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Introduction: Treating venous leg ulcers involves replacing dressings and applying compression bandages (CB). The technique for applying these bandages set out in the best practice guidelines shows nurses how to achieve the required level of pressure. Considerable differences have been observed between these guidelines and the actual application of CB. Methodology: An observational study combining a quantitative and a qualitative component was conducted to analyze CB application and explore the elements taken into account by nurses when they perform this procedure. Results: For the 261 patients included in the study, 27% of CB were applied as described in the guidelines. The main difference was that the heel was not included in the bandage in 48% of patients. The freelance nurses interviewed reported taking patient views into account in order to encourage adherence. Discussion: The nursing knowledge identified from the nurse interviews was compared to Carper’s “Patterns of Knowing” classification. It would seem that Carper’s empirical knowledge is not the only “pattern of knowing” taken into consideration. Patient involvement in the choice of CB application technique, which could be likened to Carper’s “esthetic knowledge,” helps guide nursing practice.

ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the level of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection in socially deprived neighbourhoods after the first wave of the pandemic, and to identify factors associated with seropositivity.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingThree socially deprived neighbourhoods of the city of Perpignan, in the south of France, where large settled Roma communities live.ParticipantsPeople aged 6 years old or over, living in the study area. 700 people were included in the study using two-stage stratified sampling design.InterventionsThe study included a questionnaire and SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing by the Roche Elecsys immunoassay between 29 June and 17 July 2020.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence was estimated from weighted data. Associated factors and reported symptoms were investigated using univariable and multivariable logistic regressions.ResultsThe seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 35.4% (95% CI 30.2% to 41.0%). People aged 15–64 years old had increased odds of being seropositive than those aged 65 years or over. Obese people had higher odds of being seropositive (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.0, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.8). The odds of being seropositive were higher in households with clinical COVID-19 cases (one case: aOR=2.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.0; several cases: aOR=6.9, 95% CI 3.1 to 15.2). In the neighbourhood with the highest measured seroprevalence, people living in a dwelling with one to two rooms had higher odds of being seropositive than those living in a four-room house (aOR=2.8, 95% CI 1.2 to 6.3). Working during the lockdown was associated with lower odds of being seropositive (aOR=0.2, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.0).ConclusionTransmission of SARS-COV-2 in this vulnerable population was very high during the COVID-19 pandemic’s first wave. Our results highlight the need to strengthen and adapt preventive measures taking into account all social determinants of health, especially housing conditions.

Introduction: Treating venous leg ulcers involves replacing dressings and applying compression bandages (CB). The technique for applying these bandages set out in the best practice guidelines shows nurses how to achieve the required level of pressure. Considerable differences have been observed between these guidelines and the actual application of CB. Methodology: An observational study combining a quantitative and a qualitative component was conducted to analyze CB application and explore the elements taken into account by nurses when they perform this procedure. Results: For the 261 patients included in the study, 27% of CB were applied as described in the guidelines. The main difference was that the heel was not included in the bandage in 48% of patients. The freelance nurses interviewed reported taking patient views into account in order to encourage adherence. Discussion: The nursing knowledge identified from the nurse interviews was compared to Carper’s “Patterns of Knowing” classification. It would seem that Carper’s empirical knowledge is not the only “pattern of knowing” taken into consideration. Patient involvement in the choice of CB application technique, which could be likened to Carper’s “esthetic knowledge,” helps guide nursing practice.

La reconnaissance des maladies professionnelles donne lieu, en France, a une procedure - administrative et souvent judiciaire - complexe et longue que les employeurs savent utiliser pour echapper aux incidences financieres de la prise en charge. Le contentieux dit de l’inopposabilite, ici analyse, met en evidence le caractere inadapte du dispositif juridique quand la lesion prend la forme d’un cancer, en raison d’une part du delai qui separe les expositions et la survenance de la maladie, d’autre part des trajectoires professionnelles morcelees. Ce contentieux, qui tend a mettre a l’ecart les salaries, interroge le lien voulu par le legislateur francais entre reparation et prevention. Il invite a reflechir sur l’etendue de l’irresponsabilite construite par le legislateur francais au profit des employeurs et appelle une reforme.

International audience; Yeast lees influence the organoleptic properties of wines by increasing their sweet taste. This effect is in part due to the protein Hsp12p, which is regulated by different stress response pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This work investigated the genetics and environmental factors influencing the expression level of the HSP12 gene in an enological context. RT-qPCR confirmed that the HSP12 expression level is regulated by temperature change and ethanol content during the alcoholic fermentation but not by the sugar content. Moreover, this gene shows an important variation according to the yeast strain used. For the first time yeast strain is demonstrated to play an important role in the perception of sweetness in red wine due to post-fermentation lees autolysis. Interestingly, a correlation between the expression level of HSP12 and the sweetness perception was found using yeast strains of different origins. All of the findings provide new insights on the contribution of yeast to wine taste.

International audience; Quantitative genetics and QTL mapping are efficient strategies for deciphering the genetic polymorphisms that explain the phenotypic differences of individuals within the same species. Since a decade, this approach has been applied to eukaryotic microbes such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae in order to find natural genetic variations conferring adaptation of individuals to their environment. In this work, a QTL responsible for lag phase duration in the alcoholic fermentation of grape juice was dissected by reciprocal hemizygosity analysis. After invalidating the effect of some candidate genes, a chromosomal translocation affecting the lag phase was brought to light using de novo assembly of parental genomes. This newly described translocation (XV-t-XVI) involves the promoter region of ADH1 and the gene SSU1 and confers an increased expression of the sulfite pump during the first hours of alcoholic fermentation. This translocation constitutes another adaptation route of wine yeast to sulfites in addition to the translocation VIII-t-XVI previously described. A population survey of both translocation forms in a panel of domesticated yeast strains suggests that the translocation XV-t-XVI has been empirically selected by human activity.

Objective The presentation describes the design and the main functionalities of the software developed to support the data management and data analysis of the French syndromic surveillance system. Introduction The French syndromic surveillance system SurSaUD® was set up by the French institute for public health surveillance (InVS) in 2004. The system is based on three main data sources: 1/the attendances in the Emergency departments (ED), 2/the consultations to emergency General Practitioners’ associations SOS Médecins 3/the mortality data from civil status offices and e-certificates. In 2012, 400 of the 710 ED and 59 of the 62 GP’s associations are involved in the system. 80% of the national mortality is also collected. Given this large database and the need to analyze data in a short delay to reach the early warning objective of the system, a specific software has been developed. Methods The application has been designed in order to support the users with automatised process of the three main following steps: Data integration in a database, data management and the control of data quality transmitted by the providersThe statistical analysis of the data, according to different demographic, geographic and syndromic criteria. Individual and aggregated data are consultated using reporting tools (graphs and tables).The output and reporting for decision makers and feedback for data providers through epidemiological bulletins and dashboards. Each night, XML files containing data recorded during the previous day are sent from the ED and GP’s association SOS Médecins to InVS. All files are automatically integrated in the national database. A data quality process is done to check the completeness and the validity of the transmitted data. The data are managed by aggregating by age groups, syndromes, by day and ED or association. After the data management, bulletins and dashboards are automatically generated. Those Word® documents contain graphs, tables or maps with the most recent data. This functionality allows producing already formatted documents, including an updated overview of the health situation of the previous days. Through those documents available at 10:30 AM every day, the epidemiologists can analyse, add comments of the results and publish their bulletins in a short delay. The users can also consult aggregated data through a BI tool to have a more in-depth analysis of the public health. Such tool can also support the investigation of abnormal signals. Results Sursaud software is a login and password-protected and secured internet web site. Since its deployment in 2010, about 300 users have had an access to the software and 25% are data providers. In August 2012, almost 35,000 new patients are daily caught by the system and nearly 50 millions of patients are recorded in the database since 2004. To analyse data, the diagnosis coded either in ICD10 for ED visits or with specific thesaurus for GP’s calls are pre-aggregated in about 200 syndromes covering a large part of the medical diagnosis and call reasons collected in the system. 22 age groups are also available with a focus on the most frailty population, like the youngest and the elderly. Finally, various geographic levels can be chosen, from the local ED or association to the national level. An average of 25 bulletins or dashboards is daily produced by the software and about 10,000 documents have been produced since the deployment. They support the analysis of general overviews of population health or are focused on the surveillance of specific health situations, such as epidemics, emergent pathologies or exceptional events (disasters, mass gatherings,…) Conclusions The software is a fundamental support for the French syndromic surveillance system. A new version is being developed in order to add improvements and integrate the mortality data. The deployment of this second version is expected in 2013.

We consider the problem of estimating life expectancy of demented and institutionalized subjects from interval-censored observations. A mixed discrete-continuous scheme of observation is a classical pattern in epidemiology because very often clinical status is assessed at discrete visit times while times of death or other events can be exactly observed. In this work, we jointly modelled dementia, institutionalization and death from data of a cohort study. Due to discrete time observations, it may happen that a subject developed dementia or was institutionalized between the last visit and the death. Consequently, there is an uncertainty about the precise number of diseased or institutionalized subjects. Moreover, the time of onset of dementia is interval censored. We use a penalized likelihood approach for estimating the transition intensities of the multi-state model. With these estimators, incidence and life expectancy can be computed easily. This approach deals with incomplete data due to the presence of left truncation and interval censoring. It can be generalized to take explanatory variables into account. We illustrate this approach by applying this model to the analysis of a large cohort study on cerebral ageing.

Après contamination expérimentale du miel, les staphylocoques pathogènes ne survivent, en moyenne, que 20 jours, constatation qui confirme la renommée du miel du point de vue de sa salubrité., Tysset Camille, Durand C. De la survie de quelques Microccocaceae dans les miels du commerce. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 129 n°1, 1976. pp. 145-149.

Le miel n’étant pas doué d’un pouvoir bactéricide mais bactériostatique les bactéries ne se multiplient pas lorsqu'il est entreposé dans une enceinte climatisée (10° C), mais leur élimination est longue, pouvant dépasser plus de 2 ans pour certains écotypes. Aussi la recherche de certains germes, notamment des Salmonelles est-elle indispensable., Tysset Camille, Durand C. De la survie de quelques entérobactéries dans le miel stocké dans une enceinte réfrigérée à + 10° C. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 129 n°4, 1976. pp. 417-422.

Tysset Camille, Durand C. De la survie de quelques germes à Gram négatif, non sporulés, dans les miels du commerce. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 126 n°4, 1973. pp. 191-196.

Survival time of mycobacterium spp. was controlled in honey, by culture and challenge of guinea-pigs with infected honeys. Survival times were : 67 days for Myc. tuberculosis hominis, 77 days for Myc. tuberculosis bovis, 71 days for Myc. tuberculosis avium. They were much shorter for «Atypical Mycobacteria» : 26 days for Myc. chelonei and 17 days for Myc. phlei. Honey can be contaminated by bees drinking water in infected places, especially around hospitals, or by infected bee-keepers handlings. Investigation of mycobacteria in honey should be carried out in this case, for public health protection., La durée de survie des mycobactéries a été recherchée dans le miel, par la mise en culture et l’inoculation au cobaye des miels infectés. Elle est de 67 jours pour Myc. tuberculosis hominis, 77 jours pour Myc. tuberculosis bovis, 71 jours pour Myc. tuberculosis avium. Elle est nettement inférieure pour les «mycobactéries atypiques» : 26 jours pour Myc. chelonei et 17 jours pour Myc. phlei. Le miel peut être pollué par des abeilles qui s’alimentent aux points d’eau infectés, en particulier aux alentours des centres hospitaliers, ou par les manipulations d’apiculteurs éventuellement porteurs de germes. La -recherche des mycobactéries dans le miel est alors nécessaire pour la protection de la santé publique., Tysset Camille, Haas P., Durand Cécile, Lebert F. De la survie de quelques mycobactéries dans les miels du commerce conservés à la température ambiante. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 132 n°3, 1979. pp. 447-452.

Tysset Camille, Rousseau M., Durand C., Pantaléon . La présence des streptocoques du groupe D de Lancefield chez les abeilles butineuses saines (Alpis Mellifica L.). L’interprétation de leur présence en bactériologie alimentaire. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 122 n°5, 1969. pp. 173-186.

After 150 years of industrial activity, significant pollution of surface soils in private gardens and locally produced vegetables with lead, cadmium, and arsenic has recently been observed in Viviez (Southern France). A public health intervention was conducted in 2008 to identify individual health risks of Viviez inhabitants and to analyze their environmental exposure to these pollutants. Children and pregnant women in Viviez were screened for lead poisoning. Urinary cadmium testing was proposed to all inhabitants. Those with urinary cadmium levels over 1 μg/g creatinine were then tested for kidney damage. Urinary cadmium and arsenic levels were compared between participants with non-occupational exposure from Viviez and Montbazens, a nearby town not exposed to these two pollutants, in order to identify environmental factors contributing to impregnation. No case of lead poisoning was detected in Viviez, but 23 % of adults had urinary cadmium over 1 μg/g creatinine, 14 % of whom having markers of kidney damage. Viviez adults had higher levels of urinary cadmium, and to a lesser extent, higher levels of urinary arsenic than those from Montbazens. Consumption of local produce (vegetables and animals) and length of residence in Viviez were associated with higher urinary cadmium levels, independently of known confounding factors, suggesting persisting environmental exposure to contaminated soil. To conclude, health risks related to cadmium exposure were identified in the Viviez population living on contaminated soils. Lead and arsenic exposure did not pose health concerns. Interventions were proposed to reduce exposure and limit health consequences.