. En las competiciones disputadas bajo el formato de eliminación directa (la segunda fase de la Liga de Campeones y la segunda fase del Campeonato del Mundo), no se han encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el rendimiento de los equipos ganadores y perdedores. El azar puede ser un factor muy importante que influye en el resultado de las competiciones que se disputan bajo el formato de eliminación directa. Palabras clave: Formato de competición, rendimiento, azar, fútbol ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of performance and chance on the results obtained by teams in football official competitions with different formats of competition. The research is based in data from 190 matches of the 2006/2007 Spanish Football League, 64 matches of the 2006 World Cup Germany and 125 matches of the 2005/20006 European Champions League. Performance is measured as the difference between shots attempted and shots received by a team in each game. Results from linear regression analysis show that in competitions with a league system, (Spanish Football League, first round of the 2006 World Cup Germany and first round of the 2005/20006 European Champions League) performance is a statistically significant variable for explaining the results obtained by teams. In competitions with a Knock-Out system (second round of the 2006 World Cup Germany and second round of the 2005/20006 European Champions League) there is not statistically significant differences in the performance obtained by winners and losers. I find that chance is a relevant variable for explaining the results of teams in competitions with a Knock-Out system. Key words:Schedukle of competition, peformance, chance, football

Alumina is utilized in many areas of modern industry because of its unique mechanical, electrical and optical properties. Various methods are been employed for produce alumina for different end uses. The preparation of fine and sintering-reactive alumina powders is probably one of the most important steps for production alumina ceramics with controlled microstructure. In this work, it was studied the production of alumina powders by “Pechini” method associated to highenergy milling. For this, it was prepared the resin by Pechini method, using aluminum nitrate nonahydrate. This resin was calcined at 500oC. Then, the calcined powders were submitted a high energy milling for different times. The powders mechanically activated were characterized by x ray diffraction, FT-IR and scanning electronic microscopic. After milling, the powders were calcined at 900oC. The results showed that the alumina phase transitions and powders characteristics were modified when the step of activation mechanical was introduced.

Meat is a significant source of high-quality nutrients, which are very important in the diet. Among meat products, one of the most prized is bovine meat, of which male beef has been designated to be of a higher quality. However, because of its similarity with female beef, deliberate or unintentional substitutions can occur. To avoid this, methodology based on the fast real-time polymerase chain reaction has been developed to authenticate the species and gender origin of beef. This technique consists of two polymerase chain reactions: one bovine-specific reaction and another Y-chromosome-specific multiplex reaction. This methodology has been validated for all kinds of beef products, including those subjected to intensive processing treatments, and it has subsequently been applied to 10 commercial samples labelled as ox to determine whether they are properly labelled. This assay has been shown to have high specificity, sensitivity and rapidity, with the potential to be a powerful tool in enforcing food labelling regulations.

SUMMARYGlobal aquaculture production of turbot has rapidly increased worldwide in the last decade and it is expected to have even bigger growth in the next years due to new farms operating. The losses caused by pathogen infections have grown at the same time as the production of this species. Parasitological infections are among the main relevant pathologies associated with its culture and produce serious losses in aquaculture, reduce the growth rate in fish and may lead to unmarketable fish due to skeletal muscle abnormalities in cases with high intensity of infection. The microsporidian parasite Tetramicra brevifilum causes severe infections and generates major losses in farmed turbot. Infections are difficult to control due to spore longevity and its direct transmission. To facilitate the infection management, an effective tool for fast detection and identification of T. brevifilum is needed. This study provides a molecular methodology of fast Real-Time PCR for T. brevifilum detection to the aquaculture industry, useful for routine control of T. brevifilum at turbot farms. The method is characterized by its high specificity and sensitivity, and it can be applied to cultured turbot for parasite detection regardless of the life-cycle stage of the pathogen or the infection intensity.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production in many regions is constrained by low temperatures. Numerous screening methods have been proposed for studies of freezing tolerance (FT) and winter hardiness (WH). Here, we compared the response to low temperature of 54 barley genotypes released in Europe. Major components of WH were analyzed in fi eld and growth chamber experiments under different hardening and freezing conditions. Phenotype screening of freezing injury (lethal temperature for 50% of the plants [LT 50 ], plant survival, and chlorophyll fl uorescence) and indirect evaluations (molecular-marker-based analysis of vernalization requirement) were used. The maximum quantum yield of the photosystem II photochemistry measured as the variable (F v ) to maximal (F m ) fl uorescence ratio (F v :F m ) analysis was confi rmed as a reliable method of screening genetic diversity for FT in plants at early growth stages. Variability for FT was also found after shorter acclimation at optimal (3/1°C day/night) or suboptimal (12/7°C day/night) hardening temperatures. High levels of FT and WH were found in both winter and facultative growth habits. Facultative genotypes were more responsive to early hardening than spring or winter types. Some of them coped best with frost in both laboratory and fi eld experiments. The most tolerant winter genotypes coped best with prolonged exposure to low temperature in the fi eld experiments. A conservative estimation of the role of FT in WH implies that at least 50% of WH was associated with the level of FT. A combined analysis using physiological and molecular tools is proposed for phenotyping WH in large populations.

Oxidative stress occurs when there is an over production of free radicals and cells are not able to neutralize them by their own antioxidant mechanisms. These excess of free radicals will attack cellular macromolecules leading to cell damage, function impairment or death. Because of that, antioxidant substances have been largely used in products to offer complementary protection. In this study a new mixture of three known antioxidants (cocoa, green tea and alpha-tocopherol) was evaluated and its antioxidant protection was assessed focusing on its capacity to protect main cell macromolecules. Results have shown that it has a high antioxidant capacity by protecting lipids, DNA and proteins against oxidative damage. The antioxidant effect of the mixture on cells was also investigated and it was able to reduce oxidative stress generated by lipopolisacharide in human fibroblasts. Finally, as the mixture has proved to be highly antioxidant, its effect on cell senescence was evaluated, and it was demonstrated that fibroblasts in culture had delayed senescence when treated with these actives on a mixture. All results together provide important data about a new antioxidant mixture that uses a small amount of actives and is able to protect cell against oxidative damages in a global way.

Presentamos un caso de absceso cutáneo por Gemella morbillorum, un coco gram positivo, comensal orofarín-geo habitual, que en contadas ocasiones causa patología en el hombre. Los procesos infecciosos asociados a este patógeno son similares a aquellos causados por la familia de Streptococci viridans en cuanto a espectro, describiéndose casos de infección endovascular (fundamentalmente endocarditis) así como infecciones agudas invasivas. Hay pocos casos descritos de infección cutánea. We report a cutaneous abscess due to Gemella morbillorum, a Gram positive coccus found in oropharyngeal flora, that rarely causes disease in humans. Infections associated to this agent are similar to those related to viridans streptococci. There have been reports of endovascular infections (predominantly endocarditis) and also of acute invasive infections. Few previous reports are available of cutaneous infection.

En este trabajo nos hemos centrado en el estudio del proceso de interacción que se establece entre los miembros de un equipo de fútbol. Para llevar a cabo el estudio hemos utilizado la metodología observacional, registrándoseun total de seis partidos disputados por el Real Club Deportivo de A Coruna durante la temporada 2000-01. Una vez elaborado el sistema taxonómico, donde se ha contextualizado la participación de los jugadores en el seno del equipo, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis secuencial con el fin de constatar la existencia de patrones de conducta entre las categorías que configuran la herramienta de registro y codificación.

Data from the Pierre Auger Observatory are analyzed to search for anisotropies near the direction of the Galactic Centre at EeV energies. The exposure of the surface array in this part of the sky is already significantly larger than that of the fore-runner experiments. Our results do not support previous findings of localized excesses in the AGASA and SUGAR data. We set an upper bound on a point-like flux of cosmic rays arriving from the Galactic Centre which excludes several scenarios predicting sources of EeV neutrons from Sagittarius A. Also the events detected simultaneously by the surface and fluorescence detectors (the 'hybrid' data set), which have better pointing accuracy but are less numerous than those of the surface array alone, do not show any significant localized excess from this direction. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An upper limit of 16% (at 95% c.l.) is derived for the photon fraction in cosmic rays with energies greater than 1019 eV, based on observations of the depth of shower maximum performed with the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. This is the first such limit on photons obtained by observing the fluorescence light profile of air showers. This upper limit confirms and improves on previous results from the Haverah Park and AGASA surface arrays. Additional data recorded with the Auger surface detectors for a subset of the event sample support the conclusion that a photon origin of the observed events is not favored. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.