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132 results on '"Cédric Gaillard"'

1. Farm production diversity and women's dietary diversity: Evidence from central Tunisia.

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Eric O Verger, Sandrine Dury, Marie Claude Dop, Jalila El Ati, and MEDINA Study Group
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: In the context of studies on the effects of agricultural production diversity, there are debates in the scientific community as to the level of diversification appropriate for improving dietary diversity. In Tunisia, agriculture is a strategic sector for the economy and a critical pillar of its food sovereignty. Using instrumental variable methods to account for endogeneity, we have estimated the association between agricultural production diversity and women's dietary diversity among smallholder farming households in the Sidi Bouzid governorate (central Tunisia). Although we found a low level of agricultural production diversity and a fairly diversified diet among women, we observed a systematic weak positive association between five different indicators of agricultural production diversity and women's dietary diversity. We observed a stronger positive association between women's dietary diversity and women being more educated and households being wealthier. Neither diversity of food supplies in food markets nor market distance were associated with women's dietary diversity, whereas we observed a higher level of consumption of some products (dairy) when they were produced on the farm.
Published: 2022
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2. Cryo-laser scanning confocal microscopy of diffusible plant compounds

Author: Kevin Vidot, Cédric Gaillard, Camille Rivard, René Siret, and Marc Lahaye
Subjects: Cryogenic fixation, Cryo-confocal microscopy, Metallic ions, Phenolics, Apple, Grape, Plant culture, SB1-1110, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Abstract Background The in vivo observation of diffusible components, such as ions and small phenolic compounds, remains a challenge in turgid plant organs. The analytical techniques used to localize such components in water-rich tissue with a large field of view are lacking. It remains an issue to limit compound diffusion during sample preparation and observation processes. Results An experimental setup involving the infusion staining of plant tissue and the cryo-fixation and cryo-sectioning of tissue samples followed by fluorescence cryo-observation by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) was developed. This setup was successfully applied to investigate the structure of the apple fruit cortex and table grape berry and was shown to be relevant for localizing calcium, potassium and flavonoid compounds. Conclusion The cryo-approach was well adapted and opens new opportunities for imaging other diffusible components in hydrated tissues.
Published: 2018
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3. Construction and Interpretation of Production and Market Metrics Used to Understand Relationships with Dietary Diversity of Rural Smallholder Farming Households

Author: Eric O. Verger, Cédric Gaillard, Andrew D. Jones, Roseline Remans, and Gina Kennedy
Subjects: nutrition-sensitive agriculture, dietary diversity, production diversity, market access and participation, standardized indicators, Agriculture (General), S1-972
Abstract: Indicators of agricultural production diversity and market access and/or participation have often been used to try to understand how agricultural production and markets influence dietary diversity of rural smallholder households. Based on a standardized search strategy, 37 studies investigating the association between an indicator of agricultural production diversity and any indicator of dietary diversity were reviewed. The characteristics of the indicators of agricultural production diversity, as well as indicators of market access and/or participation, were assessed. This review demonstrated the wide range of indicators; four types and 14 subtypes of indicators of agricultural production diversity were found in the 37 studies, and three types and 14 subtypes of indicators of market access and/or participation were found in 25 studies. While diversity of measurement ideas allows flexibility, it precludes comparability with other studies and might make it difficult to build a robust body of evidence of the impact of agriculture at farm household level on food security, diet, and nutrition.
Published: 2021
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4. Data on characterization of nano- and micro-structures resulting from glycine betaine surfactant/kappa-carrageenan interactions by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Yunhui Wang, Rudy Covis, Thomas Vives, Maud Benoit, and Thierry Benvegnu
Subjects: Glycine betaine surfactant/kappa-carrageenan complexes, Nano- and micro-structures, Electrostatic interactions, Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract: This article contains data on the Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images related to multi-scaled self-assemblies resulting from ‘green’ cationic glycine betaine surfactant/anionic kappa-carrageenan interactions. These data gave clear evidence of the evolution of the micron-, nano-sized structures obtained at two surfactant/polymer molar ratios (3.5 and 0.8) and after the dilution of the aqueous dispersions with factors of 5 and 10 times. This data article is related to the research article entitled, “Monitoring the architecture of anionic ĸ-carrageenan/cationic glycine betaine amide surfactant assemblies by dilution: A multiscale approach” (Gaillard et al., 2017) [1].
Published: 2016
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5. A 'Fork-to-Farm' Multi-Scale Approach to Promote Sustainable Food Systems for Nutrition and Health: A Perspective for the Mediterranean Region

Author: Eric O. Verger, Marlene Perignon, Jalila El Ati, Nicole Darmon, Marie-Claude Dop, Sophie Drogué, Sandrine Dury, Cédric Gaillard, Carole Sinfort, Marie-Josèphe Amiot, MEDINA-Study Group, Nawel Achir, Leila Alouane, Sihem Bellagha, Pierre-Marie Bosc, Mélanie Broin, Claudie Dhuique-Meyer, Ahmed Ferchoui, Zeineb Ghrabi, Florence Jacquet, Yves Kameli, Fayçal Kefi, Faten Khamassi, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Denis Lairon, Yves Martin-Prevel, Caroline Méjean, Claire Mouquet-Rivier, Sondos Njoumi, Martine Padilla, Marlène Perignon, Pierre Traissac, and Eric O Verger
Subjects: food system, diet, sustainability, conceptual framework, life cycle analysis, local agro-ecosytem, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract: Mediterranean countries are undergoing dietary and nutritional changes that affect their inhabitants' health, while facing massive environmental challenges. The increasing demand of water in agriculture, the capacity to maintain local food production, and the growing dependence on food imports are interconnected issues that must be addressed to ensure food security and nutrition in the Mediterranean region. Here, we present the conceptual framework and methodologies developed by the MEDINA-Study Group for rethinking food systems toward sustainable consumption and production modes. Based on its multidisciplinary expertise, the MEDINA-Study Group designed a “fork-to-farm” multi-scale approach, stemming from current dietary habits and examining how some options to nutritionally improve these habits might affect the food systems. This approach was developed for research activities in the South of France and Tunisia, two areas with very different diet-agriculture-environment nexus. The conceptual framework is based on the analysis of elements of the food systems (from consumption to production) at different levels (individual, household, regional and national levels). The methods include: (i) modeling options of dietary changes at different scales, in order to nutritionally optimize food consumption-production without increasing the environmental impact, (ii) translating the best-choice changes into possible policy actions, (iii) testing the acceptability and feasibility of these actions with several stakeholders, and (iv) producing guidelines for sustainable food choices and production. The MEDINA-Study Group identified additional issues that could be included in a future framework to help designing ambitious agricultural, food and health policies in the Mediterranean region.
Published: 2018
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6. Pathways leading women in farming households to food security: an empirical study in Central Tunisia

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Pierre-Marie Bosc, Jalila El-Ati, and Sandrine Dury
Subjects: agriculture familiale, Revenu complémentaire, Exploitation agricole familiale, Rôle des femmes, E80 - Économie familiale et artisanale, General Medicine, Budget familial, Ménage, E50 - Sociologie rurale, Sécurité alimentaire des ménages, Revenu de l'exploitation
Abstract: This paper examines the complex relations between farm, household and individual characteristics with the food insecurity of women living in the rural area of Sidi Bouzid, cradle of the 2010 Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia. According to the Individual Food Insecurity Index and based on a survey of 290 women living in farming households, more than 40% of women in the area reported experiencing some form of food insecurity. The results of econometric models have highlighted that an increase in farm production is essential but will not allow women to sufficiently reduce the food insecurity risks they face. Women's individual factors, describing their labour and income, play a fundamental role in this process. Women working and earning an income from agriculture, on and off the family farm, were more often food insecure than other women. Generating non-agricultural income reduced their exposure to food insecurity. Moderate and severe insecurity risks were also reduced by household-level factors, such as access to off-farm income by family members other than women.
Published: 2022
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7. Using Labour to Characterise Forms of Agriculture: A Thai Family Rubber Farming Case Study

Author: Uraiwan Tongkaemkaew, Pierre-Marie Bosc, Bénédicte Chambon, Cédric Gaillard, Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) (UMR MoISA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Thaksin University International College (Thaksin University), This research was supported and funded by Yara International ASA, the Thai International Cooperation Agency and the French National Research Agency under the grant ANR-14-CE03-0012, HEVEADAPT., and ANR-14-CE03-0012,HEVEADAPT,Comment les plantations familiales peuvent-elles s'adapter aux changements globaux?(2014)
Subjects: Cultural Studies, Typology, agriculture familiale, family farming, share-cropping, Exploitation agricole familiale, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Enquête sur exploitations agricoles, 0507 social and economic geography, Plante à caoutchouc, Typologie, 050701 cultural studies, Agricultural economics, farm typology, labour, Natural rubber, E12 - Travail et emploi, 050602 political science & public administration, Economics, Production (economics), 2. Zero hunger, Main d'oeuvre familiale, Métayage, business.industry, 05 social sciences, E80 - Économie familiale et artisanale, Thailand, Sect, 0506 political science, E20 - Organisation, administration et gestion des entreprises ou exploitations agricoles, Agriculture, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, business, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract: International audience; To contribute to the debate on labour and the ways of farming, this study tested the relevance of a labour-based typology to discriminate among forms of production operating in the Thai rubber sector. The data used came from surveys with 469 farmers. The case of Thai rubber-based family farms is specific but also brings generic insights to the debate. Classifying the farms based on their mode of organisation helps in understanding farmers' overall strategies regarding farming and non-farm activities. These differences were important and were linked to the capacity of family labour to develop non-farm activities. However, surprisingly, no discrimination among the types of farms appeared based on the agricultural production system. This finding appeared counter-intuitive given the importance of hired labour in rubber family farming. The non-significant differences for the practices and the land and labour productivities engaged in rubber cropping could be linked to the use of share-croppers (and not wage employees) as external labour. Further research needs to identify factors that can unlock productivity in the rubber plantations, whatever the category of holding. The importance of pluri-activity has strong implications that will require expanding empirical works focusing on labour issues.
Published: 2021
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8. Dairy farming, cooperatives and livelihoods: lessons learned from six indian villages

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Marie Dervillé, Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) (UMR MoISA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur l'Economie, les Politiques et les Systèmes Sociaux (LEREPS), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Toulouse-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES)
Subjects: Economics and Econometrics, Cooperative, 050204 development studies, Smallholders, Poverty reduction, Indian dairy sector, E40 - Coopératives, secteur agro-alimentaire, 0502 economics and business, Coopérative laitière, Revenu de l'exploitation, Livelihoods, 2. Zero hunger, 05 social sciences, 1. No poverty, Moyens d'existence, E80 - Économie familiale et artisanale, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, E20 - Organisation, administration et gestion des entreprises ou exploitations agricoles, Production laitière, 050202 agricultural economics & policy, Finance
Abstract: International audience; India's dairy sector has emerged as the world's largest dairy producer and has enabled 70 million farmers to generate income through its rapid growth. This success is linked to broad national policy support through the Operation Flood program and the emergence of an inclusive model of cooperatives. However, the informal sector is still the marketing channel most used by dairy producers, and with the liberalization of the dairy sector, the cooperative model is also facing competition from the private sector. By surveying 244 dairy farmers in two major but heterogeneous states in India, this paper examines the inclusiveness of the sector and the impact of dairy cooperative membership on farmers’ income and livelihood. The originality of the paper concerns its systematic perspective on households’ assets and activities. The results indicate that cooperative membership is associated with caste membership and farmers collection centers. Better incomes are associated with membership, particularly among farmers with less land and among smallholders, who are more dependent on their dairy income to lift themselves out of poverty.
Published: 2022
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9. Construction and Interpretation of Production and Market Metrics Used to Understand Relationships with Dietary Diversity of Rural Smallholder Farming Households

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Eric O. Verger, Roseline Remans, Andrew D. Jones, Gina Kennedy, Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) (UMR MoISA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Bioversity International [Belgique], Bioversity International [Rome], Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Advancing Nutrition, USAID, Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: S01 - Nutrition humaine - Considérations générales, market access and participation, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, Agriculture (General), dietary diversity, Market access, Plant Science, Population rurale, Agricultural economics, Petite exploitation agricole, S1-972, nutrition-sensitive agriculture, Marché des produits de base, 03 medical and health sciences, exploitant agricole, 0502 economics and business, production diversity, Production (economics), Agricultural productivity, E10 - Économie et politique agricoles, 2. Zero hunger, Flexibility (engineering), 0303 health sciences, Food security, business.industry, 05 social sciences, Comparability, [SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics, respiratory system, standardized indicators, Agriculture, Diversification, production de produits agricoles, Sécurité alimentaire des ménages, 050202 agricultural economics & policy, Business, Agronomy and Crop Science, human activities, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Food Science, Diversity (business)
Abstract: International audience; Indicators of agricultural production diversity and market access and/or participation have often been used to try to understand how agricultural production and markets influence dietary diversity of rural smallholder households. Based on a standardized search strategy, 37 studies investigating the association between an indicator of agricultural production diversity and any indicator of dietary diversity were reviewed. The characteristics of the indicators of agricultural production diversity, as well as indicators of market access and/or participation, were assessed. This review demonstrated the wide range of indicators; four types and 14 subtypes of indicators of agricultural production diversity were found in the 37 studies, and three types and 14 subtypes of indicators of market access and/or participation were found in 25 studies. While diversity of measurement ideas allows flexibility, it precludes comparability with other studies and might make it difficult to build a robust body of evidence of the impact of agriculture at farm household level on food security, diet, and nutrition.
Published: 2021
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10. Catanionic Coacervate Droplets as a Surfactant-Based Membrane-Free Protocell Model

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Stephen Mann, Nicolas Martin, Jean-Christophe Baret, Laure Béven, Jean Paul Douliez, Thomas Beneyton, Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Bristol [Bristol], Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MaxSynBio, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, UMR1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry and Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Protocell, food.ingredient, Catanionics · Coacervates · Microreactors · Protein crowding · Sequestration, 02 engineering and technology, Cetylpyridinium chloride, 010402 general chemistry, Gelatin, Micelle, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, food, Pulmonary surfactant, Organic chemistry, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], [PHYS]Physics [physics], Coacervate, Chemistry, 010405 organic chemistry, General Chemistry, General Medicine, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Membrane, Chemical engineering, Ionic strength, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: UMR BFP - Equipe Mollicutes; International audience; We report on the formation of surfactant-based complex catanionic coacervate droplets in mixtures of decanoic acid and cetylpyridinium chloride or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. We show that coacervation occurs over a broad range of composition, pH, and ionic strength. The catanionic coacervates consist of elongated micelles, sequester a wide range of solutes including water-soluble organic dyes, polysaccharides, proteins, enzymes, and DNA, and can be structurally stabilized by sodium alginate or gelatin-based hydrogelation. These results suggest that catanionic coacervates could be exploited as a novel surfactant-based membrane- free protocell model.
Published: 2017
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11. Phenolic distribution in apple epidermal and outer cortex tissue by multispectral deep-UV autofluorescence cryo-imaging

Author: Marie-Françoise Devaux, Camille Alvarado, Cédric Gaillard, Kévin Vidot, Marc Lahaye, Frédéric Jamme, René Siret, Sylvain Guyot, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Food for Tomorrow programme from the Region Pays de la Loire
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Ultraviolet Rays, Cryo-microscopy, Cuticle, Organoleptic, Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Deep-UV synchrotron light, Plant Epidermis, Cell wall, Multispectral imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, Pigment, Phenols, Cortex (anatomy), Stilbenes, Genetics, medicine, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Flavonoids, Microscopy, Confocal, Epidermis (botany), Cryoelectron Microscopy, General Medicine, Fluorescence, Phenolic compounds, Autofluorescence, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Spectrometry, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Malus domestica, visual_art, Fruit, Malus, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Biophysics, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Phenolic compounds in fruit are involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and are responsible for organoleptic properties. To establish the distribution of these secondary metabolites at the tissue and sub-cellular scales, mapping of fluorescence in apple epidermis and outer cortex tissue in cryogenic condition was performed after deep-UV excitation at 275 nm. Douce Moen and Guillevic cider apple varieties were sampled and frozen after harvest, after 30 days at 4 °C and after 20 days at room temperature. Image analysis of fluorescence emission images acquired between 300 and 650 nm allowed the assignment of fluorescence signals to phenolic compound families based on reference molecules. Emission attributed to monomeric and/or condensed flavanol was localized in whole tissue with major fluorescence in the cuticle region. Hydroxycinnamic acids were found predominantly in the outer cortex and appeared in the cell wall. Fluorescent pigments were mostly found in the epidermis. The distribution of flavanols in the sub-cuticle and phenolic acids in the outer cortex distinguished apple varieties. Storage conditions had no impact on phenolic distribution. The proposed fluorescent imaging and analysis approach enables studies on phenolic distribution in relation to fruit development, biotic/abiotic stress resistance and quality.
Published: 2019
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12. Impact of Nonthermal Atmospheric Plasma on the Structure of Cellulose: Access to Soluble Branched Glucans

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Elodie Fourré, José M. García Fernández, Carmen Ortiz Mellet, Abdellatif Barakat, Joakim Delaux, Jean-Michel Tatibouët, Christine Canaff, François Jérôme, Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Sevilla, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla
Subjects: Plasma Gases, 010402 general chemistry, Cleavage (embryo), Polysaccharide, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Polysaccharides, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, Dextrins, Organic chemistry, Biomass, Cellulose, Glucans, chemistry.chemical_classification, Downstream processing, 010405 organic chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Non-thermal atmospheric plasma, Glycosidic bond, General Chemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Microcrystalline cellulose, Solvent, Solubility, chemistry
Abstract: We have investigated the effect of non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) on the structure of microcrystalline cellulose. In particular, by means of different characterization methods, we demonstrate that NTAP promotes the partial cleavage of the β-1,4 glycosidic bond of cellulose leading to the release of short-chain cellodextrins that are reassembled in situ, preferentially at the C6 position, to form branched glucans with either a glucosyl or anhydroglucosyl terminal residue. The ramification of cellulosic chain induced by NTAP yields branched glucans that are soluble in DMSO or in water, thus opening a straightforward access to processable glucans from cellulose. Importantly, the absence of solvent and catalyst considerably facilitates downstream processing as compared to (bio)catalytic processes which typically occur in diluted conditions.
Published: 2016
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13. Increased diffusivity of lycopene in hot break vs. cold break purees may be due to bioconversion of associated phospholipids rather than differential destruction of fruit tissues or cell structures

Author: P. Reling, Cécile Labadie, Cédric Gaillard, Catherine Caris-Veyrat, Stéphane Georgé, Caroline Garcia, David Page, Pascale Goupy, Romain Bott, Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac, Baptiste Fourmaux, Centre recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cardiovasculaire, métabolisme, diabétologie et nutrition (CarMeN), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Laboratoire national des champs magnétiques intenses - Toulouse (LNCMI-T), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale (SQPOV), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition = Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition research (C2VN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), National Institute of Research and Agronomy (INRA, France, AIC Factors limiting carotenoids' bioaccessibility during digestion), INRA-France internal program (AIC Carotenoid Bioaccessibility), European Project: 222654,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2007-2A,DREAM(2009), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Avignon Université (AU)
Subjects: Bioconversion, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Cell, Bioaccessibility, 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Diffusion, chemistry.chemical_compound, pressure, Lycopene, Solanum lycopersicum, in-vitro bioaccessibility, Micronutrient, Food science, carotenoid bioaccessibility, Carotenoid, Phospholipids, chemistry.chemical_classification, Principal Component Analysis, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, Phosphatidic acid, 040401 food science, Chemistry, products, medicine.anatomical_structure, Food Science & Technology, Particle-size distribution, Emulsions, Rheology, Phospholipid, Thermal diffusivity, Food technology, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, human stomach, medicine, carrot, parameters, tomato juice, Nutrition & Dietetics, 010401 analytical chemistry, Water, temperature, Solanum lycopersicum L, Carotenoids, 0104 chemical sciences, Process, chemistry, kinetics, Fruit, [CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Oils, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; Lycopene bioaccessibility is enhanced by processing, as explained by the destructuration of plant tissues, making diffusion easier. However, in tomato, the relationship between grinding intensity and lycopene release from purees suffers from uncertainty. In particular, hot break puree exhibited twice as much diffusible lycopene as compared to cold break, while both were processed with the same grinding intensity. To explain the difference, we systematically studied the diffusivity of particles according to their size and integrity, and used microscopic and physical analyses to reveal structural differences. Neither particle size distribution, nor cell destruction, nor plastid transformation exhibited any correlation to the differences in diffusivity. However, Raman micro-spectroscopy combined with a chemometric analysis revealed significant changes in lycopene spectra and a putative linkage to phospholipid transformation. Phospholipid profiling of five pairs of contrasted purees revealed that, during the cold break, a transition from complex phospholipids to more simple phosphatidic acid molecules systematically occurred.
Published: 2019
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14. Understanding smallholders in oil palm cultivation: a case study from Sumatra

Author: Cédric Gaillard
Published: 2018
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15. Ester Cross-Link Profiling of the Cutin Polymer of Wild-Type and Cutin Synthase Tomato Mutants Highlights Different Mechanisms of Polymerization

Author: Nathalie Geneix, Christophe Rothan, Bénédicte Bakan, Cédric Gaillard, Jean-Philippe Mauxion, Didier Marion, Johann Petit, Cécile Bres, Michèle Dalgalarrondo, Glenn Philippe, Lukas Schreiber, Rochus Franke, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, and Région Pays de la Loire
Subjects: Glycerol, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Polymers, Physiology, Polyesters, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Alcohol, Plant Science, Cutin, 01 natural sciences, Polymerization, Membrane Lipids, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Solanum lycopersicum, Genetics, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Organic chemistry, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Plant Proteins, chemistry.chemical_classification, Esterification, Chemistry, Fatty Acids, fungi, Cross-link, food and beverages, Esters, Lipase, Articles, Polymer, Polyester, 030104 developmental biology, Monomer, Ethyl Methanesulfonate, Fruit, Mutation, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Cuticle function is closely related to the structure of the cutin polymer. However, the structure and formation of this hydrophobic polyester of glycerol and hydroxy/epoxy fatty acids has not been fully resolved. An apoplastic GDSL-lipase known as CUTIN SYNTHASE1 (CUS1) is required for cutin deposition in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit exocarp. In vitro, CUS1 catalyzes the self-transesterification of 2-monoacylglycerol of 9(10),16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, the major tomato cutin monomer. This reaction releases glycerol and leads to the formation of oligomers with the secondary hydroxyl group remaining nonesterified. To check this mechanism in planta, a benzyl etherification of nonesterified hydroxyl groups of glycerol and hydroxy fatty acids was performed within cutin. Remarkably, in addition to a significant decrease in cutin deposition, mid-chain hydroxyl esterification of the dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid was affected in tomato RNA interference and ethyl methanesulfonate-cus1 mutants. Furthermore, in these mutants, the esterification of both sn-1,3 and sn-2 positions of glycerol was impacted, and their cutin contained a higher molar glycerol-to-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid ratio. Therefore, in planta, CUS1 can catalyze the esterification of both primary and secondary alcohol groups of cutin monomers, and another enzymatic or nonenzymatic mechanism of polymerization may coexist with CUS1-catalyzed polymerization. This mechanism is poorly efficient with secondary alcohol groups and produces polyesters with lower molecular size. Confocal Raman imaging of benzyl etherified cutins showed that the polymerization is heterogenous at the fruit surface. Finally, by comparing tomato mutants either affected or not in cutin polymerization, we concluded that the level of cutin cross-linking had no significant impact on water permeance.
Published: 2015
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16. Interactions and hybrid complex formation of anionic algal polysaccharides with a cationic glycine betaine-derived surfactant

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Thomas Vives, Rudy Covis, Maud Benoit, Thierry Benvegnu, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité de recherche SAD ASTER - Station de Mirecourt (INRA SAD), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), National Research Agency, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Agro-Systèmes Territoires Ressources Mirecourt (ASTER Mirecourt), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Cationic surfactant, Algal polysaccharides, Polymers and Plastics, Carrageenan, Surface-Active Agents, Polymer–surfactant interactions, chemistry.chemical_compound, Betaine, Pulmonary surfactant, Dynamic light scattering, Amide, Materials Chemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Organic chemistry, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Polysaccharide/surfactant hybrid structures, Alkyl, chemistry.chemical_classification, Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Cationic polymerization, Isothermal titration calorimetry, Chemical engineering, Food, Critical micelle concentration, Rhodophyta, Physicochemical characterizations, cosmetics and detergency applications
Abstract: International audience; The interaction between anionic algal polysaccharides ((kappa)-, (l)-, (lambda)-carrageenans, alginate and ulvan) and a cationic glycine betaine (GB) amide surfactant possessing a C-18:1 alkyl chain has been studied using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), zeta-potential measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface tension measurements. It was observed that this cationic surfactant derived from renewable raw materials induced cooperative binding with the anionic polymers at critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and the CAC values are significantly lower than the corresponding critical micelle concentration (CMC) for the surfactant. The CMC of cationic GB surfactant was obtained at higher surfactant concentration in polysaccharide solution than in pure water. More interestingly, the presence of original polysaccharide/surfactant hybrid complexes formed above the CMC value was evidenced from (kappa)-carrageenan by microscopy (TEM and AFM). Preliminary investigations of the structure of these complexes revealed the existence of surfactant nanoparticles surrounded with polysaccharide matrix, probably resulting from electrostatic attraction. In addition, ITC measurements clearly showed that the interactions of the K-carrageenan was stronger than for other polysaccharides ((l)-, (lambda)-carrageenans, alginate and ulvan). These results may have important impact on the use of the GB amide surfactant in formulations based on algal polysaccharides for several applications such as in food, cosmetics, and detergency fields.
Published: 2015
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17. Focused ultrasound influence on calcein-loaded thermosensitive stealth liposomes

Author: Jean-Michel Escoffre, Anthony Novell, Nicolas Tsapis, Elias Fattal, Ayache Bouakaz, Chantal Al Sabbagh, Cédric Gaillard, Equipe 5 : imagerie et ultrasons, Imagerie et cerveau (iBrain - Inserm U1253 - UNIV Tours ), Université de Tours-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Tours-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Galien Paris-Sud (IGPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Tours-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Physico-chimie, pharmacotechnie, biopharmacie (PCPB), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Escoffre, Jean-Michel, Imagerie et cerveau, Institut de pharmacologie et de biologie structurale (IPBS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Physiology, Ultrasonic Therapy, Calcein release, Thermosensitive liposomes, 02 engineering and technology, Focused ultrasound, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Drug Delivery Systems, 0302 clinical medicine, Physiology (medical), thermosensitive liposomes, polycyclic compounds, medicine, Thermosensing, Stealth liposomes, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, mild hyperthermia, Fluorescent Dyes, Liposome, Hydrophobic drug, Temperature, mechanical stress, technology, industry, and agriculture, [SDV.SP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences, Fluoresceins, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, [SDV.BIO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Surgery, [SDV.SP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences, Calcein, Spectrometry, Fluorescence, chemistry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Liposomes, Drug delivery, Biophysics, focused ultrasound, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Stress, Mechanical, 0210 nano-technology, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Abstract: International audience; Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a versatile technology for non-invasive thermal therapies in oncology. Indeed, this technology has great potential for local heat-mediated drug delivery from thermosensitive liposomes (TSLs), thus improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing toxicity profiles. In the present study we evaluated the influence of FUS parameters on the release of calcein from TSLs used to model a hydrophilic drug. Quantitative calcein release from TSLs (DPPC/CHOL/DSPE-PEG2000: 90/5/5) and non-thermosensitive liposomes (NTSLs) (DPPC/CHOL/DSPE-PEG2000: 65/30/5) was measured by spectrofluorimetry after both water bath and FUS-induced in vitro heating. The heating of TSLs at 42 degrees C in a water bath resulted in a maximum calcein release of 45%. No additional calcein release was observed at temperatures above 42 degrees C. A similar percentage of calcein release was achieved when TSLs were exposed to 1 MHz sinusoidal waves at peak negative pressure of 1.5 MPa, 40% duty cycle, for 10 min (i.e. above 42 degrees C). No release was detected when NTSLs were heated in a water bath. For both TSLs and NTSLs, the calcein release was increased by more than 10% for acoustic pressures ranging from 1.5 MPa to 2 MPa. This additional release was attributed to the mechanical stress generated by FUS, which was sufficient to disrupt the liposomal membrane. Furthermore, analysis of cryo-TEM images showed a significant decrease in liposome size (14%) induced by the thermal effect, whereas the liposome diameter remained unaffected by the FUS-triggered non-thermal effects.
Published: 2015
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18. Spontaneous formation of nanofilms under interaction of 4th generation pyrydylphenylene dendrimer with proteins

Author: Svetlana A. Sorokina, Zinaida B. Shifrina, Victor S. Stroylov, Cédric Gaillard, Aleksandra K. Melnikova, Vladimir I. Muronetz, Yulia Yu. Stroylova, Thomas Haertlé, Moscow State University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's Hospital and Trinity College, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), ND Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry [Moscow, Russia], Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Life Sciences in Poznan, Teheran University, Partenaires INRAE, RFBR grant [15-38-70034, 16-33-00593], and French Government
Subjects: Dendrimers, Dendrimer-protein composites, Polymers and Plastics, Molecular model, In silico, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Molecular dynamics, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dendrimer, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, Materials Chemistry, medicine, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Chymotrypsin, biology, Organic Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Trypsin, 0104 chemical sciences, 3. Good health, Enzymes, chemistry, biology.protein, Biophysics, Lysozyme, 0210 nano-technology, Biosensor, medicine.drug
Abstract: The use of materials based on protein-polymer compositions is a promising method for solving a number of problems in biotechnology and medicine. In our work, we produced multilayer nanofilms based on 4th generation (G4) pyridylphenylene dendrimers with fully pyridine-based periphery containing a protein component. For dairy beta- and kappa-caseins, alpha-lactalbumin, recombinant sheep prion protein, lysozyme, trypsin, and alpha-chymotrypsin the ability to integrate into self-organizing structures about 230–710 nm thick, measured by atomic force microscopy, was found. The formation of nanofilms is dependent on the protein/dendrimer ratio in the initial solution. At the same time, the nanofilms are resistant to pH changes, and the action of detergents. We demonstrated that trypsin and chymotrypsin incorporated into the nanofilms still conserved proteolytic activities and were stable for at least 3 weeks. We have also conducted in silico molecular modeling of the G4 dendrimer interactions with lysozyme. Spatial structure of the dendrimer-protein complex was predicted and most probable variant remained almost intact under 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation conditions. We believe that dendrimer-protein systems are promising tools for possible applications in the development of new stable biomaterials and biosensors.
Published: 2018
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19. Cryo-laser scanning confocal microscopy of diffusible plant compounds

Author: René Siret, Cédric Gaillard, Marc Lahaye, Kévin Vidot, Camille Rivard, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Groupe de Recherche en Agroalimentaire sur les Produits et les Procédés (GRAPPE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers (ESA), Département Caractérisation et Elaboration des Produits Issus de l'Agriculture (CEPIA), RFI Food for Tomorrow-Cap Aliment, USC 1422 Groupe de Recherche en Agroalimentaire sur les Produits et les Procédés, Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture (ESA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Vidot, Kévin, Gaillard, Cedric, and Lahaye, Marc
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Cryogenic fixation, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Grape, Plant Science, lcsh:Plant culture, 01 natural sciences, Cryo-confocal microscopy, 03 medical and health sciences, In vivo, Genetics, Confocal laser scanning microscopy, lcsh:SB1-1110, Sample preparation, lcsh:QH301-705.5, Large field of view, Metallic ions, Chemistry, Methodology, Apple, food and beverages, Cryogenic fixation, Cryo-confocal microscopy, Metallic ions, Phenolics, Apple, Grape, Plant tissue, Fluorescence, Staining, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Biology (General), Biophysics, Phenolics, 010606 plant biology & botany, Biotechnology
Abstract: Background The in vivo observation of diffusible components, such as ions and small phenolic compounds, remains a challenge in turgid plant organs. The analytical techniques used to localize such components in water-rich tissue with a large field of view are lacking. It remains an issue to limit compound diffusion during sample preparation and observation processes. Results An experimental setup involving the infusion staining of plant tissue and the cryo-fixation and cryo-sectioning of tissue samples followed by fluorescence cryo-observation by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) was developed. This setup was successfully applied to investigate the structure of the apple fruit cortex and table grape berry and was shown to be relevant for localizing calcium, potassium and flavonoid compounds. Conclusion The cryo-approach was well adapted and opens new opportunities for imaging other diffusible components in hydrated tissues.
Published: 2018
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20. Molecular and structural changes in gelatin evidenced by Raman microspectroscopy

Author: Anne Duconseille, Cédric Gaillard, Véronique Santé-Lhoutellier, Thierry Astruc, Qualité des Produits Animaux (QuaPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA)
Subjects: food.ingredient, General Chemical Engineering, Analytical chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, cross-links, Gelatin, gelatin, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, food, raman spectroscopy, Denaturation (biochemistry), Food science, dissolution rate, Dissolution, Chemistry, aging, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 040401 food science, Raman microspectroscopy, Lipid content, Digestive tract, 0210 nano-technology, [CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; The gelatin used for the hard capsules manufacturing must meet strict dissolution specification to ensure the delivery of drugs at right time in the digestive tract. However, the environment of production and storage time affect the quality of gelatin dissolution. This study aimed to identify the mechanisms underlying the geographical environment of production and aging impact on the gelatin dissolution rate. Gelatins from 3 different origins of production (A, B & C), whose dissolution rate had been previously characterized, were analyzed by Raman microspectroscopy before and after aging. The principal component analysis (PCA) clearly separated the aged gelatins from non-aged ones. The spectra interpretation suggested the denaturation of gelatin triple-helices. In addition, the formation of cross-links such as dityrosine, glucosyl-galactosylhydroxylysinonorleucine and proteoglycan-like sugar adducts was strongly suspected. Whatever the gelatin aging state, PCA systematically separated the B-gelatins from A and C-gelatins. Pentosidine cross-link was likely to vary depending on the production origin. Finally, the quality of dissolution was discriminated for aged gelatins of A-origin: the non-compliant gelatins exhibited higher lipid content than the compliant ones.
Published: 2018
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21. Explorer les liens entre agriculture et sécurité alimentaire : une enquête auprès des femmes du gouvernorat de Sidi-Bouzid en Tunisie

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Tarek Trabelsi, Marie Claude Dop, Marie-Josèphe Amiot, Pierre-Marie Bosc, Sofyan Martin, Sandrine Dury, Jalila Elati, Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs (UMR MOISA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Egis International, Partenaires INRAE, Institut National de Nutrition et de Technologie Alimentaire (INNTA), Nutrition et Alimentation des Populations aux Suds (NutriPass), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), and Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, S01 - Nutrition humaine - Considérations générales, Exploitation agricole familiale, 050204 development studies, Enquête sur exploitations agricoles, enquête, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Economies et finances, 03 medical and health sciences, Dépense des ménages, E12 - Travail et emploi, Ménage, 0502 economics and business, Autonomisation, Food and Nutrition, E50 - Sociologie rurale, Revenu, Travail, 2. Zero hunger, tunisie, collecte des données, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Femme, 05 social sciences, 1. No poverty, Rôle des femmes, E80 - Économie familiale et artisanale, Agriculture, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Economies and finances, sécurité alimentaire, Chef d'exploitation agricole, Alimentation et Nutrition, Animal Science and Zoology, Agronomy and Crop Science, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition
Abstract: Cet article présente et décrit le contenu d’une base de données construite à partir d’une enquête menée dans le gouvernorat de Sidi-Bouzid, situé dans le centre de la Tunisie. Sur ce territoire en transition, le secteur agricole, qui tient une place prédominante dans l’activité économique, est caractérisé par la diversité de ses exploitations, aussi bien sur le plan organisationnel (main-d’oeuvre familiale ou salariée à dominante féminine) que technique (présence d’infrastructure d’irrigation, de culture sous-abri). Sur le plan des orientations technico-économiques, les cultures arboricoles et maraîchères se développent quand d’autres cultures plus traditionnelles persistent (oléiculture, céréaliculture). Des politiques publiques récentes ont également encouragé l’élevage laitier. Berceau de la révolution du Jasmin en 2010, Sidi-Bouzid fait face à des difficultés économiques et sociales. Dans ce contexte, l’agriculture a un rôle essentiel pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire de la population. L’objectif de cette enquête était d’identifier les liens existants entre la structure, le fonctionnement et les performances des exploitations agricoles, et la sécurité alimentaire des femmes adultes du territoire. Les revenus individuels des membres du ménage, l’autoconsommation de produits agricoles, et l’autonomie des femmes peuvent aussi jalonner ce chemin d’impact. En effet, le développement du salariat peut permettre aux femmes d’accroître leur autonomie, privilégiant ainsi, à travers la maîtrise de leurs dépenses, leurs besoins alimentaires et ceux du ménage auquel elles appartiennent. L’enquête est articulée autour de trois questionnaires. Cinq cent soixante-quinze femmes, sélectionnées aléatoirement à partir d’un échantillon représentatif des femmes de 20 à 49 ans du gouvernorat de Sidi-Bouzid, 575 chefs de ménages et 316 chefs d’exploitations ont répondu aux questionnaires. La collecte a été réalisée sur questionnaire papier, en entretien face-à-face en décembre 2015. Les données ont été ensuite saisies et contrôlées sur le logiciel EpiData, avant d’être nettoyées sur le logiciel Stata. Les données sont disponibles sur le lien doi: 10.18167/DVN1/LWT7BG., This paper presents and describes the contents of a database built from a survey conducted in central Tunisia in the governorate of Sidi-Bouzid. In this evolving region, the agricultural sector, which occupies a predominant place in economic activity, is characterized by the diversity of its farms, both at the organizational level (family or salaried workforce predominantly female) and technical (presence of irrigation infrastructure, under-cover cultivation). In terms of technical and economic orientations, tree crops and market gardening develop when other more traditional crops persist (olive cultivation, cereal farming). Recent public policies have also encouraged dairy farming. Cradle of the Jasmin revolution in 2010, Sidi-Bouzid faces economic and social difficulties. In this context, agriculture has a key role in ensuring food security for population. The objective of this survey was to identify the links between the structure, functioning and performance of farms and the food security of adult women in the territory. Individual incomes of household members, self-consumption of agricultural products, and women empowerment may also punctuate this impact pathway. Indeed, women's income could increase their autonomy, thus favoring, through the control of their expenditure, their food needs and those of the household to which they belong. The survey is based on three questionnaires. A sample of 575 women, selected from a representative sample of 20 to 49-year-old women from the governorate of Sidi-Bouzid, 575 heads of households and 316 heads of farms responded to the questionnaires. The collection was carried out on a paper questionnaire in face-to-face interview in December 2015. The data were then entered and checked on the EpiData software before being exported and cleaned on the Stata software. data are available in following the link doi: 10.18167/DVN1/LWT7BG.
Published: 2018
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22. Structure and elasticity of composite nanoparticle/polymer nanoshells (hybridosomes®)

Author: Flavien Sciortino, Soizic Chevance, Cédric Gaillard, Mark L. Kahn, Fabienne Gauffre, M. Thivolle, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche sur les Biopolymères leurs Interactions et Assemblages (URBIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), French Ministry of Education and Research, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, capsules, mechanical-properties, Composite number, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, polyelectrolyte multilayer microcapsules, chemistry.chemical_compound, Osmotic pressure, particles, chemistry.chemical_classification, vesicles, nanocapsules, General Chemistry, Polymer, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, stability, Nanoindentation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Nanoshell, 0104 chemical sciences, Chemical engineering, chemistry, membranes, molecular-weight, 0210 nano-technology, Ethylene glycol, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft], Iron oxide nanoparticles
Abstract: International audience; Our group recently introduced a new process to synthesize nanoparticle shells of about 100 nm, named "hybridosomess''. Here, the structure and mechanical properties of hybridosomes® made from iron oxide nanoparticles and poly(acrylic acid) are characterized using TEM, AFM and an osmotic compression technique. For the latter, the size distribution of the hybridosomes is monitored by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol)s of different molecular weights. It is found that the size of the hybridosomes® can be tuned from ca. 80 nm to over 110 nm by adjusting the amount of nanoparticles and that their shell consists of a single layer of nanoparticles, with a porous structure. The size of the pores is estimated from osmotic compression experiments at ca. 4000 g mol(-1). The mechanical properties are measured both at the ensemble level using size measurements under osmotic pressure and at the single nanoparticle level by atomic force microscopy nanoindentation. Both osmotic and AFM experiments are analyzed in the framework of the continuum elastic theory of thin shells and yield a value of Young's modulus of the order of MPa.
Published: 2017
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23. Study of the pseudo-polyrotaxane architecture as a route for mild surface functionalization by click-chemistry of poly(?-caprolactone)-based electrospun fibers

Author: Guy Schlatter, Anne Hébraud, Luc Avérous, Sébastien Gallet, Murielle Oster, Christophe Fajolles, Rachid Baati, Cédric Gaillard, Eric Pollet, Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire sur l'Organisation Nanométrique et Supramoléculaire (LIONS), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Bioconjugation, Materials science, Cyclodextrin, Biomedical Engineering, technology, industry, and agriculture, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, General Medicine, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Nanofiber, Polycaprolactone, Polymer chemistry, Click chemistry, Surface modification, General Materials Science, Fiber, 0210 nano-technology, Caprolactone
Abstract: International audience; Polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun fibers are widely developed for biomedical applications. However, their hydrophobicity and passivity towards cell growth is an important limitation. An original method to functionalize PCL nanofibers, making them reactive for bioconjugation of proteins or other molecules of interests in water under mild conditions, is here reported. This method involves the preparation of pseudo-polyrotaxanes (pPR) of cyclodextrin (CD) and PCL. Core:shell PCL:pPR fibers were then prepared by coaxial electrospinning in order to bring available reactive hydroxyl groups from the CD, at the fiber surface. Different pPRs architectures (star, miktoarm and block-copolymer-like) were synthesized to study the effect of the pPR structure on the fiber morphology and surface reactivity by grafting fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Finally, bicyclononyne groups were grafted onto the star-pPR based fibers allowing the conjugation of a fluorescent dye by click-chemistry in water without any copper catalyst proving the potential of the method for the biofunctionalization of PCL-based fibers.
Published: 2017
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24. Comment le management des risques permet-il de consolider le modèle géologique? Le cas du doublement de tunnel de Ponserand

Author: Johan Kasperski and Cédric Gaillard
Subjects: Operations research, Computer science, Order (business), business.industry, Nature Conservation, Geology, Lower cost, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, business, Risk management
Abstract: The tunnel project of Ponserand (Aigueblanche, Savoie, France) includes several variants. The longer ones go across the mountain with good geological conditions whereas the latter one goes between the national road RN90 and the existing tunnel. The latter variant cuts across scree slopes that represent unfavorable geological conditions. Thus costs of the longer variants are better estimated than the ones for the shorter alignment alternative. In order to choose the right variant, a risk management has been performed leading to the characterization of specific geological investigations. Based on these investigations, the first uncertain geological model has been modified in order to get a more reliable one. The updated cost projections of the project leads to lower cost that eventually shows that the shorter variant is a better solution. Based on a real example, this article highlights the interest of using risk management to improve the geological model.
Published: 2014
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25. Creation of catalytically active particles from enzymes crosslinked with a natural bifunctional agent-homocysteine thiolactone

Author: Regina A. Asriyantz, Yulia Yu. Stroylova, Cédric Gaillard, Vladimir I. Muronetz, Pavel I. Semenyuk, and Thomas Haertlé
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, Homocysteine, Stereochemistry, Organic Chemistry, Lysine, Biophysics, Substrate (chemistry), Dehydrogenase, General Medicine, Biochemistry, Biomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Monomer, Enzyme, chemistry, biology.protein, Bifunctional, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Abstract: The current study describes an approach to creation of catalytically active particles with increased stability from enzymes by N-homocysteinylation, a naturally presented protein modification. Enzymatic activities and properties of two globular tetrameric enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were studied before and after N-homocysteinylation. Modification of these proteins concerns the accessible lysine residues and introduces an average of 2–2,5 homocysteine residues per protein monomer. Formation of a range of aggregates was observed for both enzymes, which assemble via formation of intermolecular noncovalent bonds and by disulfide bonds. It was demonstrated that both studied enzymes retain their catalytic activities on modification and the subsequent formation of oligomeric forms. At low concentrations of homocysteine thiolactone, modification of GAPDH leads not only to prevention of spontaneous inactivation but also increases thermal stability of this enzyme on heating to 80°C. A moderate reduction of the activity of GAPDH observed in case of its crosslinking with 50-fold excess of homocysteine thiolactone per lysine is probably caused by hindered substrate diffusion. Spherical particles of 100 nm and larger diameters were observed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscope techniques after modification of GAPDH with different homocysteine thiolactone concentrations. In case of LDH, branched fibril-like aggregates were observed under the same conditions. Interestingly, crosslinked samples of both proteins were found to have reversible thermal denaturation profiles, indicating that modification with homocysteine thiolactone stabilizes the spatial structure of these enzymes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 975–984, 2014.
Published: 2014
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26. Organization of lipids in the artificial outer membrane of bull spermatozoa reconstructed at the air–water interface

Author: S. Desherces, Marie-Hélène Ropers, Elisabeth David-Briand, Marc Anton, J. Le Guillou, L. Amirat-Briand, Cédric Gaillard, Daniel Tainturier, D. Bencharif, Eric Schmitt, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), IMV Technologies, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: Male, SPERM MEMBRANES, THERMOTROPIC PHASE-BEHAVIOR, Seminal Plasma Proteins, Molecular Conformation, Miscibility, Cell membrane, Cryoprotective Agents, 0302 clinical medicine, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, 0303 health sciences, Bull spermatozoa, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, CHOLESTEROL, Temperature, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Medicine, Spermatozoa, Sphingomyelins, medicine.anatomical_structure, Membrane, Phosphatidylcholines, MAJOR PROTEINS, Sphingomyelin, Bacterial outer membrane, Biotechnology, LANGMUIR MONOLAYERS, Mono layer, Lipid, Plasmalogen, Membrane lipids, Plasmalogens, MODEL MEMBRANES, Biology, Phase Transition, EGG-YOLK, Excipients, Membrane Lipids, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Animals, Surface Tension, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 030304 developmental biology, Cryopreservation, Chromatography, Cell Membrane, Membranes, Artificial, MASS-SPECTROMETRY, Microscopy, Fluorescence, MIXED MONOLAYERS, Cryopresenration, Biophysics, Cattle, BOVINE SEMINAL PLASMA
Abstract: International audience; Cryopreservation is widely used to preserve the quality of bull spermatozoa over time. Sequestration of seminal plasma proteins by low density lipoproteins and formation of a protective film around the spermatozoa membrane by low density lipoproteins were the main mechanisms proposed. However, the organization of lipids in the outer leaflet of the spermatozoa membrane has been never considered as a possible parameter. This study evaluated whether a change in the organization of the outer leaflet of the spermotozoa membrane could occur during cooling down. The organization of the main components of the spermatozoa membrane's outer layer at the liquid-gas interface was analysed. Cryopreservative media (at 8 degrees and 34 degrees C) were used to study the miscibility of the spermatozoa membrane lipids using epifluorescence imaging and by tensiometry on Langmuir films. The results show that the four lipids: sphingomyelin, cholesterol, 1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC) and plasmalogen 1-(1Z-octadecenyl)-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (P-PC) were not fully miscible and their organization was controlled by temperature. Cholesterol and sphingomyelin form condensed domains surrounded by a mixture of PC and P-PC at 34 degrees C while these condensed domains are surrounded by separated domains of pure PC and pure P-PC at 8 degrees C. The organization of the outer membrane lipids, in particular the separation of PC and P-PC lipids during cooling down, must be considered to fully understand preservation of membrane integrity during cryopreservation. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2013
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27. Triazine-functionalized chitosan-encapsulated superparamagnetic nanoparticles as reusable and robust nanocarrier for glucoamylase immobilization

Author: Mahkameh Amirbandeh, Cédric Gaillard, Asieh Soozanipour, Asghar Taheri-Kafrani, University of Isfahan, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Research Councils of University of Isfahan
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Immobilized enzyme, Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, Chitosan, chemistry.chemical_compound, Immobilization, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, Organic chemistry, Reactivity (chemistry), [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Triazine, Reusability, Nanocomposite, Cyanuric chloride, biology, 010405 organic chemistry, Aspergillus niger, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, biology.organism_classification, 0104 chemical sciences, Chemical engineering, chemistry, Glucoamylase, Magnetic nanoparticles, Nanocarriers, 0210 nano-technology, Biotechnology
Abstract: Aspergillus niger glucoamylase (GLA) was covalently immobilized on 1,3,5-triazine-functionalized chitosan coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles (MNPCh-CC). The morphology, structure and properties of functionalized nanocomposite were investigated, as well as GLA immobilization process, through different analytical tools. Different experimental parameters such as optimum temperature, pH, reaction time and enzyme concentration were studied for free and immobilized enzyme. The GLA immobilized on nanocarrier exhibited excellent catalytic activity at pH 4.5 and 60 °C. Notably, the immobilized GLA showed quite impressive stability, even after 10 reaction cycles, it could still retain about 70% of the initial activity. The results showed that immobilization process couldn’t significantly inhibit enzyme-substrate interaction and subsequently retained its effective catalytic activity. The substantial improvement of reactivity, reusability, and stability of this biocatalyst system may confer it a wider range of applications in industrial processes.
Published: 2017
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28. Mechanical properties of membranes composed of gel-phase or fluid-phase phospholipids probed on liposomes by atomic force spectroscopy

Author: Nicolas Delorme, Cédric Gaillard, Christelle Lopez, Franck Artzner, Oumaima Et-Thakafy, Fanny Guyomarc'H, Cristelle Mériadec, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), Le Mans Université (UM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Asylum Research MFP3D-BIO atomic force microscope was funded by the European Union (FEDER), the French Ministry of Education and Research, INRA, Conseil Général 35 and Rennes Métropole. The doctoral fellowship of author Et-Thakafy was funded by INRA CEPIA and Région Bretagne under the grant ARED 8806., Le Mans Université (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: phospholipide, x ray, rayon x, Lipid Bilayers, Analytical chemistry, diffraction, 02 engineering and technology, Microscopy, Atomic Force, 010402 general chemistry, vésicule phospholipidique, 01 natural sciences, Adsorption, membrane lipidique, lipid, Microscopy, Electrochemistry, General Materials Science, Lipid bilayer, Phospholipids, Spectroscopy, lipide, Mechanical Phenomena, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Liposome, Chemistry, Spectrum Analysis, Force spectroscopy, technology, industry, and agriculture, Surfaces and Interfaces, Penetration (firestop), [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, diffraction électronique, Membrane, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, Electron diffraction, Liposomes, liposome, Phosphatidylcholines, electron diffraction, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), spectroscopie à force atomique, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; In many liposome applications, the nanomechanical properties of the membrane envelope are essential to ensure, e.g., physical stability, protection, or penetration into tissues. Of all factors, the lipid composition and its phase behavior are susceptible to tune the mechanical properties of membranes. To investigate this, small unilamellar vesicles (SUV; diameter < 200 nm), referred to as liposomes, were produced using either unsaturated 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) or saturated 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) in aqueous buffer at pH 6.7. The respective melting temperatures of these phospholipids were −20 and 41 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that at 20 °C DOPC was in the fluid phase and DPPC was in the gel phase. After adsorption of the liposomes onto flat silicon substrates, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to image and probe the mechanical properties of the liposome membrane. The resulting force–distance curves were treated using an analytical model based on the shell theory to yield the Young’s modulus (E) and the bending rigidity (kC) of the curved membranes. The mechanical investigation showed that DPPC membranes were much stiffer (E = 116 ± 45 MPa) than those of DOPC (E = 13 ± 9 MPa) at 20 °C. The study demonstrates that the employed methodology allows discrimination of the respective properties of gel- or fluid-phase membranes when in the shape of liposomes. It opens perspectives to map the mechanical properties of liposomes containing both fluid and gel phases or of biological systems.
Published: 2017
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29. Self-Assembling Behavior of Glycerol Monoundecenoate in Water

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Frédéric Nallet, Romain Valentin, Zéphirin Mouloungui, Laurence Navailles, Gildas Nyame Mendendy Boussambe, Jean-François Fabre, Chimie Agro-Industrielle (CAI), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), French government and the Midi-Pyrénées Region Fond Unique Interministériel (FUI) and the CEPIA Department of INRA for support of the ANS program., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA (FRANCE), Université de Bordeaux (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Toulouse, and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Glycerol, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Lamellar phases, 02 engineering and technology, Water retention, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Surface tension, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, chemistry.chemical_compound, Differential scanning calorimetry, [CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, Electrochemistry, medicine, Génie chimique, General Materials Science, Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, Vesicles, Spectroscopy, Polarized light microscopy, Molecular Structure, Small-angle X-ray scattering, Water, Surfaces and Interfaces, Self-assembly, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Crystallography, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Transmission electron microscopy, Undecylenic acid, Surface tension experiments, 0210 nano-technology, Sciences agricoles, medicine.drug
Abstract: International audience; The self-assembling properties of glycerol esters in water are well known. Still, few data on glycerol monoesters of undecylenic acid are available. The aim of this study was to highlight the behavior of glycerol monoundecenoate (GM-C11:1) in different diluted and concentrated states. Its self-assembling properties in water and upon solid inorganic surfaces were investigated in the diluted state using surface tension experiments, atomic force microscopy, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy studies. In the concentrated state, the gelling properties in the presence of water were investigated using polarized light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. GM-C11:1 at 100 mg/L self-assembles at the liquid/air interfaces as aggregates of approximately 20 nm in diameter, organized into concentric forms. These aggregates are spherical globules composed of several molecules of GM-C11:1. At higher concentrations (1000 and 104 mg/L), GM-C11:1 is able to uniformly coat liquid/air and liquid/solid interfaces. In bulk, GM-C11:1 forms spontaneously aggregates and vesicles. In a more concentrated state, GM-C11:1 assembles into lamellar Lβ and Lα forms in water. By cross-referencing SAXS and DSC findings, we were able to distinguish between interlamellar water molecules strongly bound to GM-C11:1 and other molecules remaining unbound and considered to be “mobile” water. The percentage of water strongly bound was proportional to the percentage of GM-C11:1 in the system. In this case, GM-C11:1 appears to be an effective molecule for surface treatments for which water retention is important.
Published: 2017
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30. Synthesis of Flower-Like Polybutadiene

Author: Erwan Nicol, Stéphane Carlotti, Cédric Gaillard, René-Ponce Nzé, Suwat Kaewbuddee, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), Le Mans Université (UM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Team 1 LCPO : Polymerization Catalyses & Engineering, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Region des Pays de la Loire (Nanofleurs Project), Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, Le Mans Université (UM), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), TEAM 1 LCPO, and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Polymers and Plastics, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], block copolymer, 02 engineering and technology, SARA-ATRP, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Micelle, anionic polymerization, Polybutadiene, Dynamic light scattering, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Copolymer, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization, chemistry.chemical_classification, Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Polymer, self-assembly, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, photo-crosslinking, Anionic addition polymerization, Living polymerization, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Synthesis of complex macromolecular architectures exhibiting no chain ends such as flower-like polymers is still of interest in the aim of investigating their physicochemical properties. For this purpose, poly(3,4-dimethyl maleic imidoethyl acrylate)-block-polybutadiene-block-poly(3,4-dimethyl maleic imidoethyl acrylate) triblock copolymer is synthesized in a convergent manner using a combination of living polymerization (anionic polymerization), reversible deactivation radical polymerization, and click chemistry. This copolymer is self-assembled in a selective solvent (heptane/THF mixture) of the polybutadiene block leading to the formation of flower-like micelles in thermodynamic equilibrium in dilute solution. These resulting transient architectures are fixed by covalently crosslinking the micelles core by inducing [2+2] cyclodimerization of the 3,4-dimethyl maleic imidoethyl groups borne by the short solvophobic blocks under UV irradiation. Single flowers are isolated from residual non-crosslinked chains by semipreparative size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and characterized by H-1 NMR, SEC, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Published: 2017
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31. Structural, Viscoelastic, and Electrochemical Characteristics of Self-Assembled Amphiphilic Comblike Copolymers in Aqueous Solutions

Author: Claude Deslouis, Cédric Gaillard, Boualem Saidani, Lila Chaal, Lazhar Benyahia, Malika Talantikite, Kahina Aoudia, Christophe Chassenieux, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), Le Mans Université (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Electrochimie, Corrosion et de Valorisation Energétique (LECVE), Université A. Mira, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques (LISE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Le Mans Université (UM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Electrochimie, Corrosion et de Valorisation Energétique [Université de Béjaïa] (LECVE), Université Abderrahmane Mira [Béjaïa], Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 'TASSILI' program [13MDU 893], and University of Bejaia
Subjects: Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Micelle, 010305 fluids & plasmas, chemistry.chemical_compound, Electrochemical characteristic, 0103 physical sciences, Amphiphile, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rotating disk electrode, chemistry.chemical_classification, Viscoelastic, Aqueous solution, Polymer, Polyelectrolyte, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Dication, Chemical engineering, chemistry, Polystyrene, 0210 nano-technology, [CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other
Abstract: International audience; Self-assembly in aqueous solutions of an amphiphilic comblike polyelectrolyte (80C12) that consists of a polystyrene (PS) backbone onto which quaternary ammonium pendant moieties have been grafted has been investigated by light scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy measurements in the presence of KCl and methylviologen dication (MV2+) under conditions mimicking those for electrochemical measurements. Polymer chains self-assemble within branched cylindrical micelles that display viscoelastic properties, characterized by a relaxation time of 4 s. To tune this time, 80C12 was mixed with a polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactant (Brij C12E10). Relatively increasing the amount of the latter leads to a decrease in the relaxation time of the 80C12 solution. Correlatively, electrochemical experiments with a rotating disk electrode show a transition of the mass transport rate, which deviates from the classical Newtonian behavior in the same velocity domain. This result generalizes what has been already observed with solutions of linear polymers of high molecular weight and wormlike micelles based on surfactants subjected to elongational deformations. Moreover, the critical times derived from rheological and electrochemical experiments display the same trend.
Published: 2017
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32. A multimodal and multiscale approach to investigate the micronsized organisation of a very complex biological material : the wheat grain

Author: Cédric Gaillard
Published: 2016
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33. Probing the multiscale structure, composition and nanomechanical properties of lipids and biopolymers in natural systems: a few examples

Author: Cédric Gaillard
Published: 2016
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34. Cryo-electron microscopy from vitreous thin films in complement to AFM for understanding the multiscale supramolecular assemblies: a few examples

Author: Cédric Gaillard
Published: 2016
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35. Device for the transport, storage as well as the chemical or physical treatments of AFM tip series

Author: Cédric Gaillard
Published: 2016
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36. Raman imaging of biology and soft matter samples: a few examples

Author: Cédric Gaillard
Published: 2016
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37. Fast and effective quantum-dots encapsulation and protection in PEO based photo-cross-linked micelles

Author: Erwan Nicol, Benoit Dubertret, Christophe Chassenieux, Khalid Ferji, Cédric Gaillard, Ines Hamouda, Brice Nadal, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), Le Mans Université (UM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NEXDOT, Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (UMR 8213) (LPEM), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), project Nanofleurs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Le Mans Université (UM), Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (LPEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-ESPCI ParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), laboratoire d'optique physique, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, Block copolymer, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Micelle, Biomaterials, Colloid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Amphiphile, Polymer chemistry, Copolymer, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Acrylate, Ethylene oxide, Photo-cross-linking, technology, industry, and agriculture, Quantum dot, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, equipment and supplies, Fluorescence photoenhancement, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Emulsion, Encapsulation, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; Cadmium-based quantum dots (QDs) were easily, quickly and efficiently transferred from an organic medium to water without modification of their surface chemistry by the simple emulsion/solvent evaporation technique using micelles of amphiphilic diblock copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl acrylate) (PEO-b-PMEA) as hosts. The resulting hybrid micelles were stabilized very rapidly by photo-cross-linking the hydrophobic core around the QDs. The encapsulation and photo-cross-linking process were shown to barely affect the photoluminescence properties. Grafting a short octyl chain at the end of the hydrophobic block enhanced both the colloidal stability of the QDs dispersed in water and prevented the quenching of their fluorescence by copper ions. Grafting a longer hexadecyl chain at the end of the PMEA block decreased the efficiency of the corona cross-linking and led to poorer stabilization and protection.
Published: 2016
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38. On the interaction of alginate-based core-shell nanocarriers with keratinocytes in vitro

Author: Lynda Miloudi, Igor Chourpa, Cédric Gaillard, Emilie Munnier, Imane Eddaoudi, Martin Soucé, Hoang Truc Phuong Nguyen, Emilie Allard-Vannier, Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, EA 6295 (NMNS), Université de Tours (UT), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), NANO'derm project Region (Centre Val de Loire Bioeurope (Solabia Group), Carlina Technologies and Spincontrol, for financial support), and Université de Tours
Subjects: Keratinocytes, Calcium alginate, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Glucuronic Acid, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Internalization, media_common, Drug Carriers, Hexuronic Acids, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Medicine, Carbocyanines, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Endocytosis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Drug delivery, 0210 nano-technology, Drug carrier, Keratinocyte, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Core-shell nanocarrier, Biotechnology, Alginates, Cell Survival, Drug Compounding, media_common.quotation_subject, Nanotechnology, Caveolae, 010402 general chemistry, Cell Line, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, medicine, Humans, Particle Size, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, [SDV.IB.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering/Biomaterials, Fluorescent Dyes, Alginate, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), 0104 chemical sciences, Drug Liberation, Kinetics, Förster resonance energy transfer, [SDV.SP.PG]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences/Galenic pharmacology, chemistry, Biophysics, Nanoparticles, Nanocarriers, [SDV.MHEP.DERM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Dermatology
Abstract: International audience; Calcium alginate nanocarriers (CaANCs) were developed as a potential tool for delivery of hydrophobic active molecules such as pharmaceutical and cosmetic active ingredients. In this study, we focused on interactions between CaANCs and keratinocytes in culture and examined toxicity, internalization and drug release. Prior to cellular interactions, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy images showed that CaANCs appear as regular, spherical and dense particles, giving evidence of the surface gelation of CaANCs. Their size, around 200 nm, was stable under tested conditions (temperature, culture media, presence of serum and presence of encapsulated dye), and their toxicity on keratinocytes was very low. Flow cytometry assays showed that CaANCs are internalized into keratinocytes by endocytosis with a predominant implication of the caveolae-mediated route. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) demonstrated that after a 2 h contact, the release of CaANC contents in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes was almost complete. The endocytosis of CaANCs by a lysosome-free pathway, and the rapid release of their contents inside keratinocytes, will allow vectorized molecules to fully exhibit their pharmacological or cosmetic activity.
Published: 2016
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39. Synthesis of Flower-Like Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Based Macromolecular Architectures by Photo-Cross-Linking of Block Copolymers Self-Assemblies

Author: Erwan Nicol, Vijay S. Kadam, Cédric Gaillard, Université du Maine [Le Mans - Laval], Polymères, colloïdes, interfaces (PCI), Le Mans Université (UM), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: Acrylate, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Ethylene oxide, Organic Chemistry, Flower like, Oxide, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Copolymer, 0210 nano-technology, Poly ethylene, Macromolecule
Abstract: Article Nicol, E (reprint author), Univ Maine, CNRS, UMR 6120, *F*-72085 Le Mans, France erwan.nicol@univ-lemans.fr Funding Acknowledgement: National Research Agency (ANR); International audience; A triblock poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl acrylate)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA-b-PEO-b-PMEA) copolymer bearing polymerizable groups on the hydrophobic blocks synthesized and self-assembled in water. The transient micellar structures formed in selective solvent were permanently fixed by cross-linking the methacrylate moieties in micelles cores under UV light. The structures obtained after cross-linking were characterized by static and dynamic light scattering (SLS and DLS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and electron microscopy (TEM and cryoTEM). SLS measurements showed an increase of the aggregation number of the micelles during the photo-cross-linking process. This result was discussed in terms of competition between the micelles polymerization rate and the unimers exchange rate. At low concentration, mainly flower-like architectures were obtained. As the concentration of the cross-linked solutions increased, more complex aggrega! tes, in which the "flower" is the basic unit, were obtained.
Published: 2011
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40. Core Cross-Linking of Dynamic Diblock Copolymer Micelles: Quantitative Study of Photopolymerization Efficiency and Micelle Structure

Author: Laurent Fontaine, Erwan Nicol, Alla Nesterenko, Guillaume Brotons, Cédric Gaillard, Sagrario Pascual, Sandie Piogé, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), Le Mans Université (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Toulouse, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Le Mans Université (UM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Agro-Industrielle (CAI), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Region des Pays de la Loire, and National Research Agency (ANR)
Subjects: WORMLIKE MICELLES, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, BLOCK POLY(2-CINNAMOYLETHYL METHACRYLATE), 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Photochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Micelle, Light scattering, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, POROGEN RELEASE, Dynamic light scattering, Materials Chemistry, POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE), Static light scattering, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Acrylate, Aggregation number, LINKED STAR POLYMERS, FORMING MONOMERS, JANUS MICELLES, Organic Chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, REACTIVE MICELLES, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, Photopolymer, chemistry, POLYSTYRENE, Ethyl acrylate, 0210 nano-technology, HOLLOW NANOSPHERES
Abstract: International audience; Asymmetric poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(ethyl acrylate) block copolymers bearing polymerizable (meth)acrylate groups at the end of the hydrophobic block were synthesized and self-assembled in water. The micellar structures were studied by static light scattering (SLS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle neutrons scattering (SANS). The micelles were checked to be dynamical and in a thermodynamic equilibrium. In order to stabilize the micelles, a photoinitiator was added and UV light was applied to initiate the cross-linking of micelles cores. Light scattering and SANS showed a very weak influence of the addition of the photoinitiator on the size and aggregation number of micelles. The photopolymerization takes place within a few seconds and the cross-linking process barely modifies the structural properties of the micelles. The efficiency of the core cross-linking was estimated in terms of (meth)acrylate double bonds conversion and rate of incorporation of unimers into the cross-linked structures. (1)H NMR showed a complete conversion of double bonds. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), light and neutron scattering studies showed almost no modification of the structures, indicating that the exchange dynamics of unimers barely affects the structure during the cross-linking process. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analyses in DMF revealed a non-negligible amount of nonstabilized unimers. The crosslinked stars can be easily isolated from the remaining unimers by flash chromatography using hydrophobically modified silica gel.
Published: 2011
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41. Rheological characterization of microfibrillated cellulose suspensions after freezing

Author: Sylvie Durand, Jean-Louis Doublier, Cédric Gaillard, Catherine Garnier, C. Blassel, G. Agoda-Tandjawa, S. Berot, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: Polymers and Plastics, Concentration effect, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Crystallinity, RHEOLOGY, Rheology, Materials Chemistry, Cellulose, Composite material, SUGAR-BEET PULP, MICROFIBRILS, Pulp (paper), Organic Chemistry, FREEZING, Dynamic mechanical analysis, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Ionic strength, engineering, CATIONS, Microfibril, 0210 nano-technology, CELLULOSE SUSPENSION, CRYSTALLINITY
Abstract: International audience; This work aims to investigate the theological properties of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) suspensions. The effect of some experimental parameters, such as cellulose concentration, temperature, ionic strength and pH has been studied. For that purpose, suspensions of microfibrillated cellulose have been prepared by strong mechanical treatments of a purified sugar-beet pulp cellulose-based residue in aqueous medium. Cellulose suspensions at different concentrations (from 0.25 to 3 w/w%.) have been found to display a viscoelastic solid-like behaviour, even for the lowest concentration tested. The storage modulus at 0.1 rad s(-1) increased strongly upon increasing concentration from 0.25 to 3 w/w%, following a power law with an exponent of 2.58. All suspensions exhibited a shear-thinning behaviour. It was also found that viscoelastic properties of the suspensions of cellulose are not affected by temperature or by varying pH from 4.5 to 9 while the G' and G '' moduli increased as salt concentration of the suspensions increased. This reinforcement of the viscoelastic properties by increasing ionic strength can be related to a screening of the electrostatic repulsions between the microfibrils, due to the presence of uronic acid groups, enhancing the fiber-fiber interactions. Mechanical treatment did not affect cellulose crystallinity. The effect of freezing was investigated as an alternative way to the most conventional cellulose preparation that consists to freeze-dry the suspensions for their conservation. It was shown that freezing preserved the rheological properties of the suspensions, contrary to freeze drying
Published: 2010
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42. 'Green labelled' pectins with gelling and emulsifying properties can be extracted by enzymatic way from unexploited sources

Author: Marie-Hélène Boiffard, Jean-François Thibault, Cédric Gaillard, Estelle Bonnin, Agata Zykwinska, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: animal structures, food.ingredient, Sucrose, Pectin, General Chemical Engineering, By-product valorization, macromolecular substances, 02 engineering and technology, Polysaccharide, complex mixtures, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, food, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, By-product, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Food science, Functional properties, chemistry.chemical_classification, Ecofriendly extraction, Chemistry, Atomic force microscopy, Food additive, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Extraction (chemistry), food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 040401 food science, Enzyme, Biochemistry, AFM, Rheology, 0210 nano-technology, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; Functional properties of “green labelled” pectins extracted with enzymes from chicory root, citrus peel and cauliflower by-products were assessed. Chicory and citrus pectins were selected to study their gelling properties, while cauliflower pectin was chosen to investigate its emulsifying ability. High methoxy chicory and citrus pectins were shown to gel in the presence of sucrose at acidic pH, whereas their corresponding low methoxy pectins were able to gel in the presence of calcium. Additionally, HM cauliflower pectin exhibited emulsifying ability. Atomic Force Microscopy was used to better understand the gelling mechanism of pectins and particularly the first steps of gel setting. The present work demonstrates that “green labelled” enzyme-extracted pectins can be successfully used as gelling or emulsifying agents. The present study allows enhancing the value of “green” extraction of pectins, since such extraction leads to products with good functional properties that can directly be used for food and non-food purposes.
Published: 2009
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43. Aqueous-Core Lipid Nanocapsules for Encapsulating Fragile Hydrophilic and/or Lipophilic Molecules

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Sandy Vrignaud, Jean-Pierre Benoit, Nicolas Anton, Patrick Saulnier, Emilien Porcher, Ingénierie de la vectorisation particulaire, Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Micro et Nanomédecines Biomimétiques (MINT), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Unité de Biostatistique et de Recherche Clinique (UBRC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), and PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)
Subjects: Lipid nanocapsules, cryo-TEM, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Static Electricity, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Proof of concept, Nanocapsules, Electrochemistry, Animals, Chemotherapy, Molecule, molecules, General Materials Science, Anti-cancer therapies, Hydrophilicity, Spectroscopy, Aqueous solution, Chemistry, Water, Serum Albumin, Bovine, Hydrophilic species, Surfaces and Interfaces, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Methylene Blue, Chemical engineering, Soft particle analysis, TEM, Cattle, Emulsions, Encapsulation, 0210 nano-technology, Azo Compounds, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Oils, Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Abstract: International audience; This paper presents the original method of producing aqueous-core lipid nanocapsule, able to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic species with relevant yields. The scope offered by the integration of both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules within the same colloidal objects make this method a prime candidate for the numerous anticancer therapies for which chemotherapy frequently requires the association of several molecules. The proof of concept study is proposed here (i) describing in detail the formulation of such objects and their characterization (TEM, cryo-TEM, soft particle analysis), (ii) showing the encapsulation of hydrophilic species alone, using examples of very different molecular weights, such as a dye (methylene blue) and a protein (BSA-isothycianate fluorecein labeled), and (iii) showing the simultaneous encapsulation of hydrophilic (methylene blue) and lipophilic (also a dye, red Sudan III) species.
Published: 2009
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44. Nanostructured polymer composite nanoparticles synthesized in a single step via simultaneous ROMP and ATRP under microemulsion conditions

Author: Valérie Héroguez, Emmanuel Ibarboure, Cédric Airaud, and Cédric Gaillard
Subjects: Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Atom-transfer radical-polymerization, Organic Chemistry, Radical polymerization, Emulsion polymerization, 02 engineering and technology, ROMP, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Ring-opening polymerization, 0104 chemical sciences, Grubbs' catalyst, chemistry.chemical_compound, Polymerization, chemistry, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Ring-opening metathesis polymerisation, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) and Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) were carried out simultaneously under microemulsion conditions with 1st generation Grubbs catalyst playing a double role: ROMP initiator and ATRP controlling agent. Starting from two distinct microemulsions—one containing the monomers and the other the catalyst—well-defined composite nanoparticles with z-average hydrodynamic diameter smaller than 50 nm were prepared. Depending on the monomers droplet composition, homopolymers blends or graft-copolymers were synthesized in a one-pot, one-step, one-catalyst approach. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4014–4027, 2009
Published: 2009
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45. Simple Engineering of Polymer-Nanoparticle Hybrid Nanocapsules

Author: Flavien Sciortino, Cédric Gaillard, Gérald Casterou, Fabienne Gauffre, Myrtil L. Kahn, Marie-Bérengère Troadec, Soizic Chevance, Pierre-Antoine Eliat, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plate-forme Rennaise d'Imagerie et Spectroscopie Structurale et Métabolique (PRISM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), BIOSIT-University of Rennes 1, CNRS UMS, Inserm US, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )
Subjects: Materials science, water, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Nanocapsules, Biomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Materials Chemistry, copolymers, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, vesicles, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, stabilization, agents, Solvent, solvents, mixtures, chemistry, Colloidal gold, Polymersome, Self-assembly, iron-oxide nanoparticles, 0210 nano-technology, Iron oxide nanoparticles, supramolecular structures, nanobubbles
Abstract: International audience; A general method to generate hybrid hollow capsules is reported. The process is based on the stabilization of solvent droplets by nanoparticles, in macroscopically miscible mixtures of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and water. After addition of a crosslinking polymer and removal of the solvent core, capsules of diameter ca 100 nm are obtained. This novel strategy does not require the use of block copolymers. In contrast, most methods reporting the formation of hybrid nanocapsules incorporate nanoparticles into block-copolymer polymersomes or use nanoparticles tethered with block-copolymers. The nanocapsules were characterized using a full set of techniques including nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy and liquid phase atomic force microscopy. Our results show that the vesicular shape of the nanocapsules is templated by the liquid droplets. Nanocapsules were prepared from quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and mixtures of particles. The entrapment of a fluorescent dye was also demonstrated. Thus, nanocapsules with dual properties (e.g., magnetic and fluorescent) are easily obtained. Interestingly, the magnetic nanocapsules enable magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement of tumors in vivo.
Published: 2016
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46. Electrostatically driven modulation of the reinforcement of agarose hydrogels by cellulose nanowhiskers

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Kévin Jacques Le Goff, Thierry Aubry, Catherine Garnier, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Region Bretagne
Subjects: Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, polysaccharides, Nanoparticle, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, nanowires and nanocrystals, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Surface charge, Cellulose, structure-property relations, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, gels, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Transmission electron microscopy, Self-healing hydrogels, Volume fraction, Agarose, nanoparticles, rheology, 0210 nano-technology, Dispersion (chemistry)
Abstract: The modulation of the reinforcement effect brought by the addition of tunicate cellulose nanowhiskers with different surface charge densities to an agarose hydrogel matrix has been studied using linear viscoelastic measurements. The cellulose nanowhiskers were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, and their surface charge was determined by a titration method. The results show that increasing the charge at the surface of nanowhiskers tends to enhance the reinforcement effect, because of a better dispersion of nanowhiskers. However, the results also suggest the existence of an optimum surface charge, corresponding to a maximum reinforcement effect at a given volume fraction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43063.
Published: 2016
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47. Inside Cover: Simple Engineering of Polymer-Nanoparticle Hybrid Nanocapsules (ChemNanoMat 8/2016)

Author: Cédric Gaillard, Marie-Bérengère Troadec, Myrtil L. Kahn, Soizic Chevance, Pierre-Antoine Eliat, Gérald Casterou, Flavien Sciortino, Fabienne Gauffre, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plate-forme Rennaise d'Imagerie et Spectroscopie Structurale et Métabolique (PRISM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Low dose, Polymer nanoparticle, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, Polymer, Nanocapsules, Biomaterials, Metal, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, visual_art, Materials Chemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Self-assembly, Iron oxide nanoparticles
Abstract: International audience; In the Communication featured on the Inside Cover, the authors use the unsuspected presence of nanodroplets (∼100 nm) in water/THF mixtures to template the formation of hybrid nanocapsules, “hybridosomes”, with a shell consisting of a crosslinked network of particles and polymers. Magnetic hybridosomes prepared from iron oxide nanoparticles enhance MRI contrast, enabling the imaging of tumor areas at low dose. This universal process can be applied to various types of inorganic nanoparticles (metallic, semi-conducting, etc.) and to mixtures, opening the way to highly multifunctional nanocapsules. More information can be found in the Communication by M. L. Kahn, F. Gauffre et al. on page 796 in Issue 8, 2016 (DOI: 10.1002/cnma.201600155).
Published: 2016
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48. Transition from vitreous to floury endosperm in maize (Zea mays L.) kernels is related to protein and starch gradients

Author: Laurent Linossier, Cédric Gaillard, Caroline Delluc, Bénédicte Bakan, Sylvie Brunet, Didier Marion, Mathieu Gayral, Khalil Elmorjani, Marie-Hélène Morel, Michèle Dalgalarrondo, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Groupe Limagrain, Limagrain Cereales Ingredients, Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Fond unique interministériel FUI (GranoFlakes, F1204004C), Limagrain Europe, and Fond unique interministeriel (FUI GranoFlakes) : F1204004C.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, genetic structures, Starch, développement de l'endosperme, Starch channels, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, teneur en amylose, Endosperm, Protein content, zea mays, chemistry.chemical_compound, Zein gradient, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, Amylose, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Vitreousness, flint maize, 2. Zero hunger, endosperme, indian corn, maize starch, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, A protein, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, microspectroscopie, Maize endosperm, 040401 food science, maïs vitreux, Zea mays, eye diseases, Raman microspectroscopy, chemistry, Biophysics, amidon de mais, Starch granule, sense organs, seed albumins, 010606 plant biology & botany, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; Relationships between kernel vitreousness and proteins and starch partitioning to the floury and vitreous regions of the endosperm were monitored in a set of 13 maize inbred lines. Decrease of protein contents from the vitreous to the floury endosperms were mainly assigned to a-zeins. Using Raman microspectroscopy, we observed a protein gradient from the periphery to the center of endosperms that well fitted with the inverse relationships between vitreousness and protein content of the vitreous and floury regions. In addition, Raman microspectroscopy highlighted an increase of starch crystallinity from the periphery to the center of the maize endosperms. This agrees with the higher amylose and associated lipid contents within starches of vitreous than in those of floury endosperms. Finally, starch granules from vitreous regions displayed more channels than the floury ones. These channels contain proteins that might favor adhesion of proteins to starch granules or granule granule contacts to form the close packing of the vitreous endosperm. Therefore transition from vitreous to floury endosperm is at least the result of both protein and starch gradients. These gradients are probably associated with metabolic gradients that have been observed during endosperm development. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2016
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49. Sequestration of bovine seminal plasma proteins by different assemblies of phosphatidylcholine: A new technical approach

Author: Daniel Tainturier, Elisabeth David-Briand, Marc Anton, J. van Leeuwen-Ibarrola, Cédric Gaillard, Eric Schmitt, S. Desherces, Marie-Hélène Ropers, L. Amirat-Briand, D. Bencharif, J. Le Guillou, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), IMV Technologies, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Seminal Plasma Proteins, Lipid Bilayers, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, fluids and secretions, Lipid bilayer, Liposome, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Interfacial properties, Bull spermatozoa, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Medicine, Egg Yolk, Spermatozoa, Lipoproteins, LDL, Biochemistry, Low-density lipoprotein, Phosphatidylcholines, Thermodynamics, Female, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Biotechnology, Surface Properties, Membrane lipids, Phospholipid, Biology, LDL, Membrane Lipids, 03 medical and health sciences, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, stomatognathic system, Semen, Capacitation, Phosphatidylcholine, Animals, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Cryopreservation, Cryoelectron Microscopy, Monolayer, Membranes, Artificial, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Liposomes, Cattle, [CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other, Chickens, Semen Preservation
Abstract: International audience; Binder of SPerm (BSP) proteins, the main proteins from bovine seminal plasma, are known to partially intercalate into the outer leaflet of the spermatozoa membrane and bind to choline-containing lipids being present therein. This insertion generates a negative effect on semen quality after cryopreservation by inducing an early-stage capacitation of spermatozoa. The assumption of surface properties exhibited by BSP proteins was checked by tensiometry measurements: BSP proteins are highly surface active. This suggests that BSP proteins can reach the interface covered by phospholipids not only by interactions between one and each other but also due to their own surface activity. The insertion of BSP proteins into the lipid domains outer leaflet of spermatozoa was reproduced on a biomimetic system such as Langmuir monolayers. The insertion of BSP proteins can be performed in the compressible fluid domains which contain choline-bearing lipids. Monolayer films were used as well to study the complexation of BSP proteins by two phospholipid assemblies: low density lipoprotein (LDLs) from egg yolk or liposomes produced from egg phospholipids. Irrespective of the phospholipid structure (lipoprotein or liposome), BSP was hindered to alter the structure of the membrane. Only the overall ratio BSP proteins:phosphatidylcholine was important. The difference between the two sequestering agents lies on their surface properties: LDL have a strong tendency to merge with the outer layer whereas liposomes mainly remain in the bulk on the same time scale.
Published: 2016
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50. Smart Nonaqueous Foams from Lipid-Based Oleogel

Author: Anne-Laure Fameau, Cédric Gaillard, Arnaud Saint-Jalmes, Orlin D. Velev, Audrey Arnould, Stephanie Lam, Unité de Recherches Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), department of chemical and biochemical engineering, North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC), UR1268 Biopolymeres Interactions Assemblages, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, W911NF-15-1-0115, Army Research Office, MP 1106, European Cooperation in Science and Technology, DMR-1121107, Division of Materials Research, Région Pays de la Loire, INRA (UR 1268), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, food.ingredient, Surface Properties, Fatty alcohol, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Crystal, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adsorption, food, Pulmonary surfactant, law, Electrochemistry, Plant Oils, Sunflower Oil, General Materials Science, cardiovascular diseases, Organic Chemicals, Particle Size, Crystallization, Spectroscopy, Aqueous solution, Sunflower oil, Temperature, Foams, Surfaces and Interfaces, Interface, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Lipids, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Chemical engineering, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Particle size, Fatty Alcohols, 0210 nano-technology, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft]
Abstract: COST [MP 1106]; INRA; Region Pays de la Loire; U.S. Army Research Office [W911NF-15-1-0115]; NSF Research Triangle MRSEC on Programmable Soft Matter [DMR-1121107]; International audience; Oil foams are composed of gas bubbles dispersedin an oil phase. These systems are scarcely studied despite theirgreat potential in diverse fields such as the food and cosmeticindustries. Contrary to aqueous foams, the production of oilfoams is difficult to achieve due to the inefficiency of surfactantadsorption at oil−air interfaces. Herein, we report a simple way toproduce oil foams from oleogels, whose liquid phase is a mixtureof sunflower oil and fatty alcohols. The temperature at which theoleogel formed was found to depend on both fatty alcohol chainlength and concentration. The air bubbles in the oleogel foamwere stabilized by fatty alcohol crystals. Below the meltingtemperature of the crystals, oleogel foams were stable for months.Upon heating, these ultrastable foams collapsed within a few minutes due to the melting of the crystal particles. The transitionbetween crystal formation and melting was reversible, leading to thermoresponsive nonaqueous foams. The reversible switchingbetween ultrastable and unstable foam depended solely on the temperature of the system. We demonstrate that these oleogelfoams can be made to be photoresponsive by using internal heat sources such as carbon black particles, which can absorb UVlight and dissipate the absorbed energy as heat. This simple approach for the formulation of responsive oil foams could be easilyextended to other oleogel systems and could find a broad range of applications due to the availability of the components in largequantities and at low cost.
Published: 2015
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