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To improve the safety of handling and storing complex metal hydrides on board of automobiles, complex hydrides encapsulation in hollow glass porous microspheres was proposed and researched. Formation of intact hollow glass microspheres with an open through wall porosity following phase separation and acid leaching of the boron oxide rich phase was demonstrated. Encapsulation of sodium alanate within the prepared microspheres by diffusion through wall porosity was illustrated. The observation of unusual alanate structures in the form of needle bundles on the interior and exterior surfaces of the spheres following the encapsulation was obtained., Introduction Storing the hydrogen needed to power Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) stacks is considered the most challenging problem facing PEMFC vehicular applications. This is particularly due to the [...]

A novel approach to obtain a fractionation free [sup.11]B/[sup.10]B isotope ratio based on oxygen isotopes determined in situ from the same filament loading by N-TIMS is described. The method uses only a few nanograms of B to produce B[O.sub.2.sup.-] ions. First, the oxygen isotopes are determined at a lower filament temperature using Re[O.sub.4.sup.-] ions and employing [sup.187]Re/[sup.185]Re for internal normalization. Subsequently, the filament temperature is increased to get sufficient B[O.sub.2.sup.-] ions and predetermined [sup.18]O/[sup.16]O isotopes from the same filament loading is used to correct for boron mass fractionation. The validity of the method has been demonstrated by analyzing a NIST-SRM-951 boron isotopic certified standard, two synthetic B mixtures, and two coral reference materials. An average analytical precision of 0.6[per thousand] (n = 6) has been demonstrated. This is an important and crucial step forward in making the application of B[O.sub.2.sup.-] ions by N-TIMS routine in coral, foraminifera, and other samples where only limited amounts of boron are available. This new method does not require any additional effort in loading or in carrying out the mass spectrometric analysis but eliminates the need of assuming a fixed [sup.18]O/[sup.16]O ratio and thus provides higher accuracy for applications in paleo-oceanography, geochemistry, and cosmo-chemistry.

Deficiencies in boron, a microelement that is essential for the growth and development of higher plants, often cause problems in reproductive growth. Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) in cell wall pectin acts as the sole receptor for boron in plant cells, forming a borate cross-linked RG-II dimer (dRG-II-B), but the physiological functions of dRG-II-B remain unknown. We have previously shown that the pectin glucuronyltransferase 1 gene NpGUT1, which is involved in the biosynthesis of RG-II sugar chains, is essential for the formation of the RG-II-B complex, resulting in tight intercellular attachment in meristematic tissues. Because NpGUT1 expression was found to be abundant in reproductive organs in addition to meristematic tissues, we analyzed the expression and functions of NpGUT1 in more detail in tobacco reproductive tissues. Specific NpGUT1 expression was detected in the tapetum of flower buds and in the pollen, pollen tube tips, and transmitting tissue of the pistils of flowers. Dexamethasone-induced expression of the NpGUT1 antisense gene in flower buds resulted in the formation of sterile flowers with aberrant development of pollen and transmitting tissue. Pollen tubes could not pass through pistils with aborted transmitting tissue, and expression of an NpGUT1 antisense gene in germinating pollen inhibited pollen tube elongation, accompanied by the absence of pectin RG-II and boron in the pollen tube tip. These results indicate that expression of NpGUT1 is required for the development and functions of male and female tissues. boron | plant reproduction | NpGUT1

Because boron is a bioactive element that satisfies several of the criteria for essentiality in humans, the aim of the present work was to determine the profile of boron metabolism in human milk during the first 4 mo of lactation. The concentration of boron and other minerals was determined in archived milk collected (1980-84) 1 time/mo for 4 mo from lactating mothers of full-term, exclusively breast-fed infants living in Houston, TX. A linear model (treating month as a continuous variable) indicated that B concentrations were stable (P = 0.14) between mo 1 [3.88 [+ or -] 0.6 [micro]mol (42 [+ or -] 6.5 [micro]g)/L milk] and 4 [3.24 [+ or -] 0.6 [micro]mol (35 [+ or -] 6.5 [micro]g)/L milk, mean [+ or -] SEM]. Mg concentrations increased slightly over time (1.18 [+ or -] 0.09 to 1.36 [+ or -] 0.09 mmol/L, P < 0.0001), whereas Ca concentrations decreased slightly (7.01 [+ or -] 0.29 to 6.68 [+ or -] 0.29 mmol/L milk, P < 0.02) and Zn decreased substantially (0.04 [+ or -] 0.004 to 0.02 [+ or -] 0.004 mmol/L milk, P < 0.0001). Similarities in findings reported here and earlier (from samples collected in St. John's, Newfoundland) provide further evidence that boron may be metabolically regulated. Future investigations of boron regulatory mechanisms should focus on metabolism of bone as the major storage site of B and kidney excretion, the major excretory route for B. KEY WORDS: * boron o human milk * lactation o calcium * magnesium * zinc

Boron (B) is essential for plants but toxic when present in excess. Arabidopsis thaliana BOR1 is a B exporter for xylem loading and is essential for efficient B translocation from roots to shoots under B limitation. B translocation to shoots was enhanced under B limitation in WT but not in bor1-1 mutant plants. The enhanced translocation was suppressed upon resupply of high levels of B within several hours. Unlike a number of transporters for essential mineral nutrients, BOR1 mRNA accumulation was not strongly affected by B conditions. However, accumulation of a constitutively expressed BOR1-GFP fusion protein was elevated under conditions of limited B supply. Upon resupply of high levels of B, BOR1-GFP was degraded within several hours. These findings demonstrate that posttranscriptional mechanisms play a major role in regulation of BOR1 accumulation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of root tip cells showed that BOR1-GFP is localized to the plasma membrane under B limitation. Shortly after B application, the protein was observed in dot-like structures in the cytoplasm before degradation. Colocalization studies of the fusion protein with an endocytic tracer FM4-64 and an endosomal Rab-GTPase Ara7 fused to monomeric red fluorescent protein suggested that BOR1 is transferred from the plasma membrane via the endosomes to the vacuole for degradation. These results establish that endocytosis and degradation of BOR1 are regulated by B availability, to avoid accumulation of toxic levels of B in shoots under high-B supply, while protecting the shoot from B deficiency under B limitation. endosome | FM4-64 | Ara7

Boron hydrides and their cations are studied by the coupled cluster CCSD(T) theory, the second-order Moller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation method, and the electron propagator theory in the partial third-order quasi-particle approximation. The vertical ionization potential energies are calculated, indicating an excellent agreement with the experimental data from photoelectron spectroscopy.

This paper reports on the successful deposition of boron doped p-type (p-C:B) and phosphorus doped n-type (n-C:P) semiconducting carbon films and fabrication of p-C:B on n-type silicon (Si) substrate (p-C:B/n-Si) and n-C:P/p-Si cells by pulsed laser deposition at room temperature using graphite target. The B and P powder were respectively mixed with graphite powder in range from 1% to 20% of B by weight in the targets (Bwt.%) and 1-10% of P by weight in the targets (Pwt.%), and compressed into pellet targets. The B and P atoms incorporated in the films were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to be in the range of 0.2-1.75 and 0.22-1.77 atomic percentages, respectively. The cells performances have been given under illumination I-V rectifying curve (AM 1.5, 100mW/[cm.sup.2], 25[degrees]C). The open circuit voltage ([V.sub.oc]) and short circuit current density ([J.sub.sc]) for p-C:B/n-Si are observed to vary from 230 to 250mV and 1.5 to 2.2mA/[cm.sup.2], respectively. While, for n-C:P/p-Si cells the [V.sub.oc] and [J.sub.sc], are observed to vary from 215 to 265mV and 7.5 to 10.5mA/cm2, respectively. The p-C:B/n-Si cells fabricated using 3 Bwt.% shows highest energy conversion efficiency, [eta] = 0.20% and fill factor, FF = 45%. While, the n-C:P/p-Si cell fabricated using 7 Pwt.% shows highest of [eta] = 1.14% and fill factor, FF = 41%. The quantum efficiency of p-C:B/n-Si and n-C:P/p-Si cells are observed to improve with percentage of B and P, respectively. The contribution of quantum efficiency in the lower wavelength region (below 750nm) may be due to the photon absorption by carbon layer and in the higher wavelength region is due to the Si substrates. Keywords: Heterojunction; Photoelectrical; Boron; Phosphorus; Doping; Graphite; PLD

Condensation of 2-pyridinecarboxaldehydes with 2-, 3-, and 4-[H.sub.2]N[C.sub.6][H.sub.4]Bpin (pin = 1,2-[O.sub.2][C.sub.2] [Me.sub.4]) gave the corresponding boron-containing pyridinecarboxaldimines (N-[N.sub.Bpin]). Addition of these ligands to [[Pt[Cl.sub.2](coe)].sub.2] (coe = cis-cyclooctene) gave complexes of the type cis-Pt[Cl.sub.2](N-[N.sub.Bpin]) in moderate yields. The platinum complexes have been examined for their potential cytotoxicities against OV2008 (human ovarian carcinoma) and the analogous cisplatin-resistant cell line C13. Key words: boronate esters, pyridinecarboxaldimines, cytotoxicity, platinum, boron.

In this study, a one-pot fabrication at room temperature, both an iron-neodymium-dysprosium-boron permanent magnet and cobalt metal have been directly converted into the corresponding ferromagnetic nanometer-scale cluster rods. The mechanism and driving behind their growth process and their magnetic evolution have been proposed.

Despite extensive research on B adsorption and release from soils, mineral sources of B within natively high B sods remain poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to identify source minerals contributing to the continued B release after extraction of soluble B and to estimate B release rate from weathering of B-containing minerals and soils. Two specimen mites (Morris and Fithian), two shales (Salt Creek and Moreno Gulch), a fresh and a weathered serpentine (antigorite) from the Coastal Range of California, a Traver silt loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive thermic Natric Haploxeralfs) and a Twisselman clay loam [fine, mixed (calcareous), superactive thermic Typic Torriorthents] both containing illite and palygorskite were successively extracted 7 to 26 times following each 12-h equilibration in 0.1 and 0.01 M Ca[Cl.sub.2] solution until the supernatant solutions contained less than the detection limit of 0.001 mmol B [L.sup.-1]. Subsequently, the

Reactions of boron atoms and clusters with NO molecules in solid argon are studied using matrix isolation infrared absorption spectroscopy. The reaction products are identified by isotopic substitution ((Super 10)B, (Super 11)B, (Super 15)N(Super16)O, (Super 14)N(Super18)O and mixtures) and comparison with density functional calculations of isotopic frequencies.

The isotopic composition of boron in illite-smectite (I-S) can be important for monitoring fluid/rock interactions in sedimentary basins. Boron substitutes for Si during reaction of smectite to illite and can preserve information about paleofluid B-isotopic composition. Boron is enriched in oilfield brines, therefore the isotopic composition of those brines may be recorded during illitization and represent a monitor of hydrocarbon maturity and migration. We re-examined previously published experimental results on B-isotope fractionation between I-S and water. By separating B from two crystallographic sites of I-S (tetrahedral and interlayer), we found differences in the [[delta].sup.11]B that might be used as a single-mineral geothermometer. Boron incorporation in I-S follows a non-linear kinetic pathway. Maximum interlayer-B incorporation occurs during R1-ordering. R3-ordering approaches equilibrium with expulsion of interlayer-B leaving only tetrahedral layer-B. The important discovery is that tetrahedral layer [[delta].sup.11]B does not change between R1 and R3 ordering. Boron substitutes in an equilibrium ratio early in the crystallographic reordering of I-S. Natural I-S samples were tested from Gulf Coast mudstones, increasingly illitized with burial depth. Diagenetic reaction kinetics differ from hydrothermal experiments, but still reveal large [[delta].sup.11]B differences (up to 40 [per thousand]) between the interlayer and tetrahedral layer. Interlayer [[delta].sup.11]B decreases with increasing temperature and illitization. We propose that interlayer [[delta].sup.11]B values represent metastable equilibrium, whereas tetrahedral layer B represents a temperature-dependent equilibrium. If this is true, then the B-isotope geochemistry of I-S can be used to determine paleotemperatures and monitor the influence of hydrocarbons on pore fluids associated with diagenetic I-S.

The fractionation of B and its isotopes between aqueous fluid and silicate melt has been studied from 550 to 1100 [degrees] C and 100-500 MPa. Fluid-melt partition coefficients are 1 for rhyolite melt. This shows that B is not always strongly extracted from melts into hydrous fluids. Boron isotopic fractionation is large compared with the carbon and oxygen stable isotopic systems (especially at high T) and is most simply explained by differences in coordination (trigonal vs. tetrahedral) among coexisting phases. Combined with earlier measurements on illite-water (300-350 [degrees] C), B isotopic fractionation defines a temperature-dependent trend from 300 to 1100 [degrees] C. Because of the large magnitude and apparent low sensitivity to bulk composition, B isotopic fractionation can be readily applied to studies of diagenesis, hydrothermal alteration of planetary bodies, subduction-zone processing and arc magma generation, and magma chamber evolution.

Experiments to define the critical curve for a series of silicate melts in equilibrium with a hydrous fluid were carried out in a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell. Silicate compositions studied were albite with several wt% excess [Na.sub.2]O, [B.sub.2][O.sub.3] and [F.sub.2][O.sub.-1]. Complete miscibility between melt and water was observed at lower pressure and temperature conditions compared to pure albite for all compositions. For albite + excess [Na.sub.2]O, the critical curve had been lowered by 143 and 247[degrees]C at 10 kbar for 5 and 10 wt% excess Na. For albite + 5 and 10 wt% F, the difference at 10 kbar was 147 and 246[degrees]C respectively, and for albite +5 and 10 wt% B differences of 168 and 262[degrees]C were found. These results are likely to be additive, with the presence of more than one of the components depressing the critical curve to even lower temperatures and pressures. The results suggest that in complex pegmatitic systems, complete miscibility between melt and fluid may be important in the final stages of crystallisation. The unusual properties of fluid phases under conditions close to the critical curve in a silicate melt-water system may be essential for the enrichment of trace elements in pegmatites as well as for the formation of typical pegmatite texture.

The abundance and distribution of B and Li in metasedimentary rocks and in the Harney Peak Granite (HPG) in the Black Hills, South Dakota, U.S.A., elucidate the behavior of these two elements during (1) regional metamorphism that began at ~1760 Ma; (2) subsequent contact metamorphism associated with emplacement of the HPG and associated pegmatites at ~1715 Ma; and (3) anatexis leading to production of the granite. There is no clear evidence for changes in B and Li concentrations with progressive regional metamorphism of the metapelites from chlorite-biotite grade up to staurolite grade. Rocks outside the pegmatite aureole that surround the HPG have average B contents of ~80 ppm. There is no correlation of B with other elements in the pelitic schists, which indicates that none of the major phases is the dominant host for B. Boron content is mainly controlled by small amounts of randomly distributed tourmaline that was identified in alpha-track maps of thin sections. In the aureole of the granite, B concentrations are depleted in many samples. The depletion is attributed to consumption of tourmaline during interaction of the rocks with alkalic fluids. The average Li contents in metapelites far away from the HPG are also ~80 ppm. Near the HPG, Li concentrations reach roughly 190 ppm, indicating significant metasomatism by fluids that emanated from the granite and pegmatites. The concentrations of B and Li in the low-grade metapelites are sufficient to explain their abundances in the HPG, if the granite formed by partial melting of the metapelites and if there was total breakdown of tourmaline. Stabilization of tourmaline in leucogranites is not necessarily related to sources enriched in B, but may be related to its competition for Fe and Mg with biotite.

Silicon Carbide (SiC) is useful in high-power, high-frequency, high-temperature device applications. Diodes that use double-implantation technology are evaluated at various temperatures.

Experimental results are presented for boron and indium implanted base bipolar transistors. For boron, device characteristics such as high current gain variations, basewidth and intrinsic base resistance need to be understood, and for indium, process and device optimization for reducing parameter variations and lowering base resistance is needed to fully exploit advantages.

Turgor-driven plant cell growth depends on wall structure. Two allelic L-fucose--deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants (mur1-1 and 1-2) are dwarfed and their rosette leaves do not grow normally. mur1 leaf cell walls contain normal amounts of the cell wall pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), but only half exists as a borate cross-linked dimer. The altered structure of mur1 RG-II reduces the rate of formation and stability of this cross-link. Exogenous aqueous borate rescues the defect. The reduced cross-linking of RG-II in dwarf mur1 plants indicates that plant growth depends on wall pectic polysaccharide organization., Boron (B) is an essential element of all higher plants (1, 2). Recent evidence suggests that the predominant place B functions in plants is in primary cell walls (3, 4), [...]

The amount of nitrogen at the Si/SiO[subscript 2] interface is increased, compared to traditional gate oxidation, by using nitrogen implantation and the initial O[subscript 2] method to manufacture 0.13 micromillimeter metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET). Time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) analysis indicates that the initial O[subscript 2] injection can make the peak concentration at the interface high.

A simple, accurate model is implemented that describes the B diffusion in strained Si[subscript 1-xGe[subscript x]. The model is implemented in the simulation package TAURUS, using the physical model and equation interface (PMEI).

Differences are found between doping characteristics of BF[superscript +, subscript 2] implanted (100) and (111) silicon. High dose BF[superscript +, subscript 2] implants always produce higher sheet resistance in (111) silicon.

Isotopically modified boron single crystals were investigated to determine low-temperature specific heat.

Research has been conducted on the metalloboranes. The extension of the anomalous electron counts in the metalloboranes containing a single transition metal vertex to the dimetalloboranes and trimetalloboranes containing early transition metal vertices with low skeletal electron counts has been investigated.

Research is presented concerning the use of a molecular fragments approach to investigate the electron deficiency of structural and electronic connections between elemental boron and macropolyhedral boranes.

Research describing the diffusion of boron in silicon after ultralow energy implantation is presented. Diffusion models based on cluster evolution and the kick-out model are investigated.

Research describing the effects of irradiation on the diffusion of boron in delta-doped silicon is presented. In addition the presence of antimony and its effect on boron diffusion is investigated.

Ion implantation damage in gate SiO2-enhanced boron penetration was studied in p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductors, demonstrating that boron diffusion is easily enhanced.

A continuum model for boron clustering is presented, based on atomistic calculations.

Boron segregation to regions close to the surface is examined.

Boron-implantation doped 6H-SiC was examined for electrical and microstructural properties.

The coordination on a neutral boronate bridge allows a convenient method of controlling intransmolecular electron transfer (ET). The intramolecular ET reaction from zinc-porphyrin to diimide acceptor through the boronate-bridge is suppressed by the F-coordination on the boron atom.

Whole-rock Chemical composition and [sup.11]B/[sup.10]B isotope ratios in tourmaline was investigated to study the geochemical recycling of boron during the evolution of the Andean basement from the Palaeozoic to Mesozoic. In the basement (Cambrian to Ordovician high-grade paragneisses, migmatites and orthogneisses, the Eocambrian Puncoviscana Formation, and Paleozoic-Mesozoic granitoid igneous rocks) whole-rock B contents are generally below 100 ppm, but B contents of ~1 wt% are found in cogenetic aplite and pegmatite dikes and in tourmaline-quartz rocks. In the metasedimentary rocks, no systematic variation in B content because of metamorphic grade and no correlation of B with other incompatible elements are apparent. Tourmalines from the high-grade metamorphic basement yield [delta.sup.11]B values ranging from -11.2 to -6.8 [per thousand] and isotope fractionation during migmatisation was small. Metamorphic tourmalines from the Puncoviscana Formation have [delta.sup.11]B values between -6.3 and -5.8 [per thousand]. The calculated (corrected for fractionation) [delta.sup.11]B values of -6 to -2 [per thousand] for the sedimentary protolith of the metamorphic basement indicate a continental B source with subordinate marine input. Tourmalines from Palaeozoic and Mesozoic granitoids display an identical range of [delta.sup.11]B values from -12 to -5.3 [per thousand] and indicate a similarly homogeneous B source throughout time. Tourmalines from pegmatites and tourmaline-quartz rocks record the average [delta.sup.11]B values of the parental granitic magma. We assume that B in the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic granitoids is derived from the local metamorphic basement supporting the hypothesis that recycling of the lower Palaeozoic crust is the dominant process in granitic magma formation from Palaeozoic to Mesozoic.

Gaseous BF(sub.3) and SiF(sub.4) and whether or not they can be described as ionic or polar covalent compounds are discussed. A spherical ion model has been used to estimate the bond energies of compounds for comparison with their experimental counterparts and the bond dipole moments estimated from the polarizabilities of the constituent ions for comparison. An alternative set of net atomic changes from the atomic polar tensors are calculated. The experimental bond distances are compared with those from the modified Schomaker-Stevensen rule. It is concluded that the two compounds, if they were ionic substances, would aggregate to dimeric or polymeric species.

Secondary ion mass spectroscopy was used to study the effect of substrate donor concentration on transient enhanced diffusion of boron in silicon.

One-particle Green's function calculations have been used to study the ionization bands and electron affinities of medium-size BnNn clusters (n = 3,4,5). These clusters do not show a significant breakdown of the orbital picture of ionization.

A new study investigates a recoil implantation method for shallow boron doping.

On the basis of the relationship between the fluorescence characteristics of the benzofurazan compounds and the Hammett constants (sigma)(sub p), a new fluorescence Edman reagent, 7-methylthio-4-(2,1,3-benzoxadiazolyl) isothiocyanate (MTBD-NCS) was designed and synthesized. MTBD-thiohydantoin (TH)-amino acid derivatives produced by the Edman sequencing method gave fluorescence, whereas other degradation byproducts such as MTBD-thiocarbamoyl (TC)- or carbamoyl (CA)-amino acids did not fluoresce. MTBD-NCS was applicable as an Edman sequencing reagent to the simultaneous determination of both the sequence and D/L-configuration of amino acids in peptides. Boron trifluoride (BF(sub 3)) and HC1/ methanol were adopted as the cyclization/cleavage and conversion reagents to suppress the amino acid residue racemization. The MTBD-TH-amino acids were separated on a reversed-phase column for amino acid sequencing, and their enantiomers were resolved on two types of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for D/L-configuration determination. The method was successfully applied to the sequence and D/L-configuration determination of D-amino acid-containing peptide [D-Ala(super 2)]-deltorphin II.

Research has been conducted on the boron hydride anions 10-R-B (sub)19 H (sub)19 (super)-. The synthesis of these anions in diethyl ether has been carried out.

Nanoscale friction was observed at the interface between a boron carbide film and an atomic force microscope tip.

Research has been conducted on calcium diboride dicarbide. The description of its synthesis and the results of the electron energy loss spectroscopy are presented.

A study concerning the synthesis of benzo-fused boron-containing heterocycles is presented. The use of mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopies and microelemental analysis is discussed.

An investigation of the structural and energetic details of small binary B/Li clusters is presented. The structural diversity of these clusters is large and is different from those of Li/C clusters and diboranes.

Research has been conducted on the osmahexaborane and PPh (sub)3 and PPh (sub)2 -Me bases. The reaction between the bases and osmahexaborane is described.

The authors report on the syntheses of a new series of 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (ACBC) molecules containing boron. Methylenes have been introduced between boronophenyl and ACBC moieties to create various degrees of lipophilicity in the molecules.

Research is presented illustrating the characteristics of low-valence derivatives (monohydrides and monofluorides) of phosphorus and nitrogen (group 15 of the periodic system), and aluminum and boron (group 13 of the periodic system).

The formation of surface blisters in (100) n-type silicon following co-implantation with hydrogen and boron was investigated. The objective of the study was to explore the influence of boron on the coalescence of hydrogen, formation of bubbles and surface blistering. Results indicate that the electrical state of the implanted boron plays a critical role in the hydrogen blister formation.

Research was conducted to examine amorphous (Nd0.38Fe0.62)(sub 1-x)B(sub x) samples aimed at increasing the negative effective anisotropy into the range of positive values, that is, easy axis perpendicular to the film plane. Results indicate that the addition of boron to the amorphous Nd Fe matrix reduces the magnetization, enhances the effective perpendicular anisotropy and enhances the Kerr rotation angle.

It has been possible to compute the scalar relativistic contribution to the atomization energies of BF3. Scalar relativistic effects cut the atomization energy of BF3 by around 0.7 kcal/mol.

Research has been conducted on the urea/thiourea-anion host lattices. The use of simple and spirocyclic oxo-anions that can act as hydrogen bonding acceptors is described.