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1. Long COVID in transgender and gender nonbinary people in the United States

Author

Wirtz, Andrea L, Reisner, Sari L, Cole, S Wilson, Adams, Darya, Davids, JD, Cohen, Alison K, Brown, Carter, Miller, Marissa, and Poteat, Tonia C

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Human Society, Coronaviruses, Health Disparities, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Social Determinants of Health, Sexual and Gender Minorities (SGM/LGBT*), Clinical Research, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, COVID-19, Male, Female, United States, Transgender Persons, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Middle Aged, Young Adult, SARS-CoV-2, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Adolescent, Prevalence, Gender Identity, Aged, Sexual and Gender Minorities, Transgender, post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, Transgender, COVID-19, post-acute COVID-19 syndrome
Abstract

Despite recommendations in the US National Research Action Plan on Long COVID, gender identity is rarely reported in research and surveillance used to guide public health programming and clinical care. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional study of COVID-19 in a nationwide sample of transgender and nonbinary (TNB) people (N = 2,134). Participants were surveyed between June 14, 2021 and May 1, 2022. Data were restricted to 817 participants who reported confirmed or suspected COVID-19 to estimate the prevalence of long COVID, defined as symptoms persisting for ≥ 3 months. Ten percent of participants with a history of COVID-19 reported symptom duration consistent with long COVID, ranging from 4.8% to 12.9% across gender identities. Long COVID was most common in transmasculine and nonbinary people assigned female sex at birth. There was no evidence of an association with reported hormone therapy, supporting current recommendations that prioritize gender-affirming care during treatment for long COVID. As a condition which profoundly impacts health and productivity, long COVID is likely to exacerbate existing disparities. Principles of equity demand that we reduce barriers to prevention, diagnosis, and care for long COVID, and ensure that research and surveillance are inclusive of TNB people and disaggregate findings by gender identity.

Published
2025

2. Promoting HIV, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus Screening Among Migrants With a Language Barrier: Protocol for the Development and Evaluation of an Electronic App (Apidé)

Author

Thonon, Frédérique, Fahmi, Saleh, Rousset-Torrente, Olivia, Bessonneau, Pascal, Griffith, James W, Brown, Carter, Chassany, Olivier, and Duracinsky, Martin

Subjects
Medicine, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7
Abstract

BackgroundLate diagnoses of HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C are important public health problems that affect the population at large and migrants in particular. Missed opportunities of HIV and hepatitis screening are numerous, with language differences being a significant barrier to testing. Several studies have shown that migrants who do not speak the language of the health provider are less likely to get tested, due to health providers’ reluctance to offer a test and to migrants’ reluctance to accept testing. ObjectiveThe aim of our study is to develop a multilingual electronic tool (app) that assists health providers in offering and explaining HIV and hepatitis screenings to migrants with a language barrier and to evaluate its acceptability and impact in terms of public health. MethodsThe study will go through 3 stages: (1) concept development, (2) app development, and (3) app evaluation. A qualitative study has been undertaken to explore language barriers during health care encounters and their effect on communication, specifically when a screening test is offered. In parallel, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to have a comprehensive overlook of electronic tools designed to help health care providers communicate with migrants with a language barrier. To generate a list of items to be translated for inclusion in the app, we will conduct a focus group and Delphi survey. The development of the app will include translation and voice recording of items. The electronic development will also include 3 steps of user testing. The acceptability of the app will be evaluated using the System Usability Scale. Evaluation of the app’s efficacy will consist of a stepped wedge randomized controlled trial. The study will be carried out in 16 centers that treat migrants and offer them screening tests for infectious diseases. The primary outcome is the percentage of screening tests realized. The secondary outcomes are the rate of screening proposal by health professionals, acceptance rate by migrants, number of positive cases using this app, and frequency of use of the app. ResultsThe app evaluation study received a 3-year grant from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche contre le SIDA et les hépatites virales (ANRS) and from the Office Français de l’Immigration et Intégration (OFII). At the time of publication of this protocol, the initial qualitative study and systematic literature review were completed. ConclusionsThis study will develop an app that assists health providers in offering and explaining HIV and hepatitis screenings to migrants with a language barrier and measure its acceptability and effectiveness in terms of public health. When completed, this app could be distributed to numerous professionals carrying out screening with migrant populations in various health care settings. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/22239

Published
2021
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4. ChaRRNets: Channel Robust Representation Networks for RF Fingerprinting

Author

Brown, Carter N., Mattei, Enrico, and Draganov, Andrew

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

We present complex-valued Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for RF fingerprinting that go beyond translation invariance and appropriately account for the inductive bias with respect to multipath propagation channels, a phenomenon that is specific to the fields of wireless signal processing and communications. We focus on the problem of fingerprinting wireless IoT devices in-the-wild using Deep Learning (DL) techniques. Under these real-world conditions, the multipath environments represented in the train and test sets will be different. These differences are due to the physics governing the propagation of wireless signals, as well as the limitations of practical data collection campaigns. Our approach follows a group-theoretic framework, leverages prior work on DL on manifold-valued data, and extends this prior work to the wireless signal processing domain. We introduce the Lie group of transformations that a signal experiences under the multipath propagation model and define operations that are equivariant and invariant to the frequency response of a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter to build a ChaRRNet. We present results using synthetic and real-world datasets, and we benchmark against a strong baseline model, that show the efficacy of our approach. Our results provide evidence of the benefits of incorporating appropriate wireless domain biases into DL models. We hope to spur new work in the area of robust RF machine learning, as the 5G revolution increases demand for enhanced security mechanisms.

Published
2021

5. Captain Joy's Last Voyage: What a whaling captain's logbook can teach us about sperm whales and our oceans

Author

King, Richard, Bansal, Kripa, Hines, Mia, Myers-Brown, Carter, Warner, Finn, Hoffbeck, Mallory, and Kunwar, Karan

Subjects
Sperm whale -- Observations, Oceanography -- History, Ship captains -- Records and correspondence -- Travel, Whaling -- History, Environmental issues, International relations, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

TWO DAYS AFTER SETTING SAIL FROM NEW BEDFORD, Massachusetts aboard the Roman, Captain Robert M. Joy braced his leg against the pounding, rolling of the ship. Sitting in his cabin, [...]

Published
2023

8. A QUICK AND EASY GUIDE TO THE NEW FDII, GILTI, AND 100 PERCENT FOREIGN DRD INTERNATIONAL TAX PROVISIONS OF THE 2017 TAX CUTS AND JOBS ACT.

Author

Burnette-McGrath, Madeleine, DuFresne, Sarah, Muldrew-Mason, Monique, Weaver, Kaden, Brown, Carter, and Sukup, Joseph

Subjects
Foreign source income taxation -- Laws, regulations and rules, Intangible assets -- Taxation, Dividends -- Taxation, Tax deductions -- Laws, regulations and rules, Corporate income taxes -- Laws, regulations and rules, Controlled foreign corporations -- Taxation, Foreign students, Income tax, Taxation, Layoffs, Public enterprises, Stockholders, Tax credits, Foreign corporations, Government regulation, Company dividends, Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C. 245A) (I.R.C. 951A) (I.R.C. 250(b))
Abstract

I. INTRODUCTIONThis article addresses the Foreign Derived Intangible Income (1) (FDII) deduction, the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (2) (GILTI) inclusion and deduction, and the Dividends Received Deduction (3) (DRD) for [...], This article describes three new tax provisions included in the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act: the Foreign Derived Intangible Income (FDII) deduction, the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) inclusion and deduction, and the Dividends Received Deduction (DRD) for Certain Foreign Dividends. Since these provisions are newly enacted, there are few resources available that provide direction on their appropriate application and calculation methodology.The FDII provision allows domestic corporations to deduct 37.5 percent of their 'foreign derived intangible income' from their taxable income. The GILTI provisions impose a tax on United States shareholders for their pro rata share of such United States shareholder's Controlled Foreign Corporations' income. The GILTI rules also provide a substantial deduction if the United States shareholder is a corporation. Further, a new foreign tax credit is available for GILTI-related foreign taxes for taxpayers who qualify. Finally, the Code now includes a Dividends Received Deduction for dividends received by United States corporations that receive equity investment dividends from specified foreign corporations.This article provides charts and outlines describing the appropriate application of the new FDII, GILT1, and foreign DRD provisions. These charts and outlines were developed by international tax students at Ohio Northern University, Pettit College of Law who have extensively studied these new provisions.

Published
2018

10. Interruptions in HIV Prevention and Treatment Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary Adults in the U.S.

Author

Poteat, Tonia C., primary, Wirtz, Andrea L., additional, Adams, Dee, additional, Linton, Sabriya L., additional, Gutierrez, Carmen, additional, Brown, Carter, additional, Miller, Marissa, additional, Rich, Ashleigh J., additional, Williams, Jennifer, additional, Nguyen, Trang Q., additional, and Reisner, Sari L., additional

Published
2023
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15. Development of the Evidence-Informed “OI Splint Kit” for Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Their Families

Author

Addab, Sofia, primary, Thierry, Stephanie, additional, Lafrance, Marie-Elaine, additional, Jeong, Sunny, additional, Brown, Jennifer, additional, Brown, Carter, additional, Plourde, Sylvie-Anne, additional, Gugliotti, Angela, additional, Thorstad, Kelly, additional, Hamdy, Reggie, additional, Rauch, Frank, additional, and Tsimicalis, Argerie, additional

Published
2022
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16. sj-docx-1-phr-10.1177_00333549221138853 – Supplemental material for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Testing Experiences in a Nationwide Sample of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults, June–December 2021

Author

Wirtz, Andrea L., Adams, Dee, Poteat, Tonia C., Beckham, S. Wilson, Miller, Marissa, Brown, Carter, and Reisner, Sari L.

Subjects
111799 Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified, FOS: Health sciences
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-phr-10.1177_00333549221138853 for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Testing Experiences in a Nationwide Sample of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults, June–December 2021 by Andrea L. Wirtz, Dee Adams, Tonia C. Poteat, S. Wilson Beckham, Marissa Miller, Carter Brown and Sari L. Reisner in Public Health Reports

Published
2022
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17. Lucayans use of Rollin's Creek South Barrier Island

Author

Brown, Carter, Elliott, Spencer, Ledingham, Lauren, Porter, Brian, Raber, Katie, Sukup, Joe, Verdier, Eric, Symington, Justin, Berardi, Hannah, and Watson, Bradley

Subjects
ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Poster created by students of The Island School semester research class of Spring 2009

Published
2022
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18. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Testing Experiences in a Nationwide Sample of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults, June–December 2021.

Author

Wirtz, Andrea L., Adams, Dee, Poteat, Tonia C., Beckham, S. Wilson, Miller, Marissa, Brown, Carter, and Reisner, Sari L.

Subjects
PUBLIC health surveillance, COVID-19, HEALTH services accessibility, CONFIDENCE intervals, TRANS women, FOOD security, COVID-19 vaccines, DISCRIMINATION (Sociology), GENDER-nonconforming people, PUBLIC health, REGRESSION analysis, NONBINARY people, HEALTH status indicators, MENTAL health, SEROLOGY, GENDER identity, SURVEYS, RESEARCH funding, INTERSECTIONALITY, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, COVID-19 testing, TRANS men, HOMELESSNESS, DATA analysis software, ADULTS
Abstract

Objectives: COVID-19 surveillance data are rarely collected or disaggregated by gender identity in the United States. We quantified COVID-19 testing experiences and SARS-CoV-2 infection history among transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people to inform testing strategies and public health responses. Methods: From June 14 through December 16, 2021, TGD adults enrolled in a US nationwide online survey with optional SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing. We used multinomial regression analyses to identify correlates of suspected and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (vs no known infection). We identified correlates of inability to access COVID-19 testing when needed using generalized linear models for binomial variables. Results: Participants (N = 2092) reported trans masculine (30.5%), trans feminine (27.3%), and nonbinary (42.2%) gender identities. Ten percent of respondents had a confirmed history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 29.8% had a history of suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nonbinary gender (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.68; 95% CI, 1.12-2.53), experiencing homelessness (aPR = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.05-2.60), and food insecurity (aPR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.03-2.04) were associated with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Food insecurity (aPR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.10-1.72), chronic physical health condition (aPR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.15-1.80), chronic mental health condition (aPR = 3.65; 95% CI, 2.40-5.56), and increased anticipated discrimination scores (aPR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05) were associated with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thirty-four percent (n = 694 of 2024) of participants reported an inability to access COVID-19 testing when needed, which was associated with Latinx or Hispanic ethnicity, inconsistent telephone access, homelessness, disability, and transportation limitations. The majority (79.4%) reported a complete COVID-19 vaccine course at the time of participation. Conclusions: Inclusion of TGD people in public health surveillance and tailored public health strategies to address TGD communities' social and structural vulnerabilities may reduce barriers to COVID-19 testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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20. Our identity shouldn't prevent us from living our American dream.

Author

BROWN, CARTER

Subjects
LGBTQ+ people, AMERICAN Dream, HIGHER education, FAMILIES
Abstract

The article from Seattle Gay News discusses the importance of not letting one's identity hinder them from achieving the American dream. It emphasizes the need for workplaces to have explicit anti-discrimination policies that cover gender and sexual identity, as well as the importance of education and allyship to foster understanding. The article also shares a personal story of workplace discrimination faced by a transgender man, highlighting the impact of discrimination on individuals' lives. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2025

21. The Development of the Evidence-Informed "OI Splint Kit" for Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Their Families.

Author

Addab, Sofia, Thierry, Stephanie, Lafrance, Marie-Elaine, Jeong, Sunny, Brown, Jennifer, Brown, Carter, Plourde, Sylvie-Anne, Gugliotti, Angela, Thorstad, Kelly, Hamdy, Reggie, Rauch, Frank, and Tsimicalis, Argerie

Subjects
BONE fracture prevention, CINAHL database, PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems, MEMORY, CONSENSUS (Social sciences), OSTEOGENESIS imperfecta, ORTHOPEDIC implants, SYSTEMATIC reviews, FAMILIES, HUMAN services programs, MEDICAL protocols, HEALTH literacy, TEACHING aids, MEDLINE, PATIENT education, VIDEO recording, CHILDREN
Abstract

Background: Children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) live in fear of fracturing their bones. As fractures are unpredictable, there is a need for tools and knowledge to immobilize a fracture during emergencies. Inspired by a patient with OI recognized for fracture management, the aim of this patient-initiated project was to establish best practices for the safe splinting of fractures during emergencies, including the creation of an evidence-informed OI Splint Kit. Methods: A clinical practice guideline study was conducted to create an evidence-informed splint kit for patients. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify kits and materials used to immobilize fractures with splints during emergencies. An expert Task Force was convened to review the results and a timeline was established to create a splint kit. The prototype underwent iterative cycles of modifications based on feedback from the Task Force. Results: Four electronic databases were searched (Medline, CINHAL, PsychInfo, and Scopus), revealing zero publications pertaining to fracture immobilization kits. The Task Force used their clinical expertise and experiences to develop the OI Splint Kit. The following itemswere included: splinting tools, bilingual educational material, instructional cards, video tutorials, and memory card game. Conclusion: A gap remains in terms of validated kits to assist in fracture immobilization during emergencies. A portable and practical OI Splint Kit was developed to assist in fracture immobilization emergencies, based on interprofessional clinical expertise and patient experiential knowledge. The kit is subject to ongoing testing quality evaluations to ensure its suitability for use in various contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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22. Investigation of interligand electron transfer in polypyridyl complexes of Os(II) using femtosecond polarization anisotropy methods: examination of Os(bpy) (sub)3 (super)2+ and Os(bpy) (sub)2 (mab) (super)2+

Author

Shaw, George B., Brown, Carter L., and Papanikolas, John M.

Subjects
Chemistry, Physical and theoretical -- Research, Osmium -- Physiological aspects, Coordination compounds -- Physiological aspects, Polymers -- Physiological aspects, Anisotropy -- Physiological aspects, Chemicals, plastics and rubber industries
Published
2002

25. The Effects of US Sanctions in Venezuela

Author

Brown, Carter Sumner Thompson, Krausz Hladká, Malvína, and Riegl, Martin

Subjects
sanctions episode, target, Sanctions, Juan Guaidó, United States, Hugo Chavez, Nicolás Maduro, geoeconomics, Venezuela, sender
Abstract

Since 2014, the United States has been imposing sanctions on the Venezuelan government in an attempt to accomplish foreign policy goals that would be beneficial to its geopolitical interests in the region and help the Venezuelan people in the process. This research offers a comprehensive empirical analysis of these sanctions. It aims to identify the effects of US sanctions in Venezuela, as intended by the foreign policy goals of the United States, and to measure the effectiveness of sanctions in accomplishing these goals. Additionally, this research seeks to explain the geopolitical strategy of US sanctions as seen through the lens of geoeconomic theory. It will detail the US intensions of generating regime change, restoring democracy, and improving human rights in Venezuela. More specifically, it will reveal the role of sanctions in acting as a geopolitical tool to fulfill these intentions. Ultimately, the research will show how sanctions and companion policies are intended to improve the US-Venezuela relationship that has declined since the time of Hugo Chavez.

Published
2020

26. The gazebo that grew

Author

Brown, Carter

Subjects
General interest
Abstract

[ILLUSTRATIONS OMITTED] My original design for the backyard of Les Hardin's Jackson home incorporated a 10-by-10-foot gazebo as the garden's focal point. It was a clean design, rather simple, and [...]

Published
2008

33. Managing sales and service to achieve a culture change

Author

Bennett, David R. and Brown, Carter W.

Subjects
Banking industry -- Services, Bank marketing -- Management, Bank management -- Methods, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business
Published
1992

36. Evaluations of police performance in an african american sample

Author

Thomas B. Priest and Deborah Brown Carter

Subjects
Minority group, Sociology and Political Science, Social Psychology, Human factors and ergonomics, Poison control, Sample (statistics), Regression analysis, social sciences, Computer security, computer.software_genre, Suicide prevention, Occupational safety and health, Injury prevention, Psychology, Law, computer, Social psychology, Applied Psychology
Abstract

Research has indicated that minority group members generally hold less positive attitudes toward police than do Whites. This study examined evaluations of police performance among a sample of African Americans. Regression analysis indicated that age, education, victimization, respondents' evaluations of the safety of their neighborhoods, their evaluations of their neighborhoods, and their evaluations of police response time getting to their neighborhoods all had significant effects upon evaluations of local police performance. These results are consistent with studies that emphasized the neighborhood context of evaluations of local police performance. They also indicate that evaluations of police response time are a significant factor in evaluations of police performance among African Americans.

Published
1999
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37. Drosophila Muller F Elements Maintain a Distinct Set of Genomic Properties Over 40 Million Years of Evolution

Author

Leung, Wilson, primary, Shaffer, Christopher D, additional, Reed, Laura K, additional, Smith, Sheryl T, additional, Barshop, William, additional, Dirkes, William, additional, Dothager, Matthew, additional, Lee, Paul, additional, Wong, Jeannette, additional, Xiong, David, additional, Yuan, Han, additional, Bedard, James E J, additional, Machone, Joshua F, additional, Patterson, Seantay D, additional, Price, Amber L, additional, Turner, Bryce A, additional, Robic, Srebrenka, additional, Luippold, Erin K, additional, McCartha, Shannon R, additional, Walji, Tezin A, additional, Walker, Chelsea A, additional, Saville, Kenneth, additional, Abrams, Marita K, additional, Armstrong, Andrew R, additional, Armstrong, William, additional, Bailey, Robert J, additional, Barberi, Chelsea R, additional, Beck, Lauren R, additional, Blaker, Amanda L, additional, Blunden, Christopher E, additional, Brand, Jordan P, additional, Brock, Ethan J, additional, Brooks, Dana W, additional, Brown, Marie, additional, Butzler, Sarah C, additional, Clark, Eric M, additional, Clark, Nicole B, additional, Collins, Ashley A, additional, Cotteleer, Rebecca J, additional, Cullimore, Peterson R, additional, Dawson, Seth G, additional, Docking, Carter T, additional, Dorsett, Sasha L, additional, Dougherty, Grace A, additional, Downey, Kaitlyn A, additional, Drake, Andrew P, additional, Earl, Erica K, additional, Floyd, Trevor G, additional, Forsyth, Joshua D, additional, Foust, Jonathan D, additional, Franchi, Spencer L, additional, Geary, James F, additional, Hanson, Cynthia K, additional, Harding, Taylor S, additional, Harris, Cameron B, additional, Heckman, Jonathan M, additional, Holderness, Heather L, additional, Howey, Nicole A, additional, Jacobs, Dontae A, additional, Jewell, Elizabeth S, additional, Kaisler, Maria, additional, Karaska, Elizabeth A, additional, Kehoe, James L, additional, Koaches, Hannah C, additional, Koehler, Jessica, additional, Koenig, Dana, additional, Kujawski, Alexander J, additional, Kus, Jordan E, additional, Lammers, Jennifer A, additional, Leads, Rachel R, additional, Leatherman, Emily C, additional, Lippert, Rachel N, additional, Messenger, Gregory S, additional, Morrow, Adam T, additional, Newcomb, Victoria, additional, Plasman, Haley J, additional, Potocny, Stephanie J, additional, Powers, Michelle K, additional, Reem, Rachel M, additional, Rennhack, Jonathan P, additional, Reynolds, Katherine R, additional, Reynolds, Lyndsey A, additional, Rhee, Dong K, additional, Rivard, Allyson B, additional, Ronk, Adam J, additional, Rooney, Meghan B, additional, Rubin, Lainey S, additional, Salbert, Luke R, additional, Saluja, Rasleen K, additional, Schauder, Taylor, additional, Schneiter, Allison R, additional, Schulz, Robert W, additional, Smith, Karl E, additional, Spencer, Sarah, additional, Swanson, Bryant R, additional, Tache, Melissa A, additional, Tewilliager, Ashley A, additional, Tilot, Amanda K, additional, VanEck, Eve, additional, Villerot, Matthew M, additional, Vylonis, Megan B, additional, Watson, David T, additional, Wurzler, Juliana A, additional, Wysocki, Lauren M, additional, Yalamanchili, Monica, additional, Zaborowicz, Matthew A, additional, Emerson, Julia A, additional, Ortiz, Carlos, additional, Deuschle, Frederic J, additional, DiLorenzo, Lauren A, additional, Goeller, Katie L, additional, Macchi, Christopher R, additional, Muller, Sarah E, additional, Pasierb, Brittany D, additional, Sable, Joseph E, additional, Tucci, Jessica M, additional, Tynon, Marykathryn, additional, Dunbar, David A, additional, Beken, Levent H, additional, Conturso, Alaina C, additional, Danner, Benjamin L, additional, DeMichele, Gabriella A, additional, Gonzales, Justin A, additional, Hammond, Maureen S, additional, Kelley, Colleen V, additional, Kelly, Elisabeth A, additional, Kulich, Danielle, additional, Mageeney, Catherine M, additional, McCabe, Nikie L, additional, Newman, Alyssa M, additional, Spaeder, Lindsay A, additional, Tumminello, Richard A, additional, Revie, Dennis, additional, Benson, Jonathon M, additional, Cristostomo, Michael C, additional, DaSilva, Paolo A, additional, Harker, Katherine S, additional, Jarrell, Jenifer N, additional, Jimenez, Luis A, additional, Katz, Brandon M, additional, Kennedy, William R, additional, Kolibas, Kimberly S, additional, LeBlanc, Mark T, additional, Nguyen, Trung T, additional, Nicolas, Daniel S, additional, Patao, Melissa D, additional, Patao, Shane M, additional, Rupley, Bryan J, additional, Sessions, Bridget J, additional, Weaver, Jennifer A, additional, Goodman, Anya L, additional, Alvendia, Erica L, additional, Baldassari, Shana M, additional, Brown, Ashley S, additional, Chase, Ian O, additional, Chen, Maida, additional, Chiang, Scott, additional, Cromwell, Avery B, additional, Custer, Ashley F, additional, DiTommaso, Tia M, additional, El-Adaimi, Jad, additional, Goscinski, Nora C, additional, Grove, Ryan A, additional, Gutierrez, Nestor, additional, Harnoto, Raechel S, additional, Hedeen, Heather, additional, Hong, Emily L, additional, Hopkins, Barbara L, additional, Huerta, Vilma F, additional, Khoshabian, Colin, additional, LaForge, Kristin M, additional, Lee, Cassidy T, additional, Lewis, Benjamin M, additional, Lydon, Anniken M, additional, Maniaci, Brian J, additional, Mitchell, Ryan D, additional, Morlock, Elaine V, additional, Morris, William M, additional, Naik, Priyanka, additional, Olson, Nicole C, additional, Osterloh, Jeannette M, additional, Perez, Marcos A, additional, Presley, Jonathan D, additional, Randazzo, Matt J, additional, Regan, Melanie K, additional, Rossi, Franca G, additional, Smith, Melanie A, additional, Soliterman, Eugenia A, additional, Sparks, Ciani J, additional, Tran, Danny L, additional, Wan, Tiffany, additional, Welker, Anne A, additional, Wong, Jeremy N, additional, Sreenivasan, Aparna, additional, Youngblom, Jim, additional, Adams, Andrew, additional, Alldredge, Justin, additional, Bryant, Ashley, additional, Carranza, David, additional, Cifelli, Alyssa, additional, Coulson, Kevin, additional, Debow, Calise, additional, Delacruz, Noelle, additional, Emerson, Charlene, additional, Farrar, Cassandra, additional, Foret, Don, additional, Garibay, Edgar, additional, Gooch, John, additional, Heslop, Michelle, additional, Kaur, Sukhjit, additional, Khan, Ambreen, additional, Kim, Van, additional, Lamb, Travis, additional, Lindbeck, Peter, additional, Lucas, Gabi, additional, Macias, Elizabeth, additional, Martiniuc, Daniela, additional, Mayorga, Lissett, additional, Medina, Joseph, additional, Membreno, Nelson, additional, Messiah, Shady, additional, Neufeld, Lacey, additional, Nguyen, San Francisco, additional, Nichols, Zachary, additional, Odisho, George, additional, Peterson, Daymon, additional, Rodela, Laura, additional, Rodriguez, Priscilla, additional, Rodriguez, Vanessa, additional, Ruiz, Jorge, additional, Sherrill, Will, additional, Silva, Valeria, additional, Sparks, Jeri, additional, Statton, Geeta, additional, Townsend, Ashley, additional, Valdez, Isabel, additional, Waters, Mary, additional, Westphal, Kyle, additional, Winkler, Stacey, additional, Zumkehr, Joannee, additional, DeJong, Randall J, additional, Hoogewerf, Arlene J, additional, Ackerman, Cheri M, additional, Armistead, Isaac O, additional, Baatenburg, Lara, additional, Borr, Matthew J, additional, Brouwer, Lindsay K, additional, Burkhart, Brandon J, additional, Bushhouse, Kelsey T, additional, Cesko, Lejla, additional, Choi, Tiffany Y Y, additional, Cohen, Heather, additional, Damsteegt, Amanda M, additional, Darusz, Jess M, additional, Dauphin, Cory M, additional, Davis, Yelena P, additional, Diekema, Emily J, additional, Drewry, Melissa, additional, Eisen, Michelle E M, additional, Faber, Hayley M, additional, Faber, Katherine J, additional, Feenstra, Elizabeth, additional, Felzer-Kim, Isabella T, additional, Hammond, Brandy L, additional, Hendriksma, Jesse, additional, Herrold, Milton R, additional, Hilbrands, Julia A, additional, Howell, Emily J, additional, Jelgerhuis, Sarah A, additional, Jelsema, Timothy R, additional, Johnson, Benjamin K, additional, Jones, Kelly K, additional, Kim, Anna, additional, Kooienga, Ross D, additional, Menyes, Erika E, additional, Nollet, Eric A, additional, Plescher, Brittany E, additional, Rios, Lindsay, additional, Rose, Jenny L, additional, Schepers, Allison J, additional, Scott, Geoff, additional, Smith, Joshua R, additional, Sterling, Allison M, additional, Tenney, Jenna C, additional, Uitvlugt, Chris, additional, VanDyken, Rachel E, additional, VanderVennen, Marielle, additional, Vue, Samantha, additional, Kokan, Nighat P, additional, Agbley, Kwabea, additional, Boham, Sampson K, additional, Broomfield, Daniel, additional, Chapman, Kayla, additional, Dobbe, Ali, additional, Dobbe, Ian, additional, Harrington, William, additional, Ibrahem, Marwan, additional, Kennedy, Andre, additional, Koplinsky, Chad A, additional, Kubricky, Cassandra, additional, Ladzekpo, Danielle, additional, Pattison, Claire, additional, Ramirez, Roman E, additional, Wande, Lucia, additional, Woehlke, Sarah, additional, Wawersik, Matthew, additional, Kiernan, Elizabeth, additional, Thompson, Jeffrey S, additional, Banker, Roxanne, additional, Bartling, Justina R, additional, Bhatiya, Chinmoy I, additional, Boudoures, Anna L, additional, Christiansen, Lena, additional, Fosselman, Daniel S, additional, French, Kristin M, additional, Gill, Ishwar S, additional, Havill, Jessen T, additional, Johnson, Jaelyn L, additional, Keny, Lauren J, additional, Kerber, John M, additional, Klett, Bethany M, additional, Kufel, Christina N, additional, May, Francis J, additional, Mecoli, Jonathan P, additional, Merry, Callie R, additional, Meyer, Lauren R, additional, Miller, Emily G, additional, Mullen, Gregory J, additional, Palozola, Katherine C, additional, Pfeil, Jacob J, additional, Thomas, Jessica G, additional, Verbofsky, Evan M, additional, Spana, Eric P, additional, Agarwalla, Anant, additional, Chapman, Julia, additional, Chlebina, Ben, additional, Chong, Insun, additional, Falk, I N, additional, Fitzgibbons, John D, additional, Friedman, Harrison, additional, Ighile, Osagie, additional, Kim, Andrew J, additional, Knouse, Kristin A, additional, Kung, Faith, additional, Mammo, Danny, additional, Ng, Chun Leung, additional, Nikam, Vinayak S, additional, Norton, Diana, additional, Pham, Philip, additional, Polk, Jessica W, additional, Prasad, Shreya, additional, Rankin, Helen, additional, Ratliff, Camille D, additional, Scala, Victoria, additional, Schwartz, Nicholas U, additional, Shuen, Jessica A, additional, Xu, Amy, additional, Xu, Thomas Q, additional, Zhang, Yi, additional, Rosenwald, Anne G, additional, Burg, Martin G, additional, Adams, Stephanie J, additional, Baker, Morgan, additional, Botsford, Bobbi, additional, Brinkley, Briana, additional, Brown, Carter, additional, Emiah, Shadie, additional, Enoch, Erica, additional, Gier, Chad, additional, Greenwell, Alyson, additional, Hoogenboom, Lindsay, additional, Matthews, Jordan E, additional, McDonald, Mitchell, additional, Mercer, Amanda, additional, Monsma, Nicholaus, additional, Ostby, Kristine, additional, Ramic, Alen, additional, Shallman, Devon, additional, Simon, Matthew, additional, Spencer, Eric, additional, Tomkins, Trisha, additional, Wendland, Pete, additional, Wylie, Anna, additional, Wolyniak, Michael J, additional, Robertson, Gregory M, additional, Smith, Samuel I, additional, DiAngelo, Justin R, additional, Sassu, Eric D, additional, Bhalla, Satish C, additional, Sharif, Karim A, additional, Choeying, Tenzin, additional, Macias, Jason S, additional, Sanusi, Fareed, additional, Torchon, Karvyn, additional, Bednarski, April E, additional, Alvarez, Consuelo J, additional, Davis, Kristen C, additional, Dunham, Carrie A, additional, Grantham, Alaina J, additional, Hare, Amber N, additional, Schottler, Jennifer, additional, Scott, Zackary W, additional, Kuleck, Gary A, additional, Yu, Nicole S, additional, Kaehler, Marian M, additional, Jipp, Jacob, additional, Overvoorde, Paul J, additional, Shoop, Elizabeth, additional, Cyrankowski, Olivia, additional, Hoover, Betsy, additional, Kusner, Matt, additional, Lin, Devry, additional, Martinov, Tijana, additional, Misch, Jonathan, additional, Salzman, Garrett, additional, Schiedermayer, Holly, additional, Snavely, Michael, additional, Zarrasola, Stephanie, additional, Parrish, Susan, additional, Baker, Atlee, additional, Beckett, Alissa, additional, Belella, Carissa, additional, Bryant, Julie, additional, Conrad, Turner, additional, Fearnow, Adam, additional, Gomez, Carolina, additional, Herbstsomer, Robert A, additional, Hirsch, Sarah, additional, Johnson, Christen, additional, Jones, Melissa, additional, Kabaso, Rita, additional, Lemmon, Eric, additional, Vieira, Carolina Marques dos Santos, additional, McFarland, Darryl, additional, McLaughlin, Christopher, additional, Morgan, Abbie, additional, Musokotwane, Sepo, additional, Neutzling, William, additional, Nietmann, Jana, additional, Paluskievicz, Christina, additional, Penn, Jessica, additional, Peoples, Emily, additional, Pozmanter, Caitlin, additional, Reed, Emily, additional, Rigby, Nichole, additional, Schmidt, Lasse, additional, Shelton, Micah, additional, Shuford, Rebecca, additional, Tirasawasdichai, Tiara, additional, Undem, Blair, additional, Urick, Damian, additional, Vondy, Kayla, additional, Yarrington, Bryan, additional, Eckdahl, Todd T, additional, Poet, Jeffrey L, additional, Allen, Alica B, additional, Anderson, John E, additional, Barnett, Jason M, additional, Baumgardner, Jordan S, additional, Brown, Adam D, additional, Carney, Jordan E, additional, Chavez, Ramiro A, additional, Christgen, Shelbi L, additional, Christie, Jordan S, additional, Clary, Andrea N, additional, Conn, Michel A, additional, Cooper, Kristen M, additional, Crowley, Matt J, additional, Crowley, Samuel T, additional, Doty, Jennifer S, additional, Dow, Brian A, additional, Edwards, Curtis R, additional, Elder, Darcie D, additional, Fanning, John P, additional, Janssen, Bridget M, additional, Lambright, Anthony K, additional, Lane, Curtiss E, additional, Limle, Austin B, additional, Mazur, Tammy, additional, McCracken, Marly R, additional, McDonough, Alexa M, additional, Melton, Amy D, additional, Minnick, Phillip J, additional, Musick, Adam E, additional, Newhart, William H, additional, Noynaert, Joseph W, additional, Ogden, Bradley J, additional, Sandusky, Michael W, additional, Schmuecker, Samantha M, additional, Shipman, Anna L, additional, Smith, Anna L, additional, Thomsen, Kristen M, additional, Unzicker, Matthew R, additional, Vernon, William B, additional, Winn, Wesley W, additional, Woyski, Dustin S, additional, Zhu, Xiao, additional, Du, Chunguang, additional, Ament, Caitlin, additional, Aso, Soham, additional, Bisogno, Laura Simone, additional, Caronna, Jason, additional, Fefelova, Nadezhda, additional, Lopez, Lenin, additional, Malkowitz, Lorraine, additional, Marra, Jonathan, additional, Menillo, Daniella, additional, Obiorah, Ifeanyi, additional, Onsarigo, Eric Nyabeta, additional, Primus, Shekerah, additional, Soos, Mahdi, additional, Tare, Archana, additional, Zidan, Ameer, additional, Jones, Christopher J, additional, Aronhalt, Todd, additional, Bellush, James M, additional, Burke, Christa, additional, DeFazio, Steve, additional, Does, Benjamin R, additional, Johnson, Todd D, additional, Keysock, Nicholas, additional, Knudsen, Nelson H, additional, Messler, James, additional, Myirski, Kevin, additional, Rekai, Jade Lea, additional, Rempe, Ryan Michael, additional, Salgado, Michael S, additional, Stagaard, Erica, additional, Starcher, Justin R, additional, Waggoner, Andrew W, additional, Yemelyanova, Anastasia K, additional, Hark, Amy T, additional, Bertolet, Anne, additional, Kuschner, Cyrus E, additional, Parry, Kesley, additional, Quach, Michael, additional, Shantzer, Lindsey, additional, Shaw, Mary E, additional, Smith, Mary A, additional, Glenn, Omolara, additional, Mason, Portia, additional, Williams, Charlotte, additional, Key, S Catherine Silver, additional, Henry, Tyneshia C P, additional, Johnson, Ashlee G, additional, White, Jackie X, additional, Haberman, Adam, additional, Asinof, Sam, additional, Drumm, Kelly, additional, Freeburg, Trip, additional, Safa, Nadia, additional, Schultz, Darrin, additional, Shevin, Yakov, additional, Svoronos, Petros, additional, Vuong, Tam, additional, Wellinghoff, Jules, additional, Hoopes, Laura L M, additional, Chau, Kim M, additional, Ward, Alyssa, additional, Regisford, E Gloria C, additional, Augustine, LaJerald, additional, Davis-Reyes, Brionna, additional, Echendu, Vivienne, additional, Hales, Jasmine, additional, Ibarra, Sharon, additional, Johnson, Lauriaun, additional, Ovu, Steven, additional, Braverman, John M, additional, Bahr, Thomas J, additional, Caesar, Nicole M, additional, Campana, Christopher, additional, Cassidy, Daniel W, additional, Cognetti, Peter A, additional, English, Johnathan D, additional, Fadus, Matthew C, additional, Fick, Cameron N, additional, Freda, Philip J, additional, Hennessy, Bryan M, additional, Hockenberger, Kelsey, additional, Jones, Jennifer K, additional, King, Jessica E, additional, Knob, Christopher R, additional, Kraftmann, Karen J, additional, Li, Linghui, additional, Lupey, Lena N, additional, Minniti, Carl J, additional, Minton, Thomas F, additional, Moran, Joseph V, additional, Mudumbi, Krishna, additional, Nordman, Elizabeth C, additional, Puetz, William J, additional, Robinson, Lauren M, additional, Rose, Thomas J, additional, Sweeney, Edward P, additional, Timko, Ashley S, additional, Paetkau, Don W, additional, Eisler, Heather L, additional, Aldrup, Megan E, additional, Bodenberg, Jessica M, additional, Cole, Mara G, additional, Deranek, Kelly M, additional, DeShetler, Megan, additional, Dowd, Rose M, additional, Eckardt, Alexandra K, additional, Ehret, Sharon C, additional, Fese, Jessica, additional, Garrett, Amanda D, additional, Kammrath, Anna, additional, Kappes, Michelle L, additional, Light, Morgan R, additional, Meier, Anne C, additional, O’Rouke, Allison, additional, Perella, Mallory, additional, Ramsey, Kimberley, additional, Ramthun, Jennifer R, additional, Reilly, Mary T, additional, Robinett, Deirdre, additional, Rossi, Nadine L, additional, Schueler, Mary Grace, additional, Shoemaker, Emma, additional, Starkey, Kristin M, additional, Vetor, Ashley, additional, Vrable, Abby, additional, Chandrasekaran, Vidya, additional, Beck, Christopher, additional, Hatfield, Kristen R, additional, Herrick, Douglas A, additional, Khoury, Christopher B, additional, Lea, Charlotte, additional, Louie, Christopher A, additional, Lowell, Shannon M, additional, Reynolds, Thomas J, additional, Schibler, Jeanine, additional, Scoma, Alexandra H, additional, Smith-Gee, Maxwell T, additional, Tuberty, Sarah, additional, Smith, Christopher D, additional, Lopilato, Jane E, additional, Hauke, Jeanette, additional, Roecklein-Canfield, Jennifer A, additional, Corrielus, Maureen, additional, Gilman, Hannah, additional, Intriago, Stephanie, additional, Maffa, Amanda, additional, Rauf, Sabya A, additional, Thistle, Katrina, additional, Trieu, Melissa, additional, Winters, Jenifer, additional, Yang, Bib, additional, Hauser, Charles R, additional, Abusheikh, Tariq, additional, Ashrawi, Yara, additional, Benitez, Pedro, additional, Boudreaux, Lauren R, additional, Bourland, Megan, additional, Chavez, Miranda, additional, Cruz, Samantha, additional, Elliott, GiNell, additional, Farek, Jesse R, additional, Flohr, Sarah, additional, Flores, Amanda H, additional, Friedrichs, Chelsey, additional, Fusco, Zach, additional, Goodwin, Zane, additional, Helmreich, Eric, additional, Kiley, John, additional, Knepper, John Mark, additional, Langner, Christine, additional, Martinez, Megan, additional, Mendoza, Carlos, additional, Naik, Monal, additional, Ochoa, Andrea, additional, Ragland, Nicolas, additional, Raimey, England, additional, Rathore, Sunil, additional, Reza, Evangelina, additional, Sadovsky, Griffin, additional, Seydoux, Marie-Isabelle B, additional, Smith, Jonathan E, additional, Unruh, Anna K, additional, Velasquez, Vicente, additional, Wolski, Matthew W, additional, Gosser, Yuying, additional, Govind, Shubha, additional, Clarke-Medley, Nicole, additional, Guadron, Leslie, additional, Lau, Dawn, additional, Lu, Alvin, additional, Mazzeo, Cheryl, additional, Meghdari, Mariam, additional, Ng, Simon, additional, Pamnani, Brad, additional, Plante, Olivia, additional, Shum, Yuki Kwan Wa, additional, Song, Roy, additional, Johnson, Diana E, additional, Abdelnabi, Mai, additional, Archambault, Alexi, additional, Chamma, Norma, additional, Gaur, Shailly, additional, Hammett, Deborah, additional, Kandahari, Adrese, additional, Khayrullina, Guzal, additional, Kumar, Sonali, additional, Lawrence, Samantha, additional, Madden, Nigel, additional, Mandelbaum, Max, additional, Milnthorp, Heather, additional, Mohini, Shiv, additional, Patel, Roshni, additional, Peacock, Sarah J, additional, Perling, Emily, additional, Quintana, Amber, additional, Rahimi, Michael, additional, Ramirez, Kristen, additional, Singhal, Rishi, additional, Weeks, Corinne, additional, Wong, Tiffany, additional, Gillis, Aubree T, additional, Moore, Zachary D, additional, Savell, Christopher D, additional, Watson, Reece, additional, Mel, Stephanie F, additional, Anilkumar, Arjun A, additional, Bilinski, Paul, additional, Castillo, Rostislav, additional, Closser, Michael, additional, Cruz, Nathalia M, additional, Dai, Tiffany, additional, Garbagnati, Giancarlo F, additional, Horton, Lanor S, additional, Kim, Dongyeon, additional, Lau, Joyce H, additional, Liu, James Z, additional, Mach, Sandy D, additional, Phan, Thu A, additional, Ren, Yi, additional, Stapleton, Kenneth E, additional, Strelitz, Jean M, additional, Sunjed, Ray, additional, Stamm, Joyce, additional, Anderson, Morgan C, additional, Bonifield, Bethany Grace, additional, Coomes, Daniel, additional, Dillman, Adam, additional, Durchholz, Elaine J, additional, Fafara-Thompson, Antoinette E, additional, Gross, Meleah J, additional, Gygi, Amber M, additional, Jackson, Lesley E, additional, Johnson, Amy, additional, Kocsisova, Zuzana, additional, Manghelli, Joshua L, additional, McNeil, Kylie, additional, Murillo, Michael, additional, Naylor, Kierstin L, additional, Neely, Jessica, additional, Ogawa, Emmy E, additional, Rich, Ashley, additional, Rogers, Anna, additional, Spencer, J Devin, additional, Stemler, Kristina M, additional, Throm, Allison A, additional, Van Camp, Matt, additional, Weihbrecht, Katie, additional, Wiles, T Aaron, additional, Williams, Mallory A, additional, Williams, Matthew, additional, Zoll, Kyle, additional, Bailey, Cheryl, additional, Zhou, Leming, additional, Balthaser, Darla M, additional, Bashiri, Azita, additional, Bower, Mindy E, additional, Florian, Kayla A, additional, Ghavam, Nazanin, additional, Greiner-Sosanko, Elizabeth S, additional, Karim, Helmet, additional, Mullen, Victor W, additional, Pelchen, Carly E, additional, Yenerall, Paul M, additional, Zhang, Jiayu, additional, Rubin, Michael R, additional, Arias-Mejias, Suzette M, additional, Bermudez-Capo, Armando G, additional, Bernal-Vega, Gabriela V, additional, Colon-Vazquez, Mariela, additional, Flores-Vazquez, Arelys, additional, Gines-Rosario, Mariela, additional, Llavona-Cartagena, Ivan G, additional, Martinez-Rodriguez, Javier O, additional, Ortiz-Fuentes, Lionel, additional, Perez-Colomba, Eliezer O, additional, Perez-Otero, Joseph, additional, Rivera, Elisandra, additional, Rodriguez-Giron, Luke J, additional, Santiago-Sanabria, Arnaldo J, additional, Senquiz-Gonzalez, Andrea M, additional, delValle, Frank R Soto, additional, Vargas-Franco, Dorianmarie, additional, Velázquez-Soto, Karla I, additional, Zambrana-Burgos, Joan D, additional, Martinez-Cruzado, Juan Carlos, additional, Asencio-Zayas, Lillyann, additional, Babilonia-Figueroa, Kevin, additional, Beauchamp-Pérez, Francis D, additional, Belén-Rodríguez, Juliana, additional, Bracero-Quiñones, Luciann, additional, Burgos-Bula, Andrea P, additional, Collado-Méndez, Xavier A, additional, Colón-Cruz, Luis R, additional, Correa-Muller, Ana I, additional, Crooke-Rosado, Jonathan L, additional, Cruz-García, José M, additional, Defendini-Ávila, Marianna, additional, Delgado-Peraza, Francheska M, additional, Feliciano-Cancela, Alex J, additional, Gónzalez-Pérez, Valerie M, additional, Guiblet, Wilfried, additional, Heredia-Negrón, Aldo, additional, Hernández-Muñiz, Jennifer, additional, Irizarry-González, Lourdes N, additional, Laboy-Corales, Ángel L, additional, Llaurador-Caraballo, Gabriela A, additional, Marín-Maldonado, Frances, additional, Marrero-Llerena, Ulises, additional, Martell-Martínez, Héctor A, additional, Martínez-Traverso, Idaliz M, additional, Medina-Ortega, Kiara N, additional, Méndez-Castellanos, Sonya G, additional, Menéndez-Serrano, Krizia C, additional, Morales-Caraballo, Carol I, additional, Ortiz-DeChoudens, Saryleine, additional, Ortiz-Ortiz, Patricia, additional, Pagán-Torres, Hendrick, additional, Pérez-Afanador, Diana, additional, Quintana-Torres, Enid M, additional, Ramírez-Aponte, Edwin G, additional, Riascos-Cuero, Carolina, additional, Rivera-Llovet, Michelle S, additional, Rivera-Pagán, Ingrid T, additional, Rivera-Vicéns, Ramón E, additional, Robles-Juarbe, Fabiola, additional, Rodríguez-Bonilla, Lorraine, additional, Rodríguez-Echevarría, Brian O, additional, Rodríguez-García, Priscila M, additional, Rodríguez-Laboy, Abneris E, additional, Rodríguez-Santiago, Susana, additional, Rojas-Vargas, Michael L, additional, Rubio-Marrero, Eva N, additional, Santiago-Colón, Albeliz, additional, Santiago-Ortiz, Jorge L, additional, Santos-Ramos, Carlos E, additional, Serrano-González, Joseline, additional, Tamayo-Figueroa, Alina M, additional, Tascón-Peñaranda, Edna P, additional, Torres-Castillo, José L, additional, Valentín-Feliciano, Nelson A, additional, Valentín-Feliciano, Yashira M, additional, Vargas-Barreto, Nadyan M, additional, Vélez-Vázquez, Miguel, additional, Vilanova-Vélez, Luis R, additional, Zambrana-Echevarría, Cristina, additional, MacKinnon, Christy, additional, Chung, Hui-Min, additional, Kay, Chris, additional, Pinto, Anthony, additional, Kopp, Olga R, additional, Burkhardt, Joshua, additional, Harward, Chris, additional, Allen, Robert, additional, Bhat, Pavan, additional, Chang, Jimmy Hsiang-Chun, additional, Chen, York, additional, Chesley, Christopher, additional, Cohn, Dara, additional, DuPuis, David, additional, Fasano, Michael, additional, Fazzio, Nicholas, additional, Gavinski, Katherine, additional, Gebreyesus, Heran, additional, Giarla, Thomas, additional, Gostelow, Marcus, additional, Greenstein, Rachel, additional, Gunasinghe, Hashini, additional, Hanson, Casey, additional, Hay, Amanda, additional, He, Tao Jian, additional, Homa, Katie, additional, Howe, Ruth, additional, Howenstein, Jeff, additional, Huang, Henry, additional, Khatri, Aaditya, additional, Kim, Young Lu, additional, Knowles, Olivia, additional, Kong, Sarah, additional, Krock, Rebecca, additional, Kroll, Matt, additional, Kuhn, Julia, additional, Kwong, Matthew, additional, Lee, Brandon, additional, Lee, Ryan, additional, Levine, Kevin, additional, Li, Yedda, additional, Liu, Bo, additional, Liu, Lucy, additional, Liu, Max, additional, Lousararian, Adam, additional, Ma, Jimmy, additional, Mallya, Allyson, additional, Manchee, Charlie, additional, Marcus, Joseph, additional, McDaniel, Stephen, additional, Miller, Michelle L, additional, Molleston, Jerome M, additional, Diez, Cristina Montero, additional, Ng, Patrick, additional, Ngai, Natalie, additional, Nguyen, Hien, additional, Nylander, Andrew, additional, Pollack, Jason, additional, Rastogi, Suchita, additional, Reddy, Himabindu, additional, Regenold, Nathaniel, additional, Sarezky, Jon, additional, Schultz, Michael, additional, Shim, Jien, additional, Skorupa, Tara, additional, Smith, Kenneth, additional, Spencer, Sarah J, additional, Srikanth, Priya, additional, Stancu, Gabriel, additional, Stein, Andrew P, additional, Strother, Marshall, additional, Sudmeier, Lisa, additional, Sun, Mengyang, additional, Sundaram, Varun, additional, Tazudeen, Noor, additional, Tseng, Alan, additional, Tzeng, Albert, additional, Venkat, Rohit, additional, Venkataram, Sandeep, additional, Waldman, Leah, additional, Wang, Tracy, additional, Yang, Hao, additional, Yu, Jack Y, additional, Zheng, Yin, additional, Preuss, Mary L, additional, Garcia, Angelica, additional, Juergens, Matt, additional, Morris, Robert W, additional, Nagengast, Alexis A, additional, Azarewicz, Julie, additional, Carr, Thomas J, additional, Chichearo, Nicole, additional, Colgan, Mike, additional, Donegan, Megan, additional, Gardner, Bob, additional, Kolba, Nik, additional, Krumm, Janice L, additional, Lytle, Stacey, additional, MacMillian, Laurell, additional, Miller, Mary, additional, Montgomery, Andrew, additional, Moretti, Alysha, additional, Offenbacker, Brittney, additional, Polen, Mike, additional, Toth, John, additional, Woytanowski, John, additional, Kadlec, Lisa, additional, Crawford, Justin, additional, Spratt, Mary L, additional, Adams, Ashley L, additional, Barnard, Brianna K, additional, Cheramie, Martin N, additional, Eime, Anne M, additional, Golden, Kathryn L, additional, Hawkins, Allyson P, additional, Hill, Jessica E, additional, Kampmeier, Jessica A, additional, Kern, Cody D, additional, Magnuson, Emily E, additional, Miller, Ashley R, additional, Morrow, Cody M, additional, Peairs, Julia C, additional, Pickett, Gentry L, additional, Popelka, Sarah A, additional, Scott, Alexis J, additional, Teepe, Emily J, additional, TerMeer, Katie A, additional, Watchinski, Carmen A, additional, Watson, Lucas A, additional, Weber, Rachel E, additional, Woodard, Kate A, additional, Barnard, Daron C, additional, Appiah, Isaac, additional, Giddens, Michelle M, additional, McNeil, Gerard P, additional, Adebayo, Adeola, additional, Bagaeva, Kate, additional, Chinwong, Justina, additional, Dol, Chrystel, additional, George, Eunice, additional, Haltaufderhyde, Kirk, additional, Haye, Joanna, additional, Kaur, Manpreet, additional, Semon, Max, additional, Serjanov, Dmitri, additional, Toorie, Anika, additional, Wilson, Christopher, additional, Riddle, Nicole C, additional, Buhler, Jeremy, additional, Mardis, Elaine R, additional, and Elgin, Sarah C R, additional

Published
2015
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38. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLOIDAL LEVEL AND CAM IN FIVE SPECIES OF TALINUM (PORTULACACEAE)

Author

Craig E. Martin, M. Eloise Brown Carter, and Fred S. Harris

Subjects
biology, fungi, food and beverages, Succulent plant, Plant Science, Biological evolution, biology.organism_classification, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Talinum, Botany, Genetics, Crassulacean acid metabolism, Malic acid, Ploidy, Portulacaceae, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Plants (N = 102) from 23 populations of Talinum, representing five morphologically similar species, were examined in a test of the hypothesis that ploidal level may be correlated with levels of Crassulacean acid metabolism. When grouped by species and ploidal level, two groups of tetraploid plants, T. calcaricum and tetraploid individuals of T. calycinum, had significantly greater malic acid accumulations than any other group, including diploid individuals of T. calycinum. Another tetraploid, T. teretifolium, did not show greater malic acid fluctuations than the diploids, including two putative ancestors (T. mengesii and T. parviflorum). Similarly, malic acid fluctuations in tetraploid individuals of T. parviflorum were not different from diploid individuals of the same species. Nonetheless, when all plants were compared, nocturnal accumulations of malic acid in tetraploid plants were significantly greater than those of diploid plants.

Published
1992

40. REGULATION OF THE TIMING OF POLLEN GERMINATION BY THE PISTIL IN TALINUM MENGESII (PORTULACACEAE)

Author

M. Eloise Brown Carter and William H. Murdy

Subjects
Gynoecium, Pollination, food and beverages, Plant Science, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Double fertilization, Anthesis, Germination, Pollen, Botany, Genetics, medicine, Pollen tube, Ovule, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

In angiosperms selection among male gametophytes may take place between the time a flower is pollinated and the time its ovules are fertilized. With insect pollination, a surplus of male gametophytes in the form of pollen grains may be deposited on the stigma of a pistil and this provides the potential for gametophytic competition and selection. In all plants examined from two Talinum mengesii populations, pollen germination was delayed for up to two hours after pollination. In plants of two other populations pollen germination was not delayed or the time of germination varied. Reciprocal pollinations between plants with and without the delay trait and pollinations at different times during anthesis revealed that the timing of pollen germination was regulated by the maternal parent. Theoretically, the effect of the delay trait would be to promote the accumulation of pollen on the stigma and induce simultaneous germination. This would intensify intermale competition and provide a mechanism for the maternal parent to influence the paternal parentage of its offspring. IN ANGIOSPERMS selection among male gametophytes may take place between the time a flower is pollinated and the time its ovules are fertilized. For many insect-pollinated species, far more male gametophytes in the form of pollen grains may be deposited on the stigma of a pistil than are required for complete fertilization of its ovules. This provides the potential for gametophytic competition and selection. Mulcahy (1979) argues that the phenomenon of microgametophytic competition and selection may have great evolutionary importance. He states, "The gametophytic

Published
1987
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45. The Relationship of Leadership Effectiveness to L.P.C for University Department Chairmen

Author

Brown, Carter W

Subjects
History, Leadership, Applied Behavior Analysis, Psychology
Abstract

For most of recorded history leadership ability has been considered a simple variable linearly related to the effectiveness of a team of workers. Everyone possessed it to some degree. When a king or corporate president had a task to be accomplished, all he needed to do to maximize the probability of the task being completed vas to locate the individual with the greatest leadership skill available. For centuries man has tried to quantify this variable so that identification of good leaders could be achieved more accurately. After years of futile attempts at quantification, leadership theorists began in the early 1900's to move away from the "one best Way to lead" posture to more complex schemas. In the last four decades, the focus of the research has centered more and more on the interaction between different types of leadership ability and particular job situations. However, it was not until Feed Fiedler provided the contingency model of leadership effectiveness that a strong theoretical structure was available (Fiedler, 1964).

Published
1972

46. LETTERS.

Author

MARGOSHES, MIRIAM KAGAN, SHELTON, SUSAN, PHALEN, CORA, MENDER, DONALD, MYERS-BROWN, CARTER, VON GOETZ, REBECCA, WALLACE, CHARLES, BERNER, ELLIE, and DAVIS, CAROLYN

Subjects
*LETTERS
Published
2019

47. Enhanced Cohort Methods for HIV Research and Epidemiology (ENCORE): Protocol for a Nationwide Hybrid Cohort for Transgender Women in the United States.

Author

Wirtz AL, Poteat T, Borquez A, Linton S, Stevenson M, Case J, Brown C, Lint A, Miller M, Radix A, Althoff KN, Schneider JS, Haw JS, Wawrzyniak AJ, Rodriguez A, Cooney E, Humes E, Pontes C, Seopaul S, White C, Beyrer C, and Reisner SL

Subjects
Humans, United States epidemiology, Female, Cohort Studies, Adult, Male, Incidence, Adolescent, Young Adult, Risk Factors, Transgender Persons statistics & numerical data, Transgender Persons psychology, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections prevention & control
Abstract

Background: In the United States, transgender women are disproportionately impacted by HIV and prioritized in the national strategy to end the epidemic. Individual, interpersonal, and structural vulnerabilities underlie HIV acquisition among transgender women and fuel syndemic conditions, yet no nationwide cohort monitors their HIV and other health outcomes., Objective: Our objective is to develop a nationwide cohort to estimate HIV incidence, identify risk factors, and investigate syndemic conditions co-occurring with HIV vulnerability or acquisition among US transgender women. The study is informed by the Syndemics Framework and the Social Ecological Model, positing that stigma-related conditions are synergistically driven by shared multilevel vulnerabilities., Methods: To address logistical and cost challenges while minimizing technology barriers and research distrust, we aim to establish a novel, hybrid community hub-supported digital cohort (N=3000). The digital cohort is the backbone of the study and is enhanced by hubs strategically located across the United States for increased engagement and in-person support. Study participants are English or Spanish speakers, are aged ≥18 years, identify as transgender women or along the transfeminine spectrum, reside in 1 of the 50 states or Puerto Rico, and do not have HIV (laboratory confirmed). Participants are followed for 24 months, with semiannual assessments. These include a questionnaire and laboratory-based HIV testing using self-collected specimens. Using residential zip codes, person-level data will be merged with contextual geolocated data, including population health measures and economic, housing, and other social and structural factors. Analyses will (1) evaluate the contribution of hub support to the digital cohort using descriptive statistics; (2) estimate and characterize syndemic patterns among transgender women using latent class analysis; (3) examine the role of contextual factors in driving syndemics and HIV prevention over time using multilevel regression models; (4) estimate HIV incidence in transgender women and examine the effect of syndemics and contextual factors on HIV incidence using Poisson regression models; and (5) develop dynamic, compartmental models of multilevel combination HIV prevention interventions among transgender women to simulate their impact on HIV incidence through 2030., Results: Enrollment launched on March 15, 2023, with data collection phases occurring in spring and fall. As of February 24, 2024, a total of 3084 individuals were screened, and 996 (32.3%) met the inclusion criteria and enrolled into the cohort: 2.3% (23/996) enrolled at a hub, and 53.6% (534/996) enrolled through a community hub-supported strategy. Recruitment through purely digital methods contributed 61.5% (1895/3084) of those screened and 42.7% (425/996) of those enrolled in the cohort., Conclusions: Study findings will inform the development of evidence-based interventions to reduce HIV acquisition and syndemic conditions among US transgender women and advance efforts to end the US HIV epidemic. Methodological findings will also have critical implications for the design of future innovative approaches to HIV research., International Registered Report Identifier (irrid): DERR1-10.2196/59846., (©Andrea L Wirtz, Tonia Poteat, Annick Borquez, Sabriya Linton, Megan Stevenson, James Case, Carter Brown, Arianna Lint, Marissa Miller, Asa Radix, Keri N Althoff, Jason S Schneider, J Sonya Haw, Andrew J Wawrzyniak, Allan Rodriguez, Erin Cooney, Elizabeth Humes, Ceza Pontes, Shannon Seopaul, Camille White, Chris Beyrer, Sari L Reisner, ENCORE Study Group. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 27.08.2024.)

Published
2024
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48. A Microfinance Intervention With or Without Peer Support to Improve Mental Health Among Transgender and Nonbinary Adults (the Creating Access to Resources and Economic Support Study): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Author

Poteat TC, Reisner SL, Wirtz AL, Mayo-Wilson LJ, Brown C, Kornbluh W, Humphrey A, and Perrin N

Subjects
Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 psychology, Financial Support, Psychological Distress, Social Support, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Mental Health, Peer Group, Transgender Persons psychology
Abstract

Background: Transgender and nonbinary (TNB) people experience economic and psychosocial inequities that make them more likely to be subject to financial and mental health harms exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainable, multilevel interventions are needed to address these harms. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic galvanized many TNB-led organizations to provide emergency financial and peer support for TNB people negatively impacted by the pandemic. However, the efficacy of these interventions has not been evaluated. The Creating Access to Resources and Economic Support (CARES) study seeks to assess the efficacy of feasible, acceptable, and community-derived interventions to reduce economic and psychological harms experienced by transgender people in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic., Objective: The study aims to (1) compare the efficacy of microgrants with peer mentoring with that of microgrants without peer mentoring in reducing psychological distress, (2) examine mechanisms by which microgrants with or without peer mentoring may impact psychological distress, and (3) explore participants' intervention experiences and perceived efficacy., Methods: We will enroll 360 TNB adults into an embedded, mixed methods, 3-arm, and 12-month randomized controlled trial. Participants will be randomized 1:1:1 to arm A (enhanced usual care), which will receive a single microgrant plus monthly financial literacy education, arm B (extended microgrants), which will receive enhanced usual care plus monthly microgrants, or arm C (peer mentoring), which will receive extended microgrants combined with peer mentoring. All intervention arms last for 6 months, and participants complete semiannual, web-based surveys at 0, 6, and 12 months as well as brief process measures at 3 and 6 months. A subset of 36 participants, 12 (33%) per arm, will complete longitudinal in-depth interviews at 3 and 9 months., Results: Full recruitment began on January 8, 2024, and, as of July 26, 2024, a total of 138 participants have enrolled. Recruitment is expected to be completed no later than March 31, 2025, and the final study visit will take place in March 2026., Conclusions: This national, web-based study will demonstrate whether an intervention tailored to reduce material hardship and improve peer support among TNB adults will reduce psychological distress. Its equitable, community-academic partnership will ensure the rapid dissemination of study findings., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05971160; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05971160., International Registered Report Identifier (irrid): DERR1-10.2196/63656., (©Tonia C Poteat, Sari L Reisner, Andrea L Wirtz, Larissa Jennings Mayo-Wilson, Carter Brown, Wiley Kornbluh, Ash Humphrey, Nancy Perrin. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 26.08.2024.)

Published
2024
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49. Exploring the limitations of language interpretation: A qualitative study on clinicians' experiences at French Office of Immigration and Integration.

Author

Brown C, Roucoux G, Dimi S, Fahmi S, Banou Jeevan R, Chassany O, Chaplin JE, and Duracinsky M

Abstract

The concordance of communication between patients and health professionals is essential to promoting positive health outcomes. However, concordance may be broken where language barriers exist therefore creating a need to use interpretation services. This is the case when rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) of HIV, HBV, and HCV is offered to migrants. The use of interpreters to establish communication with patients having limited French proficiency (LFP) however, is often not used and can be problematic. Despite being offered, interpretation services are frequently underutilised, which makes communication challenging. This problem has not received enough attention in the literature, particularly in a technologically advanced setting where solutions may be found. Our objective was to explore how interpreters are used within the context of medical consultations when RDT for HIV, HBV, and HCV is offered to legal migrants with LFP. A cross-sectional qualitative study was used with a purposive sample that included doctors and nurses who had conducted rapid screening tests with migrants in four centers in France and who had access to interpretive services. Semi-structured interviews explored healthcare providers' (HP) use of interpreters at the OFII. The use of professional or ad hoc interpreters, telephone interpreters, and the equivalence of concepts such as health literacy between the HP and the interpreter were explored. The utility of a new tool to promote communication concordance was evaluated. Twenty interviews were conducted with eleven doctors and nine nurses with a median age of 58 years (25-67 years). All participants had access to interpretive services although many did not solicit them because of 1) unawareness on how to use the services, 2) preconceived notions of the length of time to involve an interpreter and how this would add to consultation times, or 3) the proximity of an ad hoc interpreter. Not using interpreter services could result in RDTs not being offered to immigrants. Subjects such as confidentiality, the embarrassment of a third party's presence, the lack of appropriate training and differing levels of health literacy were also discussed by participants. Insight from HPs allows us to better understand how both telephone and in-person interpretation are used, viewed, and why they are underused to communicate with limited French language skills patients. Our findings will help us develop a conceptual model for a digital communication tool to overcome barriers with migrant patients with limited French language skills., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Brown et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Published
2023
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50. Drosophila muller f elements maintain a distinct set of genomic properties over 40 million years of evolution.

Author

Leung W, Shaffer CD, Reed LK, Smith ST, Barshop W, Dirkes W, Dothager M, Lee P, Wong J, Xiong D, Yuan H, Bedard JE, Machone JF, Patterson SD, Price AL, Turner BA, Robic S, Luippold EK, McCartha SR, Walji TA, Walker CA, Saville K, Abrams MK, Armstrong AR, Armstrong W, Bailey RJ, Barberi CR, Beck LR, Blaker AL, Blunden CE, Brand JP, Brock EJ, Brooks DW, Brown M, Butzler SC, Clark EM, Clark NB, Collins AA, Cotteleer RJ, Cullimore PR, Dawson SG, Docking CT, Dorsett SL, Dougherty GA, Downey KA, Drake AP, Earl EK, Floyd TG, Forsyth JD, Foust JD, Franchi SL, Geary JF, Hanson CK, Harding TS, Harris CB, Heckman JM, Holderness HL, Howey NA, Jacobs DA, Jewell ES, Kaisler M, Karaska EA, Kehoe JL, Koaches HC, Koehler J, Koenig D, Kujawski AJ, Kus JE, Lammers JA, Leads RR, Leatherman EC, Lippert RN, Messenger GS, Morrow AT, Newcomb V, Plasman HJ, Potocny SJ, Powers MK, Reem RM, Rennhack JP, Reynolds KR, Reynolds LA, Rhee DK, Rivard AB, Ronk AJ, Rooney MB, Rubin LS, Salbert LR, Saluja RK, Schauder T, Schneiter AR, Schulz RW, Smith KE, Spencer S, Swanson BR, Tache MA, Tewilliager AA, Tilot AK, VanEck E, Villerot MM, Vylonis MB, Watson DT, Wurzler JA, Wysocki LM, Yalamanchili M, Zaborowicz MA, Emerson JA, Ortiz C, Deuschle FJ, DiLorenzo LA, Goeller KL, Macchi CR, Muller SE, Pasierb BD, Sable JE, Tucci JM, Tynon M, Dunbar DA, Beken LH, Conturso AC, Danner BL, DeMichele GA, Gonzales JA, Hammond MS, Kelley CV, Kelly EA, Kulich D, Mageeney CM, McCabe NL, Newman AM, Spaeder LA, Tumminello RA, Revie D, Benson JM, Cristostomo MC, DaSilva PA, Harker KS, Jarrell JN, Jimenez LA, Katz BM, Kennedy WR, Kolibas KS, LeBlanc MT, Nguyen TT, Nicolas DS, Patao MD, Patao SM, Rupley BJ, Sessions BJ, Weaver JA, Goodman AL, Alvendia EL, Baldassari SM, Brown AS, Chase IO, Chen M, Chiang S, Cromwell AB, Custer AF, DiTommaso TM, El-Adaimi J, Goscinski NC, Grove RA, Gutierrez N, Harnoto RS, Hedeen H, Hong EL, Hopkins BL, Huerta VF, Khoshabian C, LaForge KM, Lee CT, Lewis BM, Lydon AM, Maniaci BJ, Mitchell RD, Morlock EV, Morris WM, Naik P, Olson NC, Osterloh JM, Perez MA, Presley JD, Randazzo MJ, Regan MK, Rossi FG, Smith MA, Soliterman EA, Sparks CJ, Tran DL, Wan T, Welker AA, Wong JN, Sreenivasan A, Youngblom J, Adams A, Alldredge J, Bryant A, Carranza D, Cifelli A, Coulson K, Debow C, Delacruz N, Emerson C, Farrar C, Foret D, Garibay E, Gooch J, Heslop M, Kaur S, Khan A, Kim V, Lamb T, Lindbeck P, Lucas G, Macias E, Martiniuc D, Mayorga L, Medina J, Membreno N, Messiah S, Neufeld L, Nguyen SF, Nichols Z, Odisho G, Peterson D, Rodela L, Rodriguez P, Rodriguez V, Ruiz J, Sherrill W, Silva V, Sparks J, Statton G, Townsend A, Valdez I, Waters M, Westphal K, Winkler S, Zumkehr J, DeJong RJ, Hoogewerf AJ, Ackerman CM, Armistead IO, Baatenburg L, Borr MJ, Brouwer LK, Burkhart BJ, Bushhouse KT, Cesko L, Choi TY, Cohen H, Damsteegt AM, Darusz JM, Dauphin CM, Davis YP, Diekema EJ, Drewry M, Eisen ME, Faber HM, Faber KJ, Feenstra E, Felzer-Kim IT, Hammond BL, Hendriksma J, Herrold MR, Hilbrands JA, Howell EJ, Jelgerhuis SA, Jelsema TR, Johnson BK, Jones KK, Kim A, Kooienga RD, Menyes EE, Nollet EA, Plescher BE, Rios L, Rose JL, Schepers AJ, Scott G, Smith JR, Sterling AM, Tenney JC, Uitvlugt C, VanDyken RE, VanderVennen M, Vue S, Kokan NP, Agbley K, Boham SK, Broomfield D, Chapman K, Dobbe A, Dobbe I, Harrington W, Ibrahem M, Kennedy A, Koplinsky CA, Kubricky C, Ladzekpo D, Pattison C, Ramirez RE Jr, Wande L, Woehlke S, Wawersik M, Kiernan E, Thompson JS, Banker R, Bartling JR, Bhatiya CI, Boudoures AL, Christiansen L, Fosselman DS, French KM, Gill IS, Havill JT, Johnson JL, Keny LJ, Kerber JM, Klett BM, Kufel CN, May FJ, Mecoli JP, Merry CR, Meyer LR, Miller EG, Mullen GJ, Palozola KC, Pfeil JJ, Thomas JG, Verbofsky EM, Spana EP, Agarwalla A, Chapman J, Chlebina B, Chong I, Falk IN, Fitzgibbons JD, Friedman H, Ighile O, Kim AJ, Knouse KA, Kung F, Mammo D, Ng CL, Nikam VS, Norton D, Pham P, Polk JW, Prasad S, Rankin H, Ratliff CD, Scala V, Schwartz NU, Shuen JA, Xu A, Xu TQ, Zhang Y, Rosenwald AG, Burg MG, Adams SJ, Baker M, Botsford B, Brinkley B, Brown C, Emiah S, Enoch E, Gier C, Greenwell A, Hoogenboom L, Matthews JE, McDonald M, Mercer A, Monsma N, Ostby K, Ramic A, Shallman D, Simon M, Spencer E, Tomkins T, Wendland P, Wylie A, Wolyniak MJ, Robertson GM, Smith SI, DiAngelo JR, Sassu ED, Bhalla SC, Sharif KA, Choeying T, Macias JS, Sanusi F, Torchon K, Bednarski AE, Alvarez CJ, Davis KC, Dunham CA, Grantham AJ, Hare AN, Schottler J, Scott ZW, Kuleck GA, Yu NS, Kaehler MM, Jipp J, Overvoorde PJ, Shoop E, Cyrankowski O, Hoover B, Kusner M, Lin D, Martinov T, Misch J, Salzman G, Schiedermayer H, Snavely M, Zarrasola S, Parrish S, Baker A, Beckett A, Belella C, Bryant J, Conrad T, Fearnow A, Gomez C, Herbstsomer RA, Hirsch S, Johnson C, Jones M, Kabaso R, Lemmon E, Vieira CM, McFarland D, McLaughlin C, Morgan A, Musokotwane S, Neutzling W, Nietmann J, Paluskievicz C, Penn J, Peoples E, Pozmanter C, Reed E, Rigby N, Schmidt L, Shelton M, Shuford R, Tirasawasdichai T, Undem B, Urick D, Vondy K, Yarrington B, Eckdahl TT, Poet JL, Allen AB, Anderson JE, Barnett JM, Baumgardner JS, Brown AD, Carney JE, Chavez RA, Christgen SL, Christie JS, Clary AN, Conn MA, Cooper KM, Crowley MJ, Crowley ST, Doty JS, Dow BA, Edwards CR, Elder DD, Fanning JP, Janssen BM, Lambright AK, Lane CE, Limle AB, Mazur T, McCracken MR, McDonough AM, Melton AD, Minnick PJ, Musick AE, Newhart WH, Noynaert JW, Ogden BJ, Sandusky MW, Schmuecker SM, Shipman AL, Smith AL, Thomsen KM, Unzicker MR, Vernon WB, Winn WW, Woyski DS, Zhu X, Du C, Ament C, Aso S, Bisogno LS, Caronna J, Fefelova N, Lopez L, Malkowitz L, Marra J, Menillo D, Obiorah I, Onsarigo EN, Primus S, Soos M, Tare A, Zidan A, Jones CJ, Aronhalt T, Bellush JM, Burke C, DeFazio S, Does BR, Johnson TD, Keysock N, Knudsen NH, Messler J, Myirski K, Rekai JL, Rempe RM, Salgado MS, Stagaard E, Starcher JR, Waggoner AW, Yemelyanova AK, Hark AT, Bertolet A, Kuschner CE, Parry K, Quach M, Shantzer L, Shaw ME, Smith MA, Glenn O, Mason P, Williams C, Key SC, Henry TC, Johnson AG, White JX, Haberman A, Asinof S, Drumm K, Freeburg T, Safa N, Schultz D, Shevin Y, Svoronos P, Vuong T, Wellinghoff J, Hoopes LL, Chau KM, Ward A, Regisford EG, Augustine L, Davis-Reyes B, Echendu V, Hales J, Ibarra S, Johnson L, Ovu S, Braverman JM, Bahr TJ, Caesar NM, Campana C, Cassidy DW, Cognetti PA, English JD, Fadus MC, Fick CN, Freda PJ, Hennessy BM, Hockenberger K, Jones JK, King JE, Knob CR, Kraftmann KJ, Li L, Lupey LN, Minniti CJ, Minton TF, Moran JV, Mudumbi K, Nordman EC, Puetz WJ, Robinson LM, Rose TJ, Sweeney EP, Timko AS, Paetkau DW, Eisler HL, Aldrup ME, Bodenberg JM, Cole MG, Deranek KM, DeShetler M, Dowd RM, Eckardt AK, Ehret SC, Fese J, Garrett AD, Kammrath A, Kappes ML, Light MR, Meier AC, O'Rouke A, Perella M, Ramsey K, Ramthun JR, Reilly MT, Robinett D, Rossi NL, Schueler MG, Shoemaker E, Starkey KM, Vetor A, Vrable A, Chandrasekaran V, Beck C, Hatfield KR, Herrick DA, Khoury CB, Lea C, Louie CA, Lowell SM, Reynolds TJ, Schibler J, Scoma AH, Smith-Gee MT, Tuberty S, Smith CD, Lopilato JE, Hauke J, Roecklein-Canfield JA, Corrielus M, Gilman H, Intriago S, Maffa A, Rauf SA, Thistle K, Trieu M, Winters J, Yang B, Hauser CR, Abusheikh T, Ashrawi Y, Benitez P, Boudreaux LR, Bourland M, Chavez M, Cruz S, Elliott G, Farek JR, Flohr S, Flores AH, Friedrichs C, Fusco Z, Goodwin Z, Helmreich E, Kiley J, Knepper JM, Langner C, Martinez M, Mendoza C, Naik M, Ochoa A, Ragland N, Raimey E, Rathore S, Reza E, Sadovsky G, Seydoux MI, Smith JE, Unruh AK, Velasquez V, Wolski MW, Gosser Y, Govind S, Clarke-Medley N, Guadron L, Lau D, Lu A, Mazzeo C, Meghdari M, Ng S, Pamnani B, Plante O, Shum YK, Song R, Johnson DE, Abdelnabi M, Archambault A, Chamma N, Gaur S, Hammett D, Kandahari A, Khayrullina G, Kumar S, Lawrence S, Madden N, Mandelbaum M, Milnthorp H, Mohini S, Patel R, Peacock SJ, Perling E, Quintana A, Rahimi M, Ramirez K, Singhal R, Weeks C, Wong T, Gillis AT, Moore ZD, Savell CD, Watson R, Mel SF, Anilkumar AA, Bilinski P, Castillo R, Closser M, Cruz NM, Dai T, Garbagnati GF, Horton LS, Kim D, Lau JH, Liu JZ, Mach SD, Phan TA, Ren Y, Stapleton KE, Strelitz JM, Sunjed R, Stamm J, Anderson MC, Bonifield BG, Coomes D, Dillman A, Durchholz EJ, Fafara-Thompson AE, Gross MJ, Gygi AM, Jackson LE, Johnson A, Kocsisova Z, Manghelli JL, McNeil K, Murillo M, Naylor KL, Neely J, Ogawa EE, Rich A, Rogers A, Spencer JD, Stemler KM, Throm AA, Van Camp M, Weihbrecht K, Wiles TA, Williams MA, Williams M, Zoll K, Bailey C, Zhou L, Balthaser DM, Bashiri A, Bower ME, Florian KA, Ghavam N, Greiner-Sosanko ES, Karim H, Mullen VW, Pelchen CE, Yenerall PM, Zhang J, Rubin MR, Arias-Mejias SM, Bermudez-Capo AG, Bernal-Vega GV, Colon-Vazquez M, Flores-Vazquez A, Gines-Rosario M, Llavona-Cartagena IG, Martinez-Rodriguez JO, Ortiz-Fuentes L, Perez-Colomba EO, Perez-Otero J, Rivera E, Rodriguez-Giron LJ, Santiago-Sanabria AJ, Senquiz-Gonzalez AM, delValle FR, Vargas-Franco D, Velázquez-Soto KI, Zambrana-Burgos JD, Martinez-Cruzado JC, Asencio-Zayas L, Babilonia-Figueroa K, Beauchamp-Pérez FD, Belén-Rodríguez J, Bracero-Quiñones L, Burgos-Bula AP, Collado-Méndez XA, Colón-Cruz LR, Correa-Muller AI, Crooke-Rosado JL, Cruz-García JM, Defendini-Ávila M, Delgado-Peraza FM, Feliciano-Cancela AJ, Gónzalez-Pérez VM, Guiblet W, Heredia-Negrón A, Hernández-Muñiz J, Irizarry-González LN, Laboy-Corales ÁL, Llaurador-Caraballo GA, Marín-Maldonado F, Marrero-Llerena U, Martell-Martínez HA, Martínez-Traverso IM, Medina-Ortega KN, Méndez-Castellanos SG, Menéndez-Serrano KC, Morales-Caraballo CI, Ortiz-DeChoudens S, Ortiz-Ortiz P, Pagán-Torres H, Pérez-Afanador D, Quintana-Torres EM, Ramírez-Aponte EG, Riascos-Cuero C, Rivera-Llovet MS, Rivera-Pagán IT, Rivera-Vicéns RE, Robles-Juarbe F, Rodríguez-Bonilla L, Rodríguez-Echevarría BO, Rodríguez-García PM, Rodríguez-Laboy AE, Rodríguez-Santiago S, Rojas-Vargas ML, Rubio-Marrero EN, Santiago-Colón A, Santiago-Ortiz JL, Santos-Ramos CE, Serrano-González J, Tamayo-Figueroa AM, Tascón-Peñaranda EP, Torres-Castillo JL, Valentín-Feliciano NA, Valentín-Feliciano YM, Vargas-Barreto NM, Vélez-Vázquez M, Vilanova-Vélez LR, Zambrana-Echevarría C, MacKinnon C, Chung HM, Kay C, Pinto A, Kopp OR, Burkhardt J, Harward C, Allen R, Bhat P, Chang JH, Chen Y, Chesley C, Cohn D, DuPuis D, Fasano M, Fazzio N, Gavinski K, Gebreyesus H, Giarla T, Gostelow M, Greenstein R, Gunasinghe H, Hanson C, Hay A, He TJ, Homa K, Howe R, Howenstein J, Huang H, Khatri A, Kim YL, Knowles O, Kong S, Krock R, Kroll M, Kuhn J, Kwong M, Lee B, Lee R, Levine K, Li Y, Liu B, Liu L, Liu M, Lousararian A, Ma J, Mallya A, Manchee C, Marcus J, McDaniel S, Miller ML, Molleston JM, Diez CM, Ng P, Ngai N, Nguyen H, Nylander A, Pollack J, Rastogi S, Reddy H, Regenold N, Sarezky J, Schultz M, Shim J, Skorupa T, Smith K, Spencer SJ, Srikanth P, Stancu G, Stein AP, Strother M, Sudmeier L, Sun M, Sundaram V, Tazudeen N, Tseng A, Tzeng A, Venkat R, Venkataram S, Waldman L, Wang T, Yang H, Yu JY, Zheng Y, Preuss ML, Garcia A, Juergens M, Morris RW, Nagengast AA, Azarewicz J, Carr TJ, Chichearo N, Colgan M, Donegan M, Gardner B, Kolba N, Krumm JL, Lytle S, MacMillian L, Miller M, Montgomery A, Moretti A, Offenbacker B, Polen M, Toth J, Woytanowski J, Kadlec L, Crawford J, Spratt ML, Adams AL, Barnard BK, Cheramie MN, Eime AM, Golden KL, Hawkins AP, Hill JE, Kampmeier JA, Kern CD, Magnuson EE, Miller AR, Morrow CM, Peairs JC, Pickett GL, Popelka SA, Scott AJ, Teepe EJ, TerMeer KA, Watchinski CA, Watson LA, Weber RE, Woodard KA, Barnard DC, Appiah I, Giddens MM, McNeil GP, Adebayo A, Bagaeva K, Chinwong J, Dol C, George E, Haltaufderhyde K, Haye J, Kaur M, Semon M, Serjanov D, Toorie A, Wilson C, Riddle NC, Buhler J, Mardis ER, and Elgin SC

Subjects
Animals, Codon, Computational Biology, DNA Transposable Elements, Drosophila melanogaster genetics, Exons, Gene Rearrangement, Heterochromatin, Introns, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Polytene Chromosomes, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Selection, Genetic, Species Specificity, Drosophila genetics, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Genomics
Abstract

The Muller F element (4.2 Mb, ~80 protein-coding genes) is an unusual autosome of Drosophila melanogaster; it is mostly heterochromatic with a low recombination rate. To investigate how these properties impact the evolution of repeats and genes, we manually improved the sequence and annotated the genes on the D. erecta, D. mojavensis, and D. grimshawi F elements and euchromatic domains from the Muller D element. We find that F elements have greater transposon density (25-50%) than euchromatic reference regions (3-11%). Among the F elements, D. grimshawi has the lowest transposon density (particularly DINE-1: 2% vs. 11-27%). F element genes have larger coding spans, more coding exons, larger introns, and lower codon bias. Comparison of the Effective Number of Codons with the Codon Adaptation Index shows that, in contrast to the other species, codon bias in D. grimshawi F element genes can be attributed primarily to selection instead of mutational biases, suggesting that density and types of transposons affect the degree of local heterochromatin formation. F element genes have lower estimated DNA melting temperatures than D element genes, potentially facilitating transcription through heterochromatin. Most F element genes (~90%) have remained on that element, but the F element has smaller syntenic blocks than genome averages (3.4-3.6 vs. 8.4-8.8 genes per block), indicating greater rates of inversion despite lower rates of recombination. Overall, the F element has maintained characteristics that are distinct from other autosomes in the Drosophila lineage, illuminating the constraints imposed by a heterochromatic milieu., (Copyright © 2015 Leung et al.)

Published
2015
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