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Objective To investigate whether swelling stress exists in lung cancer cells by comparing water content and nucleus size as well as mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation activation between lung cancer tissues and corresponding paracancerous tissues. Methods Differences in water content between fresh specimens of 10 human lung adenocarcinoma, 12 lung squamous cell carcinoma, and corresponding paracancerous normal lung tissues were examined through "dry and wet" mass comparison. The expressions and phosphorylation activation of mitogen activated protein kinases JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 in 30 lung adenocarcinoma samples, 32 lung squamous cell carcinoma samples, and alveolar epithelial cells and lung bronchial epithelial cells of 10 paracancerous normal tissues samples were detected with their phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated antibodies and by immunohistochemical staining. Nucleus size differences between cancer cells from lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma samples and corresponding paracancerous normal lung alveolar epithelial cells or bronchial epithelial cells were estimated by HE staining and analyzed with image analysis software. Results The average water content of lung squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma samples were significantly higher than that of their corresponding paracancerous normal tissues. Immunohistochemistry showed that p38 was highly expressed in all samples of lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, and paracancerous tissues. ERK was weakly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma samples, but highly expressed in paracancerous tissues. JNK was weakly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma and paracancerous tissues. JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK1/2 were not activated through phosphorylation in alveolar or bronchial epithelial tissues. However, JNK, not p38 or ERK1/2, was phosphorylated in lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues. The average nucleus size of lung cancer cells was significantly larger than those of their corresponding paracancerous normal lung epithelial cells. Conclusion There is swelling stress in lung cancer cells, and different types of human lung cancer cells have different swelling stress signaling pathways.

Multi-person pose tracking task aims to estimate and track person keypoints in videos. Most of the previous methods follow the general track-by-detection strategy that ignores the consistent pose information during the whole framework. Thus, they often suffer from missing detections or inaccurate human association in challenging scenes with motion blur or person occlusion. To handle those problems, we propose a pose-guided tracking-by-detection framework that fuses pose information into both video human detection and human association procedures. In the video human detection stage, we adopt the pose-guided person location prediction exploiting the temporal information to make up missing detections. Technically, pose heatmaps are utilized to cope with the person-specific intra-class distractors. Furthermore, in the human association stage, we propose an appearance discriminative model based on the hierarchical pose-guided graph convolutional networks (PoseGCN). The PoseGCN-based model exploits human structural relations to boost person representation. Extensive experiments show the superiority of our method on the challenging pose tracking benchmark. Our proposed method ranks first on the PoseTrack leaderboard. 1 1 http://posetrack.net/leaderboard.php till the submission date (22-Aug-2019) of this paper. Our code has been publicly available at https://github.com/human-centric982/PGPT .

The development of sequencing technology and analytic tools have advanced our insights into the complexity of microbiome. Since different strains within species may display great phenotypic variability, studying within-species variations enhances the understanding of microbial biological processes. However, most existing methods for strain-level analysis do not allow for the simultaneous interrogation of strain proportions and genome-wide variants in longitudinal metagenomic samples. In this study, we introduce LongStrain, an integrated pipeline for the analysis of metagenomic data from individuals with longitudinal or repeated samples. Our algorithm improves the efficiency and accuracy of strain identification by jointly modeling the strain proportion and genomic variants in combined multiple samples within individuals. With simulation studies of a microbial community and single species, we show that LongStrain is superior to three extensively used methods in variant calling and proportion estimation. Furthermore, we illustrate the potential applications of LongStrain in the real data analysis of The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study and a gastric intestinal metaplasia microbiome study. We investigate the association between the dynamic change of strain proportions and early life events, such as birth delivery mode, antibiotic treatment, and weaning. By joint analysis of phylogeny and strain transition, we also identify a subspecies clade of Bifidobacterium longum which is significantly correlated with breastfeeding.

The Fujian Tanka people are officially classified as a southern Han ethnic group, whereas they have customs similar to Daic and Austronesion people. Whether they originated in Han or Daic people, there is no consensus. Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of this group: (1) the Han Chinese origin, (2) the ancient Daic origin, (3) and the admixture between Daic and Han. This study addressed this issue by analyzing the paternal Y chromosome and maternal mtDNA variation of 62 Fujian Tanka and 25 neighboring Han in Fujian. The southern East Asian predominant haplogroups (e.g., Y-chromosome O1a1a-P203 and O1b1a1a-M95, and mtDNA F2a, M7c1, and F1a1) had relatively high frequencies in Tanka. The interpopulation comparison revealed that the Tanka have a closer affinity with Daic populations than with Han Chinese in paternal lineages but are closely clustered with southern Han populations such as Hakka and Chaoshanese in maternal lineages. Network and haplotype-sharing analyses also support the admixture hypothesis. The Fujian Tanka mainly originate from the ancient indigenous Daic people and have only limited gene flows from Han Chinese populations. Notably, the divergence time inferred by the Tanka-specific haplotypes indicates that the formation of Fujian Tanka was a least 1033.8-1050.6 years before present (the early Northern Song dynasty), indicating that they are an indigenous population, not late Daic migrants from southwestern China.

The macro- and microvascular complications of type 1 and 2 diabetes lead to increased disease severity and mortality. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) can bind AGEs and multiple proinflammatory ligands that accumulate in diabetic tissues. Preclinical studies indicate that RAGE antagonists have beneficial effects on numerous complications of diabetes. However, these antagonists target the extracellular domains of RAGE, which bind distinct RAGE ligands at diverse sites in the immunoglobulin-like variable domain and two constant domains. The cytoplasmic tail of RAGE (ctRAGE) binds to the formin, Diaphanous-1 (DIAPH1), and this interaction is important for RAGE signaling. To comprehensively capture the breadth of RAGE signaling, we developed small-molecule antagonists of ctRAGE-DIAPH1 interaction, termed RAGE229. We demonstrated that RAGE229 is effective in suppressing RAGE-DIAPH1 binding, Förster resonance energy transfer, and biological activities in cellular assays. Using solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we defined the molecular underpinnings of the interaction of RAGE229 with RAGE. Through in vivo experimentation, we showed that RAGE229 assuaged short- and long-term complications of diabetes in both male and female mice, without lowering blood glucose concentrations. Last, the treatment with RAGE229 reduced plasma concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, and CCL2/JE-MCP1 in diabetic mice, in parallel with reduced pathological and functional indices of diabetes-like kidney disease. Targeting ctRAGE-DIAPH1 interaction with RAGE229 mitigated diabetic complications in rodents by attenuating inflammatory signaling.

Evidence suggests that Helicobacter pylori plays a role in gastric cancer initiation. However, epidemiologic studies on the specific role of other bacteria in the development of gastric cancer are lacking. We conducted a case-control study of 89 cases with gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) and 89 matched controls who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at three sites affiliated with NYU Langone Health. We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing using oral wash samples from 89 case-control pairs and antral mucosal brushing samples from 55 case-control pairs. We examined the associations of relative abundances of bacterial taxa and functional pathways with IM using conditional logistic regression with and without elastic-net penalty. Compared with controls, oral species Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Johnsonella ignava, Neisseria elongata, and Neisseria flavescens were enriched in cases (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.29–1.50, P = 0.004–0.01) while Lactobacillus gasseri, Streptococcus mutans, S. parasanguinis, and S. sanguinis were under-represented (ORs = 0.66–0.76, P = 0.006–0.042) in cases. Species J. ignava and Filifactor alocis in the gastric microbiota were enriched (ORs = 3.27 and 1.43, P = 0.005 and 0.035, respectively), while S. mutans, S. parasanguinis, and S. sanguinis were under-represented (ORs = 0.61–0.75, P = 0.024–0.046), in cases compared with controls. The lipopolysaccharide and ubiquinol biosynthesis pathways were more abundant in IM, while the sugar degradation pathways were under-represented in IM. The findings suggest potential roles of certain oral and gastric microbiota, which are correlated with regulation of pathways associated with inflammation, in the development of gastric precancerous lesions.

Water conservation areas play an important role in regional ecological security patterns. The Funiu Mountain water conservation area is located in the densely populated central region of China, where human disturbance to the ecosystem is strong and ecosystem services are facing a very serious situation. Identifying and evaluating the factors leading to changes in the ecosystem service value (ESV) of the Funiu Mountain water conservation area can provide scientific guidance for ecological management and sustainable development. Using multi-source data and machine learning methods, our research reveals the characteristics of the spatio-temporal variation in the ESV, constructs a system of ESV influencing factors from the comprehensive perspectives of the natural environment and human activities, and discusses the comprehensive effects of the influencing factors on the Funiu Mountain area from 2000 to 2015. The results are as follows. (1) From 2000 to 2005, the ESV increased 375 million yuan, and from 2005 to 2015, it decreased 154 million yuan. (2) Hydrological regulation, biodiversity maintenance, soil conservation, gas regulation, and climate regulation were the main types of ecosystem services in the Funiu Mountain area. (3) The ESV was influenced by the comprehensive effects of the natural environment and human activities. Population was the most important influencing factor of the ESV, in addition, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), precipitation, and economic factors had important influences on the ESV. (4) With the intensification of human activities, humanistic factors have surpassed the relatively stable natural factors, becoming the main factors of the ESV. With economic development, the effect of human activities on the ESV may be further intensified in the future.

Martinon-Torres et al. (1) present a flawed reinterpretation of our work which demands correction. FY-HT-1 and FY-HT-2 were collected from the section walls of the 2011–2013 excavations; details of provenience were provided (2). All of the lingual and much of the occlusal and mesial surfaces of FY-HT-2’s enamel is missing (Fig. 1 A ). Therefore, reconstructions of “deer-like” wear (1) simply bear no resemblance to the preservational reality of the tooth. Also disconcerting is their comparison of FY-HT-2 with images of various deer incisors (Fig. 1 A and ref. 1). Confirmation bias aside, a proper comparison would have indicated affinities to recent humans (Fig. 1 A ), as confirmed by DNA analyses (2). Regarding FY-HT-1, its preservation is visually indistinct from existing samples (see ref. 3). But within-sample variation is clear, and expected, given nonuniform taphonomic processes within the context of a dynamic sedimentary history, as we have demonstrated at Fuyan Cave (2). Fig. 1. ( A ) Fuyan Cave tooth FY-TH-2 ( i ), a recent human from the Foyemiaowan Han Tomb ( ii ), and deer of Martinon-Torres et al. (1) ( iii ). Right column adapted with permission from ref. 1. ( B ) Number of sequences overlapping each position in the FY-HT-2 mitochondrial genome (coverage, Left ) and percentage of sequences carrying an identical base ( Right ). ( C ) Frequencies of nucleotide substitutions at the start and end positions of sequences from the FY-HT-2 library. Martinon-Torres et al. (1) and Higham and Douka (4) challenge our AMS 14C dating. We describe our accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14 … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: darrencurnoe{at}icloud.com. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Genghis Khan's lineage has attracted both academic and general interest because of its mystery and large influence. However, the truth behind the mystery is complicated and continues to confound the scientific study. In this study, we surveyed the molecular genealogy of Northwestern China's Lu clan who claim to be the descendants of the sixth son of Genghis Khan, Toghan. We also investigated living members of the Huo and Tuo clans, who, according to oral tradition, were close male relatives of Lu clan. Using network analysis, we found that the Y-chromosomal haplotypes of Lu clan mainly belong to haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756, widely prevalent in Altaic-speaking populations, and are closely related to the Tore clan from Kazakhstan, who claim to be the descendants of the first son of Genghis Khan, Jochi. The most recent common ancestor of the special haplotype cluster that includes the Lu clan and Tore clan lived about 1000 years ago (YA), while the Huo and Tuo clans do not share any Y lineages with the Lu clan. In addition to the reported lineages, such as C3*-Star Cluster, R1b-M343, and Q, our results indicate that haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 might be another candidate of the true Y lineage of Genghis Khan.

Accruing evidence indicates that accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and activation of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) play a significant role in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The concentrations of circulating RAGE isoforms, such as soluble RAGE (sRAGE), cleaved RAGE (cRAGE), and endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE), collectively sRAGE isoforms, may be implicit in weight loss and energy compensation resulting from caloric restriction.We aimed to evaluate whether baseline concentrations of sRAGE isoforms predicted changes (∆) in body composition [fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM)], resting energy expenditure (REE), and adaptive thermogenesis (AT) during weight loss.Data were collected during a behavioral weight loss intervention in adults with obesity. At baseline and 3 mo, participants were assessed for body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis) and REE (indirect calorimetry), and plasma was assayed for concentrations of sRAGE isoforms (sRAGE, esRAGE, cRAGE). AT was calculated using various mathematical models that included measured and predicted REE. A linear regression model that adjusted for age, sex, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and randomization arm was used to test the associations between sRAGE isoforms and metabolic outcomes.Participants (This study demonstrates a novel link between RAGE and energy expenditure in human participants undergoing weight loss.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03336411.

Garlic and winter wheat are major economic and grain crops in China, and their boundaries have increased substantially in recent decades. Updated and accurate garlic and winter wheat maps are critical for assessing their impacts on society and the environment. Remote sensing imagery can be used to monitor spatial and temporal changes in croplands such as winter wheat and maize. However, to our knowledge, few studies are focusing on garlic area mapping. Here, we proposed a method for coupling active and passive satellite imagery for the identification of both garlic and winter wheat in Northern China. First, we used passive satellite imagery (Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 images) to extract winter crops (garlic and winter wheat) with high accuracy. Second, we applied active satellite imagery (Sentinel-1 images) to distinguish garlic from winter wheat. Third, we generated a map of the garlic and winter wheat by coupling the above two classification results. For the evaluation of classification, the overall accuracy was 95.97%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.94 by eighteen validation quadrats (3 km by 3 km). The user’s and producer’s accuracies of garlic are 95.83% and 95.85%, respectively; and for the winter wheat, these two accuracies are 97.20% and 97.45%, respectively. This study provides a practical exploration of targeted crop identification in mixed planting areas using multisource remote sensing data.

Quantifying the environmental determinants influencing crop yields is essential for crop management and ensuring global food security. However, comprehensive studies on the relative importance of multiple environmental factors and their interactions on crop yields during different phenological stages are still limited. In this study, we adopted a spatial heterogeneity detection method—geographic detector (GeoDetector)—to quantify how environmental factors, i.e., air pollutants, elevation, meteorological factors, and soil conditions, as well as their interactive effects, contributed to winter wheat yield. Data collected from agrometeorological stations in Henan Province, China, from 2014 to 2017 were analyzed as a case study. Results revealed that the dominant factors impacting winter wheat yield were elevation and soil acidity (pH). The interactions between elevation and soil conditions showed the strongest explanatory power throughout the growth period. Although air pollutants had relatively low independent impacts on yield, the interactions between air pollutants and other factors had significant nonlinear impacts. Contrary to traditional studies, ozone (O3) did not significantly impact winter wheat yield. In our study, carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were the main air pollutants affecting yield at most growth stages, and the interactions between CO and elevation, pH, soil organic matter, and SO2 were significant. The effects of air pollutants on yield also changed across the growth stages, with the greatest impact observed from the three-leaf to tillering stages, and the weakest observed from the tillering to green-up stages. These findings improve our understanding of the relative importance of environmental factors on winter wheat yields, and have important implications for managing agricultural activities, improving crop models, and developing food security policies.

Ancient DNA obtained from ancient samples, such as sediments, bones, and teeth, is an important genetic resource that can be used to reconstruct an evolutional history of humans, animals, and plants. The application of high-throughput sequencing enables the research of ancient DNA to be conducted in a whole genome scale. However, post-mortem DNA damage mainly caused by deamination of cytosine to uracil (or methylated cytosine to thymine) may confound the variant calling and downstream analysis. In this article, we develop a Python program to implement a new variant caller, "AntCaller", which extracts the information on nucleotide substitutions from sequencing data and calculates the probability of each genotype based on a Bayesian rule. Through both simulation studies and real data analyses, it was shown that our method reduced the false discovery rate caused by nucleotide misincorporations and outperformed two mainstream variant callers (i.e., GATK and SAMtools) in terms of calling accuracy. In a real application with serious DNA damage, AntCaller still outperformed GATK and SAMtools combined with quality score recalling.

// Tingting Kong 1, 2, 3 , Yahao Chen 4 , Yuxin Guo 1, 2, 5 , Yuanyuan Wei 1, 2 , Xiaoye Jin 1, 2, 5 , Tong Xie 3 , Yuling Mu 5 , Qian Dong 5 , Shaoqing Wen 6 , Boyan Zhou 6, 7 , Li Zhang 8 , Chunmei Shen 9 and Bofeng Zhu 1, 2, 3 1 Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P. R. China 2 Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P. R. China 3 Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China 4 Laboratory Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P. R. China 5 College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, P. R. China 6 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China 7 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China 8 Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P. R. China 9 Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, P. R. China Correspondence to: Bofeng Zhu, email: zhubofeng7372@126.com Keywords: Kazak group, InDel, population genetics, interpopulation differentiation, phylogenetic tree Received: March 08, 2017 Accepted: April 12, 2017 Published: May 12, 2017 ABSTRACT In the present study, we assessed the genetic diversities of the Chinese Kazak ethnic group on the basis of 30 well-chosen autosomal insertion and deletion loci and explored the genetic relationships between Kazak and 23 reference groups. We detected the level of the expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.3605 at HLD39 locus to 0.5000 at HLD136 locus and the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.3548 at HLD39 locus to 0.5283 at HLD136 locus. The combined power of discrimination and the combined power of exclusion for all 30 loci in the studied Kazak group were 0.999999999999128 and 0.9945, respectively. The dataset generated in this study indicated the panel of 30 InDels was highly efficient in forensic individual identifcation but may not have enough power in paternity cases. The results of the interpopulation differentiations, PCA plots, phylogenetic trees and STRUCTURE analyses showed a close genetic affiliation between the Kazak and Uigur group.

Human Alcohol metabolic gene families ADH and ALDH mainly comprise ten genes, expressing in different organs and tissues. Two of the variants, ADH1B*47His and ALDH2*504Lys reach very high frequency in East Asia, while are almost absent in the rest of the world, which is believed to be results of positive selection related to the development of agriculture in Neolithic time. In addition to the ADH alcohol metabolic pathway, a microsomal ethanol oxidizing system involving the gene CYP2E1 has also been identified. The study on the micro-evolution of alcohol metabolic genes will help us understand how human adapted to the artificial environment of agriculture. We collected 1211 samples from 44 worldwide populations including 19 representative populations in East Asia, combined with 2504 samples of 26 populations from 1000 Genome project. We scanned all the 23 missense mutations or pathogenic SNPs in ADH and CYP2E1 pathways. Then we examined the selection signature on the genetic polymorphism in East Asia and estimated the allele ages. Our analyses revealed that the long-term farming ethnic groups in East Asia, such as Han, differed from the nomadic populations in the pattern of alcohol-related genetic polymorphism. This divergence was mainly attributed to the 6 closely related functional SNPs rs1229984 ( ADH1B ), rs671 ( ALDH2 ), rs8187929 ( ALDH1A1 ), rs2228093 ( ALDH1B1 ), rs3813867 ( CYP2E1 ), and rs2031920 ( CYP2E1 ). The derived core haplotypes of the new detected SNPs showed moderate to strong selection signals and the estimated allele ages coincided with the Neolithic time. The driving force tended to be the emergence and expansion of agriculture in East Asia.

Our work focuses on tackling the challenging but natural visual recognition task of long-tailed data distribution (i.e., a few classes occupy most of the data, while most classes have rarely few samples). In the literature, class re-balancing strategies (e.g., re-weighting and re-sampling) are the prominent and effective methods proposed to alleviate the extreme imbalance for dealing with long-tailed problems. In this paper, we firstly discover that these re-balancing methods achieving satisfactory recognition accuracy owe to that they could significantly promote the classifier learning of deep networks. However, at the same time, they will unexpectedly damage the representative ability of the learned deep features to some extent. Therefore, we propose a unified Bilateral-Branch Network (BBN) to take care of both representation learning and classifier learning simultaneously, where each branch does perform its own duty separately. In particular, our BBN model is further equipped with a novel cumulative learning strategy, which is designed to first learn the universal patterns and then pay attention to the tail data gradually. Extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets, including the large-scale iNaturalist ones, justify that the proposed BBN can significantly outperform state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, validation experiments can demonstrate both our preliminary discovery and effectiveness of tailored designs in BBN for long-tailed problems. Our method won the first place in the iNaturalist 2019 large scale species classification competition, and our code is open-source and available at https://github.com/Megvii-Nanjing/BBN., Comment: Accepted by CVPR 2020; Our work won the first place in the iNaturalist 2019 large scale species classification competition, and our code is open-source and available at https://github.com/Megvii-Nanjing/BBN

Laser displacement sensors (LDSs) have been widely used in surface modeling for their pinpoint accuracy. To match the high accuracy of LDSs, the influence of machinery vibration must be compensated. In this letter, we built a mathematical model of the relative position between LDSs and objects. Based on the model, the Direct Compensation Method and the Curve Fitting Compensation Method were introduced to separate vibration components from original data for both part-known and completely unknown surfaces. A key and an inner face of a barrel were chosen for the verifications. Both methods were found compensating vibrations well.

According to historical records, ethnic Hui in China obtained substantial genetic components from western Eurasian populations during their Islamization. However, some scholars believed that the ancestry of Hui people were native Chinese populations. In this context, the formation of Hui is due to simple cultural diffusion rather than demic diffusion. In this study, we examined the forensic and population genetic application of the 30 InDel loci in Hui population from Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Northwest China. Genotype analysis of 129 unrelated individuals revealed that all loci were in the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in Ningxia Hui. Forensic indices calculated from genotypes demonstrated that this panel, Qiagen DIPplex ® Investigator kit, was powerful enough to be used in individual identification but not in paternity cases. Through population genetic analysis, we found that Ningxia Hui received much more genetic contributions from East Asian populations than those from western Eurasian populations. Finally, we statistically identified the admixture signal of eastern and western Eurasians, although the latter is weak, in Ningxia Hui via the three-population test. All this evidence suggested that the formation of Ningxia Hui was mainly attributed to the cultural transformation of local Chinese residents with minor gene flow from western Eurasian populations.

Friction is quite common and inevitable in physical environments. During the process of friction, vibration and collision will bring large deviations to identification results. In this paper, friction process with the influence of vibration and collision as well as data collection are implemented. In terms of friction model, according to the theory of Fourier series, we can introduce sine filter terms into friction model to eliminate influence of vibration and collision on parameter identifications. To get a much more accurate and efficient algorithm of identification, we embed simulated annealing operator into a genetic algorithm to take the advantages of both genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm. With the hybrid algorithm, the identification results of friction process under the influence of the vibration and collision can be determined effectively.

Background Helicobacter pylori is coexisted with various diseases, including chronic gastritis, ulcer, and gastric cancer. Besides, chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis are extremely widespread over the world, which are considered as high health-care cost burdens of digestive diseases. Epidemiologic evidence on Helicobacter pylori infection in gallbladder increasing the risk of biliary diseases has been contradictory. Aim Conduct a meta-analysis of overall studies and investigate an association between Helicobacter pylori infection of the gallbladder with chronic cholecystitis/cholelithiasis. Methods We used PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases to identify all published studies before August 2017. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using the random effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity, and stratified analyses were also performed. Results Eighteen studies involving 1544 participants and 1061 biliary cases with chronic cholecystitis/cholelithiasis were included. Helicobacter pylori infection of the gallbladder was significantly associated with an increased risk of chronic cholecystitis and cholecystitis (OR = 3.022; 95% CI, 1.897-4.815; I2 = 20.1%). In addition, country-based subgroup analysis also showed a positive association between Helicobacter pylori positivity and chronic cholecystitis/cholelithiasis risk. The ORs (95% CIs) for Asian and non-Asian region studies were 3.75 (1.83-7.71) and 2.25 (1.29-3.89), respectively. Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests that infection of the gallbladder with Helicobacter pylori is closely related to an increased risk of chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis.