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Objective For the general working population, robust evidence exists for associations between psychosocial work exposures and mental health. As this relationship is less clear for young workers, this systematic review aims at providing an overview of the evidence concerning psychosocial work factors affecting mental health of young workers. Methods The electronic databases used were PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO and were last searched in October 2021. The eligible outcomes included depression-, stress-, burnout- and anxiety-related complaints, and fatigue, excluding clinical diagnoses and suicide-related outcomes. Only studies with workers aged 35 years or younger were included, which reported at least one association between a psychosocial work factor as exposure and a mental health complaint as outcome. Studies had to be in English, German or Dutch. Risk of bias was assessed using an instrument from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Data synthesis was conducted using GRADE. Results In total 17 studies were included in this systematic review, including data from 35,600 young workers in total. Across these studies 86 exposure-outcome associations were reported. Nine exposure-outcome associations could be synthesised. The application of the GRADE framework led to one “low” assessment for the association between psychosocial job quality and mental health. The certainty of evidence for the other eight associations in the synthesis was very low. Conclusions The current systematic review disclosed a high degree of uncertainty of the evidence due to conceptually fuzzy outcomes and exposures as well as large heterogeneity between studies.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) can impact working life, sickness absence (SA) and disability pension (DP). Different types of occupations involve different demands, which may be associated with trajectories of SA/DP among people with MS (PwMS). Objectives: To explore, among PwMS and references, if SA/DP differ according to type of occupation. Furthermore, to examine how trajectories of SA/DP days are associated with type of occupation among PwMS. Methods: A longitudinal nationwide Swedish register-based cohort study was conducted, including 6100 individuals with prevalent MS and 38,641 matched references from the population. Trajectories of SA/DP were identified with group-based trajectory modelling. Multinomial logistic regressions were estimated for associations between identified trajectories and occupations. Results: Increase of SA/DP over time was observed in all occupational groups, in both PwMS and references, with higher levels of SA/DP among PwMS. The lowest levels of SA/DP were observed among managers. Three trajectory groups of SA/DP were identified: Persistently Low (55.2%), Moderate Increasing (31.9%) and High Increasing (12.8%). Managers and those working in Science & Technology, and Economics, Social & Cultural were more likely to belong to the Persistently Low group. Conclusion: Results suggest that type of occupation plays a role in the level and course of SA/DP.

Purpose The sustainable employability of healthcare professionals in aged care is under pressure, but research into the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving employees' sustainable employability is scarce. This review therefore aimed to investigate the effectiveness of workplace interventions on sustainable employability of healthcare professionals in aged care. Methods A systematic literature search was performed. Studies were included when reporting about the effect of an intervention at work in an aged care setting on outcomes related to one of the three components of sustainable employability (i.e. workability, vitality, employability). The methodological quality of each study was assessed and a rating system was used to determine the level of evidence. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was performed, accounting for the match between the intervention's focus and the targeted component of sustainable employability. Results Current review includes 32 interventions published between 1996 and 2019. Interventions covered learning and improving skills, changing the workplace, and exercising or resting. The initial analysis showed a strong level of evidence for employability and insufficient evidence for workability and vitality. The sensitivity analysis revealed strong evidence for the effectiveness of interventions addressing either employability or workability, and insufficient evidence for vitality. Conclusions Evidence for workplace interventions on sustainable employability of healthcare professionals in aged care differed. We found strong evidence for effects of workplace interventions on employability and for those directly targeting workability. Evidence for effects of interventions on vitality was insufficient. The alignment of the interventions to the targeted component of sustainable employability is important for effectiveness.

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the association between sustained smoking and quitting with work-related outcomes among older workers. Methods We categorized a sample of older employees into non-smokers, sustained smokers and quitters. Multivariable regression models were used to test longitudinal associations of sustained smoking and smoking cessation with sickness absence, productivity loss and work ability. Results We included 3612 non-smokers, 673 sustained smokers and 246 quitters. Comparing sustained smokers to non-smokers, we found higher (but not statistically significant) sickness absence for sustained smokers [1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) − 0.16–2.17]. We did not find differences in productivity loss (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.60–1.13) and work ability (0.05, 95% CI −0.05–0.15). For employees with a relatively high physical health at baseline, comparing quitters to sustained smokers, we found higher (but not statistically significant) productivity loss for quitters (OR 2.23, 95% CI 0.94–5.31), and no difference in sickness absence (0.10, 95% CI − 2.67–2.87), and work ability (− 0.10, 95% CI − 0.36–0.16). For employees with a relatively low physical health at baseline, comparing quitters to sustained smokers, we found a statistically significant lower work ability (− 0.31, 95% CI − 0.57–0.05), and no difference in sickness absence (2.53, 95% CI − 1.29–6.34) and productivity loss (OR 1.26, 95% CI 0.66–2.39). Conclusions We found no evidence that sustained smokers have less favorable work-related outcomes than non-smokers or that quitters have more favorable work-related outcomes than sustained smokers. The benefits of smoking cessation for employers might take a longer time to develop.

Contains fulltext : 228177.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Objectives: The demographic changes in Europe underline the need for an extension of working lives. This study investigates the importance of physical work demands and psychosocial work factors for working beyond the state pension age (65 years). Methods: We combined data from three cohorts of the general working population in Denmark (DWECS 2005 and 2010, and DANES 2008), where actively employed workers aged 55-59 years replied to questionnaires about work environment and were followed until the age of 66 years in the Danish AMRun register of paid employment. Using logistic regression analyses, we calculated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between physical and psychosocial work factors and working beyond state pension age, adjusted for age, sex, cohort, cohabiting, sector, income, vocational education, working hours, lifestyle, and previous sickness absence. Results: Of the 2884 workers aged 55-59 years, 1023 (35.5%) worked beyond the state pension age. Higher physical work demands was associated with a lower likelihood (PR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58-0.82) and a good psychosocial work environment was associated with higher likelihood (average of 7 items: PR 1.81, 95% CI 1.49-2.20) of working beyond state pension age. Stratified analyses did not change the overall pattern, ie, a good overall psychosocial work environment - as well as several specific psychosocial factors - increased the likelihood of working beyond state pension age, both for those with physically active and seated work. Conclusion: While high physical work demands was a barrier, a good psychosocial work environment seems to facilitate working beyond state pension age, also for those with physically active work. 7 p.

Background This individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis aimed to investigate socioeconomic inequalities in effectiveness on healthy behavior of, and compliance to, workplace health promotion programs. Methods Dutch (randomized) controlled trials were identified and original IPD were retrieved and harmonized. A two-stage meta-analysis was conducted where linear mixed models were performed per study (stage 1), after which individual study effects were pooled (stage 2). All models were adjusted for baseline values of the outcomes, age and gender. Intervention effects were assessed on physical activity, diet, alcohol use, and smoking. Also, we assessed whether effects differed between participants with low and high program compliance and. All analyses were stratified by socioeconomic position. Results Data from 15 studies (n = 8709) were harmonized. Except for fruit intake (beta: 0·12 [95% CI 0·08 0·15]), no effects were found on health behaviors, nor did these effects differ across socioeconomic groups. Only participants with high compliance showed significant improvements in vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and in more fruit and less snack intake. There were no differences in compliance across socioeconomic groups. Conclusions Workplace health promotion programs were in general not effective. Neither effectiveness nor compliance differed across socioeconomic groups (operationalized by educational level). Even though stronger effects on health behavior were found for participations with high compliance, effects remained small. The results of the current study emphasize the need for new directions in health promotion programs to improve healthy behavior among workers, in particular for those in lower socioeconomic position.

AimThis study summarised available evidence on the association between early and on-time retirement, compared with continued working, and mortality. Moreover, this study investigated whether and to what extent gender, adjustment for demographics and prior health status influence this association.MethodsA systematic literature search of longitudinal studies was conducted. A qualitative analysis of the included studies was performed, followed by a meta-regression analysis to assess the influence of gender, prior health and demographics. Random-effects models were used in a meta-analysis to estimate the pooled effects for relevant subgroups identified in the meta-regression.ResultsIn total, 25 studies were included. Adjustment for prior health and demographics influenced the association between retirement and mortality (pConclusionEarly retirement was not associated with a higher risk of mortality. On-time retirement was associated with a higher risk of mortality, which might reflect the healthy worker effect. It is important to consider information on prior health and demographics when studying the association between retirement and mortality to avoid biased findings.

Purpose The Stress-Prevention@Work implementation strategy has been demonstrated to be successful in reducing stress in employees. Now, we assess the economic return-on-investment to see if it would make for a favourable business case for employers. Methods Data were collected from 303 health-care workers assigned to either a waitlisted control condition (142 employees in 15 teams) or to Stress-Prevention@Work (161 employees in 15 teams). Main outcome was productivity losses measured using the Trimbos and iMTA Cost questionnaire in Psychiatry. Measurements were taken at baseline, 6, and 12 months post-baseline. Results The per-employee costs of the strategy were €50. Net monetary benefits were the benefits (i.e., improved productivity) minus the costs (i.e., intervention costs) and were the main outcome of this investment appraisal. Per-employee net benefits amounted to €2981 on average, which was an almost 60-fold payout of the initial investment of €50. There was a 96.7% likelihood for the modest investment of €50 to be offset by cost savings within 1 year. Moreover, a net benefit of at least €1000 still has a likelihood of 88.2%. Conclusions In general, there was a high likelihood that Stress-Prevention@Work offers an appealing business case from the perspective of employers, but the employer should factor in the additional per-employee costs of the stress-reducing interventions. Still, if these additional costs were as high as €2981, then costs and benefits would break even. This study was registered in the Netherlands National Trial Register, trial code: NTR5527.

To provide: (a) an overview of interventions aimed at improving mental health of student or novice nurses; and (b) an evaluation of their effectiveness on dropout-related outcomes.Systematic review.Research papers published between January 1971-February 2019 were identified from the following databases: Embase, Medline, PsycInfo, CINAHL, ERIC, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.We followed the procedures recommended by the Editorial Board of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. We included peer-reviewed articles with a quantitative research design, examining interventions aimed at improving mental health of student and novice nurses and their effect on dropout-related outcomes. The large variation in studies prohibited statistical pooling and a synthesis without meta-analysis of studies was performed.We identified 21 studies with three areas of focus: managing stress or stressors (N = 4); facilitating the transition to nursing practice (N = 14); and a combined approach (N = 3). Five studies showed a statistically significant effect on dropout-related outcomes. The overall risk of bias was high.A wide range of interventions are available, but the evidence for their effectiveness is limited. There is a need for high-quality studies in this field, preferably with a randomized controlled design.目的: 提供：（a）旨在改善学生或新手护士心理健康的干预措施概述；（b）评估其对辍学相关结果的有效性。 设计: 系统评估。 数据源: 1971年1月至2019年2月之间发表的研究论文来自以下数据库：Embase、Medline、PsycInfo、CINAHL、ERIC、科克伦图书馆（Cochrane Library），科学网（Web of Science）和谷歌学术（Google Scholar）。 评估方法: 我们遵循了科克伦协作回顾评述小组（Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group）编辑委员会推荐的程序。我们纳入了具有定量研究设计的同行评审文章，研究了旨在改善学生和新手护士心理健康及其对辍学相关结果影响的干预措施。研究中的巨大差异无法进行统计汇总，采用了无荟萃分析研究的综合。 结果: 我们确定了21个研究，重点关注三个领域：管理压力或压力源（N = 4）；促进向护理实践的过渡（N = 14）；以及组合方法（N = 3）。五项研究表明，与辍学相关的结果在统计上具有显著影响。总体偏倚风险很高。 结论: 干预措施的种类很多，但其有效性的证据有限。这一领域需要高质量的研究，最好采用随机对照设计。.

Purpose This study describes the development of an evidence-based intervention to create a supportive work environment for employees with chronic conditions. Occupational physicians (OPs) play an important role in guiding organizations in this process of organizational change. Supportive work environments can aid in preventing work-related problems and facilitate sustainable employment. Current workplace interventions for employees with chronic conditions are mainly focused on return to work or a reduction in sick leave at the individual worker’s level. This study contributes to the literature an organizational-level intervention which utilizes a preventive approach. Methods Intervention mapping (IM) is a six-step, structured protocol that was used to develop this intervention. In step 1, a needs assessment was conducted to define the problem and explore the perspectives of all stakeholders involved. The program outcomes and the performance objectives of employees with chronic conditions and occupational physicians were specified in step 2. In step 3, appropriate methods and practical applications were chosen. Step 4 describes the actual development of the intervention, consisting of (1) a training for occupational physicians to teach them how to guide organizations in creating a supportive work environment; (2) a practical assignment; and (3) a follow-up meeting. The intervention will be implemented in a pilot study in which occupational physicians will put their acquired knowledge and skills into practice within one of their organizations, which is delineated in step 5. Conclusions IM proved to be a valuable and practical tool for the development of this intervention, aiming to facilitate sustainable employment for employees with chronic conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10926-020-09885-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Purpose The sustainable employability of healthcare professionals in aged care is under pressure, but research into the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving employees’ sustainable employability is scarce. This review therefore aimed to investigate the effectiveness of workplace interventions on sustainable employability of healthcare professionals in aged care. Methods A systematic literature search was performed. Studies were included when reporting about the effect of an intervention at work in an aged care setting on outcomes related to one of the three components of sustainable employability (i.e. workability, vitality, employability). The methodological quality of each study was assessed and a rating system was used to determine the level of evidence. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was performed, accounting for the match between the intervention’s focus and the targeted component of sustainable employability. Results Current review includes 32 interventions published between 1996 and 2019. Interventions covered learning and improving skills, changing the workplace, and exercising or resting. The initial analysis showed a strong level of evidence for employability and insufficient evidence for workability and vitality. The sensitivity analysis revealed strong evidence for the effectiveness of interventions addressing either employability or workability, and insufficient evidence for vitality. Conclusions Evidence for workplace interventions on sustainable employability of healthcare professionals in aged care differed. We found strong evidence for effects of workplace interventions on employability and for those directly targeting workability. Evidence for effects of interventions on vitality was insufficient. The alignment of the interventions to the targeted component of sustainable employability is important for effectiveness.

The Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health (SJWEH) has a strong reputation in publishing high quality studies using quantitative research methods in the field of occupational health. Studies using qualitative research methods, however, are rarely published in the Journal. In this editorial, we explain how qualitative studies can contribute to the field of occupational health research and to SJWEH’s aim to promote high quality and impactful research in the field of occupational and environmental health and safety and increase knowledge through scientific publications. SJWEH has its origin in occupational medicine, toxicology and epidemiology, providing answers to questions about causal mechanisms between workplace exposures and health (1). The impact of these causes in the environment on health can be quantified in occupational epidemiological studies. Addressing environmental causes to improve health requires collective action of the (work) environment. Over the years, the field of occupational health – as well as the Journal – has broadened its focus to capture the complex relationship between the larger work environment and health in general (2). The multitude of etiologies of current occupational and environmental health problems requires more complex interventions (3). Studying the impact of human behavior and its interaction with the environment became more important (4). Insights from social sciences are indispensable to understanding human behavior, for example, studying the eating habits of shift workers (5). With this broader focus, research designs other than quantitative ones have emerged, such as qualitative research designs. With its interpretative and inductive approach, qualitative research is aimed at understanding people’s experiences, behaviors and interactions by interpreting a subjective and constructed reality, while quantitative research is aimed at investigating and explaining phenomena, assuming an objective reality (6–10). Qualitative research can provide insights about new phenomena, experiences or processes. Furthermore, qualitative research is valuable when the aim is to describe the larger social context in relation to the topic of interest (6). For example, qualitative research could aid in better understanding how workers with, eg, cancer or chronic conditions are successful in staying at or returning to work (11–15). Experience and interpretation of symptoms and limitations can provide information on a wide range of barriers and facilitators of working with chronic conditions that are difficult to capture in quantitative data. Such data can only be retrieved from an in-depth analysis of processes and context. To better understand the potential of qualitative research, it is helpful to reflect on its historical development, which Pertti Alasuutari comprehensively described (16). Qualitative research developed from an interpretative approach that has its roots in philosophy, anthropology and history and goes back to the nineteenth century (6). Sociologists were the first to systematically apply an interpretative approach for the purpose of scientific research (16). Until then, positivism was the dominant paradigm in science, including in sociology (16, 17). Positivism is a philosophical theory positing that knowledge is derived from empiricism by taking a reductionist approach (17). In a reductionist approach, (social) reality is reduced to causal chains of predefined variables that are fit into models. Max Weber (1864–1920) was one of the key pioneers of sociology who criticized positivism in sociology (16). His research focused on norms and values. He proposed an interpretative understanding of actions rather than taking a reductionist or deterministic approach. This is what is now referred to as qualitative research. An interpretative approach is useful to generate new theory. From the above, it may seem as if the positivism paradigm is used in quantitative research only, but that is not true. Although the inductive approach is most often used in qualitative research, qualitative designs can also be applied to test existing theory by applying a more deductive than inductive approach to verify or falsify theory. Different study designs can provide complimentary perspectives. Qualitative research is the best choice when the context and its complex interactions with human behavior play an essential role in the studied phenomenon, for example, to understand the nature of relationships between events in their social or economic context or to explore different experiences (eg, 10–13). Qualitative research designs are needed to capture elements that cannot (yet) be captured in numbers but are essential to a better understanding. A mixed-methods design, in which quantitative and qualitative research methods inform and complement each other, has the potential to combine the best of both worlds (eg, 14,18). For SJWEH, high external validity – generalizability to other contexts – is an important indicator of quality and a strong determinant of acceptance for publication. As qualitative studies aim for a rich description of a specific context, generalization is not an aim of high quality qualitative research. For qualitative studies, external validity depends on transferability to another context. Elements of transferability are the description of the context for the purpose of transferability, a maximum variation in the sample, and comparison with literature (19). In essence, transferability relates to how the knowledge generated in qualitative studies contributes to a better understanding of how the (work) environment affects health. This may comprise new insights into needs or experiences of workers who are facing new problems (eg, 11), perceived barriers related to a complex process (eg, 12), or a better understanding of why a workplace intervention was not as successful as expected (eg, 15). So how to compose a high quality manuscript of a qualitative study? Not surprisingly, many criteria for high quality studies are similar for both types of research designs, although the operationalization differs. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) 32-item checklist was developed as a qualitative counterpart of the CONSORT statement for quantitative studies (20). The COREQ32 checklist aims to improve the quality of reporting of qualitative studies, and strives for greater recognition of qualitative research to be considered as equal to quantitative research (20). The checklist consists of 32 criteria relating to (i) research team and reflexivity; (ii) study design; and (iii) analysis and findings. Adhering to this guideline is strongly recommended as it will likely increase the methodological quality of a manuscript. Following are five recommendations for a qualitative study to be published in the Journal. - In qualitative designs, researchers are much more involved with the participants. A reflection on how the involvement of the researchers, based on their personal characteristics might have influenced the results should be included in the manuscript. - In the introduction, a case should be made for why qualitative research was the most appropriate route to answer the research question. For example, explain why it is important that we know experiences of professionals about return to work of cancer patients (11). Describe how this will contribute to what is already known. - In the methods section, the theoretical framework, setting and recruitment of participants and analyses should be carefully described. It is important to keep in mind that most readers of SJWEH will likely have more experience with quantitative than qualitative research designs. Checks and balance ensuring a high quality procedure should be included, for example: a dual coding procedure in which two researchers have coded transcripts independently to prevent bias; a clear description of how the codes were categorized into themes, or a member check to ensure the participants supported the summary of the interviews in which they took part. - In the discussion section, a case should be made for how the findings of the study can be transferred to other contexts and how they generally improve the understanding of phenomena in the field of occupational health research. - Apply the COREQ32 checklist to your qualitative study (20). We warmly invite you to submit your high quality manuscripts with a qualitative research design to SJWEH! References 1. Härmä M. Trends and success stories in research on occupational and environmental health [editorial]. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2020;46(1):1-4. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3870 2. Härmä M, Viikari-Juntura E, O’Donoghue-Lindy L. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health: 40 years of innovative research with societal impact in the field of occupational health [editorial]. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2015; 41(5):421-4. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3516 3. Oakman J, Neupane S, Proper KI, Kinsman N, Nygård CH. Workplace interventions to improve work ability: A systematic review and meta-analysis of their effectiveness. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2018;44(2):134-146. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3685 4. Bültmann U, Siegrist J. Handbook of work disability and health. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75381-2 5. Souza RV, Sarmento RA, de Almeida JC, Canuto R. The effect of shift work on eating habits: a systematic review. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2019;45(1):7-21. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3759 6. Flick U. The nature of qualitative research. In: An introduction to qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; 2014. p 3-25. 7. Fossey E, Harvey C, McDermott F, Davidson L. Understanding and evaluating qualitative research. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002;36(6):717-32. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01100.x 8. Gelo O, Braakmann D, Benetka G. Quantitative and qualitative research: beyond the debate. Integr Psychol Behav Sci. 2008;42(3):266-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-008-9078-3 9. Kuper A, Reeves S, Levinson W. An introduction to reading and appraising qualitative research. BMJ. 2008;337:a288. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a288 10. Moser A, Korstjens I. Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 1: Introduction. Eur J Gen Pract. 2017;23(1):271-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375093 11. Lamort-Bouché M, Péron J, Broc G, Kochan A, Jordan C, Letrilliart L, Fervers B, Fassier JB; FASTRACS Group. Breast cancer specialists’ perspective on their role in their patients’ return to work: A qualitative study. 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Aust B, Nielsen MB, Grundtvig G, Buchardt HL, Ferm L, Andersen I, Lund TL, Jelle MO, Andersen MF, Hansen JV, Tverborgvik T, Helverskov T, Bjorner JB, Rugulies R, Ørbæk P, Winzor G, Bültmann U, Poulsen OM. Implementation of the Danish return-to-work program: process evaluation of a trial in 21 Danish municipalities. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2015;41(6):529-41. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3528 16. Alasuutari, P. The rise and relevance of qualitative research. Int J Social Res Methodol. 2010;13(2):139-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570902966056 17. Ritzer G, Stepnisky J. Sociological theory. SAGE Publications; 2017. 18. Clausen T, Madsen IE, Christensen KB, Bjorner JB, Poulsen OM, Maltesen T, Borg V, Rugulies R. The Danish Psychosocial Work Environment Questionnaire (DPQ): Development, content, reliability and validity. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2019;45(4):356-369. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3793 19. Polit DF, Beck CT. 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Contains fulltext : 654093-20200429110909-9101436535ea94435ac7ed2.32111418.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Purpose: To identify distinct groups of older multiple job holders and to explore health differences between these groups. Methods: We selected respondents from STREAM, a Dutch cohort study among persons aged 45 years and older, who reported having multiple jobs (N = 702). We applied latent class analysis to identify groups of multiple job holders. The association between these groups and health, measured with the SF-12, was studied cross-sectionally and longitudinally (1 year of follow-up), using linear regression analyses. Results: Four groups of older multiple job holders were identified: (1) a vulnerable group (N = 145), who preferred having one job, and had jobs with high demands and low resources; (2) an indifferent group (N = 134), who did not experience many benefits or disadvantages of multiple job holding (MJH); (3) a satisfied hybrid group, who were all self-employed in their second job (N = 310); and (4) a satisfied combination group, who all had a second job as an employee (N = 113). Both the satisfied hybrid and satisfied combination groups preferred MJH and experienced benefits of it. At baseline, the vulnerable group experienced significantly lower physical and mental health than the other groups. We found no significant differences regarding changes in health after 1 year. Conclusions: Four groups of older multiple job holders could be distinguished. The vulnerable group experienced lower physical and mental health at baseline than the other three groups. Policies and interventions supporting vulnerable multiple job holders may need to be developed. Future research is recommended to take heterogeneity among multiple job holders into account. 13 p.

Contains fulltext : 207937.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Working while having a chronic condition can be challenging. Self-control at work could play an important role for workers with a chronic condition in sustainable work participation. The aim of this qualitative synthesis is to profile elements of self-control at work and to gain insight in its exertion, from the perspective of workers with a chronic condition. Four databases were systematically searched for relevant articles from January 2007 to October 2017 (PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and CINAHL). Search terms were related to work, seven prevalent chronic conditions, subjective needs to continue working, and qualitative research. The included articles were thematically analyzed using ATLAS.ti. The search yielded 6,445 articles of which 17 studies were included. Four elements of self-control at work for workers with a chronic condition were identified: disclosure, finding a healthy balance, requesting work accommodations and support, and management of symptoms and limitations in the workplace. These elements of self-control at work for workers with a chronic condition are helpful in developing a strategy for occupational health professionals to support these workers in strengthening their self-control and to facilitate sustainable employment. 16 p.

Background Population ageing, an emphasis on home-based care of palliative patients and policies aimed at prolonging participation in the labour market are placing a growing demand on working family caregivers. This study aimed to provide insight into experiences with combining paid work and family care for patients at the end of life, factors facilitating and hindering this combination, and support needs. Method Semi-structured interviews were held between July 2018 and July 2019 with 18 working family caregivers of patients with a life-threatening illness who were living at home. Transcripts were analysed following the principles of thematic analysis. Results Some family caregivers could combine paid work and family care successfully, while this combination was burdensome for others. Family caregivers generally experienced a similar process in which four domains — caregiver characteristics, the care situation, the work situation and the context — influenced their experiences, feelings and needs regarding either the combination of paid work and care or the care situation in itself. In turn, experiences, feelings and needs sometimes affected health and wellbeing, or prompted caregivers to take actions or strategies to improve the situation. Changes in health and wellbeing could affect the situation in the four domains. Good health, flexibility and support at work, support from healthcare professionals and sharing care tasks were important in helping balance work and care responsibilities. Some caregivers felt ‘sandwiched’ between work and care and reported physical or mental health complaints. Conclusions Experiences with combining paid work and family care at the end of life are diverse and depend on several factors. If too many factors are out of balance, family caregivers experience stress and this impacts their health and wellbeing. Family caregivers could be better supported in this by healthcare professionals, employers and local authorities.

Contains fulltext : 231385.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Aim: Intervention mapping (IM) is a method to systematically design interventions that is applied regularly within the public health domain. This study investigates whether IM is effectively used within the occupational safety and health domain as well. Specifically, this study explores the relation between the fidelity regarding the use of the IM protocol for intervention development, the implementation process and the effectiveness of the occupational risk prevention and health promotion interventions. Methods: A systematic review was conducted including articles on development, implementation, and effects of occupational risk prevention and health promotion interventions that were developed according to the IM-protocol. By means of a checklist, two authors reviewed the articles and rated them on several indicators regarding the fidelity of the IM-protocol, the implementation process, and the intervention effect. Results: A literature search resulted in a total of 12 interventions as described in 38 articles. The fidelity to the IM-protocol was relatively low for participation throughout the development process and implementation planning. No relationship was found between fidelity of the IM-protocol and the intervention effect. A theory-based approach (as one of the core elements of IM) appears to be positively related to a successful implementation process. Conclusion: Results of the review suggest that organizing a participative approach and implementation planning is difficult in practice. In addition, results imply that conducting matrices of change objectives as part of the intervention development, although challenging and time-consuming, may ultimately pay off, resulting in a tailored intervention that matches the target group. 19 p.

Item does not contain fulltext Door de recente verhoging van de AOW-leeftijd in Nederland is een nieuwe groep ontstaan: de betaald werkenden tussen de oude AOW-leeftijd van 65 jaar en de nieuwe AOW-leeftijd, de '65-pre-AOW'ers'. In een eerste kenschets van deze groep vergelijken wij hun werk- en individuele kenmerken met die van de 61-64-jarige werkers, de '61-64'ers', en de werkers boven de nieuwe AOW-leeftijd, de ‘post-AOW'ers'. In 2019 verschaften 764 61-70-jarige deelnemers aan de voor Nederland representatieve Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam gegevens over sociaal-demografische kenmerken, financiële situatie, gezondheid, werkcapaciteit en werkkenmerken. Het aandeel werkenden verschilde duidelijk naar leeftijd: 67% bij de 61-64'ers, 48% bij de 65-pre-AOW'ers en 16% bij de post-AOW'ers. Ook het gemiddeld aantal werkuren per week verschilde en bedroeg 31, 27 respectievelijk 18 uren. Voor de werkende 61-64'ers en 65-pre-AOW'ers was hun financiële situatie een belangrijke drijfveer om door te werken. De werkende 61-64'ers en 65-pre-AOW'ers hadden minder gezondheidsbeperkingen dan de werkende post-AOW'ers, maar de werkende post-AOW'ers rapporteerden een hogere werkcapaciteit. De werkende 65-pre-AOW'ers vormden een minderheid van hun leeftijdsgenoten. Om te bevorderen dat meer mensen tot de AOW-leeftijd doorwerken, zeker aangezien deze hoger wordt, zouden de arbeidsomstandigheden beter aangepast moeten worden aan de werkcapaciteit in deze leeftijdsgroep. 24 p.

Contains fulltext : 232800.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether workplace health promotion programs improve self-perceived health of employees with a low socioeconomic position (SEP), and whether differential effects exist between individuals with a low SEP for gender, marital status or age. Individual participant data from six Dutch intervention studies aiming at promoting healthy behavior and preventing obesity in the work setting, with a total of 1906 participants, were used. The overall intervention effect and interaction effects for gender, marital status and age were evaluated using two-stage meta-analyses with linear mixed regression models. In the first stage effect sizes of each study were estimated, which were pooled in the second stage. Compared to control conditions, workplace health promotion programs did not show an overall improvement in self-perceived health of employees with a low SEP (ß0.03 (95%CI: -0.03 to 0.09)). Effects did not differ across gender, marital status and age. Future research could be focused on the determinants of self-perceived health next to health behavior to improve the health of employees with a low SEP. 7 p.

This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the association between self-reported sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk among men and women corporate executives and investigate potential lifestyle, work- and stress-related mediators thereof.Self-reported sleep duration and lifestyle, occupational, psychological and measured anthropometrical, blood pressure (BP) and blood marker variables were obtained from health risk assessment data of 3583 corporate executives. Sex-stratified regression analyses investigated the relationships between occupational and psychological variables with self-reported sleep duration, and sleep duration with individual cardiometabolic risk factors. Mediation analyses investigated the effects of work, psychological and lifestyle factors on the relationships between self-reported sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors, as well as a continuous cardiometabolic risk score calculated from the sum of sex-stratified z-standardized scores of negative fasting serum HDL, and positive plasma Glu, serum TG, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic BP.Longer work hours and work commute time, depression, anxiety and stress were associated with shorter sleep duration in both men and women (all p 0.05). Shorter sleep duration was associated with higher BMI, larger waist circumference and greater cardiometabolic risk scores in both men and women (all p 0.05), higher diastolic BP in men (p 0.05) and lower HDL cholesterol in women (p 0.05). Physical activity, working hours and stress significantly mediated the relationships between self-reported sleep duration and BMI, waist circumference, diastolic BP and cardiometabolic risk score in men only.In these corporate executives, shorter self-reported sleep duration is associated with poorer psychological, occupational and cardiometabolic risk outcomes in both men and women. Given that physical activity, working hours and stress mediate this association among the men, the case for sleep health interventions in workplace health programmes is warranted.

Contains fulltext : 231582.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Background: Dropout in later years of the nursing degree programme involves lost investment and is a particular problem for both students and educators. Reasons for late dropout seem to be related to the work and learning environment of the clinical placement. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between psychosocial work characteristics and distress and intention to leave nursing education among third-year nursing students. Design: A prospective cohort study. Setting A Bachelor of Nursing programme of a University of Applied Sciences in [name country]. Participants: 363 third-year nursing students. Methods: Baseline and one-year follow-up measurements were used from a prospective cohort study. Third-year nursing students were invited annually in May between 2016 and 2018. Psychosocial work characteristics were psychological demands, supervisor and co-worker support, and acts of offensive behaviour. Logistic regression analyses were used to build multivariate models. Results: Frequent exposure to violence (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.29-4.92) was univariately associated with distress. In the multivariate model for distress, psychological demands (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.05-2.52) and frequent exposure to violence (OR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.48-6.19) were associated with distress. Supervisor support (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.36-0.80) and co-worker support (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.24-0.72) were negatively associated with intention to leave (i.e. were protective) in the univariate model. In the adjusted multivariate model, only co-worker support (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.25-0.97) was a protective factor for an intention to leave. Conclusion: Psychological demands and frequent exposure to violence are risk factors for distress, and co-worker support is a protective factor reducing the intention to leave nursing education in the last stage of the programme. Improving the psychosocial working climate of nursing students may reduce the intention to leave at a late stage in nursing education, and hence actual late dropout. 8 p.

Background Working with a chronic condition can be challenging. Providing support to workers with a chronic condition can help them to stay at work and prevent work-related problems. Workers with a chronic condition who successfully stay at work can provide valuable input for the development of effective supportive interventions to prevent exit from work and facilitate sustainable employment. The aim of this study is to explore the lived experiences of workers with a chronic condition and identify existing barriers, facilitators and possible support needs for staying at work. Methods Four focus groups were conducted between August and December 2017 with workers with one or more chronic conditions (n = 30). Participants included employees and (partially) self-employed workers. All focus group data were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed. Results Disclosure and expressing one’s needs were considered important personal facilitators for staying at work. Environmental facilitators included receiving practical information on working with a chronic condition and social and employer support. Environmental barriers were identified in the work environment, the health care system and service provision, e.g., manager and co-worker’s lack of knowledge about working with a chronic condition, a lack of focus on work in the course of treatment for a chronic condition, dissatisfaction with occupational physician support, and the absence of support for self-employed workers. Provided support should be available to all workers, and be proactive and tailored to the workers’ specific support needs. Conclusions A variety of facilitators, barriers and support needs were identified in various domains. By addressing environmental barriers (e.g., by integrating work in the course of treatment and creating supportive work environments), sustainable employment by workers with a chronic condition can be promoted.

Contains fulltext : 216607.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Aims: This study explored differences in determinants (i.e. health-related, work-related and social factors) of voluntary early retirement between older workers with and without chronic diseases in Denmark. Methods: Workers aged 56–64 years who were members of a voluntary early retirement scheme were selected from the Danish National Working Environment Survey (2008–2009) and were followed in a public register for four years. Cox regression analyses were performed separately for older workers with and without chronic disease to identify the associations between determinants and voluntary early retirement. To explore the differences between groups, an interaction term between the determinant and having a chronic disease was included in the analyses for the total population. Results: Among 1861 eligible older workers, determinants associated with a higher risk of voluntary early retirement included poorer self-rated health, more depressive symptoms, a higher physical workload, lower job satisfaction and lower influence at work. For older workers with a chronic disease (n=1185), the presence of work–family conflict was also associated with a higher risk of voluntary early retirement, whereas for those with no chronic disease (n=676), a poorer relationship with colleagues was an additional determinant. Higher emotional demands, a higher work pace and higher quantitative demands were not significantly associated with voluntary early retirement for either group. None of the interaction terms was found to be statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: Determinants associated with voluntary early retirement did not significantly differ between older workers with or without a chronic disease in Denmark. We conclude that several health-related, work-related and social factors are important for prolonged labour force participation of older workers (with and without a chronic disease). 10 p.

Background Workers with a low socioeconomic position (SEP) have a higher risk for health problems and premature dropout from the workforce. Unfavorable working conditions and unhealthy behaviors are more prevalent among this group of workers. The Participatory Approach (PA), is an evidence-based method to identify and solve problems at the workplace related to health issues of the worker. Health problems among workers with a low SEP are usually caused by an interplay of problems in and outside the workplace. To solve health problems on multiple life domains for workers with a low SEP we aim to adapt this approach to a broader perspective. Methods An Intervention Mapping (IM) protocol was used to adapt the PA. First, a needs assessment was conducted combining literature with data from interviews and focus groups with workers with a low SEP, employers and occupational health professionals (OHPs). Based on the needs assessment a program goal and performance and change objectives were defined, which resulted in methods and practical strategies to solve problems on multiple life domains. Based on the results of these steps, the PA was adapted and an implementation and evaluation plan were developed. Results The needs assessment confirmed that an interplay of problems on multiple life domains affect work functioning and health of workers with a low SEP. Moreover, they perceived difficulties with solving problems or used passive or avoidant coping styles towards these problems. The program goal is to identify and solve problems on multiple life domains that affect healthy functioning at work. To achieve this workers need support from OHPs to solve problems. The PA protocol and materials were adapted using theoretical concepts of the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), which resulted in the Grip on Health intervention. For OHPs a training was developed on how to implement this intervention in practice. The intervention will be evaluated in a pilot implementation study among workers with a low SEP and other relevant stakeholders. Conclusions IM was a valuable tool for the adaptation of the PA to better support workers with a low SEP to improve their work functioning and health from a broader perspective.

Policies to extend working lives often do not take into account potentially important health inequalities arising from differences in occupational exposures. Little is known about which occupational exposures are associated with these inequalities. This study aims to examine differences in life expectancy without and with disability by occupational exposures. Longitudinal data (1992&ndash, 2016) on disability and physical and psychosocial work demands and resources of 2513 (former) workers aged &ge, 55 years participating in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam were used. Gender specific life expectancies without and with disability by occupational exposures were calculated using multistate survival models. Women aged 55 years with high physical work demands had a lower life expectancy without disability than those with low exposure (1.02&ndash, 1.57 years), whereas there was no difference for men. Men and women with high psychosocial work demands and resources had a longer life expectancy without disability than those with low exposure (1.19&ndash, 2.14 years). Life expectancy with disability did not significantly differ across occupational exposures. Workers with higher psychosocial demands and resources and lower physical demands can expect to live more disability-free years. Information on occupational exposure helps to identify workers at risk for lower life expectancy, especially without disability, who may need specific support regarding their work environment.

Contains fulltext : 222429.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) This individual participant data meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of workplace health promotion programmes on body mass index (BMI) across socio-economic groups and whether study and intervention characteristics explained inequalities in effectiveness. Studies were eligible if they assessed the effect of a workplace health promotion programme on BMI in the Netherlands, included workers of at least two different socio-economic positions (SEPs) and had a study design with premeasurement and postmeasurement and control condition. Data of 13 studies presenting 16 interventions (5183 participants) were harmonized. In a two-stage meta-analysis, the interaction between intervention and SEP on BMI was tested with linear mixed models for each study. Subsequently, the interaction terms were pooled. The influence of study and intervention characteristics on the effectiveness of workplace health promotion programmes was evaluated using meta-regression analyses. Compared with control conditions, workplace health promotion programmes overall showed a statistically non-significant 0.12 kg/m2 (95% CI: -0.01, 0.25) decrease in BMI, which did not differ across SEP. Interventions evaluated within randomized controlled trials, agentic interventions, those that focused on high-risk groups, included a counselling component, consisted of more than five sessions, or were offered at the individual level did statistically significantly reduce BMI. No evidence was found for intervention-generated SEP inequalities. 13 p.

Contains fulltext : 222437.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) 4 p.

Objectives Evidence on the effect of smoking on sickness absence could guide workplace smoking cessation interventions and encourage employers to promote smoking cessation among their employees. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize evidence on the association between smoking and sickness absence and determine whether there are differences in this association for study design, methodology, and sample characteristics. Methods We searched for studies that reported on smoking status and sickness absence, used empirical data, were published in a peer-reviewed journal in the last 25 years, and written in English. We conducted pooled analyses in which uni-and multivariate generalized linear regression models were applied. Results After screening 2551 unique records, 46 articles from 43 studies were included, of which 33 studies (with 1 240 723 participants) could be included in the pooled analyses. Smoking was associated with an 31% increase in risk of sickness absence compared to non-smoking (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–39). We did not find statistically significant different effect sizes for study location, gender, age, occupational class, study design, assessment of sickness absence, short-versus long-term sickness absence, and adjustment for relevant confounders. Furthermore, smoking was associated with 2.89 more sickness absence days per year compared to non-smoking (95% CI 2.08–3.70). Conclusions We found robust evidence showing that smoking increases both the risk and number of sickness absence days in working populations, regardless of study location, gender, age, and occupational class. Encouraging smoking cessation at the workplace could therefore be beneficial for employers and employees.

ObjectivesSeveral governments have taken measures to encourage prolonged working. It is therefore likely that older adults with a chronic disease are required to work longer in poor self-perceived health (SPH) than before. This study examines to what extent working life expectancy (WLE) in good and poor SPH changed between 1992 and 2016 in workers with a chronic disease from age 55 years onwards.MethodsThree cohorts (1992, 2002 and 2012) of workers with a chronic disease aged 55–65 years were selected from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam with a 3-year follow-up each (n=705). A three-state survival model was estimated, modelling transitions between states ‘working with good SPH’, ‘working with poor SPH’ and ‘exit from work’. WLEs were estimated using Multistate Modelling and Estimating Life Expectancies using Continuous Time in R.ResultsOf the workers with a chronic disease, total WLEs at age 55 years were 5.2, 5.7 and 6.8 years in cohorts 1992, 2002 and 2012, respectively. Workers initially having poor SPH, had total WLE of 4.7 years of which 2.4 years in poor SPH in cohort 1992. These workers had total WLE of 5.2 years of which 3.3 years in poor SPH in cohort 2002, and total WLE of 6.5 years of which 3.6 years in poor SPH in cohort 2012.ConclusionsWorkers with a chronic disease extended their working lives by approximately 18 months from 1992 to 2016. In the first decade, unhealthy WLE increased, whereas in the second decade, healthy WLE increased, among both workers in general and workers initially having poor SPH.

Purpose In our ageing workforce, the increasing numbers of employees with chronic diseases are encouraged to prolong their working lives. It is important to prevent health deterioration in this vulnerable group. This study aims to investigate whether work characteristics predict health deterioration over a 3-year period among employees with (1) chronic diseases, and, more specifically, (2) musculoskeletal and psychological disorders. Methods The study population consisted of 5600 employees aged 45–64 years with a chronic disease, who participated in the Dutch Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation (STREAM). Information on work characteristics was derived from the baseline questionnaire. Health deterioration was defined as a decrease in general health (SF-12) between baseline and follow-up (1–3 years). Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate prediction of health deterioration by work characteristics. Subgroup analyses were performed for employees with musculoskeletal and psychological disorders. Results At follow-up, 19.2% of the employees reported health deterioration (N = 1075). Higher social support of colleagues or supervisor predicted health deterioration in the crude analyses in the total group, and the groups with either musculoskeletal or psychological disorders (ORs 1.11–1.42). This effect was not found anymore in the adjusted analyses. The other work characteristics did not predict health deterioration in any group. Conclusions This study did not support our hypothesis that work characteristics predict health deterioration among employees with chronic diseases. As our study population succeeded continuing employment to 45 years and beyond, it was probably a relatively healthy selection of employees.

AIM: The ageing society and recent policy changes may lead to an increase of older workers with chronic diseases in the workforce. To date, it is unclear whether workers with chronic diseases have specific needs while employed. The aim of this study is to explore the differences in determinants of working until retirement compared to a reference group who have transitioned to early retirement among workers with and without chronic diseases.METHODS: Dutch workers aged 57-62 years ( n = 2445) were selected from an existing prospective cohort study, 'STREAM'. The potential determinants were categorized into: individual, health, work-related and social factors. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between these determinants and working until retirement - once for workers with and once for those without chronic diseases. To test differences, we included an interaction term between the determinant and the covariate 'having a chronic disease yes/no' in the analyses of the total population.RESULTS: In total, 1652 (68%) persons were employed from 2011 to 2013. The majority of the determinants appeared to be similar for workers with or without a chronic disease; the interaction terms for these determinants and the covariate 'having a chronic disease' showed a p-value higher than 0.05, except for one individual factor (i.e. mastery) and one work-related factor (i.e. autonomy), which showed a p-value below 0.05. Higher mastery and higher autonomy were statistically significantly associated with working until retirement for those with chronic diseases, whereas they were not for those without chronic diseases.CONCLUSIONS: Differences between workers with and without chronic diseases may exist for working until a statutory retirement age. Interventions aimed at encouraging work participation of older workers should make a distinction between the two groups. Autonomy at work and mastery were found to be factors that may promote work participation until higher age, specifically for older workers with chronic diseases.

Exit from work leads to different effects on health, partially depending on the socioeconomic status (SES) of people in the work exit. Several studies on the effects of exit from work on health across socioeconomic groups have been performed, but results are conflicting. The aim of this review is to systematically review the available evidence regarding the effects of exit from work on health in high and low socioeconomic groups. A systematic literature search was conducted using Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and PsycINFO. Search terms related to exit from work, health, SES and design (prospective or retrospective). Articles were included if they focused on: exit from work (early/statutory retirement, unemployment or disability pension); health (general, physical or mental health and/or health behaviour); SES (educational, occupational and/or income level); and inclusion of stratified or interaction analyses to determine differences across socioeconomic groups. This search strategy resulted in 22 studies. For general, physical or mental health and health behaviour, 13 studies found more positive effects of exit from work on health among employees with a higher SES compared to employees with a lower SES. These effects were mainly found after early/statutory retirement. In conclusion, the effects of exit from work, or more specific the effects of early/statutory retirement on health are different across socioeconomic groups. However, the findings of this review should be interpreted with caution as the studies used heterogeneous health outcomes and on each health outcome a limited number of studies was included. Yet, the positive effects of exit from work on health are mainly present in higher socioeconomic groups. Therefore, public health policies should focus on improving health of employees with a lower SES, in particular after exit from work to decrease health inequalities.

Purpose Unfavourable exposure to psychosocial work factors threatens older employees’ mental health, and their sustained employment. This study assesses whether an improved compared to stable unfavourable and stable favourable exposure to psychosocial work factors is associated with a change in mental health in older employees at 3-year follow-up. Methods The current study used data from the Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation (STREAM), in workers aged 45–65 years (n = 5249). Two-year (2010–2012) exposure was assessed for psychological demands, autonomy, support, mental load, and distributive justice. Linear regression analyses were performed to compare improved exposure to unfavourable psychosocial work factors with stable unfavourable and stable favourable exposure and mental health at follow-up (2013), corrected for confounders. Analyses were stratified for age groups (45–54 and 55–65 years) and gender. Results In certain subgroups, stable unfavourable exposure to psychological demands, autonomy, support, and distributive justice was associated with a significantly lower mental health score than improved exposure. Stable favourable exposure to support was associated with a higher mental health score than improved support, whereas stable favourable exposure to autonomy was associated with a lower mental health score compared to improved exposure. Conclusions There is a longitudinal association between changes in exposure to psychosocial work factors and mental health. Improvement in unfavourable exposure to psychosocial work factors was associated with improved mental health. This is important information for organisations that consider deploying measures to improve the psychosocial work environment of older workers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00420-017-1261-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.