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1. Size distributions of arctic waterbodies reveal consistent relations in their statistical moments in space and time

Author

Muster, S, Riley, WJ, Roth, K, Langer, M, Aleina, FC, Koven, CD, Lange, S, Bartsch, A, Grosse, G, Wilson, CJ, Jones, BM, and Boike, J

Subjects
permafrost, hydrology, waterbodies, size distribution, thermokarst, statistical moments, ponds, lakes, Geology, Geophysics, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience
Abstract

Arctic lowlands are characterized by large numbers of small waterbodies, which are known to affect surface energy budgets and the global carbon cycle. Statistical analysis of their size distributions has been hindered by the shortage of observations at sufficiently high spatial resolutions. This situation has now changed with the high-resolution (

Published
2019

2. Topography Controls Variability in Circumpolar Permafrost Thaw Pond Expansion.

Author

Abolt, C. J., Atchley, A. L., Harp, D. R., Jorgenson, M. T., Witharana, C., Bolton, W. R., Schwenk, J., Rettelbach, T., Grosse, G., Boike, J., Nitze, I., Liljedahl, A. K., Rumpca, C. T., Wilson, C. J., and Bennett, K. E.

Subjects
CARBON cycle, THERMOKARST, SOIL depth, REMOTE-sensing images, PERMAFROST, TUNDRAS
Abstract

One of the most conspicuous signals of climate change in high‐latitude tundra is the expansion of ice wedge thermokarst pools. These small but abundant water features form rapidly in depressions caused by the melting of ice wedges (i.e., meter‐scale bodies of ice embedded within the top of the permafrost). Pool expansion impacts subsequent thaw rates through a series of complex positive and negative feedbacks which play out over timescales of decades and may accelerate carbon release from the underlying sediments. Although many local observations of ice wedge thermokarst pool expansion have been documented, analyses at continental to pan‐Arctic scales have been rare, hindering efforts to project how strongly this process may impact the global carbon cycle. Here we present one of the most geographically extensive and temporally dense records yet compiled of recent pool expansion, in which changes to pool area from 2008 to 2020 were quantified through satellite‐image analysis at 27 survey areas (measuring 10–35 km2 each, or 400 km2 in total) dispersed throughout the circumpolar tundra. The results revealed instances of rapid expansion at 44% (± $\pm $15%) of survey areas. Considered alone, the extent of departures from historical mean air temperatures did not account for between site variation in rates of change to pool area. Pool growth was most clearly associated with upland (i.e., hilly) terrain and elevated silt content at soil depths greater than one meter. These findings suggest that, at short time scales, pedologic and geomorphologic conditions may exert greater control on pool dynamics in the warming Arctic than spatial variability in the rate of air temperature increases. Plain Language Summary: Ice wedge thermokarst pools are meter‐scale water features with a distinctive shape that form on the tundra in response to permafrost thaw. They occupy pits in the ground surface caused by the melting of ice wedges, or subsurface ice bodies which form an interconnected network that manifests at the surface as polygonal ground. Ice wedge thermokarst pool growth not only signals permafrost thaw, but also creates feedbacks on subsequent thaw by altering the surface energy balance, which may accelerate carbon release from permafrost‐affected soils. There are many prior observations of pool growth, but they have typically been locally or regionally focused, and circumpolar analyses are rare. We analyzed recent (2008–2020) time series of sub‐meter resolution satellite imagery at 27 survey areas throughout the Arctic to create one of the largest observational records yet of ice wedge thermokarst pool extent. We then analyzed which environmental and meteorological factors have been most strongly associated with recent trends in pool area at the circumpolar scale. Overall, we found evidence for recent pool growth at 44% (± $\pm $15%) of the survey areas. There was no difference in the recent rate of air temperature increase between sites with and without expanding pools. However, sites with ice wedge thermokarst pool expansion were hillier and had more silt‐rich soils than sites with stable or shrinking pools. Key Points: Decadal‐scale thermokarst pool expansion was observed at 12 (plus or minus 4) of 27 landscapes monitored throughout the ArcticExpanding thermokarst pools were most likely to be found in topographically convex positions within hilly landscapesTrends in air temperature alone were a poor predictor of recent thermokarst pool expansion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. PeRL: A circum-Arctic Permafrost Region Pond and Lake database

Author

Muster, S, Roth, K, Langer, M, Lange, S, Cresto Aleina, F, Bartsch, A, Morgenstern, A, Grosse, G, Jones, B, Sannel, ABK, Sjöberg, Y, Günther, F, Andresen, C, Veremeeva, A, Lindgren, RP, Bouchard, F, Lara, JM, Fortier, D, Charbonneau, S, Virtanen, AT, Hugelius, G, Palmtag, J, Siewert, BM, Riley, JW, Koven, DC, and Boike, J

Subjects
Atmospheric Sciences, Geochemistry, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience
Abstract

Ponds and lakes are abundant in Arctic permafrost lowlands. They play an important role in Arctic wetland ecosystems by regulating carbon, water, and energy fluxes and providing freshwater habitats. However, ponds, i.e., waterbodies with surface areas smaller than 1. 0 × 104ĝ€m2, have not been inventoried on global and regional scales. The Permafrost Region Pond and Lake (PeRL) database presents the results of a circum-Arctic effort to map ponds and lakes from modern (2002-2013) high-resolution aerial and satellite imagery with a resolution of 5ĝ€m or better. The database also includes historical imagery from 1948 to 1965 with a resolution of 6ĝ€m or better. PeRL includes 69 maps covering a wide range of environmental conditions from tundra to boreal regions and from continuous to discontinuous permafrost zones. Waterbody maps are linked to regional permafrost landscape maps which provide information on permafrost extent, ground ice volume, geology, and lithology. This paper describes waterbody classification and accuracy, and presents statistics of waterbody distribution for each site. Maps of permafrost landscapes in Alaska, Canada, and Russia are used to extrapolate waterbody statistics from the site level to regional landscape units. PeRL presents pond and lake estimates for a total area of 1. 4 × 106ĝ€km2 across the Arctic, about 17ĝ€% of the Arctic lowland ( < ĝ€300ĝ€mĝ€a.s.l.) land surface area. PeRL waterbodies with sizes of 1. 0 × 106ĝ€m2 down to 1. 0 × 102ĝ€m2 contributed up to 21ĝ€% to the total water fraction. Waterbody density ranged from 1. 0 × 10 to 9. 4 × 101ĝ€kmĝ'2. Ponds are the dominant waterbody type by number in all landscapes representing 45-99ĝ€% of the total waterbody number. The implementation of PeRL size distributions in land surface models will greatly improve the investigation and projection of surface inundation and carbon fluxes in permafrost lowlands. Waterbody maps, study area boundaries, and maps of regional permafrost landscapes including detailed metadata are available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.868349.

Published
2017

7. Event-oriented observation across scales and environmental systems: MOSES started operation

Author

Weber, Ute, Schuetze, Claudia, Fischer, P., Boike, J., Hajnsek, I., Vereecken, H., Riese, M., Brueggemann, N., Koertzinger, A., Karstensen, J., Merz, B., Sachs, T., Brix, H., Sanders, T., Schloter, M., Schnitzler, J.-P., Knippertz, P., Schmid, H.P., Saathoff, H., Dietrich, Peter ; orcid:0000-0003-2699-2354, Attinger, Sabine, Borchardt, Dietrich, Kamjunke, Norbert, Weber, Ute, Schuetze, Claudia, Fischer, P., Boike, J., Hajnsek, I., Vereecken, H., Riese, M., Brueggemann, N., Koertzinger, A., Karstensen, J., Merz, B., Sachs, T., Brix, H., Sanders, T., Schloter, M., Schnitzler, J.-P., Knippertz, P., Schmid, H.P., Saathoff, H., Dietrich, Peter ; orcid:0000-0003-2699-2354, Attinger, Sabine, Borchardt, Dietrich, and Kamjunke, Norbert

Abstract

The novel observing system „Modular Observation Solutions for Earth Systems (MOSES)“, is an initiative of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers that aims at investigating the interactions of short-term events and long-term trends across environmental systems. MOSES is a mobile and modular infrastructure and its component measuring systems are managed by the participating research centers. By quantifying energy, water, nutrient and greenhouse gas states and fluxes during events such as heat waves, droughts, heavy precipitation, floods, rapid thaw of permafrost or of ocean eddies, and subsequently along the related event chains, the system delivers data to examine potential long-term impacts of these events and to gain a better understanding of extreme events that are expected to increase in frequency and intensity in a changing climate. In order to obtain comprehensive data sets, a cross-system approach is followed, covering the atmosphere, land surface and hydrosphere. These event-related data sets complement long-term and/or large scale data sets of established national and international monitoring programs and satellite data such as TERENO, ICOS, eLTER, SENTINEL, etc. After a 5-year setup period, MOSES was successfully put into operation in 2022 (Weber et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0158.1).While long-term trends are typically assessed with stationary observation networks and platforms specifically designed for long-term monitoring, proven event-oriented observation systems and strategies are still missing. Event-oriented observation campaigns require a combination of a) measuring systems that can be rapidly deployed at “hot spots” and in “hot moments”, b) mobile equipment to monitor spatial dynamics in high-resolution, c) in situ measuring systems to record temporal dynamics in high-resolution, and d) interoperable measuring systems to monitor the interactions between atmosphere, land surface and hydrosphere. We will present the ob

Published
2023

11. The ABCflux database: Arctic-boreal CO2flux observations and ancillary information aggregated to monthly time steps across terrestrial ecosystems

Author

Virkkala, A., Natali, S., Rogers, B., Watts, J., Savage, K., Connon, S., Mauritz, M., Schuur, E., Peter, D., Minions, C., Nojeim, J., Commane, R., Emmerton, C., Göckede, M., Helbig, M., Holl, D., Iwata, H., Kobayashi, H., Kolari, P., López-Blanco, E., Marushchak, M., Mastepanov, M., Merbold, L., Parmentier, F., Peichl, M., Sachs, T., Sonnentag, O., Ueyama, M., Voigt, C., Aurela, M., Boike, J., Celis, G., Chae, N., Christensen, T., Bret-Harte, M., Dengel, S., Dolman, H., Edgar, C., Elberling, B., Euskirchen, E., Grelle, A., Hatakka, J., Humphreys, E., Järveoja, J., Kotani, A., Kutzbach, L., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Mammarella, I., Matsuura, Y., Meyer, G., Nilsson, M., Oberbauer, S., Park, S., Petrov, R., Prokushkin, A., Schulze, C., St.Louis, V., Tuittila, E., Tuovinen, J., Quinton, W., Varlagin, A., Zona, D., Zyryanov, V., Earth Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, and Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences)

Subjects
hiilidioksidi, arktinen alue, maaperä, Climate Research, EDDY COVARIANCE TECHNIQUE, CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE, SPATIAL VARIABILITY, kausivaihtelut, FOREST, 114 Physical sciences, PERMAFROST CARBON, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, TUNDRA, Atmospheric Sciences, NET, kasvihuonekaasut, Geochemistry, RESPIRATION, Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, SDG 13 - Climate Action, STOCKS, päästöt, tutkimusaineisto, CHAMBER
Abstract

Past efforts to synthesize and quantify the magnitude and change in carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems across the rapidly warming Arctic–boreal zone (ABZ) have provided valuable information but were limited in their geographical and temporal coverage. Furthermore, these efforts have been based on data aggregated over varying time periods, often with only minimal site ancillary data, thus limiting their potential to be used in large-scale carbon budget assessments. To bridge these gaps, we developed a standardized monthly database of Arctic–boreal CO2 fluxes (ABCflux) that aggregates in situ measurements of terrestrial net ecosystem CO2 exchange and its derived partitioned component fluxes: gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration. The data span from 1989 to 2020 with over 70 supporting variables that describe key site conditions (e.g., vegetation and disturbance type), micrometeorological and environmental measurements (e.g., air and soil temperatures), and flux measurement techniques. Here, we describe these variables, the spatial and temporal distribution of observations, the main strengths and limitations of the database, and the potential research opportunities it enables. In total, ABCflux includes 244 sites and 6309 monthly observations; 136 sites and 2217 monthly observations represent tundra, and 108 sites and 4092 observations represent the boreal biome. The database includes fluxes estimated with chamber (19 % of the monthly observations), snow diffusion (3 %) and eddy covariance (78 %) techniques. The largest number of observations were collected during the climatological summer (June–August; 32 %), and fewer observations were available for autumn (September–October; 25 %), winter (December–February; 18 %), and spring (March–May; 25 %). ABCflux can be used in a wide array of empirical, remote sensing and modeling studies to improve understanding of the regional and temporal variability in CO2 fluxes and to better estimate the terrestrial ABZ CO2 budget. ABCflux is openly and freely available online (Virkkala et al., 2021b, https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1934).

Published
2022
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12. Modelling and measurement of carbon emissions under Arctic snow

Author

Rutter, N., Dutch, V., Mann, P., Wake, L., Derksen, C., Walker, B., Hould Gosselin, G., Sonnentag, O., Roy, A., Mavrovic, A., Essery, R., Voigt, C., Marsh, P., and Boike, J.

Abstract

Arctic carbon dioxide emissions during the winter months are frequently omitted from global carbon budgets, due to prior assumptions that their contribution is largely insignificant compared to other sources and seasons. This paradigm has recently been challenged, amid a growing awareness of the impact snow-ecosystem interactions have on respiration from high-latitude soils and overall carbon budgets. Through field measurements at Trail Valley Creek, NWT, Canada, and simulations using the Community Land Model 5.0, here we: consider how the representation of snow thermal conductivity in a Terrestrial Biosphere Model impacts simulated near-surface soil temperatures and net ecosystem exchange,report on new low-cost in-situ measurement techniques that aim to quantify carbon dioxide concentrations and fluxes within Arctic snowpacks.We anticipate new measurement techniques will help evaluate rates of production of carbon dioxide from frozen soils during winter months and address discrepancies between observed and simulated carbon dioxide emissions. Increased confidence in future simulations is important in a region that is highly characteristic of the high latitude critical zone, susceptible to permafrost thaw, and is warming two to three times as fast as the global average since the late twentieth century., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023
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13. Variability and drivers of the onset and duration of active layer freeze-back in permafrost soils at the Lena Delta, Siberia

Author

Goldau, M., Grünberg, I., and Boike, J.

Abstract

Global climate change affects the soil temperature and moisture in permafrost soils thus influencing active layer freeze-thaw processes. While warming of Arctic permafrost has been well documented, changes in the soil energy content and seasonal freeze-thaw processes have generally received less attention. In this study, we focus on the variability of the active layer freeze-back onset and duration at an Arctic research site on Samoylov Island at the Lena Delta in Northeastern Siberia. Samoylov is underlain by continuous permafrost and characterized by a polygonal tundra landscape. Continuous measurements of soil parameters and meteorological conditions have been conducted at this site since 1998. We analyzed data on soil temperature and moisture from 2012 to 2021 with respect to the polygon’s microtopography. We estimated the timing of freeze-back at different depths in both the elevated rim and water-logged center of the polygon. During the study period, the freeze-back onset was relatively stable with an interannual variability of approximately 10 days. We observed a clear increase in freeze-back duration at all measured depths of both, the polygon rim and center. Close to the surface, the duration increased by more than 200%. Due to differences in soil moisture, freeze-back at the polygon center started approximately one week later and took about 10 days longer than at the rim. The results of our study highlight the importance of changes in freeze-thaw processes in addition to soil temperature trends in gaining a more complete understanding of active layer conditions., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023
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14. Winter CO2 emissions at an Arctic tundra site under bias-corrected NA-CORDEX RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 conditions

Author

Wake, L., Rutherford, J., Rutter, N., Cannon, A., Qu, B., Dutch, V., Mann, P., Derksen, C., Walker, B., Gosselin, G., Sonnentag, O., Roy, A., Voigt, C., Marsh, P., and Boike, J.

Abstract

Arctic permafrost soils are estimated to contain 1700 Gt of carbon and a warming climate signals more rapid release of CO2 from these environments, further exacerbating the warming effect of greenhouse gases. CO2 emissions from Arctic soils during the cold season were previously thought to be negligible; this is not the case and their contribution to the overall annual carbon budget is expected to increase in a warming world.Few observational and modelling studies have been directed at Arctic cold season carbon cycling processes, ultimately making any future projections of CO2 release unreliable. This unreliability is compounded by uncertainty in (1) the land component of Earth System Models regarding the parameterizations of biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes driving CO2 release during winter and (2) projections of future climate in the Arctic.Here, we use the CLM5.0 model in point mode for Trail Valley Creek near Inuvik NT, forced by ERA5 reanalysis to evaluate the performance of CLM5.0 for present-day conditions using flux tower measurements of net ecosystem CO2 exchange as model constraints. We then apply a bias-corrected NA-CORDEX ensemble of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios to quantify the variability in future winter CO2 emissions due to (1) model uncertainty in future climate conditions and (2) parameter uncertainty in CLM5.0 relating to the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q10), the moisture threshold for soil decomposition and the thermal conductivity scheme for the snow layer. The latter is a strong control on the thermal evolution of soil temperature, and therefore soil respiration during the winter., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023
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26. Winters are changing: snow effects on Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems

Author

Rixen, C, Hoye, TT, Macek, P, Aerts, R, Alatalo, JM, Anderson, JT, Arnold, PA, Barrio, IC, Bjerke, JW, Bjorkman, MP, Blok, D, Blume-Werry, G, Boike, J, Bokhorst, S, Carbognani, M, Christiansen, CT, Convey, P, Cooper, EJ, Cornelissen, JHC, Coulson, SJ, Dorrepaal, E, Elberling, B, Elmendorf, SC, Elphinstone, C, Forte, TGW, Frei, ER, Geange, SR, Gerhrmann, F, Gibson, C, Grogan, P, Halbritter, AH, Harte, J, Henry, GHR, Inouye, DW, Irwin, RE, Jespersen, G, Jonsdottir, IS, Jung, JY, Klinges, DH, Kudo, G, Lamsa, J, Lee, H, Lembrechts, JJ, Lett, S, Lynn, JS, Mann, HMR, Mastepanov, M, Morse, J, Myers-Smith, IH, Olofsson, J, Paavola, R, Petraglia, A, Phoenix, GK, Semenchuk, P, Siewert, MB, Slatyer, R, Spasojevic, MJ, Suding, K, Sullivan, P, Thompson, KL, Vaisanen, M, Vandvik, V, Venn, Susanna, Walz, J, Way, R, Welker, JM, Wipf, S, Zong, S, Rixen, C, Hoye, TT, Macek, P, Aerts, R, Alatalo, JM, Anderson, JT, Arnold, PA, Barrio, IC, Bjerke, JW, Bjorkman, MP, Blok, D, Blume-Werry, G, Boike, J, Bokhorst, S, Carbognani, M, Christiansen, CT, Convey, P, Cooper, EJ, Cornelissen, JHC, Coulson, SJ, Dorrepaal, E, Elberling, B, Elmendorf, SC, Elphinstone, C, Forte, TGW, Frei, ER, Geange, SR, Gerhrmann, F, Gibson, C, Grogan, P, Halbritter, AH, Harte, J, Henry, GHR, Inouye, DW, Irwin, RE, Jespersen, G, Jonsdottir, IS, Jung, JY, Klinges, DH, Kudo, G, Lamsa, J, Lee, H, Lembrechts, JJ, Lett, S, Lynn, JS, Mann, HMR, Mastepanov, M, Morse, J, Myers-Smith, IH, Olofsson, J, Paavola, R, Petraglia, A, Phoenix, GK, Semenchuk, P, Siewert, MB, Slatyer, R, Spasojevic, MJ, Suding, K, Sullivan, P, Thompson, KL, Vaisanen, M, Vandvik, V, Venn, Susanna, Walz, J, Way, R, Welker, JM, Wipf, S, and Zong, S

Abstract

Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation determines ground temperature, light conditions, and moisture availability during winter. It also affects the growing season’s start and end, and plant access to moisture and nutrients. Here, we review the current knowledge of the snow cover’s role for vegetation, plant-animal interactions, permafrost conditions, microbial processes, and biogeochemical cycling. We also compare studies of natural snow gradients with snow experimental manipulation studies to assess time scale difference of these approaches. The number of tundra snow studies has increased considerably in recent years, yet we still lack a comprehensive overview of how altered snow conditions will affect these ecosystems. Specifically, we found a mismatch in the timing of snowmelt when comparing studies of natural snow gradients with snow manipulations. We found that snowmelt timing achieved by snow addition and snow removal manipulations (average 7.9 days advance and 5.5 days delay, respectively) were substantially lower than the temporal variation over natural spatial gradients within a given year (mean range 56 days) or among years (mean range 32 days). Differences between snow study approaches need to be accounted for when projecting snow dynamics and their impact on ecosystems in future climates.

Published
2022

27. Winters are changing:snow effects on Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems

Author

Rixen, C. (Christian), Høye, T. T. (Toke Thomas), Macek, P. (Petr), Aerts, R. (Rien), Alatalo, J. M. (Juha M.), Anderson, J. T. (Jill T.), Arnold, P. A. (Pieter A.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C), Bjerke, J. W. (Jarle W.), Björkman, M. P. (Mats P.), Blok, D. (Daan), Blume-Werry, G. (Gesche), Boike, J. (Julia), Bokhorst, S. (Stef), Carbognani, M. (Michele), Christiansen, C. T. (Casper T.), Convey, P. (Peter), Cooper, E. J. (Elisabeth J.), Cornelissen, J. H. (J. Hans C.), Coulson, S. J. (Stephen J.), Dorrepaal, E. (Ellen), Elberling, B. (Bo), Elmendorf, S. C. (Sarah C.), Elphinstone, C. (Cassandra), Forte, T. G. (T’ai G.W.), Frei, E. R. (Esther R.), Geange, S. R. (Sonya R.), Gehrmann, F. (Friederike), Gibson, C. (Casey), Grogan, P. (Paul), Halbritter, A. H. (Aud Helen), Harte, J. (John), Henry, G. H. (Gregory H.R.), Inouye, D. W. (David W.), Irwin, R. E. (Rebecca E.), Jespersen, G. (Gus), Jónsdóttir, I. S. (Ingibjörg Svala), Jung, J. Y. (Ji Young), Klinges, D. H. (David H.), Kudo, G. (Gaku), Lämsä, J. (Juho), Lee, H. (Hanna), Lembrechts, J. J. (Jonas J.), Lett, S. (Signe), Lynn, J. S. (Joshua Scott), Mann, H. M. (Hjalte M.R.), Mastepanov, M. (Mikhail), Morse, J. (Jennifer), Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.), Olofsson, J. (Johan), Paavola, R. (Riku), Petraglia, A. (Alessandro), Phoenix, G. K. (Gareth K.), Semenchuk, P. (Philipp), Siewert, M. B. (Matthias B.), Slatyer, R. (Rachel), Spasojevic, M. J. (Marko J.), Suding, K. (Katharine), Sullivan, P. (Patrick), Thompson, K. L. (Kimberly L.), Väisänen, M. (Maria), Vandvik, V. (Vigdis), Venn, S. (Susanna), Walz, J. (Josefine), Way, R. (Robert), Welker, J. M. (Jeffrey M.), Wipf, S. (Sonja), Zong, S. (Shengwei), Rixen, C. (Christian), Høye, T. T. (Toke Thomas), Macek, P. (Petr), Aerts, R. (Rien), Alatalo, J. M. (Juha M.), Anderson, J. T. (Jill T.), Arnold, P. A. (Pieter A.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C), Bjerke, J. W. (Jarle W.), Björkman, M. P. (Mats P.), Blok, D. (Daan), Blume-Werry, G. (Gesche), Boike, J. (Julia), Bokhorst, S. (Stef), Carbognani, M. (Michele), Christiansen, C. T. (Casper T.), Convey, P. (Peter), Cooper, E. J. (Elisabeth J.), Cornelissen, J. H. (J. Hans C.), Coulson, S. J. (Stephen J.), Dorrepaal, E. (Ellen), Elberling, B. (Bo), Elmendorf, S. C. (Sarah C.), Elphinstone, C. (Cassandra), Forte, T. G. (T’ai G.W.), Frei, E. R. (Esther R.), Geange, S. R. (Sonya R.), Gehrmann, F. (Friederike), Gibson, C. (Casey), Grogan, P. (Paul), Halbritter, A. H. (Aud Helen), Harte, J. (John), Henry, G. H. (Gregory H.R.), Inouye, D. W. (David W.), Irwin, R. E. (Rebecca E.), Jespersen, G. (Gus), Jónsdóttir, I. S. (Ingibjörg Svala), Jung, J. Y. (Ji Young), Klinges, D. H. (David H.), Kudo, G. (Gaku), Lämsä, J. (Juho), Lee, H. (Hanna), Lembrechts, J. J. (Jonas J.), Lett, S. (Signe), Lynn, J. S. (Joshua Scott), Mann, H. M. (Hjalte M.R.), Mastepanov, M. (Mikhail), Morse, J. (Jennifer), Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.), Olofsson, J. (Johan), Paavola, R. (Riku), Petraglia, A. (Alessandro), Phoenix, G. K. (Gareth K.), Semenchuk, P. (Philipp), Siewert, M. B. (Matthias B.), Slatyer, R. (Rachel), Spasojevic, M. J. (Marko J.), Suding, K. (Katharine), Sullivan, P. (Patrick), Thompson, K. L. (Kimberly L.), Väisänen, M. (Maria), Vandvik, V. (Vigdis), Venn, S. (Susanna), Walz, J. (Josefine), Way, R. (Robert), Welker, J. M. (Jeffrey M.), Wipf, S. (Sonja), and Zong, S. (Shengwei)

Abstract

Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation determines ground temperature, light conditions, and moisture availability during winter. It also affects the growing season’s start and end, and plant access to moisture and nutrients. Here, we review the current knowledge of the snow cover’s role for vegetation, plant-animal interactions, permafrost conditions, microbial processes, and biogeochemical cycling. We also compare studies of natural snow gradients with snow experimental manipulation studies to assess time scale difference of these approaches. The number of tundra snow studies has increased considerably in recent years, yet we still lack a comprehensive overview of how altered snow conditions will affect these ecosystems. Specifically, we found a mismatch in the timing of snowmelt when comparing studies of natural snow gradients with snow manipulations. We found that snowmelt timing achieved by snow addition and snow removal manipulations (average 7.9 days advance and 5.5 days delay, respectively) were substantially lower than the temporal variation over natural spatial gradients within a given year (mean range 56 days) or among years (mean range 32 days). Differences between snow study approaches need to be accounted for when projecting snow dynamics and their impact on ecosystems in future climates.

Published
2022

28. Global maps of soil temperature

Author

Lembrechts, J. J. (Jonas J.), van den Hoogen, J. (Johan), Aalto, J. (Juha), Ashcroft, M. B. (Michael B.), De Frenne, P. (Pieter), Kemppinen, J. (Julia), Kopecky, M. (Martin), Luoto, M. (Miska), Maclean, I. M. (Ilya M. D.), Crowther, T. W. (Thomas W.), Bailey, J. J. (Joseph J.), Haesen, S. (Stef), Klinges, D. H. (David H.), Niittynen, P. (Pekka), Scheffers, B. R. (Brett R.), Van Meerbeek, K. (Koenraad), Aartsma, P. (Peter), Abdalaze, O. (Otar), Abedi, M. (Mehdi), Aerts, R. (Rien), Ahmadian, N. (Negar), Ahrends, A. (Antje), Alatalo, J. M. (Juha M.), Alexander, J. M. (Jake M.), Allonsius, C. N. (Camille Nina), Altman, J. (Jan), Ammann, C. (Christof), Andres, C. (Christian), Andrews, C. (Christopher), Ardo, J. (Jonas), Arriga, N. (Nicola), Arzac, A. (Alberto), Aschero, V. (Valeria), Assis, R. L. (Rafael L.), Assmann, J. J. (Jakob Johann), Bader, M. Y. (Maaike Y.), Bahalkeh, K. (Khadijeh), Barancok, P. (Peter), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Barros, A. (Agustina), Barthel, M. (Matti), Basham, E. W. (Edmund W.), Bauters, M. (Marijn), Bazzichetto, M. (Manuele), Marchesini, L. B. (Luca Belelli), Bell, M. C. (Michael C.), Benavides, J. C. (Juan C.), Benito Alonso, J. L. (Jose Luis), Berauer, B. J. (Bernd J.), Bjerke, J. W. (Jarle W.), Bjork, R. G. (Robert G.), Bjorkman, M. P. (Mats P.), Bjornsdottir, K. (Katrin), Blonder, B. (Benjamin), Boeckx, P. (Pascal), Boike, J. (Julia), Bokhorst, S. (Stef), Brum, B. N. (Barbara N. S.), Bruna, J. (Josef), Buchmann, N. (Nina), Buysse, P. (Pauline), Camargo, J. L. (Jose Luis), Campoe, O. C. (Otavio C.), Candan, O. (Onur), Canessa, R. (Rafaella), Cannone, N. (Nicoletta), Carbognani, M. (Michele), Carnicer, J. (Jofre), Casanova-Katny, A. (Angelica), Cesarz, S. (Simone), Chojnicki, B. (Bogdan), Choler, P. (Philippe), Chown, S. L. (Steven L.), Cifuentes, E. F. (Edgar F.), Ciliak, M. (Marek), Contador, T. (Tamara), Convey, P. (Peter), Cooper, E. J. (Elisabeth J.), Cremonese, E. (Edoardo), Curasi, S. R. (Salvatore R.), Curtis, R. (Robin), Cutini, M. (Maurizio), Dahlberg, C. J. (C. Johan), Daskalova, G. N. (Gergana N.), Angel de Pablo, M. (Miguel), Della Chiesa, S. (Stefano), Dengler, J. (Juergen), Deronde, B. (Bart), Descombes, P. (Patrice), Di Cecco, V. (Valter), Di Musciano, M. (Michele), Dick, J. (Jan), Dimarco, R. D. (Romina D.), Dolezal, J. (Jiri), Dorrepaal, E. (Ellen), Dusek, J. (Jiri), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eklundh, L. (Lars), Erickson, T. E. (Todd E.), Erschbamer, B. (Brigitta), Eugster, W. (Werner), Ewers, R. M. (Robert M.), Exton, D. A. (Dan A.), Fanin, N. (Nicolas), Fazlioglu, F. (Fatih), Feigenwinter, I. (Iris), Fenu, G. (Giuseppe), Ferlian, O. (Olga), Fernandez Calzado, M. R. (M. Rosa), Fernandez-Pascual, E. (Eduardo), Finckh, M. (Manfred), Higgens, R. F. (Rebecca Finger), Forte, T. G. (T'ai G. W.), Freeman, E. C. (Erika C.), Frei, E. R. (Esther R.), Fuentes-Lillo, E. (Eduardo), Garcia, R. A. (Rafael A.), Garcia, M. B. (Maria B.), Geron, C. (Charly), Gharun, M. (Mana), Ghosn, D. (Dany), Gigauri, K. (Khatuna), Gobin, A. (Anne), Goded, I. (Ignacio), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Gottschall, F. (Felix), Goulding, K. (Keith), Govaert, S. (Sanne), Graae, B. J. (Bente Jessen), Greenwood, S. (Sarah), Greiser, C. (Caroline), Grelle, A. (Achim), Guenard, B. (Benoit), Guglielmin, M. (Mauro), Guillemot, J. (Joannes), Haase, P. (Peter), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Halbritter, A. H. (Aud H.), Hamid, M. (Maroof), Hammerle, A. (Albin), Hampe, A. (Arndt), Haugum, S. V. (Siri, V), Hederova, L. (Lucia), Heinesch, B. (Bernard), Helfter, C. (Carole), Hepenstrick, D. (Daniel), Herberich, M. (Maximiliane), Herbst, M. (Mathias), Hermanutz, L. (Luise), Hik, D. S. (David S.), Hoffren, R. (Raul), Homeier, J. (Juergen), Hörtnagl, L. (Lukas), Hoye, T. T. (Toke T.), Hrbacek, F. (Filip), Hylander, K. (Kristoffer), Iwata, H. (Hiroki), Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. A. (Marcin Antoni), Jactel, H. (Herve), Jarveoja, J. (Jarvi), Jastrzebowski, S. (Szymon), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Jimenez, J. J. (Juan J.), Jonsdottir, I. S. (Ingibjorg S.), Jucker, T. (Tommaso), Jump, A. S. (Alistair S.), Juszczak, R. (Radoslaw), Kanka, R. (Robert), Kaspar, V. (Vit), Kazakis, G. (George), Kelly, J. (Julia), Khuroo, A. A. (Anzar A.), Klemedtsson, L. (Leif), Klisz, M. (Marcin), Kljun, N. (Natascha), Knohl, A. (Alexander), Kobler, J. (Johannes), Kollar, J. (Jozef), Kotowska, M. M. (Martyna M.), Kovacs, B. (Bence), Kreyling, J. (Juergen), Lamprecht, A. (Andrea), Lang, S. I. (Simone, I), Larson, C. (Christian), Larson, K. (Keith), Laska, K. (Kamil), Maire, G. I. (Guerric Ie), Leihy, R. I. (Rachel, I), Lens, L. (Luc), Liljebladh, B. (Bengt), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Lorite, J. (Juan), Loubet, B. (Benjamin), Lynn, J. (Joshua), Macek, M. (Martin), Mackenzie, R. (Roy), Magliulo, E. (Enzo), Maier, R. (Regine), Malfasi, F. (Francesco), Malis, F. (Frantisek), Man, M. (Matej), Manca, G. (Giovanni), Manco, A. (Antonio), Manise, T. (Tanguy), Manolaki, P. (Paraskevi), Marciniak, F. (Felipe), Matula, R. (Radim), Clara Mazzolari, A. (Ana), Medinets, S. (Sergiy), Medinets, V. (Volodymyr), Meeussen, C. (Camille), Merinero, S. (Sonia), Guimaraes Mesquita, R. d. (Rita de Cassia), Meusburger, K. (Katrin), Meysman, F. J. (Filip J. R.), Michaletz, S. T. (Sean T.), Milbau, A. (Ann), Moiseev, D. (Dmitry), Moiseev, P. (Pavel), Mondoni, A. (Andrea), Monfries, R. (Ruth), Montagnani, L. (Leonardo), Moriana-Armendariz, M. (Mikel), di Cella, U. M. (Umberto Morra), Moersdorf, M. (Martin), Mosedale, J. R. (Jonathan R.), Muffler, L. (Lena), Munoz-Rojas, M. (Miriam), Myers, J. A. (Jonathan A.), Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.), Nagy, L. (Laszlo), Nardino, M. (Marianna), Naujokaitis-Lewis, I. (Ilona), Newling, E. (Emily), Nicklas, L. (Lena), Niedrist, G. (Georg), Niessner, A. (Armin), Nilsson, M. B. (Mats B.), Normand, S. (Signe), Nosetto, M. D. (Marcelo D.), Nouvellon, Y. (Yann), Nunez, M. A. (Martin A.), Ogaya, R. (Roma), Ogee, J. (Jerome), Okello, J. (Joseph), Olejnik, J. (Janusz), Olesen, J. E. (Jorgen Eivind), Opedal, O. H. (Oystein H.), Orsenigo, S. (Simone), Palaj, A. (Andrej), Pampuch, T. (Timo), Panov, A. V. (Alexey V.), Pärtel, M. (Meelis), Pastor, A. (Ada), Pauchard, A. (Aníbal), Pauli, H. (Harald), Pavelka, M. (Marian), Pearse, W. D. (William D.), Peichl, M. (Matthias), Pellissier, L. (Loïc), Penczykowski, R. M. (Rachel M.), Penuelas, J. (Josep), Petit Bon, M. (Matteo), Petraglia, A. (Alessandro), Phartyal, S. S. (Shyam S.), Phoenix, G. K. (Gareth K.), Pio, C. (Casimiro), Pitacco, A. (Andrea), Pitteloud, C. (Camille), Plichta, R. (Roman), Porro, F. (Francesco), Portillo-Estrada, M. (Miguel), Poulenard, J. (Jérôme), Poyatos, R. (Rafael), Prokushkin, A. S. (Anatoly S.), Puchalka, R. (Radoslaw), Pușcaș, M. (Mihai), Radujković, D. (Dajana), Randall, K. (Krystal), Ratier Backes, A. (Amanda), Remmele, S. (Sabine), Remmers, W. (Wolfram), Renault, D. (David), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Rixen, C. (Christian), Robinson, S. A. (Sharon A.), Robroek, B. J. (Bjorn J. M.), Rocha, A. V. (Adrian V.), Rossi, C. (Christian), Rossi, G. (Graziano), Roupsard, O. (Olivier), Rubtsov, A. V. (Alexey V.), Saccone, P. (Patrick), Sagot, C. (Clotilde), Sallo Bravo, J. (Jhonatan), Santos, C. C. (Cinthya C.), Sarneel, J. M. (Judith M.), Scharnweber, T. (Tobias), Schmeddes, J. (Jonas), Schmidt, M. (Marius), Scholten, T. (Thomas), Schuchardt, M. (Max), Schwartz, N. (Naomi), Scott, T. (Tony), Seeber, J. (Julia), Segalin De Andrade, A. C. (Ana Cristina), Seipel, T. (Tim), Semenchuk, P. (Philipp), Senior, R. A. (Rebecca A.), Serra-Diaz, J. M. (Josep M.), Sewerniak, P. (Piotr), Shekhar, A. (Ankit), Sidenko, N. V. (Nikita V.), Siebicke, L. (Lukas), Siegwart Collier, L. (Laura), Simpson, E. (Elizabeth), Siqueira, D. P. (David P.), Sitková, Z. (Zuzana), Six, J. (Johan), Smiljanic, M. (Marko), Smith, S. W. (Stuart W.), Smith-Tripp, S. (Sarah), Somers, B. (Ben), Sørensen, M. V. (Mia Vedel), Souza, J. J. (José João L. L.), Souza, B. I. (Bartolomeu Israel), Dias, A. S. (Arildo Souza), Spasojevic, M. J. (Marko J.), Speed, J. D. (James D. M.), Spicher, F. (Fabien), Stanisci, A. (Angela), Steinbauer, K. (Klaus), Steinbrecher, R. (Rainer), Steinwandter, M. (Michael), Stemkovski, M. (Michael), Stephan, J. G. (Jörg G.), Stiegler, C. (Christian), Stoll, S. (Stefan), Svátek, M. (Martin), Svoboda, M. (Miroslav), Tagesson, T. (Torbern), Tanentzap, A. J. (Andrew J.), Tanneberger, F. (Franziska), Theurillat, J.-P. (Jean-Paul), Thomas, H. J. (Haydn J. D.), Thomas, A. D. (Andrew D.), Tielbörger, K. (Katja), Tomaselli, M. (Marcello), Treier, U. A. (Urs Albert), Trouillier, M. (Mario), Turtureanu, P. D. (Pavel Dan), Tutton, R. (Rosamond), Tyystjärvi, V. A. (Vilna A.), Ueyama, M. (Masahito), Ujházy, K. (Karol), Ujházyová, M. (Mariana), Uogintas, D. (Domas), Urban, A. V. (Anastasiya V.), Urban, J. (Josef), Urbaniak, M. (Marek), Ursu, T.-M. (Tudor-Mihai), Vaccari, F. P. (Francesco Primo), Van De Vondel, S. (Stijn), Van Den Brink, L. (Liesbeth), Van Geel, M. (Maarten), Vandvik, V. (Vigdis), Vangansbeke, P. (Pieter), Varlagin, A. (Andrej), Veen, G. F. (G. F.), Veenendaal, E. (Elmar), Venn, S. E. (Susanna E.), Verbeeck, H. (Hans), Verbrugggen, E. (Erik), Verheijen, F. G. (Frank G. A.), Villar, L. (Luis), Vitale, L. (Luca), Vittoz, P. (Pascal), Vives-Ingla, M. (Maria), Von Oppen, J. (Jonathan), Walz, J. (Josefine), Wang, R. (Runxi), Wang, Y. (Yifeng), Way, R. G. (Robert G.), Wedegärtner, R. E. (Ronja E. M.), Weigel, R. (Robert), Wild, J. (Jan), Wilkinson, M. (Matthew), Wilmking, M. (Martin), Wingate, L. (Lisa), Winkler, M. (Manuela), Wipf, S. (Sonja), Wohlfahrt, G. (Georg), Xenakis, G. (Georgios), Yang, Y. (Yan), Yu, Z. (Zicheng), Yu, K. (Kailiang), Zellweger, F. (Florian), Zhang, J. (Jian), Zhang, Z. (Zhaochen), Zhao, P. (Peng), Ziemblińska, K. (Klaudia), Zimmermann, R. (Reiner), Zong, S. (Shengwei), Zyryanov, V. I. (Viacheslav I.), Nijs, I. (Ivan), Lenoir, J. (Jonathan), Lembrechts, J. J. (Jonas J.), van den Hoogen, J. (Johan), Aalto, J. (Juha), Ashcroft, M. B. (Michael B.), De Frenne, P. (Pieter), Kemppinen, J. (Julia), Kopecky, M. (Martin), Luoto, M. (Miska), Maclean, I. M. (Ilya M. D.), Crowther, T. W. (Thomas W.), Bailey, J. J. (Joseph J.), Haesen, S. (Stef), Klinges, D. H. (David H.), Niittynen, P. (Pekka), Scheffers, B. R. (Brett R.), Van Meerbeek, K. (Koenraad), Aartsma, P. (Peter), Abdalaze, O. (Otar), Abedi, M. (Mehdi), Aerts, R. (Rien), Ahmadian, N. (Negar), Ahrends, A. (Antje), Alatalo, J. M. (Juha M.), Alexander, J. M. (Jake M.), Allonsius, C. N. (Camille Nina), Altman, J. (Jan), Ammann, C. (Christof), Andres, C. (Christian), Andrews, C. (Christopher), Ardo, J. (Jonas), Arriga, N. (Nicola), Arzac, A. (Alberto), Aschero, V. (Valeria), Assis, R. L. (Rafael L.), Assmann, J. J. (Jakob Johann), Bader, M. Y. (Maaike Y.), Bahalkeh, K. (Khadijeh), Barancok, P. (Peter), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Barros, A. (Agustina), Barthel, M. (Matti), Basham, E. W. (Edmund W.), Bauters, M. (Marijn), Bazzichetto, M. (Manuele), Marchesini, L. B. (Luca Belelli), Bell, M. C. (Michael C.), Benavides, J. C. (Juan C.), Benito Alonso, J. L. (Jose Luis), Berauer, B. J. (Bernd J.), Bjerke, J. W. (Jarle W.), Bjork, R. G. (Robert G.), Bjorkman, M. P. (Mats P.), Bjornsdottir, K. (Katrin), Blonder, B. (Benjamin), Boeckx, P. (Pascal), Boike, J. (Julia), Bokhorst, S. (Stef), Brum, B. N. (Barbara N. S.), Bruna, J. (Josef), Buchmann, N. (Nina), Buysse, P. (Pauline), Camargo, J. L. (Jose Luis), Campoe, O. C. (Otavio C.), Candan, O. (Onur), Canessa, R. (Rafaella), Cannone, N. (Nicoletta), Carbognani, M. (Michele), Carnicer, J. (Jofre), Casanova-Katny, A. (Angelica), Cesarz, S. (Simone), Chojnicki, B. (Bogdan), Choler, P. (Philippe), Chown, S. L. (Steven L.), Cifuentes, E. F. (Edgar F.), Ciliak, M. (Marek), Contador, T. (Tamara), Convey, P. (Peter), Cooper, E. J. (Elisabeth J.), Cremonese, E. (Edoardo), Curasi, S. R. (Salvatore R.), Curtis, R. (Robin), Cutini, M. (Maurizio), Dahlberg, C. J. (C. Johan), Daskalova, G. N. (Gergana N.), Angel de Pablo, M. (Miguel), Della Chiesa, S. (Stefano), Dengler, J. (Juergen), Deronde, B. (Bart), Descombes, P. (Patrice), Di Cecco, V. (Valter), Di Musciano, M. (Michele), Dick, J. (Jan), Dimarco, R. D. (Romina D.), Dolezal, J. (Jiri), Dorrepaal, E. (Ellen), Dusek, J. (Jiri), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eklundh, L. (Lars), Erickson, T. E. (Todd E.), Erschbamer, B. (Brigitta), Eugster, W. (Werner), Ewers, R. M. (Robert M.), Exton, D. A. (Dan A.), Fanin, N. (Nicolas), Fazlioglu, F. (Fatih), Feigenwinter, I. (Iris), Fenu, G. (Giuseppe), Ferlian, O. (Olga), Fernandez Calzado, M. R. (M. Rosa), Fernandez-Pascual, E. (Eduardo), Finckh, M. (Manfred), Higgens, R. F. (Rebecca Finger), Forte, T. G. (T'ai G. W.), Freeman, E. C. (Erika C.), Frei, E. R. (Esther R.), Fuentes-Lillo, E. (Eduardo), Garcia, R. A. (Rafael A.), Garcia, M. B. (Maria B.), Geron, C. (Charly), Gharun, M. (Mana), Ghosn, D. (Dany), Gigauri, K. (Khatuna), Gobin, A. (Anne), Goded, I. (Ignacio), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Gottschall, F. (Felix), Goulding, K. (Keith), Govaert, S. (Sanne), Graae, B. J. (Bente Jessen), Greenwood, S. (Sarah), Greiser, C. (Caroline), Grelle, A. (Achim), Guenard, B. (Benoit), Guglielmin, M. (Mauro), Guillemot, J. (Joannes), Haase, P. (Peter), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Halbritter, A. H. (Aud H.), Hamid, M. (Maroof), Hammerle, A. (Albin), Hampe, A. (Arndt), Haugum, S. V. (Siri, V), Hederova, L. (Lucia), Heinesch, B. (Bernard), Helfter, C. (Carole), Hepenstrick, D. (Daniel), Herberich, M. (Maximiliane), Herbst, M. (Mathias), Hermanutz, L. (Luise), Hik, D. S. (David S.), Hoffren, R. (Raul), Homeier, J. (Juergen), Hörtnagl, L. (Lukas), Hoye, T. T. (Toke T.), Hrbacek, F. (Filip), Hylander, K. (Kristoffer), Iwata, H. (Hiroki), Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. A. (Marcin Antoni), Jactel, H. (Herve), Jarveoja, J. (Jarvi), Jastrzebowski, S. (Szymon), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Jimenez, J. J. (Juan J.), Jonsdottir, I. S. (Ingibjorg S.), Jucker, T. (Tommaso), Jump, A. S. (Alistair S.), Juszczak, R. (Radoslaw), Kanka, R. (Robert), Kaspar, V. (Vit), Kazakis, G. (George), Kelly, J. (Julia), Khuroo, A. A. (Anzar A.), Klemedtsson, L. (Leif), Klisz, M. (Marcin), Kljun, N. (Natascha), Knohl, A. (Alexander), Kobler, J. (Johannes), Kollar, J. (Jozef), Kotowska, M. M. (Martyna M.), Kovacs, B. (Bence), Kreyling, J. (Juergen), Lamprecht, A. (Andrea), Lang, S. I. (Simone, I), Larson, C. (Christian), Larson, K. (Keith), Laska, K. (Kamil), Maire, G. I. (Guerric Ie), Leihy, R. I. (Rachel, I), Lens, L. (Luc), Liljebladh, B. (Bengt), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Lorite, J. (Juan), Loubet, B. (Benjamin), Lynn, J. (Joshua), Macek, M. (Martin), Mackenzie, R. (Roy), Magliulo, E. (Enzo), Maier, R. (Regine), Malfasi, F. (Francesco), Malis, F. (Frantisek), Man, M. (Matej), Manca, G. (Giovanni), Manco, A. (Antonio), Manise, T. (Tanguy), Manolaki, P. (Paraskevi), Marciniak, F. (Felipe), Matula, R. (Radim), Clara Mazzolari, A. (Ana), Medinets, S. (Sergiy), Medinets, V. (Volodymyr), Meeussen, C. (Camille), Merinero, S. (Sonia), Guimaraes Mesquita, R. d. (Rita de Cassia), Meusburger, K. (Katrin), Meysman, F. J. (Filip J. R.), Michaletz, S. T. (Sean T.), Milbau, A. (Ann), Moiseev, D. (Dmitry), Moiseev, P. (Pavel), Mondoni, A. (Andrea), Monfries, R. (Ruth), Montagnani, L. (Leonardo), Moriana-Armendariz, M. (Mikel), di Cella, U. M. (Umberto Morra), Moersdorf, M. (Martin), Mosedale, J. R. (Jonathan R.), Muffler, L. (Lena), Munoz-Rojas, M. (Miriam), Myers, J. A. (Jonathan A.), Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.), Nagy, L. (Laszlo), Nardino, M. (Marianna), Naujokaitis-Lewis, I. (Ilona), Newling, E. (Emily), Nicklas, L. (Lena), Niedrist, G. (Georg), Niessner, A. (Armin), Nilsson, M. B. (Mats B.), Normand, S. (Signe), Nosetto, M. D. (Marcelo D.), Nouvellon, Y. (Yann), Nunez, M. A. (Martin A.), Ogaya, R. (Roma), Ogee, J. (Jerome), Okello, J. (Joseph), Olejnik, J. (Janusz), Olesen, J. E. (Jorgen Eivind), Opedal, O. H. (Oystein H.), Orsenigo, S. (Simone), Palaj, A. (Andrej), Pampuch, T. (Timo), Panov, A. V. (Alexey V.), Pärtel, M. (Meelis), Pastor, A. (Ada), Pauchard, A. (Aníbal), Pauli, H. (Harald), Pavelka, M. (Marian), Pearse, W. D. (William D.), Peichl, M. (Matthias), Pellissier, L. (Loïc), Penczykowski, R. M. (Rachel M.), Penuelas, J. (Josep), Petit Bon, M. (Matteo), Petraglia, A. (Alessandro), Phartyal, S. S. (Shyam S.), Phoenix, G. K. (Gareth K.), Pio, C. (Casimiro), Pitacco, A. (Andrea), Pitteloud, C. (Camille), Plichta, R. (Roman), Porro, F. (Francesco), Portillo-Estrada, M. (Miguel), Poulenard, J. (Jérôme), Poyatos, R. (Rafael), Prokushkin, A. S. (Anatoly S.), Puchalka, R. (Radoslaw), Pușcaș, M. (Mihai), Radujković, D. (Dajana), Randall, K. (Krystal), Ratier Backes, A. (Amanda), Remmele, S. (Sabine), Remmers, W. (Wolfram), Renault, D. (David), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Rixen, C. (Christian), Robinson, S. A. (Sharon A.), Robroek, B. J. (Bjorn J. M.), Rocha, A. V. (Adrian V.), Rossi, C. (Christian), Rossi, G. (Graziano), Roupsard, O. (Olivier), Rubtsov, A. V. (Alexey V.), Saccone, P. (Patrick), Sagot, C. (Clotilde), Sallo Bravo, J. (Jhonatan), Santos, C. C. (Cinthya C.), Sarneel, J. M. (Judith M.), Scharnweber, T. (Tobias), Schmeddes, J. (Jonas), Schmidt, M. (Marius), Scholten, T. (Thomas), Schuchardt, M. (Max), Schwartz, N. (Naomi), Scott, T. (Tony), Seeber, J. (Julia), Segalin De Andrade, A. C. (Ana Cristina), Seipel, T. (Tim), Semenchuk, P. (Philipp), Senior, R. A. (Rebecca A.), Serra-Diaz, J. M. (Josep M.), Sewerniak, P. (Piotr), Shekhar, A. (Ankit), Sidenko, N. V. (Nikita V.), Siebicke, L. (Lukas), Siegwart Collier, L. (Laura), Simpson, E. (Elizabeth), Siqueira, D. P. (David P.), Sitková, Z. (Zuzana), Six, J. (Johan), Smiljanic, M. (Marko), Smith, S. W. (Stuart W.), Smith-Tripp, S. (Sarah), Somers, B. (Ben), Sørensen, M. V. (Mia Vedel), Souza, J. J. (José João L. L.), Souza, B. I. (Bartolomeu Israel), Dias, A. S. (Arildo Souza), Spasojevic, M. J. (Marko J.), Speed, J. D. (James D. M.), Spicher, F. (Fabien), Stanisci, A. (Angela), Steinbauer, K. (Klaus), Steinbrecher, R. (Rainer), Steinwandter, M. (Michael), Stemkovski, M. (Michael), Stephan, J. G. (Jörg G.), Stiegler, C. (Christian), Stoll, S. (Stefan), Svátek, M. (Martin), Svoboda, M. (Miroslav), Tagesson, T. (Torbern), Tanentzap, A. J. (Andrew J.), Tanneberger, F. (Franziska), Theurillat, J.-P. (Jean-Paul), Thomas, H. J. (Haydn J. D.), Thomas, A. D. (Andrew D.), Tielbörger, K. (Katja), Tomaselli, M. (Marcello), Treier, U. A. (Urs Albert), Trouillier, M. (Mario), Turtureanu, P. D. (Pavel Dan), Tutton, R. (Rosamond), Tyystjärvi, V. A. (Vilna A.), Ueyama, M. (Masahito), Ujházy, K. (Karol), Ujházyová, M. (Mariana), Uogintas, D. (Domas), Urban, A. V. (Anastasiya V.), Urban, J. (Josef), Urbaniak, M. (Marek), Ursu, T.-M. (Tudor-Mihai), Vaccari, F. P. (Francesco Primo), Van De Vondel, S. (Stijn), Van Den Brink, L. (Liesbeth), Van Geel, M. (Maarten), Vandvik, V. (Vigdis), Vangansbeke, P. (Pieter), Varlagin, A. (Andrej), Veen, G. F. (G. F.), Veenendaal, E. (Elmar), Venn, S. E. (Susanna E.), Verbeeck, H. (Hans), Verbrugggen, E. (Erik), Verheijen, F. G. (Frank G. A.), Villar, L. (Luis), Vitale, L. (Luca), Vittoz, P. (Pascal), Vives-Ingla, M. (Maria), Von Oppen, J. (Jonathan), Walz, J. (Josefine), Wang, R. (Runxi), Wang, Y. (Yifeng), Way, R. G. (Robert G.), Wedegärtner, R. E. (Ronja E. M.), Weigel, R. (Robert), Wild, J. (Jan), Wilkinson, M. (Matthew), Wilmking, M. (Martin), Wingate, L. (Lisa), Winkler, M. (Manuela), Wipf, S. (Sonja), Wohlfahrt, G. (Georg), Xenakis, G. (Georgios), Yang, Y. (Yan), Yu, Z. (Zicheng), Yu, K. (Kailiang), Zellweger, F. (Florian), Zhang, J. (Jian), Zhang, Z. (Zhaochen), Zhao, P. (Peng), Ziemblińska, K. (Klaudia), Zimmermann, R. (Reiner), Zong, S. (Shengwei), Zyryanov, V. I. (Viacheslav I.), Nijs, I. (Ivan), and Lenoir, J. (Jonathan)

Abstract

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0‐5 and 5‐15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km² pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10° degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/‐ 2.1° degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/‐2.3° degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (‐0.7 +/‐ 2.3° degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological

Published
2022

29. Earlier snowmelt may lead to late season declines in plant productivity and carbon sequestration in Arctic tundra ecosystems

Author

Zona, D. (Donatella), Lafleur, P. M. (Peter M.), Hufkens, K. (Koen), Bailey, B. (Barbara), Gioli, B. (Beniamino), Burba, G. (George), Goodrich, J. P. (Jordan P.), Liljedahl, A. K. (Anna K.), Euskirchen, E. S. (Eugénie S.), Watts, J. D. (Jennifer D.), Farina, M. (Mary), Kimball, J. S. (John S.), Heimann, M. (Martin), Göckede, M. (Mathias), Pallandt, M. (Martijn), Christensen, T. R. (Torben R.), Mastepanov, M. (Mikhail), López-Blanco, E. (Efrén), Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. (Marcin), Dolman, A. J. (Albertus J.), Belelli Marchesini, L. (Luca), Commane, R. (Roisin), Wofsy, S. C. (Steven C.), Miller, C. E. (Charles E.), Lipson, D. A. (David A.), Hashemi, J. (Josh), Arndt, K. A. (Kyle A.), Kutzbach, L. (Lars), Holl, D. (David), Boike, J. (Julia), Wille, C. (Christian), Sachs, T. (Torsten), Kalhori, A. (Aram), Song, X. (Xia), Xu, X. (Xiaofeng), Humphreys, E. R. (Elyn R.), Koven, C. D. (Charles D.), Sonnentag, O. (Oliver), Meyer, G. (Gesa), Gosselin, G. H. (Gabriel H.), Marsh, P. (Philip), Oechel, W. C. (Walter C.), Zona, D. (Donatella), Lafleur, P. M. (Peter M.), Hufkens, K. (Koen), Bailey, B. (Barbara), Gioli, B. (Beniamino), Burba, G. (George), Goodrich, J. P. (Jordan P.), Liljedahl, A. K. (Anna K.), Euskirchen, E. S. (Eugénie S.), Watts, J. D. (Jennifer D.), Farina, M. (Mary), Kimball, J. S. (John S.), Heimann, M. (Martin), Göckede, M. (Mathias), Pallandt, M. (Martijn), Christensen, T. R. (Torben R.), Mastepanov, M. (Mikhail), López-Blanco, E. (Efrén), Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. (Marcin), Dolman, A. J. (Albertus J.), Belelli Marchesini, L. (Luca), Commane, R. (Roisin), Wofsy, S. C. (Steven C.), Miller, C. E. (Charles E.), Lipson, D. A. (David A.), Hashemi, J. (Josh), Arndt, K. A. (Kyle A.), Kutzbach, L. (Lars), Holl, D. (David), Boike, J. (Julia), Wille, C. (Christian), Sachs, T. (Torsten), Kalhori, A. (Aram), Song, X. (Xia), Xu, X. (Xiaofeng), Humphreys, E. R. (Elyn R.), Koven, C. D. (Charles D.), Sonnentag, O. (Oliver), Meyer, G. (Gesa), Gosselin, G. H. (Gabriel H.), Marsh, P. (Philip), and Oechel, W. C. (Walter C.)

Abstract

Arctic warming is affecting snow cover and soil hydrology, with consequences for carbon sequestration in tundra ecosystems. The scarcity of observations in the Arctic has limited our understanding of the impact of covarying environmental drivers on the carbon balance of tundra ecosystems. In this study, we address some of these uncertainties through a novel record of 119 site-years of summer data from eddy covariance towers representing dominant tundra vegetation types located on continuous permafrost in the Arctic. Here we found that earlier snowmelt was associated with more tundra net CO₂ sequestration and higher gross primary productivity (GPP) only in June and July, but with lower net carbon sequestration and lower GPP in August. Although higher evapotranspiration (ET) can result in soil drying with the progression of the summer, we did not find significantly lower soil moisture with earlier snowmelt, nor evidence that water stress affected GPP in the late growing season. Our results suggest that the expected increased CO₂ sequestration arising from Arctic warming and the associated increase in growing season length may not materialize if tundra ecosystems are not able to continue sequestering CO₂ later in the season.

Published
2022

30. The ABCflux database:Arctic–boreal CO₂ flux observations and ancillary information aggregated to monthly time steps across terrestrial ecosystems

Author

Virkkala, A.-M. (Anna-Maria), Natali, S. M. (Susan M.), Rogers, B. M. (Brendan M.), Watts, J. D. (Jennifer D.), Savage, K. (Kathleen), Connon, S. J. (Sara June), Mauritz, M. (Marguerite), Schuur, E. A. (Edward A. G.), Peter, D. (Darcy), Minions, C. (Christina), Nojeim, J. (Julia), Commane, R. (Roisin), Emmerton, C. A. (Craig A.), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Helbig, M. (Manuel), Holl, D. (David), Iwata, H. (Hiroki), Kobayashi, H. (Hideki), Kolari, P. (Pasi), López-Blanco, E. (Efrén), Marushchak, M. E. (Maija E.), Mastepanov, M. (Mikhail), Merbold, L. (Lutz), Parmentier, F. W. (Frans-Jan W.), Peichl, M. (Matthias), Sachs, T. (Torsten), Sonnentag, O. (Oliver), Ueyama, M. (Masahito), Voigt, C. (Carolina), Aurela, M. (Mika), Boike, J. (Julia), Celis, G. (Gerardo), Chae, N. (Namyi), Christensen, T. R. (Torben R.), Bret-Harte, M. S. (M. Syndonia), Dengel, S. (Sigrid), Dolman, H. (Han), Edgar, C. W. (Colin W.), Elberling, B. (Bo), Euskirchen, E. (Eugenie), Grelle, A. (Achim), Hatakka, J. (Juha), Humphreys, E. (Elyn), Järveoja, J. (Järvi), Kotani, A. (Ayumi), Kutzbach, L. (Lars), Laurila, T. (Tuomas), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Mammarella, I. (Ivan), Matsuura, Y. (Yojiro), Meyer, G. (Gesa), Nilsson, M. B. (Mats B.), Oberbauer, S. F. (Steven F.), Park, S.-J. (Sang-Jong), Petrov, R. (Roman), Prokushkin, A. S. (Anatoly S.), Schulze, C. (Christopher), St. Louis, V. L. (Vincent L.), Tuittila, E.-S. (Eeva-Stiina), Tuovinen, J.-P. (Juha-Pekka), Quinton, W. (William), Varlagin, A. (Andrej), Zona, D. (Donatella), Zyryanov, V. I. (Viacheslav I.), Virkkala, A.-M. (Anna-Maria), Natali, S. M. (Susan M.), Rogers, B. M. (Brendan M.), Watts, J. D. (Jennifer D.), Savage, K. (Kathleen), Connon, S. J. (Sara June), Mauritz, M. (Marguerite), Schuur, E. A. (Edward A. G.), Peter, D. (Darcy), Minions, C. (Christina), Nojeim, J. (Julia), Commane, R. (Roisin), Emmerton, C. A. (Craig A.), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Helbig, M. (Manuel), Holl, D. (David), Iwata, H. (Hiroki), Kobayashi, H. (Hideki), Kolari, P. (Pasi), López-Blanco, E. (Efrén), Marushchak, M. E. (Maija E.), Mastepanov, M. (Mikhail), Merbold, L. (Lutz), Parmentier, F. W. (Frans-Jan W.), Peichl, M. (Matthias), Sachs, T. (Torsten), Sonnentag, O. (Oliver), Ueyama, M. (Masahito), Voigt, C. (Carolina), Aurela, M. (Mika), Boike, J. (Julia), Celis, G. (Gerardo), Chae, N. (Namyi), Christensen, T. R. (Torben R.), Bret-Harte, M. S. (M. Syndonia), Dengel, S. (Sigrid), Dolman, H. (Han), Edgar, C. W. (Colin W.), Elberling, B. (Bo), Euskirchen, E. (Eugenie), Grelle, A. (Achim), Hatakka, J. (Juha), Humphreys, E. (Elyn), Järveoja, J. (Järvi), Kotani, A. (Ayumi), Kutzbach, L. (Lars), Laurila, T. (Tuomas), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Mammarella, I. (Ivan), Matsuura, Y. (Yojiro), Meyer, G. (Gesa), Nilsson, M. B. (Mats B.), Oberbauer, S. F. (Steven F.), Park, S.-J. (Sang-Jong), Petrov, R. (Roman), Prokushkin, A. S. (Anatoly S.), Schulze, C. (Christopher), St. Louis, V. L. (Vincent L.), Tuittila, E.-S. (Eeva-Stiina), Tuovinen, J.-P. (Juha-Pekka), Quinton, W. (William), Varlagin, A. (Andrej), Zona, D. (Donatella), and Zyryanov, V. I. (Viacheslav I.)

Abstract

Past efforts to synthesize and quantify the magnitude and change in carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems across the rapidly warming Arctic–boreal zone (ABZ) have provided valuable information but were limited in their geographical and temporal coverage. Furthermore, these efforts have been based on data aggregated over varying time periods, often with only minimal site ancillary data, thus limiting their potential to be used in large-scale carbon budget assessments. To bridge these gaps, we developed a standardized monthly database of Arctic–boreal CO₂ fluxes (ABCflux) that aggregates in situ measurements of terrestrial net ecosystem CO₂ exchange and its derived partitioned component fluxes: gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration. The data span from 1989 to 2020 with over 70 supporting variables that describe key site conditions (e.g., vegetation and disturbance type), micrometeorological and environmental measurements (e.g., air and soil temperatures), and flux measurement techniques. Here, we describe these variables, the spatial and temporal distribution of observations, the main strengths and limitations of the database, and the potential research opportunities it enables. In total, ABCflux includes 244 sites and 6309 monthly observations; 136 sites and 2217 monthly observations represent tundra, and 108 sites and 4092 observations represent the boreal biome. The database includes fluxes estimated with chamber (19 % of the monthly observations), snow diffusion (3 %) and eddy covariance (78 %) techniques. The largest number of observations were collected during the climatological summer (June–August; 32 %), and fewer observations were available for autumn (September–October; 25 %), winter (December–February; 18 %), and spring (March–May; 25 %). ABCflux can be used in a wide array of empirical, remote sensing and modeling studies to improve understanding of the regional and temporal variability in CO₂ fluxes and to better es

Published
2022

32. Harmonized in-situ observations of surface energy fluxes and environmental drivers at 64 Arctic vegetation and glacier sites - Environmental conditions

Author

Oehri, J., Schaepman-Strub, G., Kim, J., Grysko, R., Kropp, H., Grünberg, I., Zemlianskii, V., Sonnentag, O., Euskirchen, E., Reji Chacko, M., Muscari, G., Blanken, P., Dean, J., di Sarra, A., Harding, R., Sobota, I., Kutzbach, L., Plekhanova, E., Riihelä, A., Boike, J., Miller, N., Beringer, J., López-Blanco, E., Stoy, P., Sullivan, R., Kejna, M., Parmentier, F., Gamon, J., Mastepanov, M., Wille, C., Jackowicz-Korczynski, M., Karger, D., Quinton, W., Putkonen, J., van As, D., Christensen, T., Hakuba, M., Stone, R., Metzger, S., Vandecrux, B., Frost, G., Wild, M., Hansen, B., Meloni, D., Domine, F., te Beest, M., Sachs, T., Kalhori, A., Rocha, A., Williamson, S., Morris, S., Atchley, A., Essery, R., Runkle, B., Holl, D., Riihimaki, L., Iwata, H., Schuur, E., Cox, C., Grachev, A., McFadden, J., Fausto, R., Göckede, M., Ueyama, M., Pirk, N., de Boer, G., Bret-Harte, M., Leppäranta, M., Steffen, K., Friborg, T., Ohmura, A., Edgar, C., Olofsson, J., and Chambers, S.

Abstract

Despite the importance of surface energy budgets (SEBs) for land-climate interactions in the Arctic, uncertainties in their prediction persist. In situ observational data of SEB components - useful for research and model validation - are collected at relatively few sites across the terrestrial Arctic, and not all available datasets are readily interoperable. Furthermore, the terrestrial Arctic consists of a diversity of vegetation types, which are generally not well represented in land surface schemes of current Earth system models. This dataset describes the environmental conditions for 64 tundra and glacier sites (>=60°N latitude) across the Arctic, for which in situ measurements of surface energy budget components were harmonized (see Oehri et al. 2022). These environmental conditions are (proxies of) potential drivers of SEB-components and could therefore be called SEB-drivers. The associated environmental conditions, include the vegetation types graminoid tundra, prostrate dwarf-shrub tundra, erect-shrub tundra, wetland complexes, barren complexes (≤ 40% horizontal plant cover), boreal peat bogs and glacier. These land surface types (apart from boreal peat bogs) correspond to the main classification units of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM, Raynolds et al. 2019). For each site, additional climatic and biophysical variables are available, including cloud cover, snow cover duration, permafrost characteristics, climatic conditions and topographic conditions.

Published
2022

33. Code for Methane Flux Data

Author

Rößger, N., Sachs, T., Wille, C., Boike, J., and Kutzbach, L.

Abstract

This repository contains the codes produced for the article "Long-term observations reveal rise in early summer methane emissions from Siberian tundra" by Norman Rößger, Torsten Sachs, Christian Wille, Julia Boike and Lars Kutzbach. In the article, the authors report an increasing trend of methane emissions for June and July at a permafrost site in Siberia (Lena River Delta). Using the longest set of observational methane flux data in the Arctic, the authors demonstrate that the continuous warming has begun to trigger the projected enhancement of methane release in Arctic permafrost ecosystems. This software is written in MATLAB. Running the codes ([.m files](Code)) and loading the data files ([.mat files](Data)) requires the pre-installation of [MATLAB](/https://de.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html). IMPORTANT: The repository only contains dummy data. The data that is needed to run the code can be requested by Torsten Sachs and Christian Wille (contact authors). Although the scripts and the data files have been tested for newer versions of MATLAB (>= MATLAB R2017a). The code might also run in older versions of MATLAB, but this has not been tested.

Published
2022

34. Lateral and vertical carbon fluxes from the polygonal tundra in the Lena River Delta, Siberia (summer 2014)

Author

Beckebanze, L., Runkle, B., Walz, J., Wille, C., Holl, D., Helbig, M., Boike, J., Sachs, T., and Kutzbach, L.

Abstract

This dataset contains observations of water discharge rates and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from a polygonal tundra site in the Lena River Delta, Russia. This dataset also contains lateral carbon fluxes of DOC and DIC that were estimated from these observations. Additionally, this dataset contains vertical fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane from the same study site. All observations were recorded on Samoylov Island (N 72.377188, E 126.495144) in the summer of 2014. The abbreviations A1, A2 and B refer to three outflows on the island where the hydrological parameters were observed (A1: N 72.379991, E 126.480886; A2: N 72.380134, E 126.481433; B: N 72.381348, E 126.483482). All outflows were approximately 10 meters. More information can be found in https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3863-2022.

Published
2022

35. Harmonized in-situ observations of surface energy fluxes and environmental drivers at 64 Arctic vegetation and glacier sites - Surface energy budget componenent data

Author

Oehri, J., Schaepman-Strub, G., Kim, J., Grysko, R., Kropp, H., Grünberg, I., Zemlianskii, V., Sonnentag, O., Euskirchen, E., Reji Chacko, M., Muscari, G., Blanken, P., Dean, J., di Sarra, A., Harding, R., Sobota, I., Kutzbach, L., Plekhanova, E., Riihelä, A., Boike, J., Miller, N., Beringer, J., López-Blanco, E., Stoy, P., Sullivan, R., Kejna, M., Parmentier, F., Gamon, J., Mastepanov, M., Wille, C., Jackowicz-Korczynski, M., Karger, D., Quinton, W., Putkonen, J., van As, D., Christensen, T., Hakuba, M., Stone, R., Metzger, S., Vandecrux, B., Frost, G., Wild, M., Hansen, B., Meloni, D., Domine, F., te Beest, M., Sachs, T., Kalhori, A., Rocha, A., Williamson, S., Morris, S., Atchley, A., Essery, R., Runkle, B., Holl, D., Riihimaki, L., Iwata, H., Schuur, E., Cox, C., Grachev, A., McFadden, J., Fausto, R., Göckede, M., Ueyama, M., Pirk, N., de Boer, G., Bret-Harte, M., Leppäranta, M., Steffen, K., Friborg, T., Ohmura, A., Edgar, C., Olofsson, J., and Chambers, S.

Abstract

Despite the importance of surface energy budgets (SEBs) for land-climate interactions in the Arctic, uncertainties in their prediction persist. In situ observational data of SEB components - useful for research and model validation - are collected at relatively few sites across the terrestrial Arctic, and not all available datasets are readily interoperable. Furthermore, the terrestrial Arctic consists of a diversity of vegetation types, which are generally not well represented in land surface schemes of current Earth system models. This dataset comprises harmonized, standardized and aggregated in-situ observations of surface energy budget components measured at 64 sites on vegetated and glaciated sites north of 60° latitude, in the time period from 1994 till 2021. The surface energy budget components include net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, ground heat flux, net shortwave radiation, net longwave radiation, surface temperature and albedo, which were aggregated to daily mean, minimum and maximum values from hourly and half-hourly measurements. Data were retrieved from the monitoring networks FLUXNET, AmeriFlux, AON, GC-Net and PROMICE.

Published
2022

36. Permafrost related measurements in the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada, from the MOSES field campaign in September 2021

Author

Boike, J., Banaskiewicz, B., Cable, W., Erkens, E., Haberland, C., Miesner, F., Overduin, P., and Ryberg, T.

Abstract

This collection contains permafrost related measurements in the Mackenzie Delta, NWT, Canada from the MOSES (Modular Observation Solutions for Earth Systems) field campaign in September 2021. The field campaign was focused on three subaquatic sites: a small thermokarst lake along the ITH just south of Trail Valley Creek, "Lake 3", an elongated lake with known methane occurence in the outer Mackenzie Delta, "Swiss Cheese Lake", and north and south of Tuktoyaktuk Island. At "Swiss Cheese Lake", we measured methane and CO2 concentrations in surface water and in the air above the lake, lake bed temperatures and detailed bathymetry. At "Lake 3" we measured active layer thickness on the lake banks, lake bed temperatures, and detailed bathymetry, as well as an ERT survey to estimate the talik depth below the lake. North and south of Tuktoyaktuk Island, we measured active layer thickness and sea bed temperatures and did an extensive ERT survey to obtain the depth of the subsea permafrost table. An additional passive seismic survey was carried out and the data is available at https://doi.org/10.5880/GIPP.202199.1.

Published
2022

37. Literature synthesis data of surface energy fluxes and environmental drivers from Arctic vegetation and glacier sites

Author

Oehri, J., Schaepman-Strub, G., Kim, J., Grysko, R., Kropp, H., Grünberg, I., Zemlianskii, V., Sonnentag, O., Euskirchen, E., Reji Chacko, M., Muscari, G., Blanken, P., Dean, J., di Sarra, A., Harding, R., Sobota, I., Kutzbach, L., Plekhanova, E., Riihelä, A., Boike, J., Miller, N., Beringer, J., López-Blanco, E., Stoy, P., Sullivan, R., Kejna, M., Parmentier, F., Gamon, J., Mastepanov, M., Wille, C., Jackowicz-Korczynski, M., Karger, D., Quinton, W., Putkonen, J., van As, D., Christensen, T., Hakuba, M., Stone, R., Metzger, S., Vandecrux, B., Frost, G., Wild, M., Hansen, B., Meloni, D., Domine, F., te Beest, M., Sachs, T., Kalhori, A., Rocha, A., Williamson, S., Morris, S., Atchley, A., Essery, R., Runkle, B., Holl, D., Riihimaki, L., Iwata, H., Schuur, E., Cox, C., Grachev, A., McFadden, J., Fausto, R., Göckede, M., Ueyama, M., Pirk, N., de Boer, G., Bret-Harte, M., Leppäranta, M., Steffen, K., Friborg, T., Ohmura, A., Edgar, C., Olofsson, J., and Chambers, S.

Abstract

Despite the importance of surface energy budgets (SEBs) for land-climate interactions in the Arctic, uncertainties in their prediction persist. In situ observational data of SEB components - useful for research and model validation - are collected at relatively few sites across the terrestrial Arctic, and not all available datasets are readily interoperable. Furthermore, the terrestrial Arctic consists of a diversity of vegetation types, which are generally not well represented in land surface schemes of current Earth system models. This dataset describes the data generated in a literature synthesis, covering 358 study sites on vegetation or glacier (>=60°N latitude), which contained surface energy budget observations. The literature synthesis comprised 148 publications searched on the ISI Web of Science Core Collection.

Published
2022

38. The ABCflux Database: Arctic-Boreal CO2 Flux and Site Environmental Data, 1989-2020

Author

Virkkala, A., Natali, S., Rogers, B., Watts, J., Savage, K., Connon, S., Mauritz-tozer, M., Schuur, E., Peter, D., Minions, C., Nojeim, J., Commane, R., Emmerton, C., Goeckede, M., Helbig, M., Holl, D., Iwata, H., Kobayashi, H., Kolari, P., Lopez-blanco, E., Marushchak, M., Mastepanov, M., Merbold, L., Peichl, M., Sonnentag, O., Sachs, T., Ueyama, M., Voigt, C., Aurela, M., Boike, J., Celis, G., Chae, N., Christensen, T., Bret-Harte, S., Dengel, S., Dolman, H., Edgar, C., Elberling, B., Euskirchen, S., Grelle, A., Hatakka, J., Humphreys, E., Jaerveoja, J., Kotani, A., Kutzbach, L., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Mammarella, I., Matsuura, Y., Meyer, G., Nilsson, M., Oberbauer, S., Park, S., Parmentier, F., Petrov, R., Prokushkin, A., Zyrianov, S., Schulze, C., St.louis, V., Tuittila, E., Tuovinen, J., Quinton, W., Varlagin, A., Zona, D., and Zyryanov, V.

Abstract

This Arctic-Boreal CO2 fluxes (ABCflux) dataset contains monthly aggregates of terrestrial net ecosystem CO2 exchange and its derived partitioned component fluxes: gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. Over 70 supporting variables describe key site conditions (e.g., vegetation and disturbance type), micrometeorological and environmental measurements (e.g., air and soil temperatures), and flux measurement techniques. The data contained in this ABCflux dataset form a standardized monthly database of Arctic-Boreal CO2 fluxes (i.e., ABCflux Database) and include 244 sites and 6,309 monthly observations; 136 sites and 2,217 monthly observations represent tundra, and 108 sites and 4,092 observations represent the boreal biome. The data are for the period 1989 to 2020.

Published
2021

39. High Levels of CO2 Exchange During Synoptic-Scale Events Introduce Large Uncertainty Into the Arctic Carbon Budget

Author

Jentzsch, K., Schulz, A., Pirk, N., Foken, T., Crewell, S., Boike, J., Jentzsch, K., Schulz, A., Pirk, N., Foken, T., Crewell, S., and Boike, J.

Abstract

CO2 release from thawing permafrost is both a consequence of, and a driver for, global warming, making accurate information on the Arctic carbon cycle essential for climate predictions. Eddy covariance data obtained from Bayelva (Svalbard) in 2015, using well-established processing and quality control techniques, indicate that most of the annual net CO2 uptake is due to high CO2 flux events in winter that are associated with strong winds and probably relate to technical limitations of the gas analyzer. Emission events may relate to either (unidentified) instrumental limitations or to physical processes such as CO2 advection. Excluding the high winter uptake events yields an annual CO2 budget close to zero; whether or not these events are included can, therefore, have a considerable effect on carbon budget calculations. Further investigation will be crucial to pinpoint the factors causing these high CO2 flux events and to derive scientifically substantiated flux processing standards. Plain Language Summary Global warming is making Arctic soils thaw, with formerly frozen organic material decomposing and producing the greenhouse gas CO2. This CO2 release further amplifies the rise in temperature. In order to predict how our climate will develop in the future, we, therefore, need to investigate how much CO2 is released into the atmosphere and how much is taken up by plants. Strong CO2 release or uptake signals are not expected during the Arctic winter due to the reduced microbial and plant activity but have nevertheless been observed at Arctic sites. We have investigated CO2 exchanges during the winter of 2015 at the Bayelva site, Svalbard, using the eddy covariance technique. We found that high levels of CO2 emission and uptake occurred during periods with high wind speed and have a significant impact on the calculated net annual CO2 exchange. The apparent CO2 uptake is likely to be an artefact resulting from technical limitations of the instruments, while the high lev

Published
2021

40. Global maps of soil temperature

Author

Lembrechts, JJ, van den Hoogen, J, Aalto, J, Ashcroft, MB, De Frenne, P, Kemppinen, J, Kopecký, M, Luoto, M, Maclean, IMD, Crowther, TW, Bailey, JJ, Haesen, S, Klinges, DH, Niittynen, P, Scheffers, BR, Van Meerbeek, K, Aartsma, P, Abdalaze, O, Abedi, M, Aerts, R, Ahmadian, N, Ahrends, A, Alatalo, JM, Alexander, JM, Nina Allonsius, C, Altman, J, Ammann, C, Andres, C, Andrews, C, Ardö, J, Arriga, N, Arzac, A, Aschero, V, Assis, RL, Johann Assmann, J, Bader, MY, Bahalkeh, K, Barančok, P, Barrio, IC, Barros, A, Barthel, M, Basham, EW, Bauters, M, Bazzichetto, M, Belelli Marchesini, L, Bell, MC, Benavides, JC, Luis Benito Alonso, J, Berauer, BJ, Bjerke, JW, Björk, RG, Björkman, MP, Björnsdóttir, K, Blonder, B, Boeckx, P, Boike, J, Bokhorst, S, Brum, BNS, Brůna, J, Buchmann, N, Buysse, P, Luís Camargo, J, Campoe, OC, Candan, O, Canessa, R, Cannone, N, Carbognani, M, Carnicer, J, Casanova‐Katny, A, Cesarz, S, Chojnicki, B, Choler, P, Chown, SL, Cifuentes, EF, Čiliak, M, Contador, T, Convey, P, Cooper, EJ, Cremonese, E, Curasi, SR, Curtis, R, Cutini, M, Johan Dahlberg, C, Daskalova, GN, Angel de Pablo, M, Della Chiesa, S, Dengler, J, Deronde, B, Descombes, P, Di Cecco, V, Di Musciano, M, Dick, J, Dimarco, RD, Dolezal, J, Dorrepaal, E, Dušek, J, Eisenhauer, N, Eklundh, L, Erickson, TE, Erschbamer, B, Eugster, W, Ewers, RM, Exton, DA, Fanin, N, Fazlioglu, F, Feigenwinter, I, Fenu, G, Ferlian, O, Rosa Fernández Calzado, M, Fernández‐Pascual, E, Finckh, M, Finger Higgens, R, Forte, TGW, Freeman, EC, Frei, ER, Fuentes‐Lillo, E, García, RA, García, MB, Géron, C, Gharun, M, Ghosn, D, Gigauri, K, Gobin, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Gottschall, F, Goulding, K, Govaert, S, Jessen Graae, B, Greenwood, S, Greiser, C, Grelle, A, Guénard, B, Guglielmin, M, Guillemot, J, Haase, P, Haider, S, Halbritter, AH, Hamid, M, Hammerle, A, Hampe, A, Haugum, SV, Hederová, L, Heinesch, B, Helfter, C, Hepenstrick, D, Herberich, M, Herbst, M, Hermanutz, L, Hik, DS, Hoffrén, R, Homeier, J, Hörtnagl, L, Høye, TT, Hrbacek, F, Hylander, K, Iwata, H, Antoni Jackowicz‐Korczynski, M, Jactel, H, Järveoja, J, Jastrzębowski, S, Jentsch, A, Jiménez, JJ, Jónsdóttir, IS, Jucker, T, Jump, AS, Juszczak, R, Kanka, R, Kašpar, V, Kazakis, G, Kelly, J, Khuroo, AA, Klemedtsson, L, Klisz, M, Kljun, N, Knohl, A, Kobler, J, Kollár, J, Kotowska, MM, Kovács, B, Kreyling, J, Lamprecht, A, Lang, SI, Larson, C, Larson, K, Laska, K, le Maire, G, Leihy, RI, Lens, L, Liljebladh, B, Lohila, A, Lorite, J, Loubet, B, Lynn, J, Macek, M, Mackenzie, R, Magliulo, E, Maier, R, Malfasi, F, Máliš, F, Man, M, Manca, G, Manco, A, Manise, T, Manolaki, P, Marciniak, F, Matula, R, Clara Mazzolari, A, Medinets, S, Medinets, V, Meeussen, C, Merinero, S, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, R, Meusburger, K, Meysman, FJR, Michaletz, ST, Milbau, A, Moiseev, D, Moiseev, P, Mondoni, A, Monfries, R, Montagnani, L, Moriana‐Armendariz, M, Morra di Cella, U, Mörsdorf, M, Mosedale, JR, Muffler, L, Muñoz‐Rojas, M, Myers, JA, Myers‐Smith, IH, Nagy, L, Nardino, M, Naujokaitis‐Lewis, I, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, L, Niedrist, G, Niessner, A, Nilsson, MB, Normand, S, Nosetto, MD, Nouvellon, Y, Nuñez, MA, Ogaya, R, Ogée, J, Okello, J, Olejnik, J, Eivind Olesen, J, Opedal, Ø, Orsenigo, S, Palaj, A, Pampuch, T, Panov, AV, Pärtel, M, Pastor, A, Pauchard, A, Pauli, H, Pavelka, M, Pearse, WD, Peichl, M, Pellissier, L, Penczykowski, RM, Penuelas, J, Petit Bon, M, Petraglia, A, Phartyal, SS, Phoenix, GK, Pio, C, Pitacco, A, Pitteloud, C, Plichta, R, Porro, F, Portillo‐Estrada, M, Poulenard, J, Poyatos, R, Prokushkin, AS, Puchalka, R, Pușcaș, M, Radujković, D, Randall, K, Ratier Backes, A, Remmele, S, Remmers, W, Renault, D, Risch, AC, Rixen, C, Robinson, SA, Robroek, BJM, Rocha, AV, Rossi, C, Rossi, G, Roupsard, O, Rubtsov, AV, Saccone, P, Sagot, C, Sallo Bravo, J, Santos, CC, Sarneel, JM, Scharnweber, T, Schmeddes, J, Schmidt, M, Scholten, T, Schuchardt, M, Schwartz, N, Scott, T, Seeber, J, Cristina Segalin de Andrade, A, Seipel, T, Semenchuk, P, Senior, RA, Serra‐Diaz, JM, Sewerniak, P, Shekhar, A, Sidenko, NV, Siebicke, L, Siegwart Collier, L, Simpson, E, Siqueira, DP, Sitková, Z, Six, J, Smiljanic, M, Smith, SW, Smith‐Tripp, S, Somers, B, Vedel Sørensen, M, João L. L. Souza, J, Israel Souza, B, Souza Dias, A, Spasojevic, MJ, Speed, JDM, Spicher, F, Stanisci, A, Steinbauer, K, Steinbrecher, R, Steinwandter, M, Stemkovski, M, Stephan, JG, Stiegler, C, Stoll, S, Svátek, M, Svoboda, M, Tagesson, T, Tanentzap, AJ, Tanneberger, F, Theurillat, J, Thomas, HJD, Thomas, AD, Tielbörger, K, Tomaselli, M, Albert Treier, U, Trouillier, M, Dan Turtureanu, P, Tutton, R, Tyystjärvi, VA, Ueyama, M, Ujházy, K, Ujházyová, M, Uogintas, D, Urban, AV, Urban, J, Urbaniak, M, Ursu, T, Primo Vaccari, F, Van de Vondel, S, van den Brink, L, Van Geel, M, Vandvik, V, Vangansbeke, P, Varlagin, A, Veen, GF, Veenendaal, E, Venn, Susanna, Verbeeck, H, Verbrugggen, E, Verheijen, FGA, Villar, L, Vitale, L, Vittoz, P, Vives‐Ingla, M, von Oppen, J, Walz, J, Wang, R, Wang, Y, Way, RG, Wedegärtner, REM, Weigel, R, Wild, J, Wilkinson, M, Wilmking, M, Wingate, L, Winkler, M, Wipf, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Xenakis, G, Yang, Y, Yu, Z, Yu, K, Zellweger, F, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z, Zhao, P, Ziemblińska, K, Zimmermann, R, Zong, S, Zyryanov, VI, Nijs, I, Lenoir, J, Lembrechts, JJ, van den Hoogen, J, Aalto, J, Ashcroft, MB, De Frenne, P, Kemppinen, J, Kopecký, M, Luoto, M, Maclean, IMD, Crowther, TW, Bailey, JJ, Haesen, S, Klinges, DH, Niittynen, P, Scheffers, BR, Van Meerbeek, K, Aartsma, P, Abdalaze, O, Abedi, M, Aerts, R, Ahmadian, N, Ahrends, A, Alatalo, JM, Alexander, JM, Nina Allonsius, C, Altman, J, Ammann, C, Andres, C, Andrews, C, Ardö, J, Arriga, N, Arzac, A, Aschero, V, Assis, RL, Johann Assmann, J, Bader, MY, Bahalkeh, K, Barančok, P, Barrio, IC, Barros, A, Barthel, M, Basham, EW, Bauters, M, Bazzichetto, M, Belelli Marchesini, L, Bell, MC, Benavides, JC, Luis Benito Alonso, J, Berauer, BJ, Bjerke, JW, Björk, RG, Björkman, MP, Björnsdóttir, K, Blonder, B, Boeckx, P, Boike, J, Bokhorst, S, Brum, BNS, Brůna, J, Buchmann, N, Buysse, P, Luís Camargo, J, Campoe, OC, Candan, O, Canessa, R, Cannone, N, Carbognani, M, Carnicer, J, Casanova‐Katny, A, Cesarz, S, Chojnicki, B, Choler, P, Chown, SL, Cifuentes, EF, Čiliak, M, Contador, T, Convey, P, Cooper, EJ, Cremonese, E, Curasi, SR, Curtis, R, Cutini, M, Johan Dahlberg, C, Daskalova, GN, Angel de Pablo, M, Della Chiesa, S, Dengler, J, Deronde, B, Descombes, P, Di Cecco, V, Di Musciano, M, Dick, J, Dimarco, RD, Dolezal, J, Dorrepaal, E, Dušek, J, Eisenhauer, N, Eklundh, L, Erickson, TE, Erschbamer, B, Eugster, W, Ewers, RM, Exton, DA, Fanin, N, Fazlioglu, F, Feigenwinter, I, Fenu, G, Ferlian, O, Rosa Fernández Calzado, M, Fernández‐Pascual, E, Finckh, M, Finger Higgens, R, Forte, TGW, Freeman, EC, Frei, ER, Fuentes‐Lillo, E, García, RA, García, MB, Géron, C, Gharun, M, Ghosn, D, Gigauri, K, Gobin, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Gottschall, F, Goulding, K, Govaert, S, Jessen Graae, B, Greenwood, S, Greiser, C, Grelle, A, Guénard, B, Guglielmin, M, Guillemot, J, Haase, P, Haider, S, Halbritter, AH, Hamid, M, Hammerle, A, Hampe, A, Haugum, SV, Hederová, L, Heinesch, B, Helfter, C, Hepenstrick, D, Herberich, M, Herbst, M, Hermanutz, L, Hik, DS, Hoffrén, R, Homeier, J, Hörtnagl, L, Høye, TT, Hrbacek, F, Hylander, K, Iwata, H, Antoni Jackowicz‐Korczynski, M, Jactel, H, Järveoja, J, Jastrzębowski, S, Jentsch, A, Jiménez, JJ, Jónsdóttir, IS, Jucker, T, Jump, AS, Juszczak, R, Kanka, R, Kašpar, V, Kazakis, G, Kelly, J, Khuroo, AA, Klemedtsson, L, Klisz, M, Kljun, N, Knohl, A, Kobler, J, Kollár, J, Kotowska, MM, Kovács, B, Kreyling, J, Lamprecht, A, Lang, SI, Larson, C, Larson, K, Laska, K, le Maire, G, Leihy, RI, Lens, L, Liljebladh, B, Lohila, A, Lorite, J, Loubet, B, Lynn, J, Macek, M, Mackenzie, R, Magliulo, E, Maier, R, Malfasi, F, Máliš, F, Man, M, Manca, G, Manco, A, Manise, T, Manolaki, P, Marciniak, F, Matula, R, Clara Mazzolari, A, Medinets, S, Medinets, V, Meeussen, C, Merinero, S, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, R, Meusburger, K, Meysman, FJR, Michaletz, ST, Milbau, A, Moiseev, D, Moiseev, P, Mondoni, A, Monfries, R, Montagnani, L, Moriana‐Armendariz, M, Morra di Cella, U, Mörsdorf, M, Mosedale, JR, Muffler, L, Muñoz‐Rojas, M, Myers, JA, Myers‐Smith, IH, Nagy, L, Nardino, M, Naujokaitis‐Lewis, I, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, L, Niedrist, G, Niessner, A, Nilsson, MB, Normand, S, Nosetto, MD, Nouvellon, Y, Nuñez, MA, Ogaya, R, Ogée, J, Okello, J, Olejnik, J, Eivind Olesen, J, Opedal, Ø, Orsenigo, S, Palaj, A, Pampuch, T, Panov, AV, Pärtel, M, Pastor, A, Pauchard, A, Pauli, H, Pavelka, M, Pearse, WD, Peichl, M, Pellissier, L, Penczykowski, RM, Penuelas, J, Petit Bon, M, Petraglia, A, Phartyal, SS, Phoenix, GK, Pio, C, Pitacco, A, Pitteloud, C, Plichta, R, Porro, F, Portillo‐Estrada, M, Poulenard, J, Poyatos, R, Prokushkin, AS, Puchalka, R, Pușcaș, M, Radujković, D, Randall, K, Ratier Backes, A, Remmele, S, Remmers, W, Renault, D, Risch, AC, Rixen, C, Robinson, SA, Robroek, BJM, Rocha, AV, Rossi, C, Rossi, G, Roupsard, O, Rubtsov, AV, Saccone, P, Sagot, C, Sallo Bravo, J, Santos, CC, Sarneel, JM, Scharnweber, T, Schmeddes, J, Schmidt, M, Scholten, T, Schuchardt, M, Schwartz, N, Scott, T, Seeber, J, Cristina Segalin de Andrade, A, Seipel, T, Semenchuk, P, Senior, RA, Serra‐Diaz, JM, Sewerniak, P, Shekhar, A, Sidenko, NV, Siebicke, L, Siegwart Collier, L, Simpson, E, Siqueira, DP, Sitková, Z, Six, J, Smiljanic, M, Smith, SW, Smith‐Tripp, S, Somers, B, Vedel Sørensen, M, João L. L. Souza, J, Israel Souza, B, Souza Dias, A, Spasojevic, MJ, Speed, JDM, Spicher, F, Stanisci, A, Steinbauer, K, Steinbrecher, R, Steinwandter, M, Stemkovski, M, Stephan, JG, Stiegler, C, Stoll, S, Svátek, M, Svoboda, M, Tagesson, T, Tanentzap, AJ, Tanneberger, F, Theurillat, J, Thomas, HJD, Thomas, AD, Tielbörger, K, Tomaselli, M, Albert Treier, U, Trouillier, M, Dan Turtureanu, P, Tutton, R, Tyystjärvi, VA, Ueyama, M, Ujházy, K, Ujházyová, M, Uogintas, D, Urban, AV, Urban, J, Urbaniak, M, Ursu, T, Primo Vaccari, F, Van de Vondel, S, van den Brink, L, Van Geel, M, Vandvik, V, Vangansbeke, P, Varlagin, A, Veen, GF, Veenendaal, E, Venn, Susanna, Verbeeck, H, Verbrugggen, E, Verheijen, FGA, Villar, L, Vitale, L, Vittoz, P, Vives‐Ingla, M, von Oppen, J, Walz, J, Wang, R, Wang, Y, Way, RG, Wedegärtner, REM, Weigel, R, Wild, J, Wilkinson, M, Wilmking, M, Wingate, L, Winkler, M, Wipf, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Xenakis, G, Yang, Y, Yu, Z, Yu, K, Zellweger, F, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z, Zhao, P, Ziemblińska, K, Zimmermann, R, Zong, S, Zyryanov, VI, Nijs, I, and Lenoir, J

Published
2021

41. Simulating snow redistribution and its effect on ground surface temperature at a high‐Arctic site on Svalbard

Author

Zweigel, R. B., Westermann, S., Nitzbon, J., Langer, Moritz, Boike, J., Etzelmüller, B., Schuler, T. V., Zweigel, R. B., Westermann, S., Nitzbon, J., Langer, Moritz, Boike, J., Etzelmüller, B., and Schuler, T. V.

Abstract

In high‐latitude and mountain regions, local processes such as redistribution by wind, snow metamorphism and percolation of water, produce a complex spatial distribution of snow depths and snow densities. With its strong control on the ground thermal regime, this snow distribution has pronounced effects on ground temperatures at small spatial scales which are typically not resolved by land surface models (LSMs). This limits our ability to simulate the local impacts of climate change on for example vegetation and permafrost. Here, we present a tiling approach combining the CryoGrid permafrost model with snow microphysics parametrizations from the CROCUS snow scheme to account for sub‐grid lateral exchange of snow and water in a process‐based way. We demonstrate that a simple setup with three coupled tiles, each representing a different snow accumulation class with a specific topographic setting, can reproduce the observed spread of winter‐time ground surface temperatures (GST) and end‐of‐season snow distribution for a high‐Arctic site on Svalbard. For the three‐year study period, the three‐tile simulations showed substantial improvement compared to traditional single‐tile simulations which naturally cannot account for sub‐grid variability. Amongst others, the representation of the warmest and coldest 5% of the observed GST distribution was improved by 1‐2°C, while still capturing the average of the distribution. The simulations also reveal positive mean annual GSTs at the locations receiving the greatest snow cover. This could be an indication for the onset of localized permafrost degradation which would be obscured in single‐tile simulations.

Published
2021

42. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data (vol 7, 225, 2020)

Author

Pastorello, G, Trotta, C, Canfora, E, Chu, H, Christianson, D, Cheah, Y-W, Poindexter, C, Chen, J, Elbashandy, A, Humphrey, M, Isaac, P, Polidori, D, Reichstein, M, Ribeca, A, van Ingen, C, Vuichard, N, Zhang, L, Amiro, B, Ammann, C, Arain, MA, Ardo, J, Arkebauer, T, Arndt, SK, Arriga, N, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Baldocchi, D, Barr, A, Beamesderfer, E, Marchesini, LB, Bergeron, O, Beringer, J, Bernhofer, C, Berveiller, D, Billesbach, D, Black, TA, Blanken, PD, Bohrer, G, Boike, J, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bonnefond, J-M, Bowling, DR, Bracho, R, Brodeur, J, Brummer, C, Buchmann, N, Burban, B, Burns, SP, Buysse, P, Cale, P, Cavagna, M, Cellier, P, Chen, S, Chini, I, Christensen, TR, Cleverly, J, Collalti, A, Consalvo, C, Cook, BD, Cook, D, Coursolle, C, Cremonese, E, Curtis, PS, D'Andrea, E, da Rocha, H, Dai, X, Davis, KJ, De Cinti, B, de Grandcourt, A, De Ligne, A, De Oliveira, RC, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Di Bella, CM, di Tommasi, P, Dolman, H, Domingo, F, Dong, G, Dore, S, Duce, P, Dufrene, E, Dunn, A, Dusek, J, Eamus, D, Eichelmann, U, ElKhidir, HAM, Eugster, W, Ewenz, CM, Ewers, B, Famulari, D, Fares, S, Feigenwinter, I, Feitz, A, Fensholt, R, Filippa, G, Fischer, M, Frank, J, Galvagno, M, Gharun, M, Gianelle, D, Gielen, B, Gioli, B, Gitelson, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Goldstein, AH, Gough, CM, Goulden, ML, Graf, A, Griebel, A, Gruening, C, Grunwald, T, Hammerle, A, Han, S, Han, X, Hansen, BU, Hanson, C, Hatakka, J, He, Y, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Hinko-Najera, N, Hortnagl, L, Hutley, L, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, M, Janous, D, Jans, W, Jassal, R, Jiang, S, Kato, T, Khomik, M, Klatt, J, Knohl, A, Knox, S, Kobayashi, H, Koerber, G, Kolle, O, Kosugi, Y, Kotani, A, Kowalski, A, Kruijt, B, Kurbatova, J, Kutsch, WL, Kwon, H, Launiainen, S, Laurila, T, Law, B, Leuning, R, Li, Y, Liddell, M, Limousin, J-M, Lion, M, Liska, AJ, Lohila, A, Lopez-Ballesteros, A, Lopez-Blanco, E, Loubet, B, Loustau, D, Lucas-Moffat, A, Luers, J, Ma, S, Macfarlane, C, Magliulo, V, Maier, R, Mammarella, I, Manca, G, Marcolla, B, Margolis, HA, Marras, S, Massman, W, Mastepanov, M, Matamala, R, Matthes, JH, Mazzenga, F, McCaughey, H, McHugh, I, McMillan, AMS, Merbold, L, Meyer, W, Meyers, T, Miller, SD, Minerbi, S, Moderow, U, Monson, RK, Montagnani, L, Moore, CE, Moors, E, Moreaux, V, Moureaux, C, Munger, JW, Nakai, T, Neirynck, J, Nesic, Z, Nicolini, G, Noormets, A, Northwood, M, Nosetto, M, Nouvellon, Y, Novick, K, Oechel, W, Olesen, JE, Ourcival, J-M, Papuga, SA, Parmentier, F-J, Paul-Limoges, E, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Pendall, E, Phillips, RP, Pilegaard, K, Pirk, N, Posse, G, Powell, T, Prasse, H, Prober, SM, Rambal, S, Rannik, U, Raz-Yaseef, N, Rebmann, C, Reed, D, de Dios, VR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Reverter, BR, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Sachs, T, Saleska, SR, Sanchez-Canete, EP, Sanchez-Mejia, ZM, Schmid, HP, Schmidt, M, Schneider, K, Schrader, F, Schroder, I, Scott, RL, Sedlak, P, Serrano-Ortiz, P, Shao, C, Shi, P, Shironya, I, Siebicke, L, Sigut, L, Silberstein, R, Sirca, C, Spano, D, Steinbrecher, R, Stevens, RM, Sturtevant, C, Suyker, A, Tagesson, T, Takanashi, S, Tang, Y, Tapper, N, Thom, J, Tomassucci, M, Tuovinen, J-P, Urbanski, S, Valentini, R, van der Molen, M, van Gorsel, E, van Huissteden, K, Varlagin, A, Verfaillie, J, Vesala, T, Vincke, C, Vitale, D, Vygodskaya, N, Walker, JP, Walter-Shea, E, Wang, H, Weber, R, Westermann, S, Wille, C, Wofsy, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Woodgate, W, Zampedri, R, Zhang, J, Zhou, G, Zona, D, Agarwal, D, Biraud, S, Torn, M, Papale, D, Pastorello, G, Trotta, C, Canfora, E, Chu, H, Christianson, D, Cheah, Y-W, Poindexter, C, Chen, J, Elbashandy, A, Humphrey, M, Isaac, P, Polidori, D, Reichstein, M, Ribeca, A, van Ingen, C, Vuichard, N, Zhang, L, Amiro, B, Ammann, C, Arain, MA, Ardo, J, Arkebauer, T, Arndt, SK, Arriga, N, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Baldocchi, D, Barr, A, Beamesderfer, E, Marchesini, LB, Bergeron, O, Beringer, J, Bernhofer, C, Berveiller, D, Billesbach, D, Black, TA, Blanken, PD, Bohrer, G, Boike, J, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bonnefond, J-M, Bowling, DR, Bracho, R, Brodeur, J, Brummer, C, Buchmann, N, Burban, B, Burns, SP, Buysse, P, Cale, P, Cavagna, M, Cellier, P, Chen, S, Chini, I, Christensen, TR, Cleverly, J, Collalti, A, Consalvo, C, Cook, BD, Cook, D, Coursolle, C, Cremonese, E, Curtis, PS, D'Andrea, E, da Rocha, H, Dai, X, Davis, KJ, De Cinti, B, de Grandcourt, A, De Ligne, A, De Oliveira, RC, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Di Bella, CM, di Tommasi, P, Dolman, H, Domingo, F, Dong, G, Dore, S, Duce, P, Dufrene, E, Dunn, A, Dusek, J, Eamus, D, Eichelmann, U, ElKhidir, HAM, Eugster, W, Ewenz, CM, Ewers, B, Famulari, D, Fares, S, Feigenwinter, I, Feitz, A, Fensholt, R, Filippa, G, Fischer, M, Frank, J, Galvagno, M, Gharun, M, Gianelle, D, Gielen, B, Gioli, B, Gitelson, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Goldstein, AH, Gough, CM, Goulden, ML, Graf, A, Griebel, A, Gruening, C, Grunwald, T, Hammerle, A, Han, S, Han, X, Hansen, BU, Hanson, C, Hatakka, J, He, Y, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Hinko-Najera, N, Hortnagl, L, Hutley, L, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, M, Janous, D, Jans, W, Jassal, R, Jiang, S, Kato, T, Khomik, M, Klatt, J, Knohl, A, Knox, S, Kobayashi, H, Koerber, G, Kolle, O, Kosugi, Y, Kotani, A, Kowalski, A, Kruijt, B, Kurbatova, J, Kutsch, WL, Kwon, H, Launiainen, S, Laurila, T, Law, B, Leuning, R, Li, Y, Liddell, M, Limousin, J-M, Lion, M, Liska, AJ, Lohila, A, Lopez-Ballesteros, A, Lopez-Blanco, E, Loubet, B, Loustau, D, Lucas-Moffat, A, Luers, J, Ma, S, Macfarlane, C, Magliulo, V, Maier, R, Mammarella, I, Manca, G, Marcolla, B, Margolis, HA, Marras, S, Massman, W, Mastepanov, M, Matamala, R, Matthes, JH, Mazzenga, F, McCaughey, H, McHugh, I, McMillan, AMS, Merbold, L, Meyer, W, Meyers, T, Miller, SD, Minerbi, S, Moderow, U, Monson, RK, Montagnani, L, Moore, CE, Moors, E, Moreaux, V, Moureaux, C, Munger, JW, Nakai, T, Neirynck, J, Nesic, Z, Nicolini, G, Noormets, A, Northwood, M, Nosetto, M, Nouvellon, Y, Novick, K, Oechel, W, Olesen, JE, Ourcival, J-M, Papuga, SA, Parmentier, F-J, Paul-Limoges, E, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Pendall, E, Phillips, RP, Pilegaard, K, Pirk, N, Posse, G, Powell, T, Prasse, H, Prober, SM, Rambal, S, Rannik, U, Raz-Yaseef, N, Rebmann, C, Reed, D, de Dios, VR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Reverter, BR, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Sachs, T, Saleska, SR, Sanchez-Canete, EP, Sanchez-Mejia, ZM, Schmid, HP, Schmidt, M, Schneider, K, Schrader, F, Schroder, I, Scott, RL, Sedlak, P, Serrano-Ortiz, P, Shao, C, Shi, P, Shironya, I, Siebicke, L, Sigut, L, Silberstein, R, Sirca, C, Spano, D, Steinbrecher, R, Stevens, RM, Sturtevant, C, Suyker, A, Tagesson, T, Takanashi, S, Tang, Y, Tapper, N, Thom, J, Tomassucci, M, Tuovinen, J-P, Urbanski, S, Valentini, R, van der Molen, M, van Gorsel, E, van Huissteden, K, Varlagin, A, Verfaillie, J, Vesala, T, Vincke, C, Vitale, D, Vygodskaya, N, Walker, JP, Walter-Shea, E, Wang, H, Weber, R, Westermann, S, Wille, C, Wofsy, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Woodgate, W, Zampedri, R, Zhang, J, Zhou, G, Zona, D, Agarwal, D, Biraud, S, Torn, M, and Papale, D

Abstract

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00851-9.

Published
2021

43. Simulating snow redistribution and its effect on ground surface temperature at a high‐Arctic site on Svalbard

Author

Zweigel, RB, Westermann, S, Nitzbon, J, Langer, Moritz, Boike, J, Etzelmüller, B, Schuler, TV, Zweigel, RB, Westermann, S, Nitzbon, J, Langer, Moritz, Boike, J, Etzelmüller, B, and Schuler, TV

Abstract

In high‐latitude and mountain regions, local processes such as redistribution by wind, snow metamorphism and percolation of water, produce a complex spatial distribution of snow depths and snow densities. With its strong control on the ground thermal regime, this snow distribution has pronounced effects on ground temperatures at small spatial scales which are typically not resolved by land surface models (LSMs). This limits our ability to simulate the local impacts of climate change on for example vegetation and permafrost. Here, we present a tiling approach combining the CryoGrid permafrost model with snow microphysics parametrizations from the CROCUS snow scheme to account for sub‐grid lateral exchange of snow and water in a process‐based way. We demonstrate that a simple setup with three coupled tiles, each representing a different snow accumulation class with a specific topographic setting, can reproduce the observed spread of winter‐time ground surface temperatures (GST) and end‐of‐season snow distribution for a high‐Arctic site on Svalbard. For the three‐year study period, the three‐tile simulations showed substantial improvement compared to traditional single‐tile simulations which naturally cannot account for sub‐grid variability. Amongst others, the representation of the warmest and coldest 5% of the observed GST distribution was improved by 1‐2°C, while still capturing the average of the distribution. The simulations also reveal positive mean annual GSTs at the locations receiving the greatest snow cover. This could be an indication for the onset of localized permafrost degradation which would be obscured in single‐tile simulations.

Published
2021

44. MOSES: A novel observation system to monitor dynamic events across earth compartments

Author

Weber, Ute, Attinger, Sabine, Baschek, B., Boike, J., Borchardt, Dietrich, Brix, H., Brüggemann, N., Bussmann, I., Dietrich, Peter, Fischer, P., Greinert, J., Hajnsek, I., Kamjunke, Norbert, Kerschke, D., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Körtzinger, A., Kottmeier, C., Merz, B., Merz, Ralf, Riese, M., Schloter, M., Schmid, H.P., Schnitzler, J.-P., Sachs, T., Schütze, Claudia, Tillmann, R., Vereecken, H., Wieser, A., Teutsch, Georg, Weber, Ute, Attinger, Sabine, Baschek, B., Boike, J., Borchardt, Dietrich, Brix, H., Brüggemann, N., Bussmann, I., Dietrich, Peter, Fischer, P., Greinert, J., Hajnsek, I., Kamjunke, Norbert, Kerschke, D., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Körtzinger, A., Kottmeier, C., Merz, B., Merz, Ralf, Riese, M., Schloter, M., Schmid, H.P., Schnitzler, J.-P., Sachs, T., Schütze, Claudia, Tillmann, R., Vereecken, H., Wieser, A., and Teutsch, Georg

Abstract

MOSES (Modular Observation Solutions for Earth Systems) is a novel observation system that is specifically designed to unravel the impact of distinct, dynamic events on the long-term development of environmental systems. Hydro-meteorological extremes such as the recent European droughts or the floods of 2013 caused severe and lasting environmental damage. Modelling studies suggest that abrupt permafrost thaw events accelerate Arctic greenhouse gas emissions. Short-lived ocean eddies seem to comprise a significant share of the marine carbon uptake or release. Although there is increasing evidence that such dynamic events bear the potential for major environmental impacts, our knowledge on the processes they trigger is still very limited. MOSES aims at capturing such events, from their formation to their end, with high spatial and temporal resolution. As such, the observation system extends and complements existing national and international observation networks, which are mostly designed for long-term monitoring.Several German Helmholtz Association centers have developed this research facility as a mobile and modular “system of systems” to record energy, water, greenhouse gas and nutrient cycles on the land surface, in coastal regions, in the ocean, in polar regions, and in the atmosphere – but especially the interactions between the Earth compartments. During the implementation period (2017-2021), the measuring systems were put into operation and test campaigns were performed to establish event-driven campaign routines. With MOSES’ regular operation starting in 2022, the observation system will then be ready for cross-compartment and cross-discipline research on the environmental impacts of dynamic events.

Published
2021

45. Author Correction: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Pastorello, G, Trotta, C, Canfora, E, Chu, H, Christianson, D, Cheah, Y-W, Poindexter, C, Chen, J, Elbashandy, A, Humphrey, M, Isaac, P, Polidori, D, Reichstein, M, Ribeca, A, van Ingen, C, Vuichard, N, Zhang, L, Amiro, B, Ammann, C, Arain, MA, Ardö, J, Arkebauer, T, Arndt, SK, Arriga, N, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Baldocchi, D, Barr, A, Beamesderfer, E, Marchesini, LB, Bergeron, O, Beringer, J, Bernhofer, C, Berveiller, D, Billesbach, D, Black, TA, Blanken, PD, Bohrer, G, Boike, J, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bonnefond, J-M, Bowling, DR, Bracho, R, Brodeur, J, Brümmer, C, Buchmann, N, Burban, B, Burns, SP, Buysse, P, Cale, P, Cavagna, M, Cellier, P, Chen, S, Chini, I, Christensen, TR, Cleverly, J, Collalti, A, Consalvo, C, Cook, BD, Cook, D, Coursolle, C, Cremonese, E, Curtis, PS, D’Andrea, E, da Rocha, H, Dai, X, Davis, KJ, De Cinti, B, de Grandcourt, A, De Ligne, A, De Oliveira, RC, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Di Bella, CM, di Tommasi, P, Dolman, H, Domingo, F, Dong, G, Dore, S, Duce, P, Dufrêne, E, Dunn, A, Dušek, J, Eamus, D, Eichelmann, U, ElKhidir, HAM, Eugster, W, Ewenz, CM, Ewers, B, Famulari, D, Fares, S, Feigenwinter, I, Feitz, A, Fensholt, R, Filippa, G, Fischer, M, Frank, J, Galvagno, M, Gharun, M, Gianelle, D, Gielen, B, Gioli, B, Gitelson, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Goldstein, AH, Gough, CM, Goulden, ML, Graf, A, Griebel, A, Gruening, C, Grünwald, T, Hammerle, A, Han, S, Han, X, Hansen, BU, Hanson, C, Hatakka, J, He, Y, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Hinko-Najera, N, Hörtnagl, L, Hutley, L, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, M, Janouš, D, Jans, W, Jassal, R, Jiang, S, Kato, T, Khomik, M, Klatt, J, Knohl, A, Knox, S, Kobayashi, H, Koerber, G, Kolle, O, Kosugi, Y, Kotani, A, Kowalski, A, Kruijt, B, Kurbatova, J, Kutsch, WL, Kwon, H, Launiainen, S, Laurila, T, Law, B, Leuning, R, Li, Y, Liddell, M, Limousin, J-M, Lion, M, Liska, AJ, Lohila, A, López-Ballesteros, A, López-Blanco, E, Loubet, B, Loustau, D, Lucas-Moffat, A, Lüers, J, Ma, S, Macfarlane, C, Magliulo, V, Maier, R, Mammarella, I, Manca, G, Marcolla, B, Margolis, HA, Marras, S, Massman, W, Mastepanov, M, Matamala, R, Matthes, JH, Mazzenga, F, McCaughey, H, McHugh, I, McMillan, AMS, Merbold, L, Meyer, W, Meyers, T, Miller, SD, Minerbi, S, Moderow, U, Monson, RK, Montagnani, L, Moore, CE, Moors, E, Moreaux, V, Moureaux, C, Munger, JW, Nakai, T, Neirynck, J, Nesic, Z, Nicolini, G, Noormets, A, Northwood, M, Nosetto, M, Nouvellon, Y, Novick, K, Oechel, W, Olesen, JE, Ourcival, J-M, Papuga, SA, Parmentier, F-J, Paul-Limoges, E, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Pendall, E, Phillips, RP, Pilegaard, K, Pirk, N, Posse, G, Powell, T, Prasse, H, Prober, SM, Rambal, S, Rannik, Ü, Raz-Yaseef, N, Rebmann, C, Reed, D, de Dios, VR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Reverter, BR, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Sachs, T, Saleska, SR, Sánchez-Cañete, EP, Sanchez-Mejia, ZM, Schmid, HP, Schmidt, M, Schneider, K, Schrader, F, Schroder, I, Scott, RL, Sedlák, P, Serrano-Ortíz, P, Shao, C, Shi, P, Shironya, I, Siebicke, L, Šigut, L, Silberstein, R, Sirca, C, Spano, D, Steinbrecher, R, Stevens, RM, Sturtevant, C, Suyker, A, Tagesson, T, Takanashi, S, Tang, Y, Tapper, N, Thom, J, Tomassucci, M, Tuovinen, J-P, Urbanski, S, Valentini, R, van der Molen, M, van Gorsel, E, van Huissteden, K, Varlagin, A, Verfaillie, J, Vesala, T, Vincke, C, Vitale, D, Vygodskaya, N, Walker, JP, Walter-Shea, E, Wang, H, Weber, R, Westermann, S, Wille, C, Wofsy, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Woodgate, W, Zampedri, R, Zhang, J, Zhou, G, Zona, D, Agarwal, D, Biraud, S, Torn, M, Papale, D, Pastorello, G, Trotta, C, Canfora, E, Chu, H, Christianson, D, Cheah, Y-W, Poindexter, C, Chen, J, Elbashandy, A, Humphrey, M, Isaac, P, Polidori, D, Reichstein, M, Ribeca, A, van Ingen, C, Vuichard, N, Zhang, L, Amiro, B, Ammann, C, Arain, MA, Ardö, J, Arkebauer, T, Arndt, SK, Arriga, N, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Baldocchi, D, Barr, A, Beamesderfer, E, Marchesini, LB, Bergeron, O, Beringer, J, Bernhofer, C, Berveiller, D, Billesbach, D, Black, TA, Blanken, PD, Bohrer, G, Boike, J, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bonnefond, J-M, Bowling, DR, Bracho, R, Brodeur, J, Brümmer, C, Buchmann, N, Burban, B, Burns, SP, Buysse, P, Cale, P, Cavagna, M, Cellier, P, Chen, S, Chini, I, Christensen, TR, Cleverly, J, Collalti, A, Consalvo, C, Cook, BD, Cook, D, Coursolle, C, Cremonese, E, Curtis, PS, D’Andrea, E, da Rocha, H, Dai, X, Davis, KJ, De Cinti, B, de Grandcourt, A, De Ligne, A, De Oliveira, RC, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Di Bella, CM, di Tommasi, P, Dolman, H, Domingo, F, Dong, G, Dore, S, Duce, P, Dufrêne, E, Dunn, A, Dušek, J, Eamus, D, Eichelmann, U, ElKhidir, HAM, Eugster, W, Ewenz, CM, Ewers, B, Famulari, D, Fares, S, Feigenwinter, I, Feitz, A, Fensholt, R, Filippa, G, Fischer, M, Frank, J, Galvagno, M, Gharun, M, Gianelle, D, Gielen, B, Gioli, B, Gitelson, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Goldstein, AH, Gough, CM, Goulden, ML, Graf, A, Griebel, A, Gruening, C, Grünwald, T, Hammerle, A, Han, S, Han, X, Hansen, BU, Hanson, C, Hatakka, J, He, Y, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Hinko-Najera, N, Hörtnagl, L, Hutley, L, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, M, Janouš, D, Jans, W, Jassal, R, Jiang, S, Kato, T, Khomik, M, Klatt, J, Knohl, A, Knox, S, Kobayashi, H, Koerber, G, Kolle, O, Kosugi, Y, Kotani, A, Kowalski, A, Kruijt, B, Kurbatova, J, Kutsch, WL, Kwon, H, Launiainen, S, Laurila, T, Law, B, Leuning, R, Li, Y, Liddell, M, Limousin, J-M, Lion, M, Liska, AJ, Lohila, A, López-Ballesteros, A, López-Blanco, E, Loubet, B, Loustau, D, Lucas-Moffat, A, Lüers, J, Ma, S, Macfarlane, C, Magliulo, V, Maier, R, Mammarella, I, Manca, G, Marcolla, B, Margolis, HA, Marras, S, Massman, W, Mastepanov, M, Matamala, R, Matthes, JH, Mazzenga, F, McCaughey, H, McHugh, I, McMillan, AMS, Merbold, L, Meyer, W, Meyers, T, Miller, SD, Minerbi, S, Moderow, U, Monson, RK, Montagnani, L, Moore, CE, Moors, E, Moreaux, V, Moureaux, C, Munger, JW, Nakai, T, Neirynck, J, Nesic, Z, Nicolini, G, Noormets, A, Northwood, M, Nosetto, M, Nouvellon, Y, Novick, K, Oechel, W, Olesen, JE, Ourcival, J-M, Papuga, SA, Parmentier, F-J, Paul-Limoges, E, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Pendall, E, Phillips, RP, Pilegaard, K, Pirk, N, Posse, G, Powell, T, Prasse, H, Prober, SM, Rambal, S, Rannik, Ü, Raz-Yaseef, N, Rebmann, C, Reed, D, de Dios, VR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Reverter, BR, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Sachs, T, Saleska, SR, Sánchez-Cañete, EP, Sanchez-Mejia, ZM, Schmid, HP, Schmidt, M, Schneider, K, Schrader, F, Schroder, I, Scott, RL, Sedlák, P, Serrano-Ortíz, P, Shao, C, Shi, P, Shironya, I, Siebicke, L, Šigut, L, Silberstein, R, Sirca, C, Spano, D, Steinbrecher, R, Stevens, RM, Sturtevant, C, Suyker, A, Tagesson, T, Takanashi, S, Tang, Y, Tapper, N, Thom, J, Tomassucci, M, Tuovinen, J-P, Urbanski, S, Valentini, R, van der Molen, M, van Gorsel, E, van Huissteden, K, Varlagin, A, Verfaillie, J, Vesala, T, Vincke, C, Vitale, D, Vygodskaya, N, Walker, JP, Walter-Shea, E, Wang, H, Weber, R, Westermann, S, Wille, C, Wofsy, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Woodgate, W, Zampedri, R, Zhang, J, Zhou, G, Zona, D, Agarwal, D, Biraud, S, Torn, M, and Papale, D

Abstract

The following authors were omitted from the original version of this Data Descriptor: Markus Reichstein and Nicolas Vuichard. Both contributed to the code development and N. Vuichard contributed to the processing of the ERA-Interim data downscaling. Furthermore, the contribution of the co-author Frank Tiedemann was re-evaluated relative to the colleague Corinna Rebmann, both working at the same sites, and based on this re-evaluation a substitution in the co-author list is implemented (with Rebmann replacing Tiedemann). Finally, two affiliations were listed incorrectly and are corrected here (entries 190 and 193). The author list and affiliations have been amended to address these omissions in both the HTML and PDF versions.

Published
2021

48. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Pastorello, G, Trotta, C, Canfora, E, Chu, H, Christianson, D, Cheah, Y-W, Poindexter, C, Chen, J, Elbashandy, A, Humphrey, M, Isaac, P, Polidori, D, Ribeca, A, van Ingen, C, Zhang, L, Amiro, B, Ammann, C, Arain, MA, Ardo, J, Arkebauer, T, Arndt, SK, Arriga, N, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Baldocchi, D, Barr, A, Beamesderfer, E, Marchesini, LB, Bergeron, O, Beringer, J, Bernhofer, C, Berveiller, D, Billesbach, D, Black, TA, Blanken, PD, Bohrer, G, Boike, J, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bonnefond, J-M, Bowling, DR, Bracho, R, Brodeur, J, Bruemmer, C, Buchmann, N, Burban, B, Burns, SP, Buysse, P, Cale, P, Cavagna, M, Cellier, P, Chen, S, Chini, I, Christensen, TR, Cleverly, J, Collalti, A, Consalvo, C, Cook, BD, Cook, D, Coursolle, C, Cremonese, E, Curtis, PS, D'Andrea, E, da Rocha, H, Dai, X, Davis, KJ, De Cinti, B, de Grandcourt, A, De Ligne, A, De Oliveira, RC, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Di Bella, CM, di Tommasi, P, Dolman, H, Domingo, F, Dong, G, Dore, S, Duce, P, Dufrene, E, Dunn, A, Dusek, J, Eamus, D, Eichelmann, U, ElKhidir, HAM, Eugster, W, Ewenz, CM, Ewers, B, Famulari, D, Fares, S, Feigenwinter, I, Feitz, A, Fensholt, R, Filippa, G, Fischer, M, Frank, J, Galvagno, M, Gharun, M, Gianelle, D, Gielen, B, Gioli, B, Gitelson, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Goldstein, AH, Gough, CM, Goulden, ML, Graf, A, Griebel, A, Gruening, C, Gruenwald, T, Hammerle, A, Han, S, Han, X, Hansen, BU, Hanson, C, Hatakka, J, He, Y, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Hinko-Najera, N, Hoertnagl, L, Hutley, L, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, M, Janous, D, Jans, W, Jassal, R, Jiang, S, Kato, T, Khomik, M, Klatt, J, Knohl, A, Knox, S, Kobayashi, H, Koerber, G, Kolle, O, Kosugi, Y, Kotani, A, Kowalski, A, Kruijt, B, Kurbatova, J, Kutsch, WL, Kwon, H, Launiainen, S, Laurila, T, Law, B, Leuning, R, Li, Y, Liddell, M, Limousin, J-M, Lion, M, Liska, AJ, Lohila, A, Lopez-Ballesteros, A, Lopez-Blanco, E, Loubet, B, Loustau, D, Lucas-Moffat, A, Lueers, J, Ma, S, Macfarlane, C, Magliulo, V, Maier, R, Mammarella, I, Manca, G, Marcolla, B, Margolis, HA, Marras, S, Massman, W, Mastepanov, M, Matamala, R, Matthes, JH, Mazzenga, F, McCaughey, H, McHugh, I, McMillan, AMS, Merbold, L, Meyer, W, Meyers, T, Miller, SD, Minerbi, S, Moderow, U, Monson, RK, Montagnani, L, Moore, CE, Moors, E, Moreaux, V, Moureaux, C, Munger, JW, Nakai, T, Neirynck, J, Nesic, Z, Nicolini, G, Noormets, A, Northwood, M, Nosetto, M, Nouvellon, Y, Novick, K, Oechel, W, Olesen, JE, Ourcival, J-M, Papuga, SA, Parmentier, F-J, Paul-Limoges, E, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Pendall, E, Phillips, RP, Pilegaard, K, Pirk, N, Posse, G, Powell, T, Prasse, H, Prober, SM, Rambal, S, Rannik, U, Raz-Yaseef, N, Reed, D, de Dios, VR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Reverter, BR, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Sachs, T, Saleska, SR, Sanchez-Canete, EP, Sanchez-Mejia, ZM, Schmid, HP, Schmidt, M, Schneider, K, Schrader, F, Schroder, I, Scott, RL, Sedlak, P, Serrano-Ortiz, P, Shao, C, Shi, P, Shironya, I, Siebicke, L, Sigut, L, Silberstein, R, Sirca, C, Spano, D, Steinbrecher, R, Stevens, RM, Sturtevant, C, Suyker, A, Tagesson, T, Takanashi, S, Tang, Y, Tapper, N, Thom, J, Tiedemann, F, Tomassucci, M, Tuovinen, J-P, Urbanski, S, Valentini, R, van der Molen, M, van Gorsel, E, van Huissteden, K, Varlagin, A, Verfaillie, J, Vesala, T, Vincke, C, Vitale, D, Vygodskaya, N, Walker, JP, Walter-Shea, E, Wang, H, Weber, R, Westermann, S, Wille, C, Wofsy, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Woodgate, W, Zampedri, R, Zhang, J, Zhou, G, Zona, D, Agarwal, D, Biraud, S, Torn, M, Papale, D, Pastorello, G, Trotta, C, Canfora, E, Chu, H, Christianson, D, Cheah, Y-W, Poindexter, C, Chen, J, Elbashandy, A, Humphrey, M, Isaac, P, Polidori, D, Ribeca, A, van Ingen, C, Zhang, L, Amiro, B, Ammann, C, Arain, MA, Ardo, J, Arkebauer, T, Arndt, SK, Arriga, N, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Baldocchi, D, Barr, A, Beamesderfer, E, Marchesini, LB, Bergeron, O, Beringer, J, Bernhofer, C, Berveiller, D, Billesbach, D, Black, TA, Blanken, PD, Bohrer, G, Boike, J, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bonnefond, J-M, Bowling, DR, Bracho, R, Brodeur, J, Bruemmer, C, Buchmann, N, Burban, B, Burns, SP, Buysse, P, Cale, P, Cavagna, M, Cellier, P, Chen, S, Chini, I, Christensen, TR, Cleverly, J, Collalti, A, Consalvo, C, Cook, BD, Cook, D, Coursolle, C, Cremonese, E, Curtis, PS, D'Andrea, E, da Rocha, H, Dai, X, Davis, KJ, De Cinti, B, de Grandcourt, A, De Ligne, A, De Oliveira, RC, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Di Bella, CM, di Tommasi, P, Dolman, H, Domingo, F, Dong, G, Dore, S, Duce, P, Dufrene, E, Dunn, A, Dusek, J, Eamus, D, Eichelmann, U, ElKhidir, HAM, Eugster, W, Ewenz, CM, Ewers, B, Famulari, D, Fares, S, Feigenwinter, I, Feitz, A, Fensholt, R, Filippa, G, Fischer, M, Frank, J, Galvagno, M, Gharun, M, Gianelle, D, Gielen, B, Gioli, B, Gitelson, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Goldstein, AH, Gough, CM, Goulden, ML, Graf, A, Griebel, A, Gruening, C, Gruenwald, T, Hammerle, A, Han, S, Han, X, Hansen, BU, Hanson, C, Hatakka, J, He, Y, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Hinko-Najera, N, Hoertnagl, L, Hutley, L, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, M, Janous, D, Jans, W, Jassal, R, Jiang, S, Kato, T, Khomik, M, Klatt, J, Knohl, A, Knox, S, Kobayashi, H, Koerber, G, Kolle, O, Kosugi, Y, Kotani, A, Kowalski, A, Kruijt, B, Kurbatova, J, Kutsch, WL, Kwon, H, Launiainen, S, Laurila, T, Law, B, Leuning, R, Li, Y, Liddell, M, Limousin, J-M, Lion, M, Liska, AJ, Lohila, A, Lopez-Ballesteros, A, Lopez-Blanco, E, Loubet, B, Loustau, D, Lucas-Moffat, A, Lueers, J, Ma, S, Macfarlane, C, Magliulo, V, Maier, R, Mammarella, I, Manca, G, Marcolla, B, Margolis, HA, Marras, S, Massman, W, Mastepanov, M, Matamala, R, Matthes, JH, Mazzenga, F, McCaughey, H, McHugh, I, McMillan, AMS, Merbold, L, Meyer, W, Meyers, T, Miller, SD, Minerbi, S, Moderow, U, Monson, RK, Montagnani, L, Moore, CE, Moors, E, Moreaux, V, Moureaux, C, Munger, JW, Nakai, T, Neirynck, J, Nesic, Z, Nicolini, G, Noormets, A, Northwood, M, Nosetto, M, Nouvellon, Y, Novick, K, Oechel, W, Olesen, JE, Ourcival, J-M, Papuga, SA, Parmentier, F-J, Paul-Limoges, E, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Pendall, E, Phillips, RP, Pilegaard, K, Pirk, N, Posse, G, Powell, T, Prasse, H, Prober, SM, Rambal, S, Rannik, U, Raz-Yaseef, N, Reed, D, de Dios, VR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Reverter, BR, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Sachs, T, Saleska, SR, Sanchez-Canete, EP, Sanchez-Mejia, ZM, Schmid, HP, Schmidt, M, Schneider, K, Schrader, F, Schroder, I, Scott, RL, Sedlak, P, Serrano-Ortiz, P, Shao, C, Shi, P, Shironya, I, Siebicke, L, Sigut, L, Silberstein, R, Sirca, C, Spano, D, Steinbrecher, R, Stevens, RM, Sturtevant, C, Suyker, A, Tagesson, T, Takanashi, S, Tang, Y, Tapper, N, Thom, J, Tiedemann, F, Tomassucci, M, Tuovinen, J-P, Urbanski, S, Valentini, R, van der Molen, M, van Gorsel, E, van Huissteden, K, Varlagin, A, Verfaillie, J, Vesala, T, Vincke, C, Vitale, D, Vygodskaya, N, Walker, JP, Walter-Shea, E, Wang, H, Weber, R, Westermann, S, Wille, C, Wofsy, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Woodgate, W, Zampedri, R, Zhang, J, Zhou, G, Zona, D, Agarwal, D, Biraud, S, Torn, M, and Papale, D

Abstract

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.

Published
2020

49. Shallow soils are warmer under trees and tall shrubs across Arctic and Boreal ecosystems

Author

Kropp, H. (Heather), Loranty, M. M. (Michael M.), Natali, S. M. (Susan M.), Kholodov, A. L. (Alexander L.), Rocha, A. V. (Adrian, V), Myers-Smith, I. (Isla), Abbot, B. W. (Benjamin W.), Abermann, J. (Jakob), Blanc-Betes, E. (Elena), Blok, D. (Daan), Blume-Werry, G. (Gesche), Boike, J. (Julia), Breen, A. L. (Amy L.), Cahoon, S. M. (Sean M. P.), Christiansen, C. T. (Casper T.), Douglas, T. A. (Thomas A.), Epstein, H. E. (Howard E.), Frost, G. V. (Gerald, V), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Hoye, T. T. (Toke T.), Mamet, S. D. (Steven D.), O'Donnell, J. A. (Jonathan A.), Olefeldt, D. (David), Phoenix, G. K. (Gareth K.), Salmon, V. G. (Verity G.), Sannel, A. B. (A. Britta K.), Smith, S. L. (Sharon L.), Sonnentag, O. (Oliver), Vaughn, L. S. (Lydia Smith), Williams, M. (Mathew), Elberling, B. (Bo), Gough, L. (Laura), Hjort, J. (Jan), Lafleur, P. M. (Peter M.), Euskirchen, E. S. (Eugenie S.), Heijmans, M. M. (Monique M. P. D.), Humphreys, E. R. (Elyn R.), Iwata, H. (Hiroki), Jones, B. M. (Benjamin M.), Jorgenson, M. T. (M. Torre), Gruenberg, I. (Inge), Kim, Y. (Yongwon), Laundre, J. (James), Mauritz, M. (Marguerite), Michelsen, A. (Anders), Schaepman-Strub, G. (Gabriela), Tape, K. D. (Ken D.), Ueyama, M. (Masahito), Lee, B.-Y. (Bang-Yong), Langley, K. (Kirsty), Lund, M. (Magnus), Kropp, H. (Heather), Loranty, M. M. (Michael M.), Natali, S. M. (Susan M.), Kholodov, A. L. (Alexander L.), Rocha, A. V. (Adrian, V), Myers-Smith, I. (Isla), Abbot, B. W. (Benjamin W.), Abermann, J. (Jakob), Blanc-Betes, E. (Elena), Blok, D. (Daan), Blume-Werry, G. (Gesche), Boike, J. (Julia), Breen, A. L. (Amy L.), Cahoon, S. M. (Sean M. P.), Christiansen, C. T. (Casper T.), Douglas, T. A. (Thomas A.), Epstein, H. E. (Howard E.), Frost, G. V. (Gerald, V), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Hoye, T. T. (Toke T.), Mamet, S. D. (Steven D.), O'Donnell, J. A. (Jonathan A.), Olefeldt, D. (David), Phoenix, G. K. (Gareth K.), Salmon, V. G. (Verity G.), Sannel, A. B. (A. Britta K.), Smith, S. L. (Sharon L.), Sonnentag, O. (Oliver), Vaughn, L. S. (Lydia Smith), Williams, M. (Mathew), Elberling, B. (Bo), Gough, L. (Laura), Hjort, J. (Jan), Lafleur, P. M. (Peter M.), Euskirchen, E. S. (Eugenie S.), Heijmans, M. M. (Monique M. P. D.), Humphreys, E. R. (Elyn R.), Iwata, H. (Hiroki), Jones, B. M. (Benjamin M.), Jorgenson, M. T. (M. Torre), Gruenberg, I. (Inge), Kim, Y. (Yongwon), Laundre, J. (James), Mauritz, M. (Marguerite), Michelsen, A. (Anders), Schaepman-Strub, G. (Gabriela), Tape, K. D. (Ken D.), Ueyama, M. (Masahito), Lee, B.-Y. (Bang-Yong), Langley, K. (Kirsty), and Lund, M. (Magnus)

Abstract

Soils are warming as air temperatures rise across the Arctic and Boreal region concurrent with the expansion of tall-statured shrubs and trees in the tundra. Changes in vegetation structure and function are expected to alter soil thermal regimes, thereby modifying climate feedbacks related to permafrost thaw and carbon cycling. However, current understanding of vegetation impacts on soil temperature is limited to local or regional scales and lacks the generality necessary to predict soil warming and permafrost stability on a pan-Arctic scale. Here we synthesize shallow soil and air temperature observations with broad spatial and temporal coverage collected across 106 sites representing nine different vegetation types in the permafrost region. We showed ecosystems with tall-statured shrubs and trees (>40 cm) have warmer shallow soils than those with short-statured tundra vegetation when normalized to a constant air temperature. In tree and tall shrub vegetation types, cooler temperatures in the warm season do not lead to cooler mean annual soil temperature indicating that ground thermal regimes in the cold-season rather than the warm-season are most critical for predicting soil warming in ecosystems underlain by permafrost. Our results suggest that the expansion of tall shrubs and trees into tundra regions can amplify shallow soil warming, and could increase the potential for increased seasonal thaw depth and increase soil carbon cycling rates and lead to increased carbon dioxide loss and further permafrost thaw.

Published
2020

50. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Pastorello, G. (Gilberto), Trotta, C. (Carlo), Canfora, E. (Eleonora), Chu, H. (Housen), Christianson, D. (Danielle), Cheah, Y.-W. (You-Wei), Poindexter, C. (Cristina), Chen, J. (Jiquan), Elbashandy, A. (Abdelrahman), Humphrey, M. (Marty), Isaac, P. (Peter), Polidori, D. (Diego), Ribeca, A. (Alessio), van Ingen, C. (Catharine), Zhang, L. (Leiming), Amiro, B. (Brian), Ammann, C. (Christof), Arain, M. A. (M. Altaf), Ardo, J. (Jonas), Arkebauer, T. (Timothy), Arndt, S. K. (Stefan K.), Arriga, N. (Nicola), Aubinet, M. (Marc), Aurela, M. (Mika), Baldocchi, D. (Dennis), Barr, A. (Alan), Beamesderfer, E. (Eric), Marchesini, L. B. (Luca Belelli), Bergeron, O. (Onil), Beringer, J. (Jason), Bernhofer, C. (Christian), Berveiller, D. (Daniel), Billesbach, D. (Dave), Black, T. A. (Thomas Andrew), Blanken, P. D. (Peter D.), Bohrer, G. (Gil), Boike, J. (Julia), Bolstad, P. V. (Paul V.), Bonal, D. (Damien), Bonnefond, J.-M. (Jean-Marc), Bowling, D. R. (David R.), Bracho, R. (Rosvel), Brodeur, J. (Jason), Bruemmer, C. (Christian), Buchmann, N. (Nina), Burban, B. (Benoit), Burns, S. P. (Sean P.), Buysse, P. (Pauline), Cale, P. (Peter), Cavagna, M. (Mauro), Cellier, P. (Pierre), Chen, S. (Shiping), Chini, I. (Isaac), Christensen, T. R. (Torben R.), Cleverly, J. (James), Collalti, A. (Alessio), Consalvo, C. (Claudia), Cook, B. D. (Bruce D.), Cook, D. (David), Coursolle, C. (Carole), Cremonese, E. (Edoardo), Curtis, P. S. (Peter S.), D'Andrea, E. (Ettore), da Rocha, H. (Humberto), Dai, X. (Xiaoqin), Davis, K. J. (Kenneth J.), De Cinti, B. (Bruno), de Grandcourt, A. (Agnes), De Ligne, A. (Anne), De Oliveira, R. C. (Raimundo C.), Delpierre, N. (Nicolas), Desai, A. R. (Ankur R.), Di Bella, C. M. (Carlos Marcelo), di Tommasi, P. (Paul), Dolman, H. (Han), Domingo, F. (Francisco), Dong, G. (Gang), Dore, S. (Sabina), Duce, P. (Pierpaolo), Dufrene, E. (Eric), Dunn, A. (Allison), Dusek, J. (Jiri), Eamus, D. (Derek), Eichelmann, U. (Uwe), ElKhidir, H. A. (Hatim Abdalla M.), Eugster, W. (Werner), Ewenz, C. M. (Cacilia M.), Ewers, B. (Brent), Famulari, D. (Daniela), Fares, S. (Silvano), Feigenwinter, I. (Iris), Feitz, A. (Andrew), Fensholt, R. (Rasmus), Filippa, G. (Gianluca), Fischer, M. (Marc), Frank, J. (John), Galvagno, M. (Marta), Gharun, M. (Mana), Gianelle, D. (Damiano), Gielen, B. (Bert), Gioli, B. (Beniamino), Gitelson, A. (Anatoly), Goded, I. (Ignacio), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Goldstein, A. H. (Allen H.), Gough, C. M. (Christopher M.), Goulden, M. L. (Michael L.), Graf, A. (Alexander), Griebel, A. (Anne), Gruening, C. (Carsten), Gruenwald, T. (Thomas), Hammerle, A. (Albin), Han, S. (Shijie), Han, X. (Xingguo), Hansen, B. U. (Birger Ulf), Hanson, C. (Chad), Hatakka, J. (Juha), He, Y. (Yongtao), Hehn, M. (Markus), Heinesch, B. (Bernard), Hinko-Najera, N. (Nina), Hoertnagl, L. (Lukas), Hutley, L. (Lindsay), Ibrom, A. (Andreas), Ikawa, H. (Hiroki), Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. (Marcin), Janous, D. (Dalibor), Jans, W. (Wilma), Jassal, R. (Rachhpal), Jiang, S. (Shicheng), Kato, T. (Tomomichi), Khomik, M. (Myroslava), Klatt, J. (Janina), Knohl, A. (Alexander), Knox, S. (Sara), Kobayashi, H. (Hideki), Koerber, G. (Georgia), Kolle, O. (Olaf), Kosugi, Y. (Yoshiko), Kotani, A. (Ayumi), Kowalski, A. (Andrew), Kruijt, B. (Bart), Kurbatova, J. (Julia), Kutsch, W. L. (Werner L.), Kwon, H. (Hyojung), Launiainen, S. (Samuli), Laurila, T. (Tuomas), Law, B. (Bev), Leuning, R. (Ray), Li, Y. (Yingnian), Liddell, M. (Michael), Limousin, J.-M. (Jean-Marc), Lion, M. (Marryanna), Liska, A. J. (Adam J.), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Lopez-Ballesteros, A. (Ana), Lopez-Blanco, E. (Efren), Loubet, B. (Benjamin), Loustau, D. (Denis), Lucas-Moffat, A. (Antje), Lueers, J. (Johannes), Ma, S. (Siyan), Macfarlane, C. (Craig), Magliulo, V. (Vincenzo), Maier, R. (Regine), Mammarella, I. (Ivan), Manca, G. (Giovanni), Marcolla, B. (Barbara), Margolis, H. A. (Hank A.), Marras, S. (Serena), Massman, W. (William), Mastepanov, M. (Mikhail), Matamala, R. (Roser), Matthes, J. H. (Jaclyn Hatala), Mazzenga, F. (Francesco), McCaughey, H. (Harry), McHugh, I. (Ian), McMillan, A. M. (Andrew M. S.), Merbold, L. (Lutz), Meyer, W. (Wayne), Meyers, T. (Tilden), Miller, S. D. (Scott D.), Minerbi, S. (Stefano), Moderow, U. (Uta), Monson, R. K. (Russell K.), Montagnani, L. (Leonardo), Moore, C. E. (Caitlin E.), Moors, E. (Eddy), Moreaux, V. (Virginie), Moureaux, C. (Christine), Munger, J. W. (J. William), Nakai, T. (Taro), Neirynck, J. (Johan), Nesic, Z. (Zoran), Nicolini, G. (Giacomo), Noormets, A. (Asko), Northwood, M. (Matthew), Nosetto, M. (Marcelo), Nouvellon, Y. (Yann), Novick, K. (Kimberly), Oechel, W. (Walter), Olesen, J. E. (Jorgen Eivind), Ourcival, J.-M. (Jean-Marc), Papuga, S. A. (Shirley A.), Parmentier, F.-J. (Frans-Jan), Paul-Limoges, E. (Eugenie), Pavelka, M. (Marian), Peichl, M. (Matthias), Pendall, E. (Elise), Phillips, R. P. (Richard P.), Pilegaard, K. (Kim), Pirk, N. (Norbert), Posse, G. (Gabriela), Powell, T. (Thomas), Prasse, H. (Heiko), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Rambal, S. (Serge), Rannik, U. (Ullar), Raz-Yaseef, N. (Naama), Reed, D. (David), de Dios, V. R. (Victor Resco), Restrepo-Coupe, N. (Natalia), Reverter, B. R. (Borja R.), Roland, M. (Marilyn), Sabbatini, S. (Simone), Sachs, T. (Torsten), Saleska, S. R. (Scott R.), Sanchez-Canete, E. P. (Enrique P.), Sanchez-Mejia, Z. M. (Zulia M.), Schmid, H. P. (Hans Peter), Schmidt, M. (Marius), Schneider, K. (Karl), Schrader, F. (Frederik), Schroder, I. (Ivan), Scott, R. L. (Russell L.), Sedlak, P. (Pavel), Serrano-Ortiz, P. (Penelope), Shao, C. (Changliang), Shi, P. (Peili), Shironya, I. (Ivan), Siebicke, L. (Lukas), Sigut, L. (Ladislav), Silberstein, R. (Richard), Sirca, C. (Costantino), Spano, D. (Donatella), Steinbrecher, R. (Rainer), Stevens, R. M. (Robert M.), Sturtevant, C. (Cove), Suyker, A. (Andy), Tagesson, T. (Torbern), Takanashi, S. (Satoru), Tang, Y. (Yanhong), Tapper, N. (Nigel), Thom, J. (Jonathan), Tiedemann, F. (Frank), Tomassucci, M. (Michele), Tuovinen, J.-P. (Juha-Pekka), Urbanski, S. (Shawn), Valentini, R. (Riccardo), van der Molen, M. (Michiel), van Gorsel, E. (Eva), van Huissteden, K. (Ko), Varlagin, A. (Andrej), Verfaillie, J. (Joseph), Vesala, T. (Timo), Vincke, C. (Caroline), Vitale, D. (Domenico), Vygodskaya, N. (Natalia), Walker, J. P. (Jeffrey P.), Walter-Shea, E. (Elizabeth), Wang, H. (Huimin), Weber, R. (Robin), Westermann, S. (Sebastian), Wille, C. (Christian), Wofsy, S. (Steven), Wohlfahrt, G. (Georg), Wolf, S. (Sebastian), Woodgate, W. (William), Li, Y. (Yuelin), Zampedri, R. (Roberto), Zhang, J. (Junhui), Zhou, G. (Guoyi), Zona, D. (Donatella), Agarwal, D. (Deb), Biraud, S. (Sebastien), Torn, M. (Margaret), Papale, D. (Dario), Pastorello, G. (Gilberto), Trotta, C. (Carlo), Canfora, E. (Eleonora), Chu, H. (Housen), Christianson, D. (Danielle), Cheah, Y.-W. (You-Wei), Poindexter, C. (Cristina), Chen, J. (Jiquan), Elbashandy, A. (Abdelrahman), Humphrey, M. (Marty), Isaac, P. (Peter), Polidori, D. (Diego), Ribeca, A. (Alessio), van Ingen, C. (Catharine), Zhang, L. (Leiming), Amiro, B. (Brian), Ammann, C. (Christof), Arain, M. A. (M. Altaf), Ardo, J. (Jonas), Arkebauer, T. (Timothy), Arndt, S. K. (Stefan K.), Arriga, N. (Nicola), Aubinet, M. (Marc), Aurela, M. (Mika), Baldocchi, D. (Dennis), Barr, A. (Alan), Beamesderfer, E. (Eric), Marchesini, L. B. (Luca Belelli), Bergeron, O. (Onil), Beringer, J. (Jason), Bernhofer, C. (Christian), Berveiller, D. (Daniel), Billesbach, D. (Dave), Black, T. A. (Thomas Andrew), Blanken, P. D. (Peter D.), Bohrer, G. (Gil), Boike, J. (Julia), Bolstad, P. V. (Paul V.), Bonal, D. (Damien), Bonnefond, J.-M. (Jean-Marc), Bowling, D. R. (David R.), Bracho, R. (Rosvel), Brodeur, J. (Jason), Bruemmer, C. (Christian), Buchmann, N. (Nina), Burban, B. (Benoit), Burns, S. P. (Sean P.), Buysse, P. (Pauline), Cale, P. (Peter), Cavagna, M. (Mauro), Cellier, P. (Pierre), Chen, S. (Shiping), Chini, I. (Isaac), Christensen, T. R. (Torben R.), Cleverly, J. (James), Collalti, A. (Alessio), Consalvo, C. (Claudia), Cook, B. D. (Bruce D.), Cook, D. (David), Coursolle, C. (Carole), Cremonese, E. (Edoardo), Curtis, P. S. (Peter S.), D'Andrea, E. (Ettore), da Rocha, H. (Humberto), Dai, X. (Xiaoqin), Davis, K. J. (Kenneth J.), De Cinti, B. (Bruno), de Grandcourt, A. (Agnes), De Ligne, A. (Anne), De Oliveira, R. C. (Raimundo C.), Delpierre, N. (Nicolas), Desai, A. R. (Ankur R.), Di Bella, C. M. (Carlos Marcelo), di Tommasi, P. (Paul), Dolman, H. (Han), Domingo, F. (Francisco), Dong, G. (Gang), Dore, S. (Sabina), Duce, P. (Pierpaolo), Dufrene, E. (Eric), Dunn, A. (Allison), Dusek, J. (Jiri), Eamus, D. (Derek), Eichelmann, U. (Uwe), ElKhidir, H. A. (Hatim Abdalla M.), Eugster, W. (Werner), Ewenz, C. M. (Cacilia M.), Ewers, B. (Brent), Famulari, D. (Daniela), Fares, S. (Silvano), Feigenwinter, I. (Iris), Feitz, A. (Andrew), Fensholt, R. (Rasmus), Filippa, G. (Gianluca), Fischer, M. (Marc), Frank, J. (John), Galvagno, M. (Marta), Gharun, M. (Mana), Gianelle, D. (Damiano), Gielen, B. (Bert), Gioli, B. (Beniamino), Gitelson, A. (Anatoly), Goded, I. (Ignacio), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Goldstein, A. H. (Allen H.), Gough, C. M. (Christopher M.), Goulden, M. L. (Michael L.), Graf, A. (Alexander), Griebel, A. (Anne), Gruening, C. (Carsten), Gruenwald, T. (Thomas), Hammerle, A. (Albin), Han, S. (Shijie), Han, X. (Xingguo), Hansen, B. U. (Birger Ulf), Hanson, C. (Chad), Hatakka, J. (Juha), He, Y. (Yongtao), Hehn, M. (Markus), Heinesch, B. (Bernard), Hinko-Najera, N. (Nina), Hoertnagl, L. (Lukas), Hutley, L. (Lindsay), Ibrom, A. (Andreas), Ikawa, H. (Hiroki), Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. (Marcin), Janous, D. (Dalibor), Jans, W. (Wilma), Jassal, R. (Rachhpal), Jiang, S. (Shicheng), Kato, T. (Tomomichi), Khomik, M. (Myroslava), Klatt, J. (Janina), Knohl, A. (Alexander), Knox, S. (Sara), Kobayashi, H. (Hideki), Koerber, G. (Georgia), Kolle, O. (Olaf), Kosugi, Y. (Yoshiko), Kotani, A. (Ayumi), Kowalski, A. (Andrew), Kruijt, B. (Bart), Kurbatova, J. (Julia), Kutsch, W. L. (Werner L.), Kwon, H. (Hyojung), Launiainen, S. (Samuli), Laurila, T. (Tuomas), Law, B. (Bev), Leuning, R. (Ray), Li, Y. (Yingnian), Liddell, M. (Michael), Limousin, J.-M. (Jean-Marc), Lion, M. (Marryanna), Liska, A. J. (Adam J.), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Lopez-Ballesteros, A. (Ana), Lopez-Blanco, E. (Efren), Loubet, B. (Benjamin), Loustau, D. (Denis), Lucas-Moffat, A. (Antje), Lueers, J. (Johannes), Ma, S. (Siyan), Macfarlane, C. (Craig), Magliulo, V. (Vincenzo), Maier, R. (Regine), Mammarella, I. (Ivan), Manca, G. (Giovanni), Marcolla, B. (Barbara), Margolis, H. A. (Hank A.), Marras, S. (Serena), Massman, W. (William), Mastepanov, M. (Mikhail), Matamala, R. (Roser), Matthes, J. H. (Jaclyn Hatala), Mazzenga, F. (Francesco), McCaughey, H. (Harry), McHugh, I. (Ian), McMillan, A. M. (Andrew M. S.), Merbold, L. (Lutz), Meyer, W. (Wayne), Meyers, T. (Tilden), Miller, S. D. (Scott D.), Minerbi, S. (Stefano), Moderow, U. (Uta), Monson, R. K. (Russell K.), Montagnani, L. (Leonardo), Moore, C. E. (Caitlin E.), Moors, E. (Eddy), Moreaux, V. (Virginie), Moureaux, C. (Christine), Munger, J. W. (J. William), Nakai, T. (Taro), Neirynck, J. (Johan), Nesic, Z. (Zoran), Nicolini, G. (Giacomo), Noormets, A. (Asko), Northwood, M. (Matthew), Nosetto, M. (Marcelo), Nouvellon, Y. (Yann), Novick, K. (Kimberly), Oechel, W. (Walter), Olesen, J. E. (Jorgen Eivind), Ourcival, J.-M. (Jean-Marc), Papuga, S. A. (Shirley A.), Parmentier, F.-J. (Frans-Jan), Paul-Limoges, E. (Eugenie), Pavelka, M. (Marian), Peichl, M. (Matthias), Pendall, E. (Elise), Phillips, R. P. (Richard P.), Pilegaard, K. (Kim), Pirk, N. (Norbert), Posse, G. (Gabriela), Powell, T. (Thomas), Prasse, H. (Heiko), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Rambal, S. (Serge), Rannik, U. (Ullar), Raz-Yaseef, N. (Naama), Reed, D. (David), de Dios, V. R. (Victor Resco), Restrepo-Coupe, N. (Natalia), Reverter, B. R. (Borja R.), Roland, M. (Marilyn), Sabbatini, S. (Simone), Sachs, T. (Torsten), Saleska, S. R. (Scott R.), Sanchez-Canete, E. P. (Enrique P.), Sanchez-Mejia, Z. M. (Zulia M.), Schmid, H. P. (Hans Peter), Schmidt, M. (Marius), Schneider, K. (Karl), Schrader, F. (Frederik), Schroder, I. (Ivan), Scott, R. L. (Russell L.), Sedlak, P. (Pavel), Serrano-Ortiz, P. (Penelope), Shao, C. (Changliang), Shi, P. (Peili), Shironya, I. (Ivan), Siebicke, L. (Lukas), Sigut, L. (Ladislav), Silberstein, R. (Richard), Sirca, C. (Costantino), Spano, D. (Donatella), Steinbrecher, R. (Rainer), Stevens, R. M. (Robert M.), Sturtevant, C. (Cove), Suyker, A. (Andy), Tagesson, T. (Torbern), Takanashi, S. (Satoru), Tang, Y. (Yanhong), Tapper, N. (Nigel), Thom, J. (Jonathan), Tiedemann, F. (Frank), Tomassucci, M. (Michele), Tuovinen, J.-P. (Juha-Pekka), Urbanski, S. (Shawn), Valentini, R. (Riccardo), van der Molen, M. (Michiel), van Gorsel, E. (Eva), van Huissteden, K. (Ko), Varlagin, A. (Andrej), Verfaillie, J. (Joseph), Vesala, T. (Timo), Vincke, C. (Caroline), Vitale, D. (Domenico), Vygodskaya, N. (Natalia), Walker, J. P. (Jeffrey P.), Walter-Shea, E. (Elizabeth), Wang, H. (Huimin), Weber, R. (Robin), Westermann, S. (Sebastian), Wille, C. (Christian), Wofsy, S. (Steven), Wohlfahrt, G. (Georg), Wolf, S. (Sebastian), Woodgate, W. (William), Li, Y. (Yuelin), Zampedri, R. (Roberto), Zhang, J. (Junhui), Zhou, G. (Guoyi), Zona, D. (Donatella), Agarwal, D. (Deb), Biraud, S. (Sebastien), Torn, M. (Margaret), and Papale, D. (Dario)

Abstract

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.

Published
2020

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