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2. Nuclear spectrometry of 9.6 h 196Aum2 and the reaction of 197Au with fast neutrons

Author

N. Gharibyan, P M Grant, D. A. Shaughnessy, K. J. Moody, J M Gostic, C B Yeamans, C Cerjan, S. A. Faye, and John D. Despotopulos

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Radiochemistry, Mass spectrometry, Neutron temperature
Abstract

The neutron activation of gold is the basis of an implosion performance diagnostic at the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. In support of this diagnostic, a series of γ-ray spectrometric measurements of the decay of 196Au m2 (J π = 12−) was performed to improve the currently accepted literature values of the nuclear data associated with its half-life, γ-ray energies, and γ-ray intensities. It was determined that 196Au m2 decays with a half-life of 9.603 h ± 0.23%. The relative intensities of the γ rays emitted during its decay were also measured, and an absolute decay branch of 0.3352 ± 2.9% was determined for the emission of the 188.2 keV photon, which arises from a nuclear transition whose multipolarity is predominantly M1. Properties of other products arising in the reaction of 197Au with fast neutrons were measured, as were selected production cross sections. The 196Au m2/196Au g isomer ratio measured in the 197Au(n, 2n) reaction at 14.1 MeV was found to be 0.0731 ± 2.6%.

Published
2020
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4. Numerical Grid Methods and Their Application to Schrödinger’s Equation

Author

C. Cerjan and C. Cerjan

Subjects
Schro¨dinger equation--Congresses, Numerical grid generation (Numerical analysis)--
Abstract

The use of numerical grid methods to solve the Schrodinger equation has rapidly evolved in the past decade.The early attempts to demonstrate the computational viability of grid methods have been largely superseded by applications to specific problems and deeper research into more sophisticated quadrature schemes. Underpinning this research, of course, is the belief that the generic nature of grid methods can enjoy a symbiotic development with advances in computer technology, harnessing this technology in an effective manner. The contributions to this proceedings demonstrate these points in full: several appli­ cations displayed creative use and extension of existing grid methodology; other research concentrated on the development of new quadrature schemes or mixed numerical meth­ ods. The research represented ranges from highly specific spectral simulations of van der Waals complexs to general schemes for reactive scattering. The novelty of grid methods in Density Functional Theory calculations should also be highlighted since it represents an alternative to standard basis set expansion techniques and might offer distinct advantages to the standard techniques. A deliberate attempt was made to present research material with more motivational and background discussion than is typical of research publications. It is hoped that these contributed proceedings will be useful to students and researchers outside the field to have a rapid and complete introduction to many of the exciting uses of grid methodology in atomic and molecular physics. Special thanks are due to the NATO Science Committee for its generous support of the activities of this workshop.

Published
2013

5. Dynamic high energy density plasma environments at the National Ignition Facility for nuclear science research

Author

Ch Yeamans, Johan Frenje, Daniel Sayre, Gary Grim, L. A. Bernstein, William S. Cassata, L. F. Berzak Hopkins, C. A. Velsko, Michael Wiescher, Kenton J. Moody, Yu. A. Litvinov, C Cerjan, Daniel H. Kalantar, Carl R. Brune, H. G. Rinderknecht, D. A. Shaughnessy, Yong Ho Kim, D. H. Schneider, E. P. Hartouni, David N. Fittinghoff, A. L. Kritcher, N. Izumi, Hans W. Herrmann, Paul Neumayer, R. Tommasini, Maria Gatu-Johnson, R. M. Bionta, D. L. Bleuel, A. Ratkiewicz, Chr Hagmann, N. Gharibyan, E. A. Henry, Wolfgang Stoeffl, Brian Spears, Manoel Couder, Robert Hatarik, Frank E. Merrill, A. V. Hamza, J. A. Caggiano, Alex Zylstra, and Hesham Khater

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Thermonuclear fusion, Fission, Nuclear engineering, Plasma, Fusion power, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Neutron capture, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, 010306 general physics, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract

The generation of dynamic high energy density plasmas (HEDP) in the pico- to nano-second time domain at high-energy laser facilities affords unprecedented nuclear science research possibilities. At the National Ignition Facility (NIF), the primary goal of Inertial Confinement Fusion research has led to the synergistic development of a unique high brightness neutron source, sophisticated nuclear diagnostic instrumentation, and versatile experimental platforms. These novel experimental capabilities provide a new path to investigate nuclear processes and structural effects in the time, mass and energy density domains relevant to astrophysical phenomena in a unique terrestrial environment. Some immediate applications include neutron capture cross-section evaluation, fission fragment production, and ion energy loss measurement in electron-degenerate plasmas. More generally, the NIF conditions provide a singular environment to investigate the interplay of atomic and nuclear processes such as plasma screening effects upon thermonuclear reactivity. Achieving enhanced understanding of many of these effects will also significantly advance fusion energy research and challenge existing theoretical models.

Published
2018
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6. Development of the CD Symcap platform to study gas-shell mix in implosions at the National Ignition Facility

Author

D Casey, V Smalyuk, R Tipton, J Pino, G Grim, B Remington, D Rowley, S Weber, M Barrios, R Benedetti, D Bleuel, E Bond, D Bradley, J Caggiano, D Callahan, C Cerjan, K Chen, D Edgell, M Edwards, D Fittinghoff, J Frenje, M Gatu-Johnson, V Glebov, S Glenn, N Guler, S Haan, A Hamza, R Hatarik, H Herrmann, D Hoover, W Hsing, N Izumi, P Kervin, S Khan, J Kilkenny, J Kline, J Knauer, G Kyrala, O Landen, T Ma, A MacPhee, J McNaney, M Mintz, A Moore, A Nikroo, A Pak, T Parham, R Petrasso, H Rinderknecht, D Sayre, M Schneider, W Stoeffl, R Tommasini, R Town, K Widman, D Wilson, and C Yeamans

Published
2013
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8. NUCLEAR PHYSICS USING NIF

Author

Nelson M. Hoffman, C Cerjan, C. B. Yeamans, R. Larson, R. D. Hoffman, Steven H. Batha, C. S. Young, Scott Evans, Hans W. Herrmann, Robert Hatarik, J. M. Gostic, Wolfgang Stoeffl, J A Caggiano, D. A. Shaughnessy, Doug Wilson, E. Grafil, L. A. Bernstein, Y. Kim, M. Hudson, Uwe Greife, E. P. Hartouni, Joseph M. Mack, D G Schneider, James R. Langenbrunner, Daniel Sayre, and D. L. Bleuel

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics
Published
2013
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9. Conversion efficiencies from laser‐produced plasmas in the extreme ultraviolet regime

Author

D. W. Phillion, R. C. Spitzer, C. Cerjan, T. J. Orzechowski, and Robert L. Kauffman

Subjects
Brightness, business.industry, Chemistry, Energy conversion efficiency, General Physics and Astronomy, Pulse duration, Laser, Spectral line, law.invention, Wavelength, Optics, law, Extreme ultraviolet, Emission spectrum, business
Abstract

The conversion efficiency of spectral emission from laser‐irradiated solid targets was investigated for short wavelength source development. The plasma brightness was quantified using absolutely calibrated detectors for 20 materials and spectra were obtained between 50 and 200 A. Laser parameters such as wavelength, pulse length, intensity, and spot size were systematically varied to establish a comprehensive database for source optimization. Qualitative differences in the underlying dominant emission features as a function of atomic number and laser wavelength were observed that accounted for the relatively high spectral conversion efficiencies produced. In the specific case of Sn, a conversion efficiency greater than 0.8%/eV has been observed in the technologically important region of λ=134.0 A using a laser intensity of 1–2×1011 W/cm2.

Published
1996
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10. Spectral characterization of a Sn soft x‐ray plasma source

Author

C. Cerjan

Subjects
Physics, Laser ablation, Physics::Plasma Physics, Energy conversion efficiency, Radiative transfer, General Physics and Astronomy, Illuminance, Plasma diagnostics, Plasma, Emission spectrum, Atomic physics, Spectral line
Abstract

The radiative emission from a soft x‐ray laser‐produced plasma source is examined in detail for the particular case of a Sn solid target under moderate illumination conditions: 1010–1012 W/cm2. The prominent spectral features which contribute to the relatively large conversion efficiency in the range 124–155 A are identified using extensive multi‐configuration Dirac–Fock calculations. These data are used to generate synthetic spectra with plasma characteristics derived from a two‐dimensional simulation of the ablating, radiating plasma. The comparison to the experimental results is generally favorable.

Published
1994
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11. Evaluation of the RADCHEM Diagnostic as an Assessment of Fuel-Ablator Mix and Fuel Rho R

Author

R Hoffman, R Fortner, Dawn A. Shaughnessy, D H Schneider, L Bernstein, M. Stoyer, K J Moody, and C Cerjan

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Chemistry, Detector, Implosion, Neutron, Neutron activation analysis, Nucleon, Energy source, Charged particle, Radioactive decay
Abstract

The RADCHEM diagnostic consists of the collection of both gaseous and solid debris samples following a NIF shot. Small amounts of detector elements are doped into the inner-most layer of the ablator shell, which then undergo nuclear activations with neutrons and/or charged particles that are produced during the fusion process. Reaction products are collected and their radioactive decays are counted in order to determine the number and type of activations that occurred. Simulations have shown that these data can then be correlated to several capsule parameters, including fuel rhoR ({rho}R), implosion asymmetry, and fuel-ablator mix. In this document we present a brief summary of the simulations that have been performed, and evalute the ability of RADCHEM to assess capsule performance. A longer, follow-on document, which will include more details on the specific simulations and experimental techniques that have been considered for RADCHEM, is currently being written.

Published
2011
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12. Flow: A two‐dimensional time‐dependent hydrodynamical ion extraction model

Author

C. Cerjan, P. Vitello, and D. Braun

Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Physics, Debye sheath, Differential equation, Computational Mechanics, General Physics and Astronomy, Fluid mechanics, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Ion acoustic wave, Computational physics, Ion, symbols.namesake, Classical mechanics, Physics::Plasma Physics, Mechanics of Materials, symbols, Poisson's equation, Debye length
Abstract

The simulation of ion extraction from a quasineutral plasma is described using a two‐dimensional time‐dependent numerical fluid equation code, flow. Ion motion is treated using the cold ion continuity and momentum conservation equations in the potential field of complex structures. An upwind differencing scheme in Cartesian coordinates is used to solve these fluid equations. The plasma electrons are modeled as having a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, which allows for ion acoustic effects inside the plasma. The growth and evolution of two‐dimensional ion sheaths is treated while evaluating the ion flux collected on the extractor surface. It is found that spatial grids very much coarser than the Debye length (of order ten times larger or greater) can be successfully used to accurately model ion extraction. Although the transition region between the high density quasi‐neutral plasma and the ion sheath is not resolved, the ion flux across this region is still obtained correctly. The assumption of a Maxwell–Bo...

Published
1992
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13. Spectral emission diagnostics using oxygen impurities in optically thin plasmas

Author

J. K. Nash, M. J. Dunning, C. Cerjan, P. A. Vitello, T. W. Phillips, and A. W. Molvik

Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Physics, Computational Mechanics, General Physics and Astronomy, Plasma, Rate equation, Condensed Matter Physics, Two-fluid model, Charged particle, Spectral line, Ion, Mechanics of Materials, Plasma diagnostics, Emission spectrum, Atomic physics
Abstract

Emission from oxygen in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectral range from 140 to 260 A is evaluated as a diagnostic for optically thin plasmas. A one‐dimensional Lagrangian, two‐fluid hydrodynamic simulation code, which is self‐consistently coupled to a comprehensive atomic rate equation model is used for the analysis. This model with the associated atomic rates is described and compared to recent data from laboratory experiments.

Published
1992
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14. Influence of base pressure on FeMn exchange biased spin-valve films

Author

M. Mao, F. Grabner, S. Vaidya, B. Law, and C. Cerjan

Subjects
Base (group theory), Materials science, Exchange bias, Ferromagnetism, Condensed matter physics, Torr, Spin valve, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Antiferromagnetism, Texture (crystalline), Sputter deposition
Abstract

Spin-valve films of structure NiFeCo/Co/Cu/NiFeCo(Co)/FeMn/Cu were deposited on Si substrates by DC planetary magnetron sputtering techniques. The influence of base pressure, P{sub b}, on spin-valve properties was studied by varying P{sub b} over two decades from 3 x 10{sup -8} to 7 x 10{sup -6} Torr. The GMR ratio show a slight increase with increasing P{sub b} until a large decrease occurs at P{sub b} > 3.3 x 10{sup -6} Torr. Exchange bias field and blocking temperature remain constant in the base pressure range between 3 x 10{sup -8} and 5 x 10{sup -7} Torr before a large reduction begins. An upper bound base pressure, {sup u}P{sub b} {approx} 5 x 10{sup -7} Torr, is noted from the data, above which significant performance modification begins. The degradation in exchange bias field and blocking temperature, in particular, in spin-valve films using a NiFeCo pinned layer, is the result of deterioration in the crystallographic texture and can be understood due to the contamination both at the ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic interface and in the bulk of FeMn layer.

Published
2000
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15. Micromagnetic simulations of submicron cobalt dots

Author

C. Cerjan and G. J. Parker

Subjects
Magnetic anisotropy, Hysteresis, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Magnetic moment, Ferromagnetism, Magnetism, Finite difference method, Finite difference, General Physics and Astronomy, Anisotropy
Abstract

Numerical simulations of submicron Co extruded elliptical dots were performed to illustrate the relative importance of different physical parameters on the switching behavior in the easy direction. Shape, size, magnetic moment magnitude, and the magnitude and distribution of the crystalline anisotropicity were varied. The simulation represents magnetostatic, exchange, and crystalline anisotropicity fields on a structured mesh using finite difference techniques. The smooth boundary of the dots is accurately represented by use of the embedded curve boundary method. Agreement with experimental hysteresis measurements of submicron dot arrays is obtained when an appropriate angular distribution of the grain anisotropicity axes is invoked.

Published
2000
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16. A comparison of different propagation schemes for the time dependent Schrödinger equation

Author

O. Roncero, M. D. Feit, H.-D. Meyer, R. H. Bisseling, Claude Leforestier, C. Cerjan, N. Lipkin, R. Friesner, W. Karrlein, G. Jolicard, R. Kosloff, A. Guldberg, and A. Hammerich

Subjects
Numerical Analysis, Chebyshev polynomials, Partial differential equation, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Applied Mathematics, Numerical analysis, Mathematical analysis, Fast Fourier transform, Computer Science Applications, Schrödinger equation, Computational Mathematics, symbols.namesake, Lanczos resampling, Operator (computer programming), Dynamic problem, Modeling and Simulation, symbols, Mathematics
Abstract

A comparison of three widely used time propagation algorithms for the time dependent Schrodinger equation is described. A typical evolution problem is chosen to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the various methods on a numerical grid using a pseudo-spectral (FFT) spatial representation for scattering and bound state evolution. The methods used —second-order differencing, split operator propagation, Chebyshev polynomial expansion—are discussed in terms of their applicability to various classes of dynamic problems. A new method is introduced which is based upon a low-order Lanczos technique. This method appears to offer an accurate and flexible alternative to the existing techniques. Overall the Chebyshev method is recommended for time independent potentials and the Lanczos method for time dependent potentials.

Published
1991
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17. Time‐dependent calculations of molecular photodissociation resonances

Author

Kenneth C. Kulander, C. Cerjan, and A. E. Orel

Subjects
Absorption spectroscopy, Chemistry, Differential equation, Wave packet, Photodissociation, General Physics and Astronomy, Resonance, Molecular physics, Spectral line, Schrödinger equation, symbols.namesake, Computational chemistry, symbols, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Excitation
Abstract

The molecular photodissociation dynamics of a model, collinear CO2 system is investigated using the time‐dependent wave packet method. Resonance structures in the absorption line shape, found previously in time‐independent studies, are correlated to particular oscillatory motions in the dissociating wave packet dynamics. Dramatic changes in the absorption line shape are predicted for this system for short pulse excitation due to the removal of the effects of one class of resonances. Three different methods of solving the time‐dependent Schrodinger equation were tested and the optimal scheme was used in these calculations.

Published
1991
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18. Quantum time-dependent treatment of molecular collisions: scattering of He by H2(B1Σ+u)

Author

P. Pernot, William A. Lester, and C Cerjan

Subjects
Particle scattering, symbols.namesake, Numerical approximation, Hardware and Architecture, Scattering, Quantum mechanics, symbols, General Physics and Astronomy, Quantum spacetime, Quantum, Schrödinger equation, Mathematics
Abstract

Computational limitations of using a time-dependent quantum method to study He+H 2 (B) scattering are presented with an analysis of the consequences of the approximation to a 2D model.

Published
1991
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19. Efficient time propagation for finite-difference representations of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation

Author

K.C. Kulander and C Cerjan

Subjects
Mathematical analysis, Finite difference method, Finite difference, General Physics and Astronomy, Context (language use), Central differencing scheme, Chebyshev filter, Schrödinger equation, symbols.namesake, Hardware and Architecture, symbols, Representation (mathematics), Harmonic oscillator, Mathematics
Abstract

The applicability of the Chebyshev time propagation algorithm for the solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation is investigated within the context of differencing schemes for the representation of the spatial operators. Representative numerical tests for the harmonic oscillator and Morse potentials display the utility and limitations of this combined approach. Substantial increases in time step are possible for these lower-order methods compared with other propagators commonly used in differencing schemes, but if very high accuracy is desired for these cases difference methods remain less efficient computationally than the corresponding spectral representation when both methods are applicable.

Published
1991
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20. Proof-of-principle experiment for a hot electron pumped XUV amplifier

Author

A. Clark, M. Rosen, D. Fields, V. Slivinsky, William H. Goldstein, D. Price, and C. Cerjan

Subjects
Physics, education.field_of_study, Population, Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, Population inversion, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, X-ray laser, law, Ionization, Extreme ultraviolet, Electron temperature, Atomic physics, education, Collisional excitation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

An X-ray laser scheme was recently proposed based on the pumping of neon-like 3s-3p transitions using inner-shell ionization of sodium-like ions by suprathermal electrons. Since this laser operates in principle with no population in the neon-like charge-state power requirements can be reduced from the standard collisionally driven amplifier, and the problem of line-trapping can be ameliorated. Model calculations using a quasi-steady state collisional-radiative model indicated that measurable gains could be obtained in practical experiments. We propose a proof-of-principle experiment to demonstrate the pumping of neon-like excited states by hot electrons. A ~ 1 ns long, 0.53 µ laser beam, will be focussed on a solid dot target of dilute (5%) bromine, to create a cool, dense plasma. The pulse and target will be optimized to produce as much sodium-like population as possible in the corona. This low-fluence green pulse does not produce suprathermals. A second, ~ 100 ps, 1.06 µm pulse of 1015 W/cm2 will be piggybacked on the first, to create hot electrons. The timing of the red beam will be optimized with respect to the sodium-like fraction of the cool plasma. The hot electrons create a transient population of neon-like ions, coincident with the red beam, that are detected by their characteristic n=3-n=2 resonant X-ray emission. If, as expected while the red beam is present, the neon-like excited states are produced by inner-shell ionization (as opposed to collisional excitation), n = 3-2 line ratios will carry a distinctive signature indicating a statistical feeding mechanism. The same signature will imply the existence of a population inversion. Proposed detection systems include space and time resolving crystal X-ray spectrometers for measuring the neon-like lines, and an array of filtered X-ray diodes to measure suprathermal electron temperature and number.

Published
1990
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21. Ignition Failure Mode Radiochemical Diagnostics Initial Assessment

Author

R Fortner, S W Haan, Kenton J. Moody, G Zimmerman, J Koch, S. Hatchett, R Hoffman, C Werner, M. Stoyer, C Cerjan, L Bernstein, D H Schneider, and R Harding

Subjects
Nuclear reaction, Nuclear engineering, Analytical chemistry, Refractory metals, chemistry.chemical_element, Observable, Cryogenics, law.invention, Ignition system, chemistry, law, Yield (chemistry), Scandium, Nuclear Experiment, Failure mode and effects analysis
Abstract

Radiochemical diagnostic signatures are well known to be effective indicators of nuclear ignition and burn reaction conditions. Nuclear activation is already a reliable technique to measure yield. More comprehensively, though, important quantities such as fuel areal density and ion temperature might be separately and more precisely monitored by a judicious choice of select nuclear reactions. This report details an initial assessment of this approach to diagnosing ignition failures on point-design cryogenic National Ignition Campaign targets. Using newly generated nuclear reaction cross section data for Scandium and Iridium, modest uniform doping of the innermost ablator region provides clearly observable reaction product differences between robust burn and failure for either element. Both equatorial and polar tracer loading yield observable, but indistinguishable, signatures for either choice of element for the preliminary cases studied.

Published
2007
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22. Failure Modes and Diagnostic Signatures Working Group - Ignition Diagnostics Requirements Update

Author

S. P. Hatchett, J Koch, C Cerjan, and S W Haan

Subjects
Ignition system, Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, business.industry, law, Sensitivity (control systems), Physics::Chemical Physics, business, Failure mode and effects analysis, Simulation, law.invention
Abstract

We have performed an initial assessment of the sensitivity of various expected ignition diagnostic signatures to ignition failure modes using one and two-dimensional hydrodynamics simulations and post-processed simulated diagnostic output. As a result of this assessment, we recommend several changes to the current requirements for the ignition diagnostic suite. These recommendations are summarized in Table 1.

Published
2007
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23. Improved performance of Cu-Co CPP GMR sensors

Author

J.P. Spallas, C. Cerjan, F. Grabner, B. Law, D. O'Kane, and M. Mao

Subjects
Materials science, Fabrication, Magnetoresistance, business.industry, Giant magnetoresistance, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Stack (abstract data type), Optoelectronics, Wafer, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Electroplating, business, Sensitivity (electronics), Electrical conductor
Abstract

We have fabricated and tested GMR magnetic sensors that operate in the CPP mode. This work is a continuation of the ultra-high density magnetic sensor research introduced at INTERMAG 96. We have made two significant modifications to the process sequence. First, contact to the sensor is made through a metal conduit deposited in situ with the multilayers. This deposition replaces electroplating. This configuration ensures a good electrical interface between the top of multilayer stack and the top contact, and a continuous, conductive current path to the sensor. The consequences of this modification are an increase in yield of operational devices to /spl ges/90% per wafer and a significant reduction of the device resistance to /spl les/560 m/spl Omega/ and of the uniformity of the device resistance to /spl les/3%. Second, the as-deposited multilayer structure has been changed from [Cu 30 /spl Aring//Co 20 /spl Aring/]/sub 18/ (third peak) to [Cu 20.5 /spl Aring//Co 12 /spl Aring/]/sub 30/ (second peak) to increase the GMR response. The best second peak CPP GMR response from a single device is 39%. The sensitivity of that device is 0.13 %/Oe.

Published
1997
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26. Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) Device Development

Author

B P Law and C Cerjan

Subjects
Magnetoresistive random-access memory, Random access memory, Engineering, Semiconductor, Development (topology), business.industry, Electrical engineering, Sensitivity (control systems), business, Scaling, Engineering physics, Field (computer science), Ternary alloy
Abstract

The recent discovery of materials that have anomalous magneto-resistive properties has generated renewed commercial interest in metal-based fast memory storage as an alternative to the currently used semiconductor-based devices. One particularly promising ternary alloy, fabricated at LLNL, appeared to have exceptional field response. This proposal extended the investigation of this class of materials by examining the scaling properties of test structures made from this material that could definitively verify the preliminary observations of high field sensitivity. Although the expected scaling was observed, technical issues, such as excessive oxidation, prevented a definitive assessment of the effect. Despite the difficulties encountered, several test structures demonstrated superior performance in a ''spin-valve'' configuration that might have applications for very high density recording heads.

Published
2000
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28. Far-field Radiation From a Cleaved Cylindrical Dielectric Waveguide

Author

C. Cerjan

Abstract

A determination of the angular spread in the far-field radiation pattern of a cleaved dielectric waveguide is made from the modal structure at the surface of the waveguide using the Smythe vector integral formulation. The essential features are the following. First, a mode exists in the fiber that has no wavelength cutoff - the so-called HEn mode. This mode arises when non-azimuthal angular dependence of the incoming radiation is present. Second, the energy flow from this hybrid mode fills the fiber face and is not annularly shaped as opposed to the symmetric TE and TM modes. Third, the HE11 mode is not polarization dependent in contrast to the TE and TM modes. Fourth, for small differences in the indices of refraction between the core and cladding regions only the HE11 mode will be supported until the next modes appear around 3.33λ. At this point, three new modes can propagate and the modal structure of the radiation becomes more complicated. Fifth, the far-field radiation pattern will have negligibly small angular dependence in the phases of the vector fields when only the lowest mode is present; the amplitude has an overall angular dependent form factor. Furthermore, when other modes are present (above 3.33λ), the phase of the vector fields will acquire an angular dependence.

Published
1996
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29. Scalar Wave Diffraction from a Circular Aperture

Author

C. Cerjan

Abstract

The scalar wave theory is used to evaluate the expected diffraction patterns from a circular aperture. The standard far-field Kirchhoff approximation is compared to the exact result expressed in terms of oblate spheroidal harmonics. Deviations from an expanding spherical wave are calculated for both cases as a function of the circular aperture radius and the incident beam wavelength using suggested values for a recently proposed point diffraction interferometer. The Kirchhoff approximation is increasingly reliable in the far-field limit as the aperture radius is increased, although significant errors in amplitude and phase persist.

Published
1994
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30. Recent Studies of the Morphology and Soft X-Ray Optical Properties of Mo/Si Multilayers

Author

S. P. Vernon, D. G. Stearns, and C. Cerjan

Abstract

Several laboratories are aggressively pursuing the development of soft x-ray projection lithography (SXPL) technology. The enabling technology for SXPL is the ability to produce high quality, multilayer reflectors in the soft x-ray spectral region. Mo/Si multilayers are of particular interest for SXPL since reflectivities as large as 66% have been obtained at normal incidence at 13 nm. The SXPL systems currently under development contain multiple reflective elements (typically 8:3 condensers, a reflective mask, and a four element imaging system). Marked increase in the system throughput results from slight improvements in multilayer reflectance: for an 8 element system, a 6% increase in multilayer reflectance yields a 50% increase throughput. Therefore, there is considerable interest in developing higher reflectance Mo/Si multilayer coatings.

Published
1994
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31. Soft X-ray Conversions Efficiencies from Laser-Produced Plasmas for Soft X-ray Projection Lithography Sources

Author

R. C. Spitzer, R. L. Kauffman, T. Orzechowski, D. W. Phillion, and C. Cerjan

Abstract

Soft x-ray projection lithography (SXPL) systems are designed to operate with narrow bandwidths around 130Å, where the highest reflectivity mirrors have been demonstrated1. Several different sources are under consideration. One possibility is the laser-produced plasma, in which Intense visible laser light incident on a solid metal surface in vacuum generates an x-ray emitting plasma. An important question is whether sufficient x-ray radiation is generated at 130Å. Although much work has been performed at the very high laser intensities used in fusion applications, no experiments existed at the pulse widths and intensities necessary for SXPL systems. In this work a comprehensive soft x-ray database for laser plasma lithographic sources was developed. We determined the absolute conversion efficiency from laser light into x-rays for various target materials, laser wavelengths {1.064μm & 532nm),pulse lengths (7.5-30ns), incident intensities{1x109W/cm2 - 1x1013W/cm), and spot sizes(15μm-2mm).

Published
1993
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32. Numerical Grid Methods and Their Application to Schrödinger’s Equation

Author

Molecular Calculations and C Cerjan

Subjects
Angular momentum, Curvilinear coordinates, symbols.namesake, Classical mechanics, Quantum dynamics, Quantum mechanics, symbols, Rydberg formula, Scattering theory, Hartree, Projection (linear algebra), Schrödinger's cat, Mathematics
Abstract

Preface. Fast Pseudospectral Algorithm in Curvilinear Coordinates G.C. Corey, J.W. Tromp, D. Temoine. The Hyperquantization Algorithm V. Aquilanti, S. Cavalli, M. Monerville. Quantum Molecular Dynamics and Angular Momentum Projection J. Broeckhove, L. Lathouwers. Lobatto Shape Functions D.E. Manolopoulos. An Adiabatic Pseudo-Spectral Representation of Multidimensional Molecualr Potentials C. Leforestier, R.A. Friesner. Studies of the Quantum Dynamics of Rydberg Electrons in Superintense Laser Fields using Discrete Variable Representations T.J. Muckerman, R.V. Weaver, T.A.B. Kennedy, T. Uzer. Quantum-Classical Methods G.D. Billing. The Multi-Configuration Hartree Approach H.-D. Meyer, U. Manthe, L.S. Cederbaum. Numerical Calculation of Multicentre Integrals for Polyatomic Molecules C.A. Daul, A. Goursot, D.R. Salahub. The Fourier Method R. Kosloff. Complex Absorbing Potentials in Time Dependent Quantum Dynamics G.G. Balint-Kurti, A. Vibok. Finite Element Method for Quantum Scattering A. Askar. Index.

Published
1993
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33. Simulation of Soft -X-Ray Production by Laser Irradiation

Author

C. Cerjan and M. D. Rosen

Abstract

An extensive series of one- and two-dimensional LASNEX simulations have been performed to establish the parameter range for efficient conversion of laser light into soft-x-rays in spectral regions of interest to x-ray lithography. In particular, the calculations assumed that 1.06 µm and .53 µm laser light of varying intensity was deposited on stainless steel and Tantalum slab targets. The subsequent emission of radiation in several spectral regions, between 10-14 Å and at 124 Å, was monitored as the high-temperature plasma evolved, and the overall conversion efficiency was calculated after the emission ended.

Published
1991
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34. Modification Of a Conventional TEM (CTEM) for Lorentz Microscopy

Author

C. Cerjan, S. Bajt, and M. Wall

Subjects
Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Lorentz microscopy, Instrumentation
Abstract

We have modified a CTEM in order to perform Lorentz microscopy experiments at high magnification and resolution on magnetic materials. The modification consists of the adaptation of a second side entry goniometer (SEG) to the CTEM (JEOL 200CX STEM) column above the objective lens, in a region of the column where the measured residual magnetic fields are < 0.5 Gauss with the objective lens in a fully excited state (see Figure 1).With the specimen positioned above the objective lens, it is necessary to increase the excitation of the lens by approximately 20% in order to bring the image into focus. This combination of a specimen positioned above the object pole piece, and the higher objective lens excitation, affects several changes in the optics. First, if a specimen is positioned within the pole piece gap and the objective lens is turned off for Lorentz microscopy purposes, the highest typical magnification achievable is approximately 1,000 X and the resolution is not much better than 0.1μm.

Published
1998
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35. Practical approach for modeling extreme ultraviolet lithography mask defects

Author

Eric M. Gullikson, Donald W. Sweeney, Paul B. Mirkarimi, C. Cerjan, and Daniel G. Stearns

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Scattering, Extreme ultraviolet lithography, Gaussian, General Engineering, engineering.material, Aspect ratio (image), Numerical aperture, symbols.namesake, Optics, Coating, Extreme ultraviolet, symbols, engineering, business, Aerial image
Abstract

An approximate method is proposed to calculate the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) scattering from a defect within a multilayer coating. In this single surface approximation (SSA) the defective multilayer structure is replaced by a single reflecting surface with the shape of the top surface of the multilayer. The range of validity of this approximation has been investigated for Gaussian line defects using two-dimensional finite-difference-time-domain simulations. The SSA is found to be valid for sufficiently low aspect ratio defects such as those expected for the critical defects nucleated by particles on the mask substrate. The critical EUVL defect size is calculated by combining the SSA with a multilayer growth model and aerial image simulations. Another approximate method for calculating the aerial image of an unresolved defect is also discussed. Although the critical substrate defects may be larger than the resolution of higher numerical aperture cameras, the point defect approximation provides a useful fra...

Published
2002
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37. Soft x-ray production from laser produced plasmas for lithography applications

Author

R. C. Spitzer, C. Cerjan, R. L. Kauffman, T. J. Orzechowski, and D. W. Phillion

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Detector, Energy conversion efficiency, General Engineering, Plasma, Laser, Electromagnetic radiation, law.invention, Wavelength, Optics, law, Optoelectronics, X-ray lithography, business, Lithography
Abstract

Laser‐produced plasmas are investigated as a source for soft x‐ray projection lithography. The dependence of conversion efficiency on target material, intensity, wavelength, and pulse width is determined using absolutely calibrated detectors. Conversion efficiency greater than 1% into a 2.2 eV bandwidth is demonstrated for Sn targets, fulfilling the system source requirements.

Published
1993
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38. Elastic helium scattering studies of ordered overlayers of Ar, Kr, and Xe physisorbed on Ag(111)

Author

Steven J. Sibener, K. D. Gibson, C. Cerjan, and John C. Light

Subjects
Diffraction, Elastic scattering, Argon, Xenon, chemistry, Scattering, Krypton, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Specular reflection, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Atomic physics, Helium
Abstract

We describe experiments that measured the angle resolved intensity of He (Ei=18 and 66 meV) elastically scattering from the surfaces of rare gas overlayers physisorbed on Ag(111). These studies were done on a layer‐by‐layer basis for 1, 2, 3, and ∼25 ordered overlayers of Ar, Kr, and Xe. Two types of experiments are described. The first is diffraction, where the scattered He intensity was measured as a function of the detector angle, with the incident polar and azimuthal angles held constant. In the second type of experiment, selective adsorption, we measured the specular intensity as a function of incident angle. The purpose of these experiments was to examine the He–surface potential, to assess the relative contributions that various He–rare gas pair potentials, nonadditive multibody terms, and He–substrate interactions make to the systems studied. The experiments are compared with the results of accurate close‐coupling calculations, in order to quantitatively perform these assessments. The comparisons ...

Published
1988
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39. Quantum time-dependent study of the scattering of He by H2(B 1Σ+u)

Author

Pascal Pernot, C Cerjan, William A. Lester, and R.M. Grimes

Subjects
Adiabatic theorem, Quenching (fluorescence), Scattering, Chemistry, Excited state, Potential energy surface, General Physics and Astronomy, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Atomic physics, Ground state, Quantum, Diatomic molecule
Abstract

A quantum time-dependent treatment of the He + H2 (B 1Σ+u) encounter provides new insight on the dynamics of the system. Time-resolved product distributions of electronic quenching to the ground state and vibrational energy transfer probabilities for the excited electronic state are obtained for a fixed-collision-angle model. The formation and evolution of an intermediate complex on the excited potential energy surface is found to govern the dynamics of formation of the products.

Published
1989
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41. Progress of indirect drive inertial confinement fusion in the United States.

Author

J.L. Kline, S.H. Batha, L.R. Benedetti, D. Bennett, S. Bhandarkar, L.F. Berzak Hopkins, J. Biener, M.M. Biener, R. Bionta, E. Bond, D. Bradley, T. Braun, D.A. Callahan, J. Caggiano, C. Cerjan, B. Cagadas, D. Clark, C. Castro, E.L. Dewald, and T. Döppner

Subjects
INERTIAL confinement fusion, HIGH power lasers, X-ray lasers, LASER damage, TIME pressure
Abstract

Indirect drive converts high power laser light into x-rays using small high-Z cavities called hohlraums. X-rays generated at the hohlraum walls drive a capsule filled with deuterium–tritium (DT) fuel to fusion conditions. Recent experiments have produced fusion yields exceeding 50 kJ where alpha heating provides ~3×  increase in yield over PdV work. Closing the gaps toward ignition is challenging, requiring optimization of the target/implosions and the laser to extract maximum energy. The US program has a three-pronged approach to maximize target performance, each closing some portion of the gap. The first item is optimizing the hohlraum to couple more energy to the capsule while maintaining symmetry control. Novel hohlraum designs are being pursued that enable a larger capsule to be driven symmetrically to both reduce 3D effects and increase energy coupled to the capsule. The second issue being addressed is capsule stability. Seeding of instabilities by the hardware used to mount the capsule and fill it with DT fuel remains a concern. Work reducing the impact of the DT fill tubes and novel capsule mounts is being pursed to reduce the effect of mix on the capsule implosions. There is also growing evidence native capsule seeds such as a micro-structure may be playing a role on limiting capsule performance and dedicated experiments are being developed to better understand the phenomenon. The last area of emphasis is the laser. As technology progresses and understanding of laser damage/mitigation advances, increasing the laser energy seems possible. This would increase the amount of energy available to couple to the capsule, and allow larger capsules, potentially increasing the hot spot pressure and confinement time. The combination of each of these focus areas has the potential to produce conditions to initiate thermo-nuclear ignition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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44. Achievement of Target Gain Larger than Unity in an Inertial Fusion Experiment.

Author

Abu-Shawareb H, Acree R, Adams P, Adams J, Addis B, Aden R, Adrian P, Afeyan BB, Aggleton M, Aghaian L, Aguirre A, Aikens D, Akre J, Albert F, Albrecht M, Albright BJ, Albritton J, Alcala J, Alday C, Alessi DA, Alexander N, Alfonso J, Alfonso N, Alger E, Ali SJ, Ali ZA, Allen A, Alley WE, Amala P, Amendt PA, Amick P, Ammula S, Amorin C, Ampleford DJ, Anderson RW, Anklam T, Antipa N, Appelbe B, Aracne-Ruddle C, Araya E, Archuleta TN, Arend M, Arnold P, Arnold T, Arsenlis A, Asay J, Atherton LJ, Atkinson D, Atkinson R, Auerbach JM, Austin B, Auyang L, Awwal AAS, Aybar N, Ayers J, Ayers S, Ayers T, Azevedo S, Bachmann B, Back CA, Bae J, Bailey DS, Bailey J, Baisden T, Baker KL, Baldis H, Barber D, Barberis M, Barker D, Barnes A, Barnes CW, Barrios MA, Barty C, Bass I, Batha SH, Baxamusa SH, Bazan G, Beagle JK, Beale R, Beck BR, Beck JB, Bedzyk M, Beeler RG, Beeler RG, Behrendt W, Belk L, Bell P, Belyaev M, Benage JF, Bennett G, Benedetti LR, Benedict LX, Berger RL, Bernat T, Bernstein LA, Berry B, Bertolini L, Besenbruch G, Betcher J, Bettenhausen R, Betti R, Bezzerides B, Bhandarkar SD, Bickel R, Biener J, Biesiada T, Bigelow K, Bigelow-Granillo J, Bigman V, Bionta RM, Birge NW, Bitter M, Black AC, Bleile R, Bleuel DL, Bliss E, Bliss E, Blue B, Boehly T, Boehm K, Boley CD, Bonanno R, Bond EJ, Bond T, Bonino MJ, Borden M, Bourgade JL, Bousquet J, Bowers J, Bowers M, Boyd R, Boyle D, Bozek A, Bradley DK, Bradley KS, Bradley PA, Bradley L, Brannon L, Brantley PS, Braun D, Braun T, Brienza-Larsen K, Briggs R, Briggs TM, Britten J, Brooks ED, Browning D, Bruhn MW, Brunner TA, Bruns H, Brunton G, Bryant B, Buczek T, Bude J, Buitano L, Burkhart S, Burmark J, Burnham A, Burr R, Busby LE, Butlin B, Cabeltis R, Cable M, Cabot WH, Cagadas B, Caggiano J, Cahayag R, Caldwell SE, Calkins S, Callahan DA, Calleja-Aguirre J, Camara L, Camp D, Campbell EM, Campbell JH, Carey B, Carey R, Carlisle K, Carlson L, Carman L, Carmichael J, Carpenter A, Carr C, Carrera JA, Casavant D, Casey A, Casey DT, Castillo A, Castillo E, Castor JI, Castro C, Caughey W, Cavitt R, Celeste J, Celliers PM, Cerjan C, Chandler G, Chang B, Chang C, Chang J, Chang L, Chapman R, Chapman TD, Chase L, Chen H, Chen H, Chen K, Chen LY, Cheng B, Chittenden J, Choate C, Chou J, Chrien RE, Chrisp M, Christensen K, Christensen M, Christiansen NS, Christopherson AR, Chung M, Church JA, Clark A, Clark DS, Clark K, Clark R, Claus L, Cline B, Cline JA, Cobble JA, Cochrane K, Cohen B, Cohen S, Collette MR, Collins GW, Collins LA, Collins TJB, Conder A, Conrad B, Conyers M, Cook AW, Cook D, Cook R, Cooley JC, Cooper G, Cope T, Copeland SR, Coppari F, Cortez J, Cox J, Crandall DH, Crane J, Craxton RS, Cray M, Crilly A, Crippen JW, Cross D, Cuneo M, Cuotts G, Czajka CE, Czechowicz D, Daly T, Danforth P, Danly C, Darbee R, Darlington B, Datte P, Dauffy L, Davalos G, Davidovits S, Davis P, Davis J, Dawson S, Day RD, Day TH, Dayton M, Deck C, Decker C, Deeney C, DeFriend KA, Deis G, Delamater ND, Delettrez JA, Demaret R, Demos S, Dempsey SM, Desjardin R, Desjardins T, Desjarlais MP, Dewald EL, DeYoreo J, Diaz S, Dimonte G, Dittrich TR, Divol L, Dixit SN, Dixon J, Do A, Dodd ES, Dolan D, Donovan A, Donovan M, Döppner T, Dorrer C, Dorsano N, Douglas MR, Dow D, Downie J, Downing E, Dozieres M, Draggoo V, Drake D, Drake RP, Drake T, Dreifuerst G, Drury O, DuBois DF, DuBois PF, Dunham G, Durocher M, Dylla-Spears R, Dymoke-Bradshaw AKL, Dzenitis B, Ebbers C, Eckart M, Eddinger S, Eder D, Edgell D, Edwards MJ, Efthimion P, Eggert JH, Ehrlich B, Ehrmann P, Elhadj S, Ellerbee C, Elliott NS, Ellison CL, Elsner F, Emerich M, Engelhorn K, England T, English E, Epperson P, Epstein R, Erbert G, Erickson MA, Erskine DJ, Erlandson A, Espinosa RJ, Estes C, Estabrook KG, Evans S, Fabyan A, Fair J, Fallejo R, Farmer N, Farmer WA, Farrell M, Fatherley VE, Fedorov M, Feigenbaum E, Fehrenbach T, Feit M, Felker B, Ferguson W, Fernandez JC, Fernandez-Panella A, Fess S, Field JE, Filip CV, Fincke JR, Finn T, Finnegan SM, Finucane RG, Fischer M, Fisher A, Fisher J, Fishler B, Fittinghoff D, Fitzsimmons P, Flegel M, Flippo KA, Florio J, Folta J, Folta P, Foreman LR, Forrest C, Forsman A, Fooks J, Foord M, Fortner R, Fournier K, Fratanduono DE, Frazier N, Frazier T, Frederick C, Freeman MS, Frenje J, Frey D, Frieders G, Friedrich S, Froula DH, Fry J, Fuller T, Gaffney J, Gales S, Le Galloudec B, Le Galloudec KK, Gambhir A, Gao L, Garbett WJ, Garcia A, Gates C, Gaut E, Gauthier P, Gavin Z, Gaylord J, Geddes CGR, Geissel M, Génin F, Georgeson J, Geppert-Kleinrath H, Geppert-Kleinrath V, Gharibyan N, Gibson J, Gibson C, Giraldez E, Glebov V, Glendinning SG, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Goade S, Gobby PL, Goldman SR, Golick B, Gomez M, Goncharov V, Goodin D, Grabowski P, Grafil E, Graham P, Grandy J, Grasz E, Graziani FR, Greenman G, Greenough JA, Greenwood A, Gregori G, Green T, Griego JR, Grim GP, Grondalski J, Gross S, Guckian J, Guler N, Gunney B, Guss G, Haan S, Hackbarth J, Hackel L, Hackel R, Haefner C, Hagmann C, Hahn KD, Hahn S, Haid BJ, Haines BM, Hall BM, Hall C, Hall GN, Hamamoto M, Hamel S, Hamilton CE, Hammel BA, Hammer JH, Hampton G, Hamza A, Handler A, Hansen S, Hanson D, Haque R, Harding D, Harding E, Hares JD, Harris DB, Harte JA, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett S, Hauer AA, Havre M, Hawley R, Hayes J, Hayes J, Hayes S, Hayes-Sterbenz A, Haynam CA, Haynes DA, Headley D, Heal A, Heebner JE, Heerey S, Heestand GM, Heeter R, Hein N, Heinbockel C, Hendricks C, Henesian M, Heninger J, Henrikson J, Henry EA, Herbold EB, Hermann MR, Hermes G, Hernandez JE, Hernandez VJ, Herrmann MC, Herrmann HW, Herrera OD, Hewett D, Hibbard R, Hicks DG, Higginson DP, Hill D, Hill K, Hilsabeck T, Hinkel DE, Ho DD, Ho VK, Hoffer JK, Hoffman NM, Hohenberger M, Hohensee M, Hoke W, Holdener D, Holdener F, Holder JP, Holko B, Holunga D, Holzrichter JF, Honig J, Hoover D, Hopkins D, Berzak Hopkins LF, Hoppe M, Hoppe ML, Horner J, Hornung R, Horsfield CJ, Horvath J, Hotaling D, House R, Howell L, Hsing WW, Hu SX, Huang H, Huckins J, Hui H, Humbird KD, Hund J, Hunt J, Hurricane OA, Hutton M, Huynh KH, Inandan L, Iglesias C, Igumenshchev IV, Ivanovich I, Izumi N, Jackson M, Jackson J, Jacobs SD, James G, Jancaitis K, Jarboe J, Jarrott LC, Jasion D, Jaquez J, Jeet J, Jenei AE, Jensen J, Jimenez J, Jimenez R, Jobe D, Johal Z, Johns HM, Johnson D, Johnson MA, Gatu Johnson M, Johnson RJ, Johnson S, Johnson SA, Johnson T, Jones K, Jones O, Jones M, Jorge R, Jorgenson HJ, Julian M, Jun BI, Jungquist R, Kaae J, Kabadi N, Kaczala D, Kalantar D, Kangas K, Karasiev VV, Karasik M, Karpenko V, Kasarky A, Kasper K, Kauffman R, Kaufman MI, Keane C, Keaty L, Kegelmeyer L, Keiter PA, Kellett PA, Kellogg J, Kelly JH, Kemic S, Kemp AJ, Kemp GE, Kerbel GD, Kershaw D, Kerr SM, Kessler TJ, Key MH, Khan SF, Khater H, Kiikka C, Kilkenny J, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kimko J, Kimmel M, Kindel JM, King J, Kirkwood RK, Klaus L, Klem D, Kline JL, Klingmann J, Kluth G, Knapp P, Knauer J, Knipping J, Knudson M, Kobs D, Koch J, Kohut T, Kong C, Koning JM, Koning P, Konior S, Kornblum H, Kot LB, Kozioziemski B, Kozlowski M, Kozlowski PM, Krammen J, Krasheninnikova NS, Krauland CM, Kraus B, Krauser W, Kress JD, Kritcher AL, Krieger E, Kroll JJ, Kruer WL, Kruse MKG, Kucheyev S, Kumbera M, Kumpan S, Kunimune J, Kur E, Kustowski B, Kwan TJT, Kyrala GA, Laffite S, Lafon M, LaFortune K, Lagin L, Lahmann B, Lairson B, Landen OL, Land T, Lane M, Laney D, Langdon AB, Langenbrunner J, Langer SH, Langro A, Lanier NE, Lanier TE, Larson D, Lasinski BF, Lassle D, LaTray D, Lau G, Lau N, Laumann C, Laurence A, Laurence TA, Lawson J, Le HP, Leach RR, Leal L, Leatherland A, LeChien K, Lechleiter B, Lee A, Lee M, Lee T, Leeper RJ, Lefebvre E, Leidinger JP, LeMire B, Lemke RW, Lemos NC, Le Pape S, Lerche R, Lerner S, Letts S, Levedahl K, Lewis T, Li CK, Li H, Li J, Liao W, Liao ZM, Liedahl D, Liebman J, Lindford G, Lindman EL, Lindl JD, Loey H, London RA, Long F, Loomis EN, Lopez FE, Lopez H, Losbanos E, Loucks S, Lowe-Webb R, Lundgren E, Ludwigsen AP, Luo R, Lusk J, Lyons R, Ma T, Macallop Y, MacDonald MJ, MacGowan BJ, Mack JM, Mackinnon AJ, MacLaren SA, MacPhee AG, Magelssen GR, Magoon J, Malone RM, Malsbury T, Managan R, Mancini R, Manes K, Maney D, Manha D, Mannion OM, Manuel AM, Manuel MJ, Mapoles E, Mara G, Marcotte T, Marin E, Marinak MM, Mariscal DA, Mariscal EF, Marley EV, Marozas JA, Marquez R, Marshall CD, Marshall FJ, Marshall M, Marshall S, Marticorena J, Martinez JI, Martinez D, Maslennikov I, Mason D, Mason RJ, Masse L, Massey W, Masson-Laborde PE, Masters ND, Mathisen D, Mathison E, Matone J, Matthews MJ, Mattoon C, Mattsson TR, Matzen K, Mauche CW, Mauldin M, McAbee T, McBurney M, Mccarville T, McCrory RL, McEvoy AM, McGuffey C, Mcinnis M, McKenty P, McKinley MS, McLeod JB, McPherson A, Mcquillan B, Meamber M, Meaney KD, Meezan NB, Meissner R, Mehlhorn TA, Mehta NC, Menapace J, Merrill FE, Merritt BT, Merritt EC, Meyerhofer DD, Mezyk S, Mich RJ, Michel PA, Milam D, Miller C, Miller D, Miller DS, Miller E, Miller EK, Miller J, Miller M, Miller PE, Miller T, Miller W, Miller-Kamm V, Millot M, Milovich JL, Minner P, Miquel JL, Mitchell S, Molvig K, Montesanti RC, Montgomery DS, Monticelli M, Montoya A, Moody JD, Moore AS, Moore E, Moran M, Moreno JC, Moreno K, Morgan BE, Morrow T, Morton JW, Moses E, Moy K, Muir R, Murillo MS, Murray JE, Murray JR, Munro DH, Murphy TJ, Munteanu FM, Nafziger J, Nagayama T, Nagel SR, Nast R, Negres RA, Nelson A, Nelson D, Nelson J, Nelson S, Nemethy S, Neumayer P, Newman K, Newton M, Nguyen H, Di Nicola JG, Di Nicola P, Niemann C, Nikroo A, Nilson PM, Nobile A, Noorai V, Nora RC, Norton M, Nostrand M, Note V, Novell S, Nowak PF, Nunez A, Nyholm RA, O'Brien M, Oceguera A, Oertel JA, Oesterle AL, Okui J, Olejniczak B, Oliveira J, Olsen P, Olson B, Olson K, Olson RE, Opachich YP, Orsi N, Orth CD, Owen M, Padalino S, Padilla E, Paguio R, Paguio S, Paisner J, Pajoom S, Pak A, Palaniyappan S, Palma K, Pannell T, Papp F, Paras D, Parham T, Park HS, Pasternak A, Patankar S, Patel MV, Patel PK, Patterson R, Patterson S, Paul B, Paul M, Pauli E, Pearce OT, Pearcy J, Pedretti A, Pedrotti B, Peer A, Pelz LJ, Penetrante B, Penner J, Perez A, Perkins LJ, Pernice E, Perry TS, Person S, Petersen D, Petersen T, Peterson DL, Peterson EB, Peterson JE, Peterson JL, Peterson K, Peterson RR, Petrasso RD, Philippe F, Phillion D, Phipps TJ, Piceno E, Pickworth L, Ping Y, Pino J, Piston K, Plummer R, Pollack GD, Pollaine SM, Pollock BB, Ponce D, Ponce J, Pontelandolfo J, Porter JL, Post J, Poujade O, Powell C, Powell H, Power G, Pozulp M, Prantil M, Prasad M, Pratuch S, Price S, Primdahl K, Prisbrey S, Procassini R, Pruyne A, Pudliner B, Qiu SR, Quan K, Quinn M, Quintenz J, Radha PB, Rainer F, Ralph JE, Raman KS, Raman R, Rambo PW, Rana S, Randewich A, Rardin D, Ratledge M, Ravelo N, Ravizza F, Rayce M, Raymond A, Raymond B, Reed B, Reed C, Regan S, Reichelt B, Reis V, Reisdorf S, Rekow V, Remington BA, Rendon A, Requieron W, Rever M, Reynolds H, Reynolds J, Rhodes J, Rhodes M, Richardson MC, Rice B, Rice NG, Rieben R, Rigatti A, Riggs S, Rinderknecht HG, Ring K, Riordan B, Riquier R, Rivers C, Roberts D, Roberts V, Robertson G, Robey HF, Robles J, Rocha P, Rochau G, Rodriguez J, Rodriguez S, Rosen MD, Rosenberg M, Ross G, Ross JS, Ross P, Rouse J, Rovang D, Rubenchik AM, Rubery MS, Ruiz CL, Rushford M, Russ B, Rygg JR, Ryujin BS, Sacks RA, Sacks RF, Saito K, Salmon T, Salmonson JD, Sanchez J, Samuelson S, Sanchez M, Sangster C, Saroyan A, Sater J, Satsangi A, Sauers S, Saunders R, Sauppe JP, Sawicki R, Sayre D, Scanlan M, Schaffers K, Schappert GT, Schiaffino S, Schlossberg DJ, Schmidt DW, Schmit PF, Smidt JM, Schneider DHG, Schneider MB, Schneider R, Schoff M, Schollmeier M, Schroeder CR, Schrauth SE, Scott HA, Scott I, Scott JM, Scott RHH, Scullard CR, Sedillo T, Seguin FH, Seka W, Senecal J, Sepke SM, Seppala L, Sequoia K, Severyn J, Sevier JM, Sewell N, Seznec S, Shah RC, Shamlian J, Shaughnessy D, Shaw M, Shaw R, Shearer C, Shelton R, Shen N, Sherlock MW, Shestakov AI, Shi EL, Shin SJ, Shingleton N, Shmayda W, Shor M, Shoup M, Shuldberg C, Siegel L, Silva FJ, Simakov AN, Sims BT, Sinars D, Singh P, Sio H, Skulina K, Skupsky S, Slutz S, Sluyter M, Smalyuk VA, Smauley D, Smeltser RM, Smith C, Smith I, Smith J, Smith L, Smith R, Smith R, Schölmerich M, Sohn R, Sommer S, Sorce C, Sorem M, Soures JM, Spaeth ML, Spears BK, Speas S, Speck D, Speck R, Spears J, Spinka T, Springer PT, Stadermann M, Stahl B, Stahoviak J, Stanley J, Stanton LG, Steele R, Steele W, Steinman D, Stemke R, Stephens R, Sterbenz S, Sterne P, Stevens D, Stevers J, Still CH, Stoeckl C, Stoeffl W, Stolken JS, Stolz C, Storm E, Stone G, Stoupin S, Stout E, Stowers I, Strauser R, Streckart H, Streit J, Strozzi DJ, Stutz J, Summers L, Suratwala T, Sutcliffe G, Suter LJ, Sutton SB, Svidzinski V, Swadling G, Sweet W, Szoke A, Tabak M, Takagi M, Tambazidis A, Tang V, Taranowski M, Taylor LA, Telford S, Theobald W, Thi M, Thomas A, Thomas CA, Thomas I, Thomas R, Thompson IJ, Thongstisubskul A, Thorsness CB, Tietbohl G, Tipton RE, Tobin M, Tomlin N, Tommasini R, Toreja AJ, Torres J, Town RPJ, Townsend S, Trenholme J, Trivelpiece A, Trosseille C, Truax H, Trummer D, Trummer S, Truong T, Tubbs D, Tubman ER, Tunnell T, Turnbull D, Turner RE, Ulitsky M, Upadhye R, Vaher JL, VanArsdall P, VanBlarcom D, Vandenboomgaerde M, VanQuinlan R, Van Wonterghem BM, Varnum WS, Velikovich AL, Vella A, Verdon CP, Vermillion B, Vernon S, Vesey R, Vickers J, Vignes RM, Visosky M, Vocke J, Volegov PL, Vonhof S, Von Rotz R, Vu HX, Vu M, Wall D, Wall J, Wallace R, Wallin B, Walmer D, Walsh CA, Walters CF, Waltz C, Wan A, Wang A, Wang Y, Wark JS, Warner BE, Watson J, Watt RG, Watts P, Weaver J, Weaver RP, Weaver S, Weber CR, Weber P, Weber SV, Wegner P, Welday B, Welser-Sherrill L, Weiss K, Wharton KB, Wheeler GF, Whistler W, White RK, Whitley HD, Whitman P, Wickett ME, Widmann K, Widmayer C, Wiedwald J, Wilcox R, Wilcox S, Wild C, Wilde BH, Wilde CH, Wilhelmsen K, Wilke MD, Wilkens H, Wilkins P, Wilks SC, Williams EA, Williams GJ, Williams W, Williams WH, Wilson DC, Wilson B, Wilson E, Wilson R, Winters S, Wisoff PJ, Wittman M, Wolfe J, Wong A, Wong KW, Wong L, Wong N, Wood R, Woodhouse D, Woodruff J, Woods DT, Woods S, Woodworth BN, Wooten E, Wootton A, Work K, Workman JB, Wright J, Wu M, Wuest C, Wysocki FJ, Xu H, Yamaguchi M, Yang B, Yang ST, Yatabe J, Yeamans CB, Yee BC, Yi SA, Yin L, Young B, Young CS, Young CV, Young P, Youngblood K, Yu J, Zacharias R, Zagaris G, Zaitseva N, Zaka F, Ze F, Zeiger B, Zika M, Zimmerman GB, Zobrist T, Zuegel JD, and Zylstra AB

Abstract

On December 5, 2022, an indirect drive fusion implosion on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) achieved a target gain G&#95;{target} of 1.5. This is the first laboratory demonstration of exceeding "scientific breakeven" (or G&#95;{target}>1) where 2.05 MJ of 351 nm laser light produced 3.1 MJ of total fusion yield, a result which significantly exceeds the Lawson criterion for fusion ignition as reported in a previous NIF implosion [H. Abu-Shawareb et al. (Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001]. This achievement is the culmination of more than five decades of research and gives proof that laboratory fusion, based on fundamental physics principles, is possible. This Letter reports on the target, laser, design, and experimental advancements that led to this result.

Published
2024
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45. Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment.

Author

Abu-Shawareb H, Acree R, Adams P, Adams J, Addis B, Aden R, Adrian P, Afeyan BB, Aggleton M, Aghaian L, Aguirre A, Aikens D, Akre J, Albert F, Albrecht M, Albright BJ, Albritton J, Alcala J, Alday C, Alessi DA, Alexander N, Alfonso J, Alfonso N, Alger E, Ali SJ, Ali ZA, Alley WE, Amala P, Amendt PA, Amick P, Ammula S, Amorin C, Ampleford DJ, Anderson RW, Anklam T, Antipa N, Appelbe B, Aracne-Ruddle C, Araya E, Arend M, Arnold P, Arnold T, Asay J, Atherton LJ, Atkinson D, Atkinson R, Auerbach JM, Austin B, Auyang L, Awwal AS, Ayers J, Ayers S, Ayers T, Azevedo S, Bachmann B, Back CA, Bae J, Bailey DS, Bailey J, Baisden T, Baker KL, Baldis H, Barber D, Barberis M, Barker D, Barnes A, Barnes CW, Barrios MA, Barty C, Bass I, Batha SH, Baxamusa SH, Bazan G, Beagle JK, Beale R, Beck BR, Beck JB, Bedzyk M, Beeler RG, Beeler RG, Behrendt W, Belk L, Bell P, Belyaev M, Benage JF, Bennett G, Benedetti LR, Benedict LX, Berger R, Bernat T, Bernstein LA, Berry B, Bertolini L, Besenbruch G, Betcher J, Bettenhausen R, Betti R, Bezzerides B, Bhandarkar SD, Bickel R, Biener J, Biesiada T, Bigelow K, Bigelow-Granillo J, Bigman V, Bionta RM, Birge NW, Bitter M, Black AC, Bleile R, Bleuel DL, Bliss E, Bliss E, Blue B, Boehly T, Boehm K, Boley CD, Bonanno R, Bond EJ, Bond T, Bonino MJ, Borden M, Bourgade JL, Bousquet J, Bowers J, Bowers M, Boyd R, Bozek A, Bradley DK, Bradley KS, Bradley PA, Bradley L, Brannon L, Brantley PS, Braun D, Braun T, Brienza-Larsen K, Briggs TM, Britten J, Brooks ED, Browning D, Bruhn MW, Brunner TA, Bruns H, Brunton G, Bryant B, Buczek T, Bude J, Buitano L, Burkhart S, Burmark J, Burnham A, Burr R, Busby LE, Butlin B, Cabeltis R, Cable M, Cabot WH, Cagadas B, Caggiano J, Cahayag R, Caldwell SE, Calkins S, Callahan DA, Calleja-Aguirre J, Camara L, Camp D, Campbell EM, Campbell JH, Carey B, Carey R, Carlisle K, Carlson L, Carman L, Carmichael J, Carpenter A, Carr C, Carrera JA, Casavant D, Casey A, Casey DT, Castillo A, Castillo E, Castor JI, Castro C, Caughey W, Cavitt R, Celeste J, Celliers PM, Cerjan C, Chandler G, Chang B, Chang C, Chang J, Chang L, Chapman R, Chapman T, Chase L, Chen H, Chen H, Chen K, Chen LY, Cheng B, Chittenden J, Choate C, Chou J, Chrien RE, Chrisp M, Christensen K, Christensen M, Christopherson AR, Chung M, Church JA, Clark A, Clark DS, Clark K, Clark R, Claus L, Cline B, Cline JA, Cobble JA, Cochrane K, Cohen B, Cohen S, Collette MR, Collins G, Collins LA, Collins TJB, Conder A, Conrad B, Conyers M, Cook AW, Cook D, Cook R, Cooley JC, Cooper G, Cope T, Copeland SR, Coppari F, Cortez J, Cox J, Crandall DH, Crane J, Craxton RS, Cray M, Crilly A, Crippen JW, Cross D, Cuneo M, Cuotts G, Czajka CE, Czechowicz D, Daly T, Danforth P, Darbee R, Darlington B, Datte P, Dauffy L, Davalos G, Davidovits S, Davis P, Davis J, Dawson S, Day RD, Day TH, Dayton M, Deck C, Decker C, Deeney C, DeFriend KA, Deis G, Delamater ND, Delettrez JA, Demaret R, Demos S, Dempsey SM, Desjardin R, Desjardins T, Desjarlais MP, Dewald EL, DeYoreo J, Diaz S, Dimonte G, Dittrich TR, Divol L, Dixit SN, Dixon J, Dodd ES, Dolan D, Donovan A, Donovan M, Döppner T, Dorrer C, Dorsano N, Douglas MR, Dow D, Downie J, Downing E, Dozieres M, Draggoo V, Drake D, Drake RP, Drake T, Dreifuerst G, DuBois DF, DuBois PF, Dunham G, Dylla-Spears R, Dymoke-Bradshaw AKL, Dzenitis B, Ebbers C, Eckart M, Eddinger S, Eder D, Edgell D, Edwards MJ, Efthimion P, Eggert JH, Ehrlich B, Ehrmann P, Elhadj S, Ellerbee C, Elliott NS, Ellison CL, Elsner F, Emerich M, Engelhorn K, England T, English E, Epperson P, Epstein R, Erbert G, Erickson MA, Erskine DJ, Erlandson A, Espinosa RJ, Estes C, Estabrook KG, Evans S, Fabyan A, Fair J, Fallejo R, Farmer N, Farmer WA, Farrell M, Fatherley VE, Fedorov M, Feigenbaum E, Feit M, Ferguson W, Fernandez JC, Fernandez-Panella A, Fess S, Field JE, Filip CV, Fincke JR, Finn T, Finnegan SM, Finucane RG, Fischer M, Fisher A, Fisher J, Fishler B, Fittinghoff D, Fitzsimmons P, Flegel M, Flippo KA, Florio J, Folta J, Folta P, Foreman LR, Forrest C, Forsman A, Fooks J, Foord M, Fortner R, Fournier K, Fratanduono DE, Frazier N, Frazier T, Frederick C, Freeman MS, Frenje J, Frey D, Frieders G, Friedrich S, Froula DH, Fry J, Fuller T, Gaffney J, Gales S, Le Galloudec B, Le Galloudec KK, Gambhir A, Gao L, Garbett WJ, Garcia A, Gates C, Gaut E, Gauthier P, Gavin Z, Gaylord J, Geissel M, Génin F, Georgeson J, Geppert-Kleinrath H, Geppert-Kleinrath V, Gharibyan N, Gibson J, Gibson C, Giraldez E, Glebov V, Glendinning SG, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Goade S, Gobby PL, Goldman SR, Golick B, Gomez M, Goncharov V, Goodin D, Grabowski P, Grafil E, Graham P, Grandy J, Grasz E, Graziani F, Greenman G, Greenough JA, Greenwood A, Gregori G, Green T, Griego JR, Grim GP, Grondalski J, Gross S, Guckian J, Guler N, Gunney B, Guss G, Haan S, Hackbarth J, Hackel L, Hackel R, Haefner C, Hagmann C, Hahn KD, Hahn S, Haid BJ, Haines BM, Hall BM, Hall C, Hall GN, Hamamoto M, Hamel S, Hamilton CE, Hammel BA, Hammer JH, Hampton G, Hamza A, Handler A, Hansen S, Hanson D, Haque R, Harding D, Harding E, Hares JD, Harris DB, Harte JA, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett S, Hauer AA, Havre M, Hawley R, Hayes J, Hayes J, Hayes S, Hayes-Sterbenz A, Haynam CA, Haynes DA, Headley D, Heal A, Heebner JE, Heerey S, Heestand GM, Heeter R, Hein N, Heinbockel C, Hendricks C, Henesian M, Heninger J, Henrikson J, Henry EA, Herbold EB, Hermann MR, Hermes G, Hernandez JE, Hernandez VJ, Herrmann MC, Herrmann HW, Herrera OD, Hewett D, Hibbard R, Hicks DG, Hill D, Hill K, Hilsabeck T, Hinkel DE, Ho DD, Ho VK, Hoffer JK, Hoffman NM, Hohenberger M, Hohensee M, Hoke W, Holdener D, Holdener F, Holder JP, Holko B, Holunga D, Holzrichter JF, Honig J, Hoover D, Hopkins D, Berzak Hopkins L, Hoppe M, Hoppe ML, Horner J, Hornung R, Horsfield CJ, Horvath J, Hotaling D, House R, Howell L, Hsing WW, Hu SX, Huang H, Huckins J, Hui H, Humbird KD, Hund J, Hunt J, Hurricane OA, Hutton M, Huynh KH, Inandan L, Iglesias C, Igumenshchev IV, Izumi N, Jackson M, Jackson J, Jacobs SD, James G, Jancaitis K, Jarboe J, Jarrott LC, Jasion D, Jaquez J, Jeet J, Jenei AE, Jensen J, Jimenez J, Jimenez R, Jobe D, Johal Z, Johns HM, Johnson D, Johnson MA, Gatu Johnson M, Johnson RJ, Johnson S, Johnson SA, Johnson T, Jones K, Jones O, Jones M, Jorge R, Jorgenson HJ, Julian M, Jun BI, Jungquist R, Kaae J, Kabadi N, Kaczala D, Kalantar D, Kangas K, Karasiev VV, Karasik M, Karpenko V, Kasarky A, Kasper K, Kauffman R, Kaufman MI, Keane C, Keaty L, Kegelmeyer L, Keiter PA, Kellett PA, Kellogg J, Kelly JH, Kemic S, Kemp AJ, Kemp GE, Kerbel GD, Kershaw D, Kerr SM, Kessler TJ, Key MH, Khan SF, Khater H, Kiikka C, Kilkenny J, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kimko J, Kimmel M, Kindel JM, King J, Kirkwood RK, Klaus L, Klem D, Kline JL, Klingmann J, Kluth G, Knapp P, Knauer J, Knipping J, Knudson M, Kobs D, Koch J, Kohut T, Kong C, Koning JM, Koning P, Konior S, Kornblum H, Kot LB, Kozioziemski B, Kozlowski M, Kozlowski PM, Krammen J, Krasheninnikova NS, Kraus B, Krauser W, Kress JD, Kritcher AL, Krieger E, Kroll JJ, Kruer WL, Kruse MKG, Kucheyev S, Kumbera M, Kumpan S, Kunimune J, Kustowski B, Kwan TJT, Kyrala GA, Laffite S, Lafon M, LaFortune K, Lahmann B, Lairson B, Landen OL, Langenbrunner J, Lagin L, Land T, Lane M, Laney D, Langdon AB, Langer SH, Langro A, Lanier NE, Lanier TE, Larson D, Lasinski BF, Lassle D, LaTray D, Lau G, Lau N, Laumann C, Laurence A, Laurence TA, Lawson J, Le HP, Leach RR, Leal L, Leatherland A, LeChien K, Lechleiter B, Lee A, Lee M, Lee T, Leeper RJ, Lefebvre E, Leidinger JP, LeMire B, Lemke RW, Lemos NC, Le Pape S, Lerche R, Lerner S, Letts S, Levedahl K, Lewis T, Li CK, Li H, Li J, Liao W, Liao ZM, Liedahl D, Liebman J, Lindford G, Lindman EL, Lindl JD, Loey H, London RA, Long F, Loomis EN, Lopez FE, Lopez H, Losbanos E, Loucks S, Lowe-Webb R, Lundgren E, Ludwigsen AP, Luo R, Lusk J, Lyons R, Ma T, Macallop Y, MacDonald MJ, MacGowan BJ, Mack JM, Mackinnon AJ, MacLaren SA, MacPhee AG, Magelssen GR, Magoon J, Malone RM, Malsbury T, Managan R, Mancini R, Manes K, Maney D, Manha D, Mannion OM, Manuel AM, Mapoles E, Mara G, Marcotte T, Marin E, Marinak MM, Mariscal C, Mariscal DA, Mariscal EF, Marley EV, Marozas JA, Marquez R, Marshall CD, Marshall FJ, Marshall M, Marshall S, Marticorena J, Martinez D, Maslennikov I, Mason D, Mason RJ, Masse L, Massey W, Masson-Laborde PE, Masters ND, Mathisen D, Mathison E, Matone J, Matthews MJ, Mattoon C, Mattsson TR, Matzen K, Mauche CW, Mauldin M, McAbee T, McBurney M, Mccarville T, McCrory RL, McEvoy AM, McGuffey C, Mcinnis M, McKenty P, McKinley MS, McLeod JB, McPherson A, Mcquillan B, Meamber M, Meaney KD, Meezan NB, Meissner R, Mehlhorn TA, Mehta NC, Menapace J, Merrill FE, Merritt BT, Merritt EC, Meyerhofer DD, Mezyk S, Mich RJ, Michel PA, Milam D, Miller C, Miller D, Miller DS, Miller E, Miller EK, Miller J, Miller M, Miller PE, Miller T, Miller W, Miller-Kamm V, Millot M, Milovich JL, Minner P, Miquel JL, Mitchell S, Molvig K, Montesanti RC, Montgomery DS, Monticelli M, Montoya A, Moody JD, Moore AS, Moore E, Moran M, Moreno JC, Moreno K, Morgan BE, Morrow T, Morton JW, Moses E, Moy K, Muir R, Murillo MS, Murray JE, Murray JR, Munro DH, Murphy TJ, Munteanu FM, Nafziger J, Nagayama T, Nagel SR, Nast R, Negres RA, Nelson A, Nelson D, Nelson J, Nelson S, Nemethy S, Neumayer P, Newman K, Newton M, Nguyen H, Di Nicola JG, Di Nicola P, Niemann C, Nikroo A, Nilson PM, Nobile A, Noorai V, Nora R, Norton M, Nostrand M, Note V, Novell S, Nowak PF, Nunez A, Nyholm RA, O'Brien M, Oceguera A, Oertel JA, Okui J, Olejniczak B, Oliveira J, Olsen P, Olson B, Olson K, Olson RE, Opachich YP, Orsi N, Orth CD, Owen M, Padalino S, Padilla E, Paguio R, Paguio S, Paisner J, Pajoom S, Pak A, Palaniyappan S, Palma K, Pannell T, Papp F, Paras D, Parham T, Park HS, Pasternak A, Patankar S, Patel MV, Patel PK, Patterson R, Patterson S, Paul B, Paul M, Pauli E, Pearce OT, Pearcy J, Pedrotti B, Peer A, Pelz LJ, Penetrante B, Penner J, Perez A, Perkins LJ, Pernice E, Perry TS, Person S, Petersen D, Petersen T, Peterson DL, Peterson EB, Peterson JE, Peterson JL, Peterson K, Peterson RR, Petrasso RD, Philippe F, Phipps TJ, Piceno E, Ping Y, Pickworth L, Pino J, Plummer R, Pollack GD, Pollaine SM, Pollock BB, Ponce D, Ponce J, Pontelandolfo J, Porter JL, Post J, Poujade O, Powell C, Powell H, Power G, Pozulp M, Prantil M, Prasad M, Pratuch S, Price S, Primdahl K, Prisbrey S, Procassini R, Pruyne A, Pudliner B, Qiu SR, Quan K, Quinn M, Quintenz J, Radha PB, Rainer F, Ralph JE, Raman KS, Raman R, Rambo P, Rana S, Randewich A, Rardin D, Ratledge M, Ravelo N, Ravizza F, Rayce M, Raymond A, Raymond B, Reed B, Reed C, Regan S, Reichelt B, Reis V, Reisdorf S, Rekow V, Remington BA, Rendon A, Requieron W, Rever M, Reynolds H, Reynolds J, Rhodes J, Rhodes M, Richardson MC, Rice B, Rice NG, Rieben R, Rigatti A, Riggs S, Rinderknecht HG, Ring K, Riordan B, Riquier R, Rivers C, Roberts D, Roberts V, Robertson G, Robey HF, Robles J, Rocha P, Rochau G, Rodriguez J, Rodriguez S, Rosen M, Rosenberg M, Ross G, Ross JS, Ross P, Rouse J, Rovang D, Rubenchik AM, Rubery MS, Ruiz CL, Rushford M, Russ B, Rygg JR, Ryujin BS, Sacks RA, Sacks RF, Saito K, Salmon T, Salmonson JD, Sanchez J, Samuelson S, Sanchez M, Sangster C, Saroyan A, Sater J, Satsangi A, Sauers S, Saunders R, Sauppe JP, Sawicki R, Sayre D, Scanlan M, Schaffers K, Schappert GT, Schiaffino S, Schlossberg DJ, Schmidt DW, Schmitt MJ, Schneider DHG, Schneider MB, Schneider R, Schoff M, Schollmeier M, Schölmerich M, Schroeder CR, Schrauth SE, Scott HA, Scott I, Scott JM, Scott RHH, Scullard CR, Sedillo T, Seguin FH, Seka W, Senecal J, Sepke SM, Seppala L, Sequoia K, Severyn J, Sevier JM, Sewell N, Seznec S, Shah RC, Shamlian J, Shaughnessy D, Shaw M, Shaw R, Shearer C, Shelton R, Shen N, Sherlock MW, Shestakov AI, Shi EL, Shin SJ, Shingleton N, Shmayda W, Shor M, Shoup M, Shuldberg C, Siegel L, Silva FJ, Simakov AN, Sims BT, Sinars D, Singh P, Sio H, Skulina K, Skupsky S, Slutz S, Sluyter M, Smalyuk VA, Smauley D, Smeltser RM, Smith C, Smith I, Smith J, Smith L, Smith R, Sohn R, Sommer S, Sorce C, Sorem M, Soures JM, Spaeth ML, Spears BK, Speas S, Speck D, Speck R, Spears J, Spinka T, Springer PT, Stadermann M, Stahl B, Stahoviak J, Stanton LG, Steele R, Steele W, Steinman D, Stemke R, Stephens R, Sterbenz S, Sterne P, Stevens D, Stevers J, Still CB, Stoeckl C, Stoeffl W, Stolken JS, Stolz C, Storm E, Stone G, Stoupin S, Stout E, Stowers I, Strauser R, Streckart H, Streit J, Strozzi DJ, Suratwala T, Sutcliffe G, Suter LJ, Sutton SB, Svidzinski V, Swadling G, Sweet W, Szoke A, Tabak M, Takagi M, Tambazidis A, Tang V, Taranowski M, Taylor LA, Telford S, Theobald W, Thi M, Thomas A, Thomas CA, Thomas I, Thomas R, Thompson IJ, Thongstisubskul A, Thorsness CB, Tietbohl G, Tipton RE, Tobin M, Tomlin N, Tommasini R, Toreja AJ, Torres J, Town RPJ, Townsend S, Trenholme J, Trivelpiece A, Trosseille C, Truax H, Trummer D, Trummer S, Truong T, Tubbs D, Tubman ER, Tunnell T, Turnbull D, Turner RE, Ulitsky M, Upadhye R, Vaher JL, VanArsdall P, VanBlarcom D, Vandenboomgaerde M, VanQuinlan R, Van Wonterghem BM, Varnum WS, Velikovich AL, Vella A, Verdon CP, Vermillion B, Vernon S, Vesey R, Vickers J, Vignes RM, Visosky M, Vocke J, Volegov PL, Vonhof S, Von Rotz R, Vu HX, Vu M, Wall D, Wall J, Wallace R, Wallin B, Walmer D, Walsh CA, Walters CF, Waltz C, Wan A, Wang A, Wang Y, Wark JS, Warner BE, Watson J, Watt RG, Watts P, Weaver J, Weaver RP, Weaver S, Weber CR, Weber P, Weber SV, Wegner P, Welday B, Welser-Sherrill L, Weiss K, Widmann K, Wheeler GF, Whistler W, White RK, Whitley HD, Whitman P, Wickett ME, Widmayer C, Wiedwald J, Wilcox R, Wilcox S, Wild C, Wilde BH, Wilde CH, Wilhelmsen K, Wilke MD, Wilkens H, Wilkins P, Wilks SC, Williams EA, Williams GJ, Williams W, Williams WH, Wilson DC, Wilson B, Wilson E, Wilson R, Winters S, Wisoff J, Wittman M, Wolfe J, Wong A, Wong KW, Wong L, Wong N, Wood R, Woodhouse D, Woodruff J, Woods DT, Woods S, Woodworth BN, Wooten E, Wootton A, Work K, Workman JB, Wright J, Wu M, Wuest C, Wysocki FJ, Xu H, Yamaguchi M, Yang B, Yang ST, Yatabe J, Yeamans CB, Yee BC, Yi SA, Yin L, Young B, Young CS, Young CV, Young P, Youngblood K, Zacharias R, Zagaris G, Zaitseva N, Zaka F, Ze F, Zeiger B, Zika M, Zimmerman GB, Zobrist T, Zuegel JD, and Zylstra AB

Abstract

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion.

Published
2022
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46. The magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRSt) for time-resolved measurements of the neutron spectrum at the National Ignition Facility (NIF).

Author

Frenje JA, Hilsabeck TJ, Wink CW, Bell P, Bionta R, Cerjan C, Gatu Johnson M, Kilkenny JD, Li CK, Séguin FH, and Petrasso RD

Abstract

The next-generation magnetic recoil spectrometer for time-resolved measurements of the neutron spectrum has been conceptually designed for the National Ignition Facility. This spectrometer, called MRSt, represents a paradigm shift in our thinking about neutron spectrometry for inertial confinement fusion applications, as it will provide simultaneously information about the burn history and time evolution of areal density (ρR), apparent ion temperature (T i ), yield (Y n ), and macroscopic flows during burn. From this type of data, an assessment of the evolution of the fuel assembly, hotspot, and alpha heating can be made. According to simulations, the MRSt will provide accurate data with a time resolution of ∼20 ps and energy resolution of ∼100 keV for total neutron yields above ∼10 16 . At lower yields, the diagnostic will be operated at a higher-efficiency, lower-energy-resolution mode to provide a time resolution of ∼20 ps.

Published
2016
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47. Uncertainty analysis of signal deconvolution using a measured instrument response function.

Author

Hartouni EP, Beeman B, Caggiano JA, Cerjan C, Eckart MJ, Grim GP, Hatarik R, Moore AS, Munro DH, Phillips T, and Sayre DB

Abstract

A common analysis procedure minimizes the ln-likelihood that a set of experimental observables matches a parameterized model of the observation. The model includes a description of the underlying physical process as well as the instrument response function (IRF). In the case investigated here, the National Ignition Facility (NIF) neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) spectrometers, the IRF is constructed from measurements and models. IRF measurements have a finite precision that can make significant contributions to determine the uncertainty estimate of the physical model's parameters. We apply a Bayesian analysis to properly account for IRF uncertainties in calculating the ln-likelihood function used to find the optimum physical parameters.

Published
2016
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48. First high-convergence cryogenic implosion in a near-vacuum hohlraum.

Author

Berzak Hopkins LF, Meezan NB, Le Pape S, Divol L, Mackinnon AJ, Ho DD, Hohenberger M, Jones OS, Kyrala G, Milovich JL, Pak A, Ralph JE, Ross JS, Benedetti LR, Biener J, Bionta R, Bond E, Bradley D, Caggiano J, Callahan D, Cerjan C, Church J, Clark D, Döppner T, Dylla-Spears R, Eckart M, Edgell D, Field J, Fittinghoff DN, Gatu Johnson M, Grim G, Guler N, Haan S, Hamza A, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Herrmann HW, Hinkel D, Hoover D, Huang H, Izumi N, Khan S, Kozioziemski B, Kroll J, Ma T, MacPhee A, McNaney J, Merrill F, Moody J, Nikroo A, Patel P, Robey HF, Rygg JR, Sater J, Sayre D, Schneider M, Sepke S, Stadermann M, Stoeffl W, Thomas C, Town RP, Volegov PL, Wild C, Wilde C, Woerner E, Yeamans C, Yoxall B, Kilkenny J, Landen OL, Hsing W, and Edwards MJ

Abstract

Recent experiments on the National Ignition Facility [M. J. Edwards et al., Phys. Plasmas 20, 070501 (2013)] demonstrate that utilizing a near-vacuum hohlraum (low pressure gas-filled) is a viable option for high convergence cryogenic deuterium-tritium (DT) layered capsule implosions. This is made possible by using a dense ablator (high-density carbon), which shortens the drive duration needed to achieve high convergence: a measured 40% higher hohlraum efficiency than typical gas-filled hohlraums, which requires less laser energy going into the hohlraum, and an observed better symmetry control than anticipated by standard hydrodynamics simulations. The first series of near-vacuum hohlraum experiments culminated in a 6.8 ns, 1.2 MJ laser pulse driving a 2-shock, high adiabat (α∼3.5) cryogenic DT layered high density carbon capsule. This resulted in one of the best performances so far on the NIF relative to laser energy, with a measured primary neutron yield of 1.8×10(15) neutrons, with 20% calculated alpha heating at convergence ∼27×.

Published
2015
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49. Fuel gain exceeding unity in an inertially confined fusion implosion.

Author

Hurricane OA, Callahan DA, Casey DT, Celliers PM, Cerjan C, Dewald EL, Dittrich TR, Döppner T, Hinkel DE, Berzak Hopkins LF, Kline JL, Le Pape S, Ma T, MacPhee AG, Milovich JL, Pak A, Park HS, Patel PK, Remington BA, Salmonson JD, Springer PT, and Tommasini R

Abstract

Ignition is needed to make fusion energy a viable alternative energy source, but has yet to be achieved. A key step on the way to ignition is to have the energy generated through fusion reactions in an inertially confined fusion plasma exceed the amount of energy deposited into the deuterium-tritium fusion fuel and hotspot during the implosion process, resulting in a fuel gain greater than unity. Here we report the achievement of fusion fuel gains exceeding unity on the US National Ignition Facility using a 'high-foot' implosion method, which is a manipulation of the laser pulse shape in a way that reduces instability in the implosion. These experiments show an order-of-magnitude improvement in yield performance over past deuterium-tritium implosion experiments. We also see a significant contribution to the yield from α-particle self-heating and evidence for the 'bootstrapping' required to accelerate the deuterium-tritium fusion burn to eventually 'run away' and ignite.

Published
2014
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50. Hot-spot mix in ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion targets.

Author

Regan SP, Epstein R, Hammel BA, Suter LJ, Scott HA, Barrios MA, Bradley DK, Callahan DA, Cerjan C, Collins GW, Dixit SN, Döppner T, Edwards MJ, Farley DR, Fournier KB, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Golovkin IE, Haan SW, Hamza A, Hicks DG, Izumi N, Jones OS, Kilkenny JD, Kline JL, Kyrala GA, Landen OL, Ma T, MacFarlane JJ, MacKinnon AJ, Mancini RC, McCrory RL, Meezan NB, Meyerhofer DD, Nikroo A, Park HS, Ralph J, Remington BA, Sangster TC, Smalyuk VA, Springer PT, and Town RP

Abstract

Mixing of plastic ablator material, doped with Cu and Ge dopants, deep into the hot spot of ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion implosions by hydrodynamic instabilities is diagnosed with x-ray spectroscopy on the National Ignition Facility. The amount of hot-spot mix mass is determined from the absolute brightness of the emergent Cu and Ge K-shell emission. The Cu and Ge dopants placed at different radial locations in the plastic ablator show the ablation-front hydrodynamic instability is primarily responsible for hot-spot mix. Low neutron yields and hot-spot mix mass between 34(-13,+50)  ng and 4000(-2970,+17 160)  ng are observed.

Published
2013
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