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Corruption involves greed, money, and risky decision-making. We explore the love of money, pay satisfaction, probability of risk, and dishonesty across cultures. Avaricious monetary aspiration breeds unethicality. Prospect theory frames decisions in the gains-losses domain and high-low probability. Pay dissatisfaction (in the losses domain) incites dishonesty in the name of justice at the individual level. The Corruption Perceptions Index, CPI, signals a high-low probability of getting caught for dishonesty at the country level. We theorize that decision-makers adopt avaricious love-of-money aspiration as a lens and frame dishonesty in the gains-losses domain (pay satisfaction-dissatisfaction, Level 1) and high-low probability (CPI, Level 2) to maximize expected utility and ultimate serenity. We challenge the myth: Pay satisfaction mitigates dishonesty across nations consistently. Based on 6500 managers in 32 countries, our cross-level three-dimensional visualization offers the following discoveries. Under high aspiration conditions, pay dissatisfaction excites the highest- (third-highest) avaricious justice-seeking dishonesty in high (medium) CPI nations, supporting the certainty effect. However, pay satisfaction provokes the second-highest avaricious opportunity-seizing dishonesty in low CPI entities, sustaining the possibility effect-maximizing expected utility. Under low aspiration conditions, high pay satisfaction consistently leads to low dishonesty, demonstrating risk aversion-achieving ultimate serenity. We expand prospect theory from a micro and individual-level theory to a cross-level theory of monetary wisdom across 32 nations. We enhance the S-shaped Curve to three 3-D corruption surfaces across three levels of the global economic pyramid, providing novel insights into behavioral economics, business ethics, the environment, and responsibility. WOS:000951258300001

Social innovation is the common driver behind its entrepreneurial dynamics. The various theoretical approaches to social innovation generally revolve around questions relating to its nature, novelty, and social purpose. Social innovation focuses on addressing social problems defined in the following generally agreed manner: “any new approach, practice or intervention, or any new product, developed to improve a situation or to solve a social problem and which has been accepted by institutions, organizations and communities”. The analysis carried out on the Jardins de Cocagne made it possible to establish certain things and identify the problems met as well as the stakes related to identifying and recognizing the competences involved in this design activity. A “Cocagne Network” was created to develop synergies and knowledge-sharing between social innovation initiatives and approaches. While plenty of research has been carried out on entrepreneurial competence, collective entrepreneurial competence has been rather neglected by the academic community.

En quoi le lieu géographique, à l’échelle du quartier, participe-t-il de l’implication au travail pour des travailleurs spécifiques : les professionnels créatifs indépendants ou entrepreneurs salariés de TPE créatives et culturelles ? Nous appuyant sur la littérature récente en géographie relationnelle, nous examinons la « lieuité » dans le cas de ces travailleurs installés dans le quartier des Olivettes, un des « clusters créatifs » de la métropole nantaise. 32 entrevues individuelles révèlent deux séries de propriétés lieuitaires (identité, familiarité, vitalité et quotidienneté, centralité, connectivité et sérendipité) porteuses de socialisation organisationnelle. Le lieu-quartier apparaît comme une forme de tiers-organisation réductrice d’incertitude et d’instabilité., In what way does geographic location, at the neighbourhood level, influences the work commitment of a specific set of workers: independent creative professionals or salaried entrepreneurs in creative, cultural micro-enterprises? Referring to recent literature on relational geography, we examine “placeness” in the context of workers in the “Quartier des Olivettes”, one of Nantes Metropole’s creative clusters. Thirty-two individual interviews reveal two series of placeness properties (identity, familiarity, vitality and everydayness; centrality, connectivity and serendipity) which support organisational socialisation. The place/quarter emerges as a third-organisation reducing incertitude and instability., En qué medida el lugar geográfico, a la escala del barrio, afecta al trabajo de los creadores independientes y de los empresarios de pequeñas empresas creativas y culturales? Inspirados por la reciente literatura sobre la geografía relacional, investigamos el rol del lugar geográfico en las prácticas y actitudes de los trabajadores del barrio de Olivettes, una aglomeración creativa de la ciudad de Nantes. 32 entrevistas individuales revelan la importancia de dos series de propiedades del lugar (identidad, familiaridad, vitalidad y cotidianidad, centralizad, conectividad y serendipia) portadoras de socialización organizacional. El barrio aparece así como una forma de organización-tercera reductora de la incertidumbre y de la inestabilidad.

It is assumed that fairness perceptions in family firms are complex to apprehend due to the overlap between family and business systems. In this context, one of the most critical challenges experienced by family firms is the fairness perceptions of non-family employees. Drawing upon the fairness literature, our in-depth ethnographic study of a Middle Eastern family firm reveals that fairness perceptions result from social and spiritual evaluation processes through which non-family employees interpret salient events. Specifically, we found that non-family employees combine rational and religious interpretations to generate fairness judgments through two main cognitive processing mechanisms. Labelled as horizontal-social evaluation and vertical-spiritual evaluation, these cognitive mechanisms are rational and supra-rational fairness assessment processes, respectively. Counterintuitively, our findings unveil that depending on the religiosity levels of both the dominant family coalition and non-family employees, the vertical-spiritual evaluation could affect the horizontal social-evaluation, and ultimately the overall fairness perceptions, to different extents. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

This chapter deals with the genesis of an urban cultural and creative cluster (CCC) as a collective system of cultural and creative entrepreneurs and very small companies. Beginning with a longitudinal case study of the trajectory of a CCC, the purpose is to address the analysis framework of the clustering process and to identify the keys actors in the cluster life cycle. The methodology is based on a 6-year qualitative study of the French “Quartier de la creation” in Nantes. The findings confirm the prevailing view of the CCC as a dynamic organization. It shows distinct stages, with specific key actors and governance practices. It reveals difficulties in shaping the roles of the support organization, the interactions with the small firms, and the collective competencies to build amongst the cultural and creative entrepreneurs. The governance mechanisms and cluster practices of some localized groupings of cultural entrepreneurs and very small creative enterprises require balancing institutional and entrepreneurial approaches, which results in hybrid cluster practices based on ambidextrous management mechanisms.

L’objet de cet article est de repérer les compétences mobilisées par le porteur de projet innovant pour créer son entreprise, à partir d’une analyse de la littérature et d’une démarche empirique qualitative. Tout d’abord, l’analyse de la littérature de gestion semble montrer que cerner la compétence du créateur requiert une révision des cadres d’analyse habituellement employés. Ensuite, quatre projets de création d’entreprises innovantes sont analysés pour repérer et évaluer les compétences mises en œuvre à chacune des différentes étapes du processus de création. Une discussion critique amène à préciser les contenus de la compétence du créateur et à interroger les démarches d’accompagnement des projets innovants., This research paper identifies the skills mobilised by a company’s founder while creating his company. First, we note that current management research literature in this area is weak, and the analysis framework of the founder’s competences needs to be revised. Second, using an empirical qualitative method, four projects of innovative companies are analysed to pinpoint and assess the skills required at each step of the company’s foundation process. In our critique, we analyse thoroughly the skills required in these innovations and we also discuss the support practices that were invoked to facilitate the projects., El objeto de este artículo es de reparar en las habilidades puestas en marcha por el emprendedor de un proyecto de innovación al crear su empresa, a partir de un análisis de la literatura y de una práctica cualitativa empírica. En primer lugar, el análisis de la literatura de gestion parece mostrar que la habilidad de un emprendedor requiere una revisión de los cuadros de análisis habitualmente puestos en marcha. En seguida, cuatro proyectos de innovacion son analizados para mostrar y evaluar las habilidades puestas en obra en cada etapa del proceso de creación. Una discución crítica destinada a conocer las habilidades del emprendedor y a questionar las acciones de acompañamiento de proyectos innovantes., Der Gegenstand dieses Artikels besteht darin, die mobilisierten Kompetenzen von innovativen Projektträgern im Rahmen von Unternehmensgründungen zu erfor-schen. Zuerst scheint die Analyse der Managementliteratur zu zeigen, dass für die Erfassung der Kompetenzen eines Gründers der gewöhnliche Rahmen genügt.In der Folge wurden im Rahmen eines empirischen Vorgehens vier innovative Gründungsprojekte analysiert, um die Kompetenzen in den verschiedenen Phasen des Gründungsprozesses zu entdecken und zu bewerten. Eine kritische Diskussion veranlasste, die Kompetenzinhalte des Ideengebers festzulegen und die Begleitung der innovativen Projekten zu hinterfragen.

This article deals with the problem of contemporary innovative process and organizational emergence in the french non profit sector, through a study of innovative micro-projects financed by the program of measure 10B in FSE (Social Fund European). To study processes of emergence and development of these projects, this research favoured a theoretical frame overtaking the dualism actor/system and based on the approach of the logic of action. Resulting from an interdisciplinary collaboration, this research allows us to bring new understanding on entrepreneurial emergence and contemporary social innovation. JEL codes: L26, 022, 031

Demonstrating the equivalence of constructs is a key requirement for cross-cultural empirical research. The major purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to assess measurement and functional equivalence or invariance using the 9-item, 3-factor Love of Money Scale (LOMS, a second-order factor model) and the 4-item, 1-factor Pay Level Satisfaction Scale (PLSS, a first-order factor model) across 29 samples in six continents (N = 5973). In step 1, we tested the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the LOMS and 17 samples achieved measurement invariance. In step 2, we applied the same procedures to the PLSS and nine samples achieved measurement invariance. Five samples (Brazil, China, South Africa, Spain and the USA) passed the measurement invariance criteria for both measures. In step 3, we found that for these two measures, common method variance was non-significant. In step 4, we tested the functional equivalence between the Love of Money Scale and Pay Level Satisfaction Scale. We achieved functional equivalence for these two scales in all five samples. The results of this study suggest the critical importance of evaluating and establishing measurement equivalence in cross-cultural studies. Suggestions for remedying measurement non-equivalence are offered.

International audience; L'analyse comparative de démarches compétences dans des PME a révélé le caractère spécifique des pratiques managériales développées dans une PME SCOP (société coopérative et participative) et leurs effets remarquables sur l'implication des salariés. À partir du cadre théorique de la régulation sociale de Jean-Daniel Reynaud et d'une posture méthodologique empruntée à Jean-Claude Moisdon, nous analysons le rôle du dirigeant et du conseil d'administration, et celui des divers collectifs qui nourrissent la gouvernance de cette SCOP. Il apparaît que le travail réel, la création de collectifs et la régulation sociale sont au coeur des préoccupations de cette SCOP et permettent de faire vivre un projet d'entreprise sociale et économiquement viable, au service de et avec ses salariés. Au-delà, cette étude de cas permet de reposer la question de la coopération et des collectifs qui tendent à avoir été délaissés au profit exclusif de l'autonomie, ce qui a pour conséquence de passer sous silence ce qui se joue dans le travail.

Cet article traite de la problematique des dynamiques entrepreneuriales contemporaines de l’economie sociale et solidaire, a partir d’une analyse des micro-projets innovants finances dans le cadre du programme de la mesure 10B, du FSE (Fonds Social Europeen). Pour etudier des processus d’emergence et de developpement de ces projets entrepreneuriaux, cette recherche a privilegie une lecture theorique de depassement du dualisme acteur /systeme basee sur l’approche par les logiques d’action, Resultant d’une collaboration interdisciplinaire, ce travail nous permet d’apporter de nouveaux eclairages sur l’emergence entrepreneuriale et l‘innovation sociale contemporaine.Codes JEL : L26, 022, 031

International audience; cette communication cherche à tirer des enseignements sur l’objet « compétence entrepreneuriale » à partir de travaux menés sur les dynamiques entrepreneuriales dans des organisations de l’économie sociale et solidaire (plus particulièrement des associations et des SCOP – sociétés coopératives de production-). Notre analyse à visée plus générale nous conduit à poser la question de la compétence entrepreneuriale et des enjeux organisationnels et managériaux associés. S’interroger sur la compétence entrepreneuriale dans une perspective organisationnelle conduit à interroger la GRH sur son rôle actif et sa contribution au développement de la compétence entrepreneuriale. Cette problématique soulève des questionnements méthodologiques majeurs : comment caractériser la compétence entrepreneuriale dans un contexte organisationnel ? Comment se saisir de sa réalité ? Comment la favoriser et créer les conditions de son épanouissement ?

International audience

International audience

International audience

In this study, we develop a theory of Monetary Intelligence, and explore satisfaction with pay and life from the virtuous money smart perspective: In order to enjoy high pay satisfaction and life s...

Monetary intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the dark side of monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics-dishonesty (corruption). Dishonesty, a risky prospect, involves cost-benefit analysis of self-interest. We frame good or bad barrels in the environmental context as a proxy of high or low probability of getting caught for dishonesty, respectively. We theorize: The magnitude and intensity of the relationship between love of money and dishonest prospect (dishonesty) may reveal how individuals frame dishonesty in the context of two levels of subjective norm-perceived corporate ethical values at the micro-level (CEV, Level 1) and Corruption Perceptions Index at the macro-level (CPI, Level 2), collected from multiple sources. Based on 6382 managers in 31 geopolitical entities across six continents, our cross-level three-way interaction effect illustrates: As expected, managers in good barrels (high CEV/high CPI), mixed barrels (low CEV/high CPI or high CEV/low CPI), and bad barrels (low CEV/low CPI) display low, medium, and high magnitude of dishonesty, respectively. With high CEV, the intensity is the same across cultures. With low CEV, the intensity of dishonesty is the highest in high CPI entities (risk seeking of high probability)-the Enron Effect, but the lowest in low CPI entities (risk aversion of low probability). CPI has a strong impact on the magnitude of dishonesty, whereas CEV has a strong impact on the intensity of dishonesty. We demonstrate dishonesty in light of monetary values and two frames of social norm, revealing critical implications to the field of behavioral economics and business ethics. Faculty Research and Creative Activity Committee of Middle Tennessee State University The senior author would like to thank Faculty Research and Creative Activity Committee of Middle Tennessee State University and all co-authors' respective institutions for financial support, late Fr. Wiatt Funk, late Prof. Kuan Ying Tang, and Fang Chen Tang for their inspiration, and pay special tribute to Prof. Horia D. Pitariu who passed away on March 25, 2010. WOS:000428611800013 2-s2.0-84955592605

Monetary Intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the bright side of Monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics, frames money attitude in the context of pay and life satisfaction, and controls money at the macro-level (GDP per capita) and micro-level (Z income). We theorize: Managers with low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior will have high subjective well-being: pay satisfaction and quality of life. Data collected from 6586 managers in 32 cultures across six continents support our theory. Interestingly, GDP per capita is related to life satisfaction, but not to pay satisfaction. Individual income is related to both life and pay satisfaction. Neither GDP nor income is related to Happiness (money makes people happy). Our theoretical model across three GDP groups offers new discoveries: In high GDP (rich) entities, high income not only reduces aspirations-Rich, Motivator, and Power, but also promotes stewardship behavior-Budget, Give/Donate, and Contribute and appreciation of Achievement. After controlling income, we demonstrate the bright side of Monetary Intelligence: Low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior define Monetary Intelligence. Good apples enjoy good quality of life in good barrels. This notion adds another explanation to managers' low magnitude of dishonesty in entities with high Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) (risk aversion for gains of high probability) . In low GDP (poor) entities, high income is related to poor Budgeting skills and escalated Happiness. These managers experience equal satisfaction with pay and life. We add a new vocabulary to the conversation of monetary intelligence, income, GDP, happiness, subjective well-being, good and bad apples and barrels, corruption, and behavioral ethics. Faculty Research and Creative Activity Committee of Middle Tennessee State University We would like to thank Editor-in-Chief Alex C. Michalos for his dedication to the Journal of Business Ethics and his encouragement, inspiration, and continuous support of our research projects. The senior author would like to thank Faculty Research and Creative Activity Committee of Middle Tennessee State University and all co-authors' respective institutions for financial support, late Fr. Wiatt Funk and late Prof. Kuan Ying Tang and Fang Chen Tang for their inspiration, and pay special tribute to Prof. Horia D. Pitariu who passed away on March 25, 2010. Adebowale Akande would like to thank Bolanle E. Adetoun, Modupe F. Adewuyi, and Titilola Akande for their assistance. WOS:000428611800012 2-s2.0-84951784975