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5. Advanced Methodology for Emulating Local Operating Conditions in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.

Author

Cornet, Marine, Morin, Arnaud, Poirot-Crouvezier, Jean-Philippe, and Bultel, Yann

Subjects
ELECTRIC batteries, SURFACE area, IMPEDANCE spectroscopy, RESEARCH personnel, HUMIDITY
Abstract

This work focuses on the study of operating heterogeneities on a large MEA's active surface area in a PEMFC stack. An advanced methodology is developed, aiming at the prediction of local operating conditions such as temperature, relative humidity and species concentration. A physics-based Pseudo-3D model developed under COMSOL Multiphysics allows for the observation of heterogeneities over the entire active surface area. Once predicted, these local operating conditions are experimentally emulated, thanks to a differential cell, to provide the local polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectra. Coupling simulation and experimental, thirty-seven local operating conditions are emulated to examine the degree of correlation between local operating conditions and PEMFC cell performances. Researchers and engineers can use the polarization curves and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy diagrams to fit the variables of an empirical model or to validate the results of a theoretical model. Dataset:  https://doi.org/10.57745/YLCIPH. Dataset License: CC0 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. Anode defects' propagation in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells stack.

Author

Bultel, Yann, Bas, Corine, Dubelley, Florence, Micoud, Fabrice, Nayoze-Coynel, Christine, and Rosini, Sébastien

Subjects
*MANUFACTURING cells, *MANUFACTURING defects, *DYNAMIC loads, *FUEL cells, *POLYMERIC membranes, *ANODES
Abstract

This paper investigates how cell manufacturing defects can propagate within healthy areas of the same cell or to adjacent cells within a stack. To do so, a defective stack is assembled on the basis of 30 cells without defect and 5 defective cells with controlled lack of anode catalyst layer. The analysis of the degradation rate showed that the adjacent cells to the defective cells are the ones whose performance degraded the fastest, which implies that the presence of defects within the stack induces a propagation of the performance decrease. Post-mortem analyses are performed in the vicinity of the anode defect in the adjacent cell and highlight a significant degradation of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) inducing hydrogen leakages through the membrane. The propagation of the degradation of the membrane in the surroundings of the anode defect to the adjacent cell can be discussed based on the stack design and operating conditions. [Display omitted] • Fuel Cell Dynamic Load Cycle endurance test of a fuel cell stack with a cell manufacturing defect. • Anode catalyst defect propagation to adjacent cells in a stack. • Higher performance degradation rate for adjacent cells to the defect. • Membrane thinning is likely governed by the local operation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Three-Dimensional Modeling of Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolysis: A Two-Phase Flow Approach.

Author

Tardy, Erwan, Bultel, Yann, Druart, Florence, Bonnefont, Antoine, Guillou, Melaine, and Latour, Benoit

Subjects
*THREE-dimensional modeling, *ION-permeable membranes, *GREEN fuels, *ELECTROLYSIS, *GAS distribution, *HYDROGEN production, *TWO-phase flow
Abstract

Anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) are attracting growing interest as a green hydrogen production technology. Unlike proton exchange membrane (PEM) systems, AEMWEs operate in an alkaline environment, allowing one to use less expensive, non-noble materials as catalysts for the reactions and non-fluorinated anion exchange polymer membranes. However, the performance and stability of AEMWEs strongly depend on the alkaline electrolyte concentration. In this work, a three-dimensional multi-physics model considering two-phase flow effects is applied to understand the impact of KOH electrolyte concentration and its flow rate on AEMWE performance, as well as on the current and gas volume fraction distributions. The numerical results were compared to experimental data published in the literature. For current densities above 1 A/cm2, a strongly non-uniform H2 and O2 gas volume distribution could be evidenced by the 3D simulations. Increasing the KOH electrolyte flow rate from 10 to 100 mL/min noticeably improves cell performance for current densities above 1 A/cm2. These results show the importance of accounting for the three-dimensional geometry of an AEMWE and two-phase flow effects to accurately describe its operation and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Aging in First and Second Life of G/LFP 18650 Cells: Diagnosis and Evolution of the State of Health of the Cell and the Negative Electrode under Cycling.

Author

Wheeler, William, Venet, Pascal, Bultel, Yann, Sari, Ali, and Riviere, Elie

Subjects
NEGATIVE electrode, CELLULAR evolution, REMAINING useful life, VALUE (Economics), LITHIUM-ion batteries
Abstract

Second-life applications for lithium-ion batteries offer the industry opportunities to defer recycling costs, enhance economic value, and reduce environmental impacts. An accurate prognosis of the remaining useful life (RUL) is essential for ensuring effective second-life operation. Diagnosis is a necessary step for the establishment of a reliable prognosis, based on the aging modes involved in a cell. This paper introduces a method for characterizing specific aging phenomenon in Graphite/Lithium Iron Phosphate (G/LFP) cells. This method aims to identify aging related to the loss of active material at the negative electrode (LAMNE). The identification and tracking of the state of health (SoH) are based on Incremental Capacity Analysis (ICA) and Differential Voltage Analysis (DVA) peak-tracking techniques. The remaining capacity of the electrode is thus evaluated based on these diagnostic results, using a model derived from half-cell electrode characterization. The method is used on a G/LFP cell in the format 18650, with a nominal capacity of 1.1 Ah, aged from its pristine state to 40% of state of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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17. Performance evaluation of the Anion exchange membrane based Water electrolysis

Author

Panda, Ronit-Kumar, Serre, Guillaume, Fouda-Onana, Frederic, Bultel, Yann, Schott, Pascal, Département de l'électricité et de l'hydrogène dans les transports (DEHT), Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux (LITEN), Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ARC-Nucleart CEA Grenoble (NUCLEART), IEEE, and European Project: 875118,H2020-JTI-FCH-2019-1,NEWELY

Subjects
[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation
Abstract

International audience; Anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis is the process for hydrogen generation using electricity. In this article, a 1D steady state model was introduced and elaborated to determine the performance of the AEM Electrolyser. In particular, the role of addition of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) and its overall impact on the Multiphysics phenomenon inside the membrane electrode assembly was investigated. The simulation and experiments showed a significant reduction of the ion exchange / transport, ionic resistance as well as an improvement of the reaction kinetics at the electrodes upon addition of KOH to the pure water feedstock. The modelling efforts also resulted in a better understanding of the several Multiphysics phenomena that account for the kinetics and mass-transfer losses in the electrolyser. In particular, we also assess the fluid, geometric and flow parameters for the AEM electrolyser and the extent of their impact on the device performance.

Published
2022
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19. Optimisation de la répartition d eau, de température et de courant dans les piles à combustible de type PEM

Author

Cornet, Marine, Bultel, Yann, Morin, Arnaud, Poirot, Jean-Philippe, Schott, Pascal, Département de l'électricité et de l'hydrogène dans les transports (DEHT), Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux (LITEN), Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Electrochimie Interfaciale et Procédés (EIP), Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces (LEPMI), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
[SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering
Abstract

International audience

Published
2022

23. Anode Defects’ Propagation to the Electrolyte and Catalyst Layers in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Author

Salah, Touhami, primary, Crouillere, Marie, additional, Mainka, Julia, additional, Dillet, Jérôme, additional, Nayoze-Coynel, Christine, additional, Bas, Corine, additional, Dubau, Laetitia, additional, El Kaddouri, Assma, additional, Dubelley, Florence, additional, Micoud, Fabrice, additional, Chatenet, Marian, additional, Bultel, Yann, additional, and Lottin, Olivier, additional

Published
2022
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24. Modelling of the anion exchange membrane based water electrolysis

Author

Panda, Ronit-Kumar, Serre, Guillaume, Schott, Pascal, Bultel, Yann, Département de l'électricité et de l'hydrogène dans les transports (DEHT), Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux (LITEN), Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Electrochimie Interfaciale et Procédés (EIP), Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces (LEPMI), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation
Abstract

International audience; Anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis is the method of hydrogen generation with an Anion Exchange Membrane, using electricity. One of the major advantages of AEM water electrolysis is the replacement of conventional noble metal electrocatalysts with low-cost transition metal catalysts. This device have been modelled in the code MePHYSTO-WE developed by CEA LITEN for the simulation of the electrolyzer performances. The model structure is based on the Bond Graph theory, in which each transport block is represented by a resistive element and each balance block is represented by a capacitive element. The developed multiphysics model for this device also incorporates the transport of liquid water and gaseous products through the porous layers.The equations were solved in MATLAB/ SIMULINK. Finally, the sensitivity analysis incorporates an evaluation and optimisation of the model geometry, operating temperature, concentration of the electrolyte fed into the device and internal characteristics such as porosity and tortuousity of the electrodes and membrane thickness. The main advantage of the model is the assessment of the phenomenon resulting in performance loss of the device , investigating the pH gradient and role of electrolyte concentration on operation as well as understanding the Schroeder paradox for its role on membrane water transport and assessing the key parameters to achieve the desired electrolyser performance. In terms of fabrication of components we also assess the role of membrane and catalyst size and the impact of ionomer content in the membrane and catalysts on the performance.

Published
2022

27. Anode defects’ propagation in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Author

Touhami, Salah, primary, Crouillere, Marie, additional, Mainka, Julia, additional, Dillet, Jérôme, additional, Nayoze-Coynel, Christine, additional, Bas, Corine, additional, Dubau, Laetitia, additional, El Kaddouri, Assma, additional, Dubelley, Florence, additional, Micoud, Fabrice, additional, Chatenet, Marian, additional, Bultel, Yann, additional, and Lottin, Olivier, additional

Published
2022
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29. Investigation of liquid water heterogeneities in large area PEM fuel cells using a two-phase flow multiphysics model

Author

Tardy, Erwan, Poirot, Jean-Philippe, Schott, Pascal, Morel, Christophe, Serre, Guillaume, Bultel, Yann, Département de l'électricité et de l'hydrogène dans les transports (DEHT), Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux (LITEN), Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Electrochimie Interfaciale et Procédés (EIP), Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces (LEPMI), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), PHELMA Grenoble/Institut Polytechnique, CEA, Contributeur MAP, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.MECA.THER] Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, [PHYS.MECA.THER]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], [PHYS.MECA.MEFL] Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [INFO.INFO-MO] Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power
Abstract

International audience; The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is a promising candidate for many applications particular-ly for the transportation in order to decarbonize this sector. Of the barriers, cost and durability represent two of the most significant challenges to achieving clean, reliable and cost-effective fuel cell systems. Proper management of the liquid water and heat produced in PEM fuel cells remains crucial to increase both its performance and durability. Indeed, large liquid water and temperature variations in the cell may accelerate long-term structural problems until irreversible degradation such as membrane micro-cracks (see ref.). A two-phase flow model of a large surface PEM fuel cell is developed with the commercial COMSOL Mul-tiphysics® software using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The model considers the cell as a multilayered system where each layer is accurately in-plane discretized to allow the simulation of local thermodynamics heterogeneities with a reasonable computing time. The numerical results are compared to experimental liquid water measurement obtained from neutron imaging tests in several operating conditions. According to the good agreement, the model is used to predict the distributions of current density, species concentra-tions, water content, etc. in all the components of the cell, while taking into account the real flow-field de-signs. Figure 1 shows the liquid water thickness (a) and the saturation (b) for a dedicated 3 cells stack exper-imentally tested for a high power automotive (Table 1). It appears that the liquid water accumulates at the anode Gas Diffusion Electrode (GDE) on the edges (dark red zone in Figure 1), inducing higher local current density and higher liquid water saturation in the external cathode channels, due to no-proper water convec-tion by hydrogen gas (no anode channel in front of these zones).

Published
2021

31. Defect propagation at the anode in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Author

Touhami, Salah, Crouillere, Marie, Barboza-da-silva, Helen, Mainka, Julia, Dillet, Jérôme, Nayoze-Coynel, Christine, Bas, Corine, Dubau, Laetitia, Kaddouri, Assma El, Dubelley, Florence, Druart, Florence, CAUFFET , GILLES, Chatenet, Marian, Rosini, Sébastien, Bultel, Yann, Micoud, Fabrice, Lionel, Flandin, Chadebec, Olivier, Lottin, Olivier, Laboratoire Énergies et Mécanique Théorique et Appliquée (LEMTA ), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Genèse et Usage d'Interfaces Durables pour l'Energie (GUIDE), Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces (LEPMI), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), G2Elab-Electronique de puissance (G2Elab-EP), Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux (LITEN), Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Electrochimie Interfaciale et Procédés (EIP), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Charvin, Nicolas

Subjects
[SPI.MAT] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials
Abstract

International audience; Defaults propagation in Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEA) of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) was investigated through an Accelerated Stress Test (AST) consisting load (and thus potential) cycling, load driven RH cycling and Open Circuit Voltage. Customized MEA without and with several defects at the anode Catalyst Layer (CL), i.e. lack or over thickness, at two different locations (near the hydrogen inlet or near the hydrogen outlet) were fabricated and subjected to the AST. Electrochemical characterization was performed periodically using a segmented cell which allows to follow the evolution of the cell performance, as well as anode and cathode and ElectroChemical Surface Area (ECSA) over the test period with a spatial resolution along the gas channels. The primary results indicate a significant impact of the default on the aging rates in all cases, as well as a significant impact on the default location in the case of the MEA with a default of the anode CL near the hydrogen inlet: we observed a default propagation along the hydrogen flow direction monitored through the evolution of local ECSA and its standard variation between the beginning and the end of the test. The segments neighboring the defect seemed more affected than the others. No significant impact was evidenced however when the default was located near the anode outlet. These observations were completed by post-mortem analysis of the membrane following the AST: the MEA with a lack of anode CL evidenced thinning of the PFSA layer on the cathode side near the location of the default.

Published
2021

32. Modeling of the two-phase transport in PEM fuel cell

Author

Tardy, Erwan, Poirot, Jean-Philippe, Schott, Pascal, Morel, Christophe, Serre, Guillaume, Chandesris, Marion, Bultel, Yann, Département de l'électricité et de l'hydrogène dans les transports (DEHT), Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux (LITEN), Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Electrochimie Interfaciale et Procédés (EIP), Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces (LEPMI), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, [PHYS.MECA.THER]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation
Abstract

International audience; The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is a promising candidate for many applications, either stationary or transportation. Of the many barriers, cost and durability represent two of the most significant challenges to achieving clean, reliable and cost-effective fuel cell systems. Effective management of the liquid water and heat produced in PEM fuel cells remains crucial to increase both its performance and durability. Indeed, significant liquid water and temperature variations over the cell surface area and among the cells may accelerate long-term structural problems such as micro-cracks in the membrane.A two-phase multi-component model of a PEM fuel cell is developed. The model considers the cell as a multilayered system and each layer is accurately in-plane discretized to allow the simulation of local temperature and species heterogeneities, including liquid water. The objective of the model is the prediction of the distributions of current density, species concentrations, water content and temperature in all the components of the cell, while taking into account the real flow-field designs. The model can be compared to experimental temperature and current density data and liquid water measurement obtained from neutron imaging tests in several operating conditions. Currently, the model is starting to deliver some results, which will be analyzed shortly but the calculation time is relatively long. Indeed, the 2-fluid model is complex since the transfer of mass, momentum and energy from one phase to another are implemented in the model. Therefore, it is necessary to find the appropriate closure laws, which are still widely discussed in the literature. In addition, the closure laws have a significant impact on the convergence of the model and the accuracy of the results.

Published
2021

44. A simple model for Vanadium precipitation in vanadium redox-flow batteries

Author

Poulet-Alligand, Killian, Druart, Florence, Deseure, Jonathan, Bultel, Yann, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces (LEPMI ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), PHELMA, Grenoble Institute of Technology, Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Projet-ANR-17-CE05-0023, and AIDIC

Subjects
[CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019
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45. Study of BMS for a Second Life Battery’s Applications

Author

Magne, Nicolas, Lefrou, Christine, Thivel, Pierre-Xavier, Bultel, Yann, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces (LEPMI ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), and Thivel, Pierre Xavier

Subjects
[CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, [CHIM.GENI] Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019

46. Advanced Methodology for Simulating Local Operating Conditions in Large Fuel Cells Based on a Spatially Averaged Pseudo-3D Model

Author

Cornet, Marine, Poirot-Crouvezier, Jean-Philippe, Schott, Pascal, Kawka, Sébastien, Morin, Arnaud, and Bultel, Yann

Abstract

To address the performance and lifetime limitations of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the operating heterogeneities at the cell scale, requiring the test of a wide range of operating conditions. To avoid experimental constraints, numerical simulations seem to be the most viable option. Hence, there is a need for time-efficient and accurate cell-scale models. In this intention, previous works led to the development and the experimental calibration of a pseudo-3D model of a full-size cell in a stack. To further reduce the computation time, a new spatially averaged, multi-physics, single-phase, non-isothermal, steady state pseudo-3D model is developed and calibrated with the results of the preceding model. Particularly, it captures the influence of the coolant on temperature and water mappings in the cell. Moreover, a new methodology is proposed to calibrate the electrochemical cell voltage law for new membrane-electrode assemblies. The emulation of the local operation conditions in large active surface area is realized with a small differential cell, avoiding the testing of large single cells or stacks. Subsequently, simulations are conducted to investigate the impact of the coolant temperature gradient, coolant outlet temperature and gas relative humidity.

Published
2024
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47. Multi-Physics Simulation Framework of Carbon Support Corrosion during Dynamic Startup and Shutdown: Optimization and Mitigation Strategies

Author

Randrianarizafy, Bolahaga, Schott, Pascal, Gérard, Mathias, Bultel, Yann, Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux (LITEN), Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Electrochimie Interfaciale et Procédés (EIP ), Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces (LEPMI ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Bultel, Yann

Subjects
[CHIM] Chemical Sciences, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

The estimation and increase of the lifetime of PEM fuel cell under dynamic conditions is one of a major challenge. Increasing the durability of the fuel cell must be treated by both the development of new material and design but also by optimal strategies and management of the operating conditions of the fuel cell. The startup and shut down phase are important to optimize to reduce the carbon support corrosion [1].x Based on previous development of a multi-physics modeling framework, combining complex transport such as multicomponent transport in porous media and electrochemistry with the use of local conditions for MEA and channel design optimization [2], two 2D multi-physics models (2D model along the channel and 2D model at the rib/channel scale) are updated. The different reactions (hydrogen oxidation reaction, oxygen reduction reaction and the oxidation of the carbon support) are written in the general form [3-4]. The linking of the two models allows to simulate the transient potentials during startup and shutdown phase in two direction (along the channel and in the section of the MEA). In particular, during the injection of hydrogen in the channel, the reverse current mechanisms that accelerate the carbon support corrosion, is directly simulated without hypothesis. The validated models provide in-silico characterization to better explain the reverse current mechanisms and the interactions between the operating conditions of the cell and the local conditions in the catalyst layer. The CO2 concentration at the outlet of the channel is used as an observer to quantify the degradation of the carbon support. In a second step, different mitigation strategies are proposed. In particular, some strategies are studied to limit the high potential during the startup and shutdown phase (influence of the catalyst loading in the anode, external electrical resistance). Other strategies decrease the time during the reverse current mechanism (sensitivity of the hydrogen flow rate during the startup (Fig. sensitivity study of the hydrogen flow rate during startup on the cathodic potential and the CO2 production), design optimization of the rib/channel patern). These different strategies are explained and compared. An improvement of the carbon support corrosion is quantified and can be decreased by 50%. [1] Qiang Shen, Ming Hou, Dong Liang, Zhimin Zhou, Xiaojin Li, Zhigang Shao, and Baolian Yi. Study on the processes of start-up and shutdown in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 189(2):1114–1119, 2009. [2] Bolahaga Randrianarizafy, Pascal Schott, Marion Chandesris, Mathias Gerard, and Yann Bultel. Design optimization of rib/channel patterns in a pemfc through performance heterogeneities modelling. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(18):8907 – 8926, 2018. [3] G. Maranzana, A. Lamibrac, J. Dillet, S. Abbou, S. Didierjean, and O. Lottin. Startup (and shutdown) model for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 162(7):F694–F706, 2015. [4] B. Randrianarizafy. Multi-physics modeling of startup and shutdown of a PEM fuel cell and study of the carbon support degradation: mitigation strategies and design optimization. PhD thesis, Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes, 2018. Figure 1

Published
2019
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48. Editorial: Fuel Cells and Hydrogen: Break-up into the Future

Author

Friedrich, K. Andreas, Yousfi-Steiner, Nadia, Bultel, Yann, Hissel, Daniel, and Turpin, Christophe

Subjects
7th Fundamentals & Developments of Fuel Cells Conference, Elektrochemische Energietechnik
Abstract

keine

Published
2018

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