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Although many historical injustices in Canada have BC roots, the ensuing debates have tended to frame redress as a federal responsibility. The article analyzes this dynamic and calls it ''reparation displacement.' Reparation displacement saves the recalcitrant community or group from fighting aggressively to avoid its unpleasant past, shunting questions of cause, blame, and obligation away instead. Reparation displacement receives special attention here as an obstacle hindering BC's reconciliation with First Nations. The article also links the emphasis in 'post-positivist' policy studies on civic deliberation to the focus in the reparations literature on historical acknowledgment. It suggests further that reparation displacement requires further research from scholars of federalism and multilevel governance. La Colombie-Britannique est le site de plusieurs injustices commises dans l'histoire du Canada. Pourtant, les debats qui s'ensuivent tendent a concevoir la question de la reparation comme relevant de la responsabilite du gouvernement federal. Cet article examine cette dynamique et y refere en tant qu'elle temoigne d'un <>. Un tel deplacement permet a la communaute ou au groupe recalcitrant d'eviter d'affronter les aspects malheureux de son histoire. Il tait devier les questions de cause, de blame et d'obligation hors des responsabilites de la communaute concernee. Une attention speciale est dediee ici a ce phenomene parce qu'il constitue un obstacle entravant le processus de reconciliation entre la Colombie-Britannique et les Premieres Nations. Enfin, cet article etablit un rapport entre l'emphase que mettent les etudes <> de politiques sur la deliberation civique et l'importance accordee a la reconnaissance historique dans la litterature portant sur les enjeux de reparation. Il suggere, en outre, que ce phenomene de deplacement devrait faire l'objet de recherches approfondies dans les domaines d'etude du federalisme et de la gouvernance multipalier.

Abstract: Knowledge and practices of indigenous peoples relating to local plants used for food, medicine, materials, and other purposes are threatened in many parts of the world. The reasons for [...]

Are social class and Canadian sports culture entwined? This article, inspired by the social class frameworks of Pierre Bourdieu and Erik Wright, describes results from an exploratory investigation of class and sport in the province of British Columbia. The analysis utilizes original survey data to determine the degree to which demographic characteristics (gender, age and nativity), capitals (economic, cultural and social) and neo-Marxist indicators of class position (such as economic ownership, control in the workplace and job skill) predict breadth of sports knowledge and participation in sporting activities. The analysis therefore represents a small step towards identifying social classes in Canada that are sustained or delimited by the wielding of cultural tastes and practices. Les classes sociales et la culture sportive canadienne sont-elles interreliees ? L'auteur, inspire par les cadres conceptuels de classes sociales de Pierre Bourdieu et d'Erik Wright, decrit les resultats d'un travail exploratoire sur les classes sociales et le sport dans la province de Colombie-Britannique. Son analyse utilise des donnees d'enquete originales afin de determiner l'importance qu'ont les caracteristiques demographiques (sexe, age et naissance), le capital (economique, culturel et social) et les indicateurs neomarxistes des categories sociales (comme la propriete economique, le contro1e sur le lieu de travail et les competences professionnelles) sur l'etendue des connaissances sportives et sur la participation aux activites sportives. Cette analyse constitue donc un petit pas vers l'identification des classes sociales au Canada, soutenue ou delimitee par l'exercice des choix et des pratiques culturelles., FEW BRITISH COLUMBIANS, it seems, have heard of Don Bradman. Fewer yet know that Bradman (1908-2001), a national sporting hero in Australia, was knighted by the Queen of England for [...]

Cooperative strategies based on consultation promise a postcolonial relationship and method for adjudicating competing claims to ocean space for resolving conflicts between and within Native communities. The gap between the promise of consultation and the ways in which consultation serves to entrench rather than overcome the colonial relations of the past is explored, as colonialism seems to be well in practice of consultation through which indigenous resistance is managed and diffused.

The purpose of this study was to make comparisons between Aboriginal residential school survivors' perceptions of health status and overall quality of life, and Aboriginal non-residential school attendees, as well as between non-Aboriginals. Data were obtained from thirty-three questions derived from the 2001 Determinants of Health and Quality of Life Survey, based on a sample of 687 residents from the Bella Coola Valley area of British Columbia, Canada. A retrospective review of local Medical Clinic charts enabled 47 Aboriginal residential school survivors to be identified from the survey and matched, based on age and gender, with Aboriginal non-residential school attendees to form a cohort (n = 60), as well as with non-Aboriginals (n = 94). A series of descriptive, univariate, and Pearson Chi-square analyses were used to compare data of health status and quality of life outcome measures, physician visits, and disease prevalence rates between groups. The findings suggest that Aboriginal residential school survivors and Aboriginal non-residential school attendees both experience poorer health and quality of life compared to non-Aboriginals, as well as higher rates of diabetes. Surprisingly, also found was evidence contrary to the received view of the devastation of the residential school experience. The effects of residential school continuing to influence second, third, and fourth generations in relation to Aboriginal health and quality of life is complex, necessitating further inquiry. KEY WORDS: Aboriginal health, comparative analysis design, inequality, residential schooling, quality of life

Residents of northern British Columbia's resource-dependent areas have struggled to maintain the integrity of their communities as nonlocal firms exert ever-increasing influence over the region's resources and landscapes. Local leaders both construct and mobilize place as a vital part of their efforts to promote community well-being. This study focuses on the ways that the residents of three towns m the province's northern interior politicized place as a strategy for resisting the political influence and geographic designs of outsiders. The residents drew from their shared emotional response to powerlessness as a means of highlighting the inequities between insiders and outsiders, thereby generating a regional identity that calls into question the socioeconomic effects of resource industrialization m the north. In describing this dialectic between place making and economic restructuring, the article not only expands upon existing theory on place identity, but also contributes to a fuller understanding of the cultural geography of North America's resource-dependent communities. Key Words: British Columbia, place identity, resource-dependent community, rural development.

Cet article retrace la vie des emigrantes canadiennes sous le programme << Livein Caregive >> qui peulent travailler comme soignantes et dornestiques. C'est en Colombie-Britannique que l'auteure a choisi d'illustrer [...]

The emphasis on culture in studies of colonialism tends to obscure other forms of colonial power while making it impossible to contextualize the cultural argument and assess its salience. Rather than focusing on texts, systems of signification, and procedures of knowledge generation, as the colonial discourse literature is wont to do, a fuller understanding of colonial powers is achieved by explaining colonialism's basic geographical dispossessions of the colonized. In so doing, the issue of power is not prejudged and the particular roles of different modes and theories of colonial power come into focus. I explore these propositions by considering the powers underlying the reserve (reservation) system in British Columbia, a system that, by allocating a tiny fraction of the land to native people and opening the rest for development, facilitated the geographical reorganization of the province. My conclusions are these: the initial ability to dispossess rested primarily on physical power and the supporting infrastructure of the state; the momentum to dispossess derived from the interest of capital in profit and of settlers in forging new livelihoods; the legitimation of and moral justification for dispossession lay in a cultural discourse that located civilization and savagery and identified the land uses associated with each; and the management of dispossession rested with a set of disciplinary technologies of which maps, numbers, law, and the geography of resettlement itself were the most important. Although no one body of theory explains colonial power, several theoretical perspectives yield crucial insights. Key Words: colonialism, colonial discourse theory, deterritorialization, colonial land policies, governmentality, reservations, British Columbia.

The contestation of a resource salmon and a site Hells Gate in British Columbia, Canada in context of a rapid environmental change is analyzed. It suggested the landslides obstruction of salmon migrations, control of Hells Gate and the salmon, and their causes and consequences.

Abstract A major initiative was undertaken to move toward ecological, social, and economic sustainability in the rural areas of British Columbia during the 1990s. The paper describes the major institutional [...]

The Northern B.C. Business Council on Substance Abuse, a non-profit organization in northern British Columbia, has been active in promoting healthy drug free workplace initiatives over the past six years. It has a membership of 71 business, industry and labour organizations throughout northern B.C. Many of its membership rely directly or indirectly on remote work site employment. In the past couple of years, a key issue raised by their membership is that an increase of substance availability and tolerance in remote work sites not only exists, but is having a negative impact on employee health and safety, increasing Workers' Compensation Board costs, increasing company sick time or leaves of absence, reducing productivity, with a trickle down affect into families and communities. The paper discusses aspects of the effect of substance use on health, wellness and safety of employees and families in northern remote work sites. A view of how the economic sectors of mining, oil and gas, forestry, transportation and exploration are affected is shared. Experiences of the ways northern families and communities are dependent and personally impacted by this type of work are raised. Some of the challenges and rewards inherent in addressing the costs of substance abuse in this type of workforce are voiced. The paper concludes with a description of a pioneer research initiative that intends to find 'northern solutions' to address substance use and quality-of-work-life issues.

This essay examines the rivalry that has intensified in the 1990s among Canada's three principal film-making provinces: Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. This rivalry is a product of British Columbia's emergence as an audiovisual production centre, 'location-neutral' federal finding policiesto support indigenous film, and television production, and competition to attract foreign service production. This essay posits Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia less as brances of a national film industry, than as competing jurisdictions in a political-economic struggle for jobs and capital investment. The essay proceeds by tracing film policy initiatives by the government of British Columbia throughout the 1990s, which were intended both to diversify an economy heavily dependent on resource extraction and increase British Columbia's share of federal cultural funding. Particular attention is paid to how the policy discourse in British Columbia casts audiovisual production, perceives federal funding instruments and responds to policy initiatives in Quebec and Ontario. The essay concludes by assessing both positive and negative implications of this rivalry for film-making in Canada. While it has permitted regions outside central Canada to participate in film and television production, it has at the same time inhibited collaboration among the provinces, reinforced an industrial perception of cinema and created a dependence on foreign service production.

The William Head on Stage (WHoS) is a theater company that has been performing at the William Head Penitentiary since 1981. They perform two plays a year, emphasizing the themes of repentance, confession, and faith.

Plays by Joan MacLeod portray an assortment of eccentric characters typical of British Columbia society. 'The Hope Slide' focuses on a nonconformist teenager and portrays the negative and positive consequences of identifying with oddity.

Margaret Hollingsworth's plays use magic realism in a novelistic format to show how marginality operates to produce Canadian identity. Her characters are often confessional, establishing a polyphonic drama that deconstructs realism.

The Caravan Farm Theatre in the Salmon River Valley northwest of Armstrong, British Columbia, has presented productions informed by the tenets of anarchism since the 1970s. Caravan breaks down traditional categories of hierarchy and theatrical roles in a spontaneous expression of performance energy.

The British Columbia drama publisher Talonbooks cultivates a personal style with playwrights and customers. All its authors are closely edited, creating a process that stongly engages editors and publishers with play audiences.

This paper brings together two separate rural and small town community research areas. The first involves patterns of migration while the second involves the economic restructuring of work in Canada's single-industry resource-dependent communities. Our expectations regarding household migration in such communities still derive largely from Lucas' model of community development in single-industry towns where significant migration activity declines as the community matures. However, contemporary economic restructuring pressures are upsetting this stability and it is therefore appropriate to re-examine the conceptual model Household mobility is examined using information for three communities in British Columbia's central interior. The 'reasons for moving' which households identify are first examined to delineate a set of migration motivations. This is then extended by looking at the types of communities from which the households have moved. A community typology, based upon population size, frames a discussion which emphasizes previous residential experience with metropolitan and non-metropolitan locations. The findings suggest that most in-migrants come for employment opportunities. The findings also suggest that while urban locations are important contributors of in-migrants, most relocated from other rural and small town communities. The scale of contemporary economic restructuring and the scale of migration as a component of local population change suggest that there are a number of alternate futures for community development beyond the 'Maturity' stage Lucas identified. Beyond the detailed results, implications for small resource-dependent communities include that: 1) in-migration for employment is an important community change dynamic, 2) the uncertainty of employment stability due to industry restructuring may be creating a 'transient' cohort of workers, and 3) both of these processes generate important social geography pressures which in turn can affect local community development. Keywords: migration, Lucas, restructuring, resource-dependent communities

The response to an article on the involvement of cultural politics in landscape representation is presented. Colonial power relations were established in British Columbia through the characterization of nature as a realm separate from culture. The article was directed towards geographers and environmentalists. It is believed that colonial pasts will continue to affect the present at the same time that colonial relations are reproduced and contested in the present.

Monthly administrative records gathered for the period between Nov. 1983 and Sept. 1991 on income assistance in British Columbia were analyzed to determine the reasons for availment, withdrawal and return by individuals of such a service. Findings show that, contrary to popular opinion, single males and not women and children comprise the biggest group of availers. As for returnees, majority are residents of the province.

A study of the growth and maintenance of mining communities in the highly capitalized industrial gold mining region of Rossland, British Columbia, between 1898 to 1901 provides an insight into the development of an individual 'biography formation,' which includes identity, perception and values in particular time-space environments in this region. Miners extended their world experience from the workplace to include certain locales, such as homes, saloons and union halls, which contributed to their perceptions of capitalistic mixing, prohibition and socialism. Home-dwelling exposed the realities of mining for a wage in a frontier town and the saloons and halls acted as podiums for the exchange of views, leading to the evolution of a mining subculture.

The article examines the role of the family in the lives of women in a turn-of-the-century psychiatric institution in British Columbia, Canada. The continued connection between institutionalized women and their families is highlighted. Evidence drawn from the psychiatric case files of 774 women patients at British Columbia's Provincial Hospital for the Insane show that families significantly influenced such factors of institutional life as the conditions of care, the timing of discharge and the possibility of readmission. Conclusions presented here underscore the negotiated and conflictual nature of asylum practice.

Graphic accounts of attempts to limit fertility are provided by an analysis of the inquests and trials concerning one hundred British Columbian women who, between 1886 and 1939, had recourse to abortion. Given the limitations of the sources the entire impact of the criminalization of abortion cannot be determined, but this paper--in revealing the negotiations of wives and husbands, single women and single men, doctors and patients, police and public--reveals the way in which thhe law made such relationships difficult., On 9 July 1919 Sarah Robins, mother of three small children, died in Vancouver General Hospital, her septic poisoning the aftermath of a bungled abortion. In the dying declaration which [...]

Canadian survey of amount of volunteerism and community service based on regional and community differences.

Enderby, located in rural British Columbia, produced its first community play in 1999 using only local resources. Such local theater projects create relationships between artists and their communities to form 'cultural democracy.'

Vancouver's summer Shakespeare company, Bard on the Beach, has been performing since 1990 and is directed by the British actor Christopher Gaze. Gaze has developed the annual budget to $1,250,000, but feels the company could continue without him