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Context.--The College of American Pathologists (CAP) developed proficiency testing for platelet function assays by using blood collected by the participant added to challenge tubes containing either saline (normal) or tirofiban (abnormal). Objective.--To analyze platelet function proficiency testing for Platelet Function Analyzer PFA-100, platelet aggregation, PlateletWorks, and PlateletMapping. Design.--Proficiency testing data from 2012-2016 were analyzed. Results.--For PFA-100, a total of 1200 laboratories participated; the coefficient variation (CV) of cartridge closure times was 22% (saline); 44,952 of 45,616 survey responses (99%) provided an interpretation, and 42,934 of 44,952 (96%) were correct. For optical platelet aggregation, 190 laboratories participated; the CV was 17% (saline), 7444 of 7813 survey responses (95%) provided an interpretation, and 7015 of 7444 (94%) were correct. For PlateletWorks, 60 laboratories participated; the CV was 3% to 11% (saline); 2412 of 2454 survey responses (98%) provided an interpretation, and 1207 of 1276 (95%) were correct for adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and 936 of 1136 (82%) for collagen. For PlateletMapping, 200 laboratories participated. For ADP, 1128 of 2697 survey responses (42%) provided an interpretation, but only 927 of 1128 (82%) were correct. For arachidonic acid, 1139 of 2604 survey responses (44%) provided an interpretation and 964 of 1139 (85%) were correct. Conclusions.--CAP is the first to provide proficiency testing for platelet aggregation, PlateletWorks, and PlateletMapping. Platelet aggregation, PFA-100, and PlateletWorks using ADP as an agonist performed well with more than 90% of laboratories providing an interpretation and a similar number providing correct results. PlateletWorks using collagen and PlateletMapping showed worse interpretive accuracy than the other methods. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2019;143:472-482; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0556-CP), Platelets perform multiple functions related to hemostasis and can be activated by multiple pathways; thus, no single platelet function test can assess all aspects of platelet function or diagnose all [...]

Researchers used a cognitive-reflective-interactive model for administrator development to help school administrators recognize their own personal constructs (implicit assumptions that affect decision-making). This recognition brings a clarification of self-understanding which, in conjunction with reflection and interaction with colleagues, strengthens the basis of administrative action. (PP)

Context.--With the availability of cell type-specific therapies, differentiating primary lung squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and adenocarcinomas (ACAs) has become important. The limitations of small sample size and the need to conserve tissue for additional molecular studies necessitate the use of sensitive and specific marker panels on a single slide. Objective.--To distinguish SCC from ACA and small cell carcinoma (SmCC) of lung using 2 novel tissue-conserving cocktails. Design.--We compared two antibody cocktails, desmoglein 3 + cytokeratin 5/napsin A and p40/thyroid transcription factor 1 (Biocare Medical, Concord, California) in diagnosing SCC and ACA of the lung on tissue microarray, cytology, and surgical specimens. Both lung and nonlung tissue were evaluated on an 1150-core tissue microarray that contained 200 lung cancers. A microarray of 35 SmCCs and 5 small cell SCCs was also evaluated. Results.--A cocktail of desmoglein 3 + cytokeratin 5/ napsin A provided diagnostic accuracy in lung cancers with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% in SCCs and a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 100% in ACAs. A p40/thyroid transcription factor 1 cocktail showed p40 to have a specificity of 92% and a sensitivity of 93% in SCCs, whereas thyroid transcription factor 1 had a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 77% in ACAs. Cell blocks of fine-needle aspiration cytology compared with corresponding surgical (n = 20) specimens displayed similar findings. The p40 was useful in differentiating bladder from prostate carcinoma with 88% sensitivity. Isolated carcinomas from nonlung tissues were desmoglein 3 + cytokeratin 5 positive. Napsin A was positive in 22% of renal tumors as previously observed. Both cocktails were excellent in differentiating SmCCs and small cell SCCs because none of the SmCCs stained with p40. Conclusions.--Both antibody cocktails are excellent in differentiating primary lung ACA from SCC, as well as excluding SmCC and ACAs from all other sites on small specimens. A cocktail of desmoglein 3 + cytokeratin 5/ napsin A is slightly superior compared with p40/thyroid transcription factor 1 cocktail. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013;137:1274-1281; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0635-OA), Despite more sensitive radiographic imaging techniques and specialized therapies, lung cancer is by far the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. (1-3) Lung cancer remains the second most common malignancy [...]

In recent years social scientists have been greatly concerned about dimensions of leadership. Such a preoccupation has been especially characteristic of work in educational administration. The study de scribed below reports on the administration of a leadership instrument in Canada last year, and the author explores some implications of his findings for future investigations of leadership. Mr. Brown is as sociate professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and associate professor of educational theory at the University of Toronto. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]