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We present the first evaluation of the wind field from the ensemble of kilometer-scale simulations from the CORDEX-Flagship Pilot Study on convection, with focus on the Adriatic region. Kilometer-scale climate models, also known as convection-permitting models (CPMs), produce a good representation of small-scale topographic features and consequently a more detailed depiction of dynamical and thermal circulations. These enable a reliable view of climate characteristics of the wind field, especially in coastal regions and over complex terrain, such as the Adriatic region. We investigate the (potential) added value introduced by CPMs compared to classical "cumulus-parametrized" regional climate models (RCMs), reanalysis and station observations. For this purpose, wind components at 10 m level are used at 3-hourly frequency. All simulations cover a 10-year period, extending from 2000 to 2009. In terms of the standard statistical parameters such as correlation coefficient and temporal standard deviation, CPMs are very dependent on their parent RCM performance. However, the orographic forcing emphasizes the potential added value and CPMs contain some fine spatial scale variability (i.e., stronger extremes by 25% and more accurate wind direction) that is absent in coarser RCMs and reanalysis. The potential added value is higher in the cold season compared to the warm season due to the proportion of severe wind events. CPMs reproduce well the typical wind regimes along the Adriatic coast, namely Bora and Sirocco. The benefit of using CPMs is especially pronounced in simulating Bora maximum wind speeds in northern Adriatic and Sirocco frequencies in southern Adriatic. Based on our overall analysis, we conclude that CPMs provide added value compared to coarser models, especially in the complex coastal terrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bora is a well‐known downslope windstorm that blows at the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea from inland towards the sea, mainly from the northeasterly direction. One of the notable bora characteristics is the quasi‐periodic gust pulsations. We address their characteristics during strong to severe bora events by applying rotational spectral analysis on 9 months of continuous high‐frequency sonic anemometer measurements in the town of Senj, Croatia. The analysis shows that the orientation of the pulsations' plane of oscillation does not correspond to the measured near‐ground wind direction. In particular, these two directions seem to be negatively correlated. Although the structure of the pulsations is mostly rectilinear, the positive rotational component was larger than the negative one in all except one bora event. The coincidence of the wind shear direction within the lee‐side jet with the orientation of the plane of oscillation leads to a tentative conclusion that its orientation was governed by the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, at least in the cases presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbulence statistics are analysed for Bora episodes that occurred simultaneously in the town of Senj and at the Vratnik pass at the northern Croatian Adriatic coast. The wind record spans over 9 months. The results are compared to address the difference in characteristics of near-ground turbulence in the town of Senj, located at the shoreline leeward of the main mountain peaks, and at the Vratnik pass, located at the mountain ridgeline 7.5 km upstream of Senj. The analysis reveals some important findings. In particular, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is systematically larger at Senj, approximately twice the value at Vratnik, yet the mean wind speed is higher at Vratnik. Furthermore, the TKE dissipation rate ε is nearly identical at the two locations. This is further explored by comparing how the turbulence at the two locations adheres to a simple shear-dissipation model where the standard deviation of the longitudinal velocity component is proportional to the mean longitudinal wind velocity. Vratnik relates to this model better, while the TKE balance in Senj is more complex. The difference in statistics and TKE balance can, in part, be attributed to the relative proximity of the anemometers to the rough surface. Turbulence length scale is substantially larger in Senj. Turbulence intensities are in correspondence with values recommended in engineering codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bora language of Peru has six phonemic vowels, conventionally transcribed as /i ε a o ɨ ɯ/. This inventory is noteworthy since it appears to exhibit a three-way backness distinction among three high unrounded vowels. In this paper we present audiovisual data which confirms two significant facts: (1) /ɯ/ is high, back, and unrounded; and (2) the only vowel produced with lip rounding is /o/. However, the experiment further reveals that the Bora segment traditionally written /ɨ/ is actually not central but rather a possibly novel type of front vowel, articulated with substantial contact between the tongue and both the upper and lower teeth. We use the methodology of Iskarous (2010) to estimate vocal tract area functions for Bora vowels based on their observed formant frequencies and amplitudes. The results of this procedure support our claim that /ɨ/ is front and /ɯ/ is back. Several phonological alternations also motivate this characterization. The opening of the mouth and dental contact visible in the production of /ɨ/ are correlated with its acoustic measurements, albeit in a previously undocumented way. We conclude that Bora’s /ɨ/ should be reclassified as /i̪/ – front and dental.p { line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; margin-bottom: 0.1in; direction: ltr; background: transparent }

This study examines Spanish phonemic stops in the speech of 15 ethnically Bora bilinguals (8 males, 7 females) living in the Peruvian Amazon, within the broader context of examining gender-based phonetic variation in small speech communities. We target pronunciation of intervocalic phonemic /p t k b d g/ extracted from sociolinguistic interviews. The acoustic analysis focuses on consonant duration and relative intensity of each target phoneme. The results reveal clear gender-based variation, with males adopting more lenited variants of certain phonemic stops than females. We discuss these findings in light of gender-based research on phonetic variation in communities undergoing sound change. More generally, our study contributes to the literature on language variation and societal contacts in small speech communities in Amazonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean region is a densely populated and economically relevant area with complex orography including mountain ranges, islands, and straits. In combination with pressure gradients, this creates many mesoscale wind systems that cause, e.g., wind gusts and wildfire risk in the Mediterranean. This article reviews the recent state of the science of several mesoscale winds in the Mediterranean and associated processes. Previous work, including case studies on several time ranges and resolutions, as well as studies on these winds under future climate conditions, is discussed. Simulations with grid spacings of 25 to 50 km can reproduce winds driven by large-scale pressure patterns such as Mistral, Tramontane, and Etesians. However, these simulations struggle with the correct representation of winds channeled in straits and mountain gaps and around islands. Grid spacings of 1–3 km are certainly necessary to resolve these small-scale features. The smaller grid spacings are widely used in case studies, but not yet in simulations over large areas and long periods, which also could help to understand the interaction between small-scale phenomena in separate locations. Furthermore, by far not all Mediterranean straits, islands, and mountain gaps were studied in-depth and many interesting Mediterranean small-scale winds still need to be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present and discuss a case of return (or repatriation) of sound files among the Bora in the Colombian Amazon. Particular emphasis will be given to the ritual songs. Thus, we will examine how these song files have returned to their original places, as well as the access arrangements that affect them and how they are currently used. Such ethnographic data will reveal essential questions about the transmission of knowledge and the master-apprentice relationship. Following recent discussions on sound repatriation, I will discuss how new technologies can, on the one hand, rekindle relationships and help recover lost content but, on the other hand, might cause sickness and danger.

Copyright of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World is the property of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Bladder cancer is having a gradually increasing incidence in China. Except for the traditional chemotherapy drugs, there are no emerging new drugs for almost 30 years in bladder cancer. New potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers are urgently needed. Methods BORA is the activator of kinase Aurora A and plays an important role in cell cycle progression. To investigate the function of BORA in BCa, we established BORA knockdown and overexpression cell models for in vitro studies, xenograft and pulmonary metastasis mouse models for in vivo studies. Results Our results indicated that BORA was upregulated in human bladder cancer (BCa) compared to the normal bladder and paracancerous tissues at transcriptional and translational levels. We found that BORA was positively related to BCa cell proliferation. Furthermore, BORA knockdown induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase while BORA overexpression decreased the proportion of cells in G2/M, associated with PLK1–CDC25C–CDK1 alteration. Interestingly, we observed that knockdown of BORA inhibited BCa cell migration and invasion, accompanied with alterations of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway related proteins. In vivo studies confirmed the inhibition effect of BORA knockdown on BCa cell growth and migration. Conclusions Our study indicates that BORA regulates BCa cell cycle and growth, meanwhile influences cell motility by EMT, and could be a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target in BCa.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é abordar o tema da orfandade a partir de um estudo com os Bora na região do Caquetá-Putumayo e de possíveis comparações com outros casos etnográficos. Assim, veremos como os órfãos (e, por extensão, os chefes) podem nos ajudar a conhecer algumas relações assimétricas ameríndias encontradas, de maneira bastante abrangente, no domínio do parentesco. Atravessaremos, para isto, questões como a filiação adotiva, a criação de laços de afinidade e as relações de alimentação, de proteção, de controle e de servidão. Ao fazê-lo, paulatinamente colocaremos em xeque a extensão da noção euro-americana de orfandade e sua associação com uma situação irreversível de desamparo. Finalmente, ao conhecermos as transformações dessas relações através do tempo, veremos como os órfãos, ao invés de ocuparem posições sociais rígidas, formam com os chefes os polos de um gradiente relacional que dispõe, cria, organiza e dissolve um sem-número de relações.

In process‐oriented studies, accurate representation of severe bora rotor dynamics in the northern Adriatic is known to require the use of model resolutions of the order of 100 m. In regional climate studies, computation time and numerical cost are, however, minimized with resolutions of the order of 10 km. The latter is not accurate enough to drive the coastal dense water formation and the long‐term Adriatic‐Ionian thermohaline circulation resulting from these events. This work leverages the capacity of kilometer‐scale atmospheric models to balance accuracy and efficiency in coupled atmosphere‐ocean climate studies in the Adriatic Sea. The sensitivity of severe bora dynamics and air‐sea interactions to atmospheric model resolution is thus tested within the Adriatic Sea and Coast (AdriSC) modeling suite as well as with the best available reanalysis. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 15‐km, 3‐km, and 1.5‐km resolution, and ERA5 at 30‐km resolution, are compared for an ensemble of 22 severe bora storms spanning between 1991 and 2019. It is found that (1) ERA5 reanalysis and WRF 15‐km model highly diverge (up to 43% for the wind speed) from WRF 3‐km results while (2) WRF 3‐km conditions converge toward the WRF 1.5‐km solution for both basic bora dynamics (differences below 6% for the wind speed) and air‐sea interactions (differences 5 times smaller than with WRF 15‐km results). Consequently, kilometer‐scale atmospheric models should be used to reproduce properly the dense water formation during severe bora events and the long‐term thermohaline circulation of the Adriatic‐Ionian basin. Key Points: Atmospheric reanalysis at 30 km of resolution is inadequate for the evaluation of atmospheric models during extreme bora eventsBora dynamics can be partially described with kilometer‐scale model via a statistical approach using an ensemble of severe stormsKilometer‐scale atmospheric climate models up to 3‐km resolution can be used to drive dense water formation in the northern Adriatic Sea [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from synthetic aperture radars (SAR) provide new opportunities for observing and studying local katabatic winds (bora and foehn) over the seas in different regions of the Russian Federation and adjacent marine basins. The impact of these winds on the characteristics of small-scale wind waves leads to the formation of characteristic manifestations on the sea surface, which in turn can be seen in SAR images. Satellite SAR data, unlike subsatellite observations, make it possible to see the phenomena in coastal zones and large lakes, estimate their spatial scales, and determine a number of quantitative characteristics. The analysis of the collected SAR images shows that bora-like and foehn-like local winds have similar characteristics and cover vast areas of the inland and marginal seas of the Russian Federation. The similarity of the manifestations of local winds clearly indicates the same physical and aerohydrodynamic mechanisms of their onset and display on SAR images. It is shown that spaceborne SAR data, which are 2D patterns of the 'frozen wind', are extremely useful for studying and monitoring local winds over the seas, especially where the network of weather stations is extremely sparse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As transformações do campo religioso brasileiro incidem sobre os demais campos da vida social. Além da esfera pública que passa a experimentar manifestações e contatos mais plurais, os espaços privados e os núcleos familiares também sentem os impactos deste movimento. Desta forma, não apenas o campo religioso muda, mas as próprias práticas religiosas e as relações entre indivíduos de diferentes pertencimentos religiosos são alteradas. Partindo destas considerações, apresento neste artigo algumas reflexões originadas da pesquisa realizada na cidade de Borá, interior do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Conhecida como a menor cidade brasileira em termos populacionais, Borá apresenta características singulares em sua formação. As relações entre os boraenses ou são parentais ou bastante próximas, as famílias que primeiro chegaram à região constituíram uma estrutura comunitária com características católicas presentes até hoje. Com as recentes transformações que atingem o campo social e econômico, somando ao crescimento das igrejas protestantes no município, Borá fornece um retrato contemporâneo das mudanças internas do campo religioso brasileiro, e de como as noções de família e de comunidade estão presentes como mediadoras neste novo contexto.

This paper presents the climatology of downslope windstorms in the Russian Arctic – bora on Novaya Zemlya, windstorms on Spitsbergen, in Tiksi and Pevek, bora on Wrangel Island – in connection with the large-scale circulation. Statistical analysis of wind speed and air temperature during windstorms, the frequency of the phenomenon, as well as analysis of trends in frequency and intensity of downslope windstorms in the late 20th and early 21st centuries were carried out. Similarity of the large-scale background (incoming) flow is evident for all regions; the most frequent features of the incoming flow are elevated inversion and low-tropospheric jet stream. The observed transformation of the incoming flow from weak to strong windstorm along with the relatively weak linear correlation between downslope wind speed and upwind-side flow characteristics suggest that there are nonlinear connections between windstorms and the incoming flow. We found significant negative trends in Wrangel Island bora frequency and intensity, connected largely with the Arctic circulation variability and associated sea-ice loss. A negative trend in intensity of windstorms was also found in Tiksi and Pevek, associated more with midlatitudes circulation patterns.

This work reviews the presence of the double possession in two varieties of Peruvian Amazonian Spanish (ISO 639-3: spq). These varieties are the result of the contact of Spanish with two Amazonian languages of different families and typologies: Bora of the Bora linguistic family and Ashaninka of the Arawak linguistic family. On the one hand, the double possession is present in the variety of Amazonian Spanish with Bora substratum, since this language has a genitive case; on the other hand, the double possessive does not occur in the variety of Amazonian Spanish with Ashaninka substratum, as this language does not present the genitive grammatical case.

Background: Bladder cancer is having a gradually increasing incidence in China. Except for the traditional chemotherapy drugs, there are no emerging new drugs for almost 30 years in bladder cancer. New potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers are urgently needed. Methods: BORA is the activator of kinase Aurora A and plays an important role in cell cycle progression. To investigate the function of BORA in BCa, we established BORA knockdown and overexpression cell models for in vitro studies, xenograft and pulmonary metastasis mouse models for in vivo studies. Results: Our results indicated that BORA was upregulated in human bladder cancer (BCa) compared to the normal bladder and paracancerous tissues at transcriptional and translational levels. We found that BORA was positively related to BCa cell proliferation. Furthermore, BORA knockdown induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase while BORA overexpression decreased the proportion of cells in G2/M, associated with PLK1–CDC25C–CDK1 alteration. Interestingly, we observed that knockdown of BORA inhibited BCa cell migration and invasion, accompanied with alterations of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway related proteins. In vivo studies confirmed the inhibition effect of BORA knockdown on BCa cell growth and migration. Conclusions: Our study indicates that BORA regulates BCa cell cycle and growth, meanwhile influences cell motility by EMT, and could be a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target in BCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this study is to present a recently developed classification method for weather types based on the vorticity and the location of the synoptic centers relative to the Adriatic region. The basis of the present objective classification, applied to the Adriatic region, is the subjective classification developed by Poje. Our algorithm considered daily mean sea-level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height to define one out of 17 possible weather types. We applied the algorithm to identify which weather type was relevant in the generation of the two typical near-surface winds over the Adriatic region, namely Bora and Sirocco. Two high-resolution (0.11°) EURO-CORDEX regional climate models were used, SMHI-RCA4 and DHMZ-RegCM4, forced by several CMIP5 global climate models and analyzed for two 30-year periods: near-present day and mid-21st century climate conditions under the high-end Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP8.5) scenario. Bora and Sirocco days were extracted for each weather type and a distribution over the 30-year period was presented. Our results suggest that in the winter season, climate model projections indicate a reduction in the main cyclonic types relevant in the formation of Bora over the entire Adriatic region and an increase in the number of anticyclonic types relevant in Sirocco events. In contrast, for the summer season, an increase in the main anticyclonic Bora-related weather types is found in the ensemble over the northern Adriatic region.

Downslope windstorms are known sources of hazardous weather, such as severe gusty winds, rapid temperature changes, ship icing, strong turbulence and others, posing a great danger to people and infrastructure. This paper investigates the risks of ship icing and aviation hazards (rapid changes in the angle of attack and gust load factor) during downslope windstorms in five regions in the Russian Arctic based on observational data, reanalysis, and mesoscale numerical modeling. The highest frequency of ship icing was found during downslope windstorms downstream from Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya. Icing is rare during Tiksi and Wrangel Island downslope windstorms due to almost permanent sea ice cover during the cold season, while icing is absent during very warm Pevek downslope windstorm even in the ice-free conditions. Conditions for heavy icing are rather frequent (up to 5% of cases in winter) during Novaya Zemlya downslope windstorms and less frequent (up to 0.5% in spring) during Svalbard windstorm. The presence of downslope windstorms in those regions causes an increase in the maximum icing rate by about 2 times. Strong aviation turbulence hazardous for light aircraft is typical for all considered regions with downslope windstorms; it is observed mainly at an altitude of 1 to 4 km above the surface. Hazardous turbulence for jet aircraft like Boeing 737 on its cruising flight levels was found on Svalbard and in Tiksi region in 10–15% of cases during strong downslope windstorms.

On the basis of the reanalysis data with high spatial resolution and 36 years temporal coverage the spatial structure of wind speed and temperature fields in the Black Sea region for bora events in winter months was assessed. It is shown that bora development is followed by a formation of large-scale cyclonic circulation in the southeast part of the Black Sea. The airflow of the northwest edge of high Caucasus Mountains leads to the wind speed cyclonic vorticity over the sea; high Anatolian mountains block propagation of the air flows to the south and, thus, they jointly form a large-scale closed circulation cell. Regression dependences between the wind speed and temperature in Novorossiysk region are studied; they show that in winter strong northeast winds correspond to frontal-type bora activity which is accompanied by the air temperature decrease. The important feature of the temperature field during bora is revealed at that: temperature in the sea coastal area exceeds the one in the mainland foothill part of the region. For studying the physical mechanism of this phenomenon the atmospheric circulation computation (using WRF-ARW model) for specific Novorossiysk region bora event, which provided a detailed consideration of vertical structure components of wind speed and potential temperature in the coastal zone, above the sea, above the mountains and in the foothill mainland of the region, was carried out. It is shown that the mechanism of higher temperature formation in the sea coastal area is related to the air blocking above the windward slope of the mountain ridge and its replacement with warmer air from the upper layers of the atmosphere at the leeward slope.

Structure of the atmospheric fields for a few cases of strong southeast and west winds is reproduced and considered based on the WRF-ARW high-resolution numerical model of atmospheric circulation. Typical distribution of the wind speed and temperature fields for these cases is presented. It is shown that the main condition of bora occurring consists in stable stratification in the atmosphere low layer above the Kara Sea under the east and southeast winds. Blocking of an air flow on the windward eastern slope of the mountains is followed by arising of a strong near-surface wind – the bora – on the western slope and in the nearshore area of the Barents Sea. As a result, in case of a bora the air temperature above the Barents Sea significantly exceeds that above the Kara Sea on the same heights. Under the west winds, a weakly stable atmospheric boundary layer above the Barents Sea does not constitute a considerable block (by mountains) for a running flow which is one of the basic conditions of the bora development. Thus, as for the west wind, Novaya Zemlya is not a barrier separating the atmosphere lower layers between the Kara and Barents seas in winter.

The Drosophila melanogaster ovarian follicle cell lineage provides a powerful system for investigating how epigenetic changes contribute to differentiation. Downstream from an epithelial stem cell, follicle progenitors undergo nine mitotic cell cycles before transitioning to the endocycle and initiating differentiation. During their proliferative phase, follicle progenitors experience Lsd1-dependent changes in epigenetic stability that can be monitored using GAL4::UAS variegation. Eventually, follicle progenitors acquire competence to respond to Delta, a Notch ligand present in the environment, which signals them to cease division and initiate differentiation. The time required to acquire competence determines the duration of mitotic cycling and hence the final number of follicle cells. We carried out a screen for dominant modifiers of variegation spanning nearly 70% of Drosophila euchromatin to identify new genes influencing follicle progenitor epigenetic maturation. The eight genes found include chromatin modifiers, but also cell cycle regulators and transcription factors. Five of the modifier genes accelerate the acquisition of progenitor competence and reduce follicle cell number, however, the other three genes affect follicle cell number in an unexpected manner.

The paper is about characteristics analysis of major winds across the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea and their impact on organization of sailing ship navigation from prehistory until mid nineteenth century. Research area was divided into northern, middle and southern part of eastern Adriatic, and parameters for three prevailing winds – bora, jugo and mistral, were observed over four climatological seasons and also over annual average values on 18 main meteorological and climatological weather monitoring stations. Information generated from such data was intertwined with archaeological findings from the eastern Adriatic coast and historical writings that witness sailing across the area. Historical writings that were used consist of itineraries and some of the earliest nautical pilots written as a navigational aid for the area of the eastern Adriatic. The prime goal was to determine if there is a correlation between reconstructed sailing routes that existed in times when information about landscape and surrounding occurrences and processes (wind in this case) was collected by observation and contemporary measured data. It was also important to determine if navigation was affected by advances in nautical technology, particularly ship hull and sail construction, and navigation equipment.

The Mediterranean is characterized with a large number of local winds. One region in the Mediterranean—the Balkan Peninsula or simply the Balkans—is particularly rich with local winds of different types including downslope and upslope winds, gap flows, and thermally induced breezes from land to sea and vice versa. This study presents the first comprehensive review of all currently known local winds in the Balkans, with coastal winds reviewed separately from inland winds. Besides providing the main climatological and dynamics characteristics of these winds, this paper also hints on the existence of various connections between several local winds that have not been reported previously. In total, this article lists 27 different local winds above the Balkans with 17 and 10 being coastal and inland winds, respectively. By far, the most researched local wind in the Balkans has been the Adriatic bora that blows along the Croatian coast. Interestingly, there are more papers investigating bora than the number of studies on all other winds in the Balkans. Local winds over the Adriatic have been explored more than the winds above the Aegean, and these, in turn, were investigated more often than the winds that blow over the Ionian and Black Seas. The most researched inland wind is the koshava wind that blows over the northern and central Serbia. Typical synoptic situations for most local winds are also provided with the note that the synoptic precursors of few local winds have not previously been documented. Lastly, this article discusses the prospects for further research in this field with the emphasis on the investigation of potential relationships between different local winds in this region. The first review of all local winds above the Balkans (27 in total). Besides providing the main climatological and dynamics characteristics of local winds in the Balkans, this article also finds potential relationships between several local winds. Prospects for further research in this field critically discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on data collected from fieldwork in 2003 and 2013 in and around the small town of Bora in the Oromiya Zone of the Amhara Region in north-eastern Ethiopia. When Bora was first visited in 2003 it was an isolated place with a population of less than 1000. There was a police station, a health centre dependent upon a diesel generator, and a small weekly market. The town lacked electricity and the town's water-supply pump did not work. By 2013, following wider changes at the national level introduced by Ethiopia's developmental state model, the fortunes of Bora had changed dramatically as a result of its administrative upgrading to a politically-powerful woreda (district) capital town and greatly improved connectivity. Finally, the paper demonstrates how livelihoods in the new Dewa Harewa woreda, of which Bora is the capital, have been transformed by the rapid adoption of khat, (catha edulis), a mild narcotic plant, which has now become the dominant cash crop, positively impacting both rural and urban livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The features of bora formation in the region of Novaya Zemlya surrounded by the Barents and Kara seas, differing in hydrometeorological conditions, are considered. The annual course of average magnitude of buoyancy frequency estimation at the points of the Barents and Kara seas has been constructed. The necessary conditions of bora development in the winter and summer periods are considered. The value of Froude number Fr is used as the main criterion. The statistics of bora cases made on the basis of joint distributions of values of buoyancy frequency and wind speed is given. Results of numerical simulations using the WRF-ARW model for three (small, intermediate, and large) values of Froude number Fr are given. The features of the formation of bora hydrodynamic characteristics for cases conventionally referred to shallow and deep bora types are considered. Estimations of orographic drag and its separate components are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal Arctic regions are characterized by severe mesoscale weather events that include extreme wind speeds, and the rugged shore conditions, islands, and mountain ranges contribute to mesoscale event formation. High-resolution atmospheric modeling is a suitable tool to reproduce and estimate some of these events, and so the regional non-hydrostatic climate atmospheric model COSMO-CLM (Consortium for Small-scale Modeling developed within the framework of the international science group CLM-Community) was used to reproduce mesoscale circulation in the Arctic coast zone under various surface conditions. Mid-term experiments were run over the Arctic domain, especially over the Kara Sea region, using the downscaling approach, with ≈12 km and ≈3 km horizontal grid sizes. The best model configuration was determined using standard verification methods; however, the model run verification process raised questions over its quality and aptness based on the high level of small-scale coastline diversity and associated relief properties. Modeling case studies for high wind speeds were used to study hydrodynamic mesoscale circulation reproduction, and we found that although the model could not describe the associated wind dynamic features at all scales using ≈3 km resolution, it could simulate different scales of island wind shadow effects, tip jets, downslope winds, vortex chains, and so on, quite realistically. This initial success indicated that further research could reveal more about the detailed properties of mesoscale circulations and extreme winds by applying finer resolution modeling.

Identifying novel actionable factors that critically contribute to tumorigenesis is essential in ovarian cancer, an aggressive and disseminative tumor, with limited therapeutic options available. Here we show that Aurora Borealis (BORA), a mitotic protein that plays a key role in activating the master mitotic kinase polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), has an oncogenic role in ovarian cancer. Gain and loss of function assays on mouse models and ex vivo patient-derived ascites cultures revealed an oncogenic role of BORA in tumor development and a transcriptome-analysis in clinically representative models depicted BORA’s role in survival, dissemination and inflammatory cancer related-pathways. Importantly, combinatory treatments of FDA-approved inhibitors against oncogenic downstream effectors of BORA displayed synergistic effect in ovarian cancer models, offering promising therapeutic value. Altogether, our findings uncovered for the first time a critical role of BORA in the viability of human cancer cells providing potential novel therapeutic opportunities for ovarian cancer management.

Faced with the danger of extinction of native languages, the project “Documenting languages of the People of the Center”, carried through the DoBeS (Dokumentatio Bedrohter Sprachen) program of mpi (Max Planck Institute) in partnership with the iiap (Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana), illustrates the uses of language documentation as a means to safeguard and protect the Amazon sociocultural heritage. We present here a quick characterization of the People Center, one of the self-designations of the communities in which the project has been carried out, as well as of some of the software and formats used for the sociocultural documentation. Finally, we expose projections for the transfer of the use of those methodological tools to the national and regional communities of speakers of endangered languages and to those who study them.

The Amazonian language Resígaro was heavily influenced by the unrelated, neighboring Bora language. Bora influence involves cultural assimilation, some loanwords, and heavy morphological borrowing. What social circumstances lead to this influence? This paper reviews our current knowledge about the cultural and linguistic features that Resígaro borrowed from Bora and interprets these as reflecting a particular social history involving bilingualism and ceremonial exchange.

Copyright of LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The wave drag is considered for downslope windstorms in Novorossiysk, on Novaya Zemlya, and in Pevek. The research is based on the results of numerical simulation with the WRF-ARW model. Special attention is paid to the evaluation of the contribution that wave processes make to the overall dynamics of the phenomenon (based on the ratio of wave and orographic drag) and to the specific features of wave drag for different downslope windstorms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the bora in case of strong southeastern wind in the area of Novaya Zemlya in the winter-spring of 2016 is simulated using the WRF-ARW numerical atmosphere circulation model with high spatial resolution. The features of wind speed and air temperature fields are considered which define the formation of the intensive near-surface flow, the bora, over the lee western slope of the mountain range. It is demonstrated that the bora development leads to the air temperature rise over the eastern part of the Barents Sea, to the increased surface heat fluxes, and to the formation of the cloudless zone over the sea westward of Novaya Zemlya. It was found that the main reason for the bora development is the high stability of the atmospheric boundary layer over the Kara Sea. It is shown that in case of western wind the Novaya Zemlya archipelago does not exert considerable influence on the air exchange in the Kara Sea area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the data of an ASRI reanalysis to distinguish the properties of velocity and temperature fields in the region of Novaya Zemlya (NZ). A numerical simulation of the bora development is performed using the WRF-ARW regional model of atmospheric circulation for two cases with different directions of the wind. In the case of southeastern winds, the wind speed and temperature fields are reproduced and the characteristics of the bora are defined: temperature and wind speed increase over the lee slope of mountains and coastal western area of the Barents Sea. In the case of a western wind, the bora does not appear. The estimates of temperature contrasts in the flow of the air stream over the NZ mountains found in the processing of the ASRI data are reported. The region of high velocities and fluxes of sensible and latent heat indicating the climatic role of the NZ archipelago noted earlier in [12] is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reviews the presence of the double possession in two varieties of Peruvian Amazonian Spanish (ISO 639-3: spq). These varieties are the result of the contact of Spanish with two Amazonian languages of different families and typologies: Bora of the Bora linguistic family and Ashaninka of the Arawak linguistic family. On the one hand, the double possession is present in the variety of Amazonian Spanish with Bora substratum, since this language has a genitive case; on the other hand, the double possessive does not occur in the variety of Amazonian Spanish with Ashaninka substratum, as this language does not present the genitive grammatical case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Después de intentar pintar los múltiples seres que pueblan la historia oral bora y uitoto de sus ancestros, Brus Rubio encontró en los gestos cotidianos de los hombres y las mujeres de su comunidad una técnica de observación y de producción de figuras en movimiento propia y adecuada para expresar su percepción de la historia de los pueblos del río Ampiyacu.

Bora is a strong, usually dry temporally and spatially transient wind that is common at die eastern Adriatic Coast and many other dynamically similar regions around the world. One of the Bora main characteristics is its gustiness, when wind velocities can reach up to five times the mean velocity. Bora often creates significant problems to traffic, structures and human life in general. In this study, Bora velocity and near-ground turbulence are studied using the results of three-level high-frequency Bora field measurements carried out on a meteorological tower near the city of Split, Croatia. These measurements are analyzed for a period from April 2010 until June 2011. This rather long period allows for making quite robust and reliable conclusions. The focus is on mean Bora velocity, turbulence intensity, Reynolds shear stress and turbulence length scale profiles, as well as on Bora velocity power spectra and thermal stratification. Tire results are compared with commonly used empirical laws and recommendations provided in the ESDU 85020 wind engineering standard to question its applicability to Bora. The obtained results report some interesting findings. In particular, the empirical power- and logarithmic laws proved to fit mean Bora velocity profiles well. With decreasing Bora velocity there is an increase in the power-law exponent and aerodynamic surface roughness length, and simultaneously a decrease in friction velocity. This indicates an urban-like velocity profile for smaller wind velocities and a rural-like velocity profile for larger wind velocities. Bora proved to be near-neutral thermally stratified. Turbulence intensity and lateral component of turbulence length scales agree well with ESDU 85020 for this particular terrain type. Longitudinal and vertical turbulence length scales, Reynolds shear stress and velocity power spectra differ considerably from ESDU 85020. This may have significant implications on calculations of Bora wind loads on structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vipava valley in Slovenia is well known for the appearance of strong, gusty North-East Bora winds, which occur as a result of air flows over an adjacent orographic barrier. There are three prevailing wind directions within the valley which were found to give rise to specific types of atmospheric structures. These structures were investigated using a Mie scattering lidar operating at 1064 nm, which provided high temporal and spatial resolution backscatter data on aerosols, which were used as tracers for atmospheric flows. Wind properties were monitored at the bottom of the valley and at the rim of the barrier using two ultrasonic anemometers. Twelve time periods between February and April 2015 were selected when lidar data was available. The periods were classified according to the wind speed and direction and investigated in terms of appearance of atmospheric structures. In two periods with strong or moderate Bora, periodic atmospheric structures in the lidar data were observed at heights above the mountain barrier and are believed to be Kelvin–Helmholtz waves, induced by wind shear. No temporal correlation was found between these structures and wind gusts at the ground level. The influence of the wind on the height of the planetary boundary layer was studied as well. In periods with low wind speeds, the vertical evolution of the planetary boundary layer was found to be governed by solar radiation and clouds. In periods with strong or moderate Bora wind, convection within the planetary boundary layer was found to be much weaker due to strong turbulence close to the ground, which inhibited mixing through the entire layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Adriatic basin is regularly affected by cold, strong and gusty bora winds blowing from the northeast, especially during winter. These events are characterized by intense air-sea interactions and produce important meteorological effects not only over the eastern Adriatic basin, where bora originates and attains its maximum intensity, but also downstream over the Italian peninsula where heavy rainfall and snowfall can occur. The present study aims at evaluating the impact of surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat, that characterize air-sea interaction during a bora episode, on wind strength and profiles over the Adriatic Sea, in relation to intense precipitation affecting the Apennines and the Italian coast. High-resolution numerical simulations are used in order to assess the role of surface fluxes in modulating the atmospheric water balance, modifying the thermodynamic characteristic of the boundary layer and, in turn, the dynamics of the orographic flow regime. Results show that while surface evaporation is responsible for a relatively small contribution to the total atmospheric water budget over the Adriatic area, surface fluxes still have a remarkable impact on precipitation via dynamical processes. Both sensible and latent heat fluxes modify the speed, temperature and moisture profiles of the low-level bora wind, sensibly changing the dynamical characteristics of interaction of the flow with the downstream orography. The orographic flow regime determines the intensity and location of orographically induced uplift and hence precipitation. Therefore, the picture that directly associates the precipitation amount upstream and over the Apennines with the degree of moistening of air during its passage over the sea and with orographic uplift is shown to be too simplistic. The variations of the wind speed and static stability due to surface fluxes involve complex and nonlinear effects, changing the flow regime in response to the orographic forcing and thus determining amount and location of heavy precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]