Search

The trigger for human labor is a scientific mystery. This research examined Rubus idaeus (RI), commonly referred to as red raspberry, which is widely purported to be efficacious in promoting partur...

Studies have revealed more positive effects of berries’ components over the years, representing a growing trend in their consumption. Phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, flavonols, and phenolic acids occur in different concentrations depending on the berry type. Significant trends to exploit the beneficial compounds were collected, with mostly novel and environmentally friendly techniques, such as ultrasound, microwave, and high-pressure technologies. Abundant phenolic compounds present in different berries (raspberry, blueberry, goji berry, blackcurrant, strawberry, cranberry, and blackberry) were summarized based on up-to-date information and their beneficial health effects. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antihyperglycemic activities in vitro and in vivo were comprehensively reviewed. Recent studies allied to in vivo results and positive findings to reduce oxidative stress, for example, support that berries and their functional products represent a prominent economic potential to maintain human health and function.

Floricane red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) produces biennial canes that are traditionally managed by annual selective removal of previously fruited floricanes and training of primocanes that will bear fruit in the next growing season. This process of pruning and training is labor intensive and costly, and growers would benefit from more economical methods of pruning and training. This 6-year project evaluated the economic viability of alternate-year (AY) production in a commercial floricane red raspberry field in northwest Washington and compared it to traditional, every-year (EY) production to assess whether the former could save costs. Despite savings from reduced chemicals, fertilizers, labor, general farm supplies, and other variable costs, the overall benefits of AY production were not enough to offset losses in revenue resulting from reduced yields under the conditions of this experiment in northwest Washington.

Interspecific hybridization is useful in raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. ssp. idaeus) breeding to introgression of traits such as heat or cold tolerance, and excellent fruit qualities. Rubus L. wild species in Asia, including Rubus parvifolius L., have been attracting a great deal of attention as sources of new traits in breeding raspberry and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus Agg.). We previously developed and selected IPI-1 and IPI-3 first backcross (BC1) hybrids, [‘Indian Summer’ (R. idaeus ssp. idaeus) × R. parvifolius] × ‘Indian Summer’, as raspberry cultivars adapted to the warm climate in parts of Japan. In this study, we investigated the growth, morphological traits, and fruit qualities, such as sugar, organic acid, anthocyanins, and carotenoids, of each of these IPI lines over a 2-year period to discern their potential as commercial raspberry cultivars. IPI lines had the characteristic of primocane fruit with overflowing from side buds while the parent, IP-1 (‘Indian Summer’ × R. parvifolius), did not. IPI lines showed significantly lower values in anthocyanin content than red raspberry ‘Skeena’, while showing higher carotenoid contents. This study is the first research about fruit qualities such as anthocyanin and carotenoid content of BC1 hybrids using Japanese wild Rubus species.

The aim of the research is to search new sources of the main economically valuable traits for further breeding of raspberry. Nineteen previously created selected forms were studied for winter resistance components under controlled conditions, for resistance to major fungal diseases, productivity components, strength and biochemical composition of fruits. The zoned Gusar variety was used as the control. The work was carried out in 2018-2020 according to generally accepted techniques. Artificial freezing of raspberry stems was carried out in the climate chamber TH-6 JEIO TECH. According to the results of the studies, selected forms 8-10х-1, 6-125-4, which have an increased resistance to certain components of winter resistance, have been identified. Hybrids 2-115-1 and 1-188-1 have cumulative resistance to winter damage factors. Based on the integrated resistance of raspberry hybrids to the main fungal diseases, new sources have been revealed: forms 1-124-1, 2-115-1, 2-115-2, 1-111-21, 1-8-2, 2-35-1, 2-90-3, 6-125-4, 3-4-2, 8-10х-1, 4-33-21 and 4-122-2. The degree of their damage did not have a significant influence on winter hardiness, productivity and quality of berries. As the result of study of components of the raspberry productivity, selected forms (1-111-21, 2-90-2 and 2-90-3), forming fruits with an average weight of more than 4.0 g, and genotypes with large and one-dimensional fruits (1-176-21, 2-35-1, 4-33-21, 1-124-1) not growing smaller from picking to picking were identified. The highest potential productivity was noted for selections 2-115-1, 1-111-21, 1-188-1, 4-46-2, 2-90-2 and 2-90-3, capable to form a yield of more than 1.3 kg per bush. The selections 1-124-1, 2-90-2 and 2-90-3 are distinguished by an increased strength of the fruits. They form fruits with a crushing force exceeding 5.0 N, which ensures the safety of integrity and transportability when manually harvested. No complex sources of increased accumulation of biologically active substances have been identified. Genotypes with a high content of individual biochemical substances were selected. The highest accumulation of soluble solids and sugars was noted in the samples 2-90-3, 18-11-4 and 2-115-1. Highest accumulation o the vitamin C was observed in the samples 6-125-4 (59.8 mg/100 g) and 2-90-3 (61.5 mg/100 g). As new sources in breeding to improve the taste characteristics of raspberry, it is necessary to use selected forms 2-90-2, 2-115-1 and 6-125-4, approaching in taste to the standard variety Novost Kuzmina. Selected forms 2-90-2, 2-90-3 and 2-115-1 are new sources in raspberry breeding, combining a complex of economically valuable traits at a high level.

Raspberry is a source of dietary fibre and phenolic compounds, which are metabolised by the gut microbiota, resulting in the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and phenolic catabolites; but the formation of these compounds depends on the microbiota composition. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the raspberry and its fractions (phenolic extract, total and insoluble dietary fibre) affect the microbial activity depending on the body weight condition. For this, in vitro fermentations of raspberry fractions were carried out using faeces from normal-weight (NW) and overweight volunteers (OW) during 48 h, and phenolic catabolites and SCFAs were analysed at 0, 6, 24 and 48 h. The whole raspberry and the phenolic extract produced greater quantities of urolithins and total SCFAs when compared with fibre fractions, reaching the highest amount between 24 and 48 h. The body weight condition was an important factor, since faeces from NW led to greater production of urolithins from non-extractable phenolic compounds bound to fibre fractions, whereas in OW the urolithins production was higher from the fractions with more extractable polyphenols. In summary, the whole raspberry has been shown to have a prebiotic effect, mainly due to its phenolic compounds content rather than its fibre content.

An Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for the purple raspberry (R. occidentalis × R. idaeus) ‘Amethyst’ was developed. Using the system, the FER-like iron deficiency–induced transcription factor 1 gene cloned from Populus tremula (PtFIT) was expressed in transgenic raspberry plants. Effects of four inoculum densities and two co-cultivation times on ‘Amethyst’ transformation were tested in two separate experiments. Results showed that an average transformation frequency of 3.9% was achieved under the conditions of 25 mg L−1 kanamycin selection, 3-d co-cultivation, and OD600 0.3 to 0.55 inoculum density. A total of 12 PtFIT-transgenic lines of ‘Amethyst’ were verified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Expression of the PtFIT gene in transgenic lines was evaluated under the iron deficiency or sufficiency condition using the real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR); however, the expression showed an inconsistent response to iron deficiency among different transgenic lines. An established transformation system could provide a research tool used to understand gene functions and trait development in raspberry; therefore, the present research will be beneficial to breeding and germplasm improvement of raspberry or other Rubus species.

In the case of fruit syrups, consumers prefer thicker, deep-coloured ones because they remind them of good old homemade ones. Physical properties – as viscosity, colour, refractive index, soluble solid content (SSC), and electrical impedance - of fruit syrups flavoured with raspberry or orange juice were determined. The change of the measured physical properties was determined in three different experiments: 1. evaluating the effect of sugar and sweetener content 2. evaluating the effect of fruit juice composition and 3. evaluating the effect of sugar content on syrups containing raspberry or orange juice only. Variations in fruit and sugar content had a definite effect on the physical properties of squashes. Viscosity, SSC value, refractive index, and impedance magnitude increased with increasing sugar content and decreased with replacement of sugar with sweeteners although colour characteristics were defined mostly by the colorant added to the squash. Changes in the fruit composition of syrups could influence viscosity, refractive index, and SSC values but the magnitude of impedance showed little changes for all samples. The characteristics of squashes containing only raspberry or orange juice and different sugar content did not follow any trends, which emphasized that additives had a significant effect on the physical properties.

The over 100 remontant raspberry cultivars worldwide continue to variegate, with breeding mostly successful in the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Poland, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Russia. In most native climates of Russia, foreign varieties unluckily do not realise their biological potential to not attain the originator-declared character. The research aimed at a comprehensive study of introduced remontant raspberry cultivars to clarify the prospects of their production and breeding. The study was being conducted over 2018-2020 on the genetic raspberry collection plot of the All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery’s Kokino base station (Bryansk Region). Research focused on ten foreign remontant raspberry cultivars. The late-maturing Atlant variety of the state-permitted crop catalogue served a control. Research followed the generally accepted protocols. Statistical experimental data analyses were accomplished with Microsoft Excel. Phenotypic evaluation of the introduced remontant raspberry cultivars by plant morphology revealed their Middle Russia-specific traits of growth and development. The greatest yield surface (238-316 cm) was observed in Joan J, Imara, Himbo Top and Carolina foreign cultivars. The remontant varieties studied were found to distinguish by late maturity and low yield (2.9-6.1 t/ha), thusly being off-focus to industrial horticulture. Imara, Erika, Sugana, Joan J, Carolina and Himbo Top leading with a 5.0-6.1 t/ha yield can be recommended in home gardening. Selected foreign cultivars deserve attention as a genetic resource in breeding for larger fruit size (Poranna Rosa, Driscoll Maravilla, Sugana), higher soluble solid content (Kweli, Karolina, Kwanza), fruit strength (Kwanza, Driscoll Maravilla), optimal fruit detachment force (Himbo Top, Joan J, Imara, Kwanza) and compact bush habitus (Poranna Rosa).

Presently, there is an intensive search for fungal endophytes to be used in agriculture for the protection and condition improvement of plants and in medicine. We screened for the presence of endophytes in raspberry, which occurs naturally in the Białowieża Forest. The fungal isolates representative of each morphotype were analysed using the molecular markers ITS1 and ITS2. In total, we found 34 taxa of endophytic fungi. The majority were potential pathogens. As many as 27 taxa were found in the leaves of mature plants. No fungi could be isolated from the surface sterilized seeds obtained from these plants. Seedlings were grown from the seeds deposited in the soil seed bank in the Białowieża Geobotanical Station of the University of Warsaw in Białowieża. 8 taxa of endophytic fungi were found in seedlings. It could be due to a possibility of seed infection with these endophytes in soil conditions.

Recognition from faces is a popular and significant technology in recent years. Face alterations and the presence of different masks make it too much challenging. In the real-world, when a person is uncooperative with the systems such as in video surveillance then masking is further common scenarios. For these masks, current face recognition performance degrades. Still, difficulties created by masks are usually disregarded. Face recognition is a promising area of applied computer vision . This technique is used to recognize a face or identify a person automatically from given images. In our daily life activates like, in a passport checking, smart door, access control, voter verification, criminal investigation, and many other purposes face recognition is widely used to authenticate a person correctly and automatically. Face recognition has gained much attention as a unique, reliable biometric recognition technology that makes it most popular than any other biometric technique likes password, pin, fingerprint, etc. Many of the governments across the world also interested in the face recognition system to secure public places such as parks, airports, bus stations, and railway stations, etc. Face recognition is one of the well-studied real-life problems. Excellent progress has been done against face recognition technology throughout the last years. The primary concern to this work is about facial masks, and especially to enhance the recognition accuracy of different masked faces. A feasible approach has been proposed that consists of first detecting the facial regions. The occluded face detection problem has been approached using Cascaded Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Besides, its performance has been also evaluated within excessive facial masks and found attractive outcomes. Finally, a correlative study also made here for a better understanding.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a major risk factor of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The effect of whole red raspberry (WRR) consumption on lipid metabolism was investigated in the obese Zuck...

Sex pheromone analogues were synthesized and tested on two pest carposinid moth species: the guava moth, Coscinoptycha improbana, and the raspberry bud moth, Heterocrossa rubophaga. The pheromone analogues used for the electroantennogram testing included (Z)-11-methylenenonadec-7-ene, (Z)-nonadec-12-en-9-amine, (Z)-11-methoxynonadec-7-ene, (Z)-1-(octylsulfinyl)-dec-3-ene, and (Z)-nonadec-12-en-9-ol. An imine analogue, N-((Z)-nonadec-12-en-9-ylidene)cyclopropanamine, was also synthesized but was too unstable for testing with the moths. None of the analogue compounds elicited significant responses from the male moth antennae.

Increased productivity of recently developed primocane raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and blackberry (Rubus sp.) cultivars have been accompanied by dramatic improvements in fruit firmness, shape, size, color, and flavor. These traits have contributed to the establishment of these crops throughout California. In this study, we evaluated publically available raspberry and blackberry cultivars for fruit yields, postharvest quality, and production in response to pruning management, at two locations in the central coast of California. Among raspberries, ‘Imara’ and ‘Kweli’ were the highest yielding cultivars at both trial locations while ‘Kwanza’ produced 30% to 50% larger fruit, by weight, with postharvest shelf life superior to that of ‘Vintage’. Among blackberries, ‘Prime-Ark® 45’ was the top-yielding cultivar and had the largest fruit at both locations during both years. ‘Prime-Ark® 45’ and ‘Prime-Ark® Traveler’ had comparable weights after 13 days in cold storage in 2018, while in 2019 ‘Prime-Ark® 45’ and ‘APF 268T’ had comparable fruit weight. Greater and earlier fruit yields of both blackberries and raspberries were obtained with combined production from floricanes and primocanes compared with primocane production alone. However, increase in cane density in combined production can complicate management of pests, fertigation, and fruit harvest efficiency. With increased interest in primocane cultivars, the information generated in this study has provided new resources to guide successful production by small, independent, and direct-sale growers.

Combined transcriptomic and metabolic analyses reveal that fruit of Rubus chingii Hu launches biosynthesis of phenolic acids and flavonols at beginning of fruit set and then coordinately accumulated or converted to their derivatives. Rubus chingii Hu (Chinese raspberry) is an important dual functional food with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical values. Comprehensively understanding the mechanisms of fruit development and bioactive components synthesis and regulation could accelerate genetic analysis and molecular breeding for the unique species. Combined transcriptomic and metabolic analyses of R. chingii fruits from different developmental stages, including big green, green-to-yellow, yellow-to-orange, and red stages, were conducted. A total of 89,188 unigenes were generated and 57,545 unigenes (64.52%) were annotated. Differential expression genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The fruit launched the biosynthesis of phenolic acids and flavonols at the very beginning of fruit set and then coordinately accumulated or converted to their derivatives. This was tightly regulated by expressions of the related genes and MYB and bHLH transcription factors. The core genes products participated in the biosynthesis of ellagic acid (EA) and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (K-3-R), such as DAHPS, DQD/SDH, PAL, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, F3'H, FLS, and UGT78D2, and their corresponding metabolites were elaborately characterized. Our research reveals the molecular and chemical mechanisms of the fruit development of R. chingii. The results provide a solid foundation for the genetic analysis, functional genes isolation, fruit quality improvement and modifiable breeding of R. chingii.

The cytotoxic effects of red clover, blue false indigo, and red raspberry plant extracts were evaluated on CHO-K1 cells. The hormone-dependent CHO-K1 cells are ovarian cells derived from Chinese hamsters.Trifolium pratense(red clover) extracts were obtained from the blossoms and leaves of the red clover plant.Baptisia australis(blue false indigo) extracts were obtained from the roots, stems, and leaves of the blue false indigo plant.Rubus idaeus(red raspberry) extracts were prepared from the fruits of the red raspberry plant. Two methods, soxhlet and microwave assisted extractions, were utilized and evaluated for their effectiveness in producing phyto extracts. Methanol was the solvent used in both methods. In all experiments, the CHO-K1 cell line was exposed to the different extracts for a period of 48 hours. An MTS assay was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the cytotoxic capabilities of each extract at different concentrations on the CHO-K1 cell line. After the collection of all the data, the 1:1 combination of red clover and red raspberry extracts, obtained via soxhlet extraction, yielded the most potent cytotoxic effects on the CHO-K1 cell line.&nbsp

The results of research on the influence of foliar treatment of raspberry plants with organic fertilizer VITERI on the population size and species composition of micromycetes in the mycobiome of the rhizosphere and vegetative organs of raspberry plants of Joan J in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine are presented. Microbiological, phytopathological, mycological methods and methods of sampling of raspberry plants during the growing season were used for the study. To determine the effect of VITERI fertilizer on the mycobiota of the rhizosphere and vegetative organs of raspberry plants during plant ontogeny, additional foliar treatment was performed with 1% aqueous solution of VITERI fertilizer. It was found that the population is dominated by fungi of following species: Septoria rubi, West, Aspergillus niger, V. Tiegh, Alternaria alternata, (Fr.) Keissl, Fusarium spp. These micromycetes are producers of mycotoxins and can cause disease in animals and humans, as well as contribute to biological contamination of agroecosystems. During foliar treatment of raspberry plants with VITERI fertilizer, a significant decrease in phytopathogenic load was observed in the phase of intensive fruiting compared to other phases of ontogenesis of raspberry plants.

BACKGROUND Cold-pressed berry seed oils are used for consumption and other applications including skin and hair care. They are natural products which gain the attention of customers. In this study, strawberry, raspberry and blackberry seed oils used for cosmetic purposes, purchased from three different European producers, were analyzed. The aim of the study was to assess the quality and oxidative stability of the berry fruit oils, thus they were analyzed after purchase and after 4 and 8 weeks of storage at room temperature. METHODS Acid and peroxide values were determined in the tested oils, as was oxidative stability, which was measured using pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). Additionally, fatty acid profiles and thei. RESULTS nd. Cold-pressed berry seed oils are used for consumption and other applications including skin and hair care. They are natural products which gain the attention of customers. In this study, strawberry, raspberry and blackberry seed oils used for cosmetic purposes, purchased from three different European producers, were analyzed. The aim of the study was to assess the quality and oxidative stability of the berry fruit oils, thus they were analyzed after purchase and after 4 and 8 weeks of storage at room temperature. Materials and methods. Acid and peroxide values were determined in the tested oils, as was oxidative stability, which was measured using pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). Additionally, fatty acid profiles and their distribution at sn-1,3 and sn-2 positions of triacylglycerols were characterized. Results, principal. Most of the fatty acids of the tested berry seed oils are polyunsaturated fatty acids (67.04-74.95%). The results show the low quality of the tested oils in terms of oxidative stability (high peroxide values: 21.9-249.6 mEq O2/kg oil). CONCLUSIONS Based on this study, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of these products on the body. Moreover, standards clarifying the oxidation of cosmetic oils should be set internationally.

BACKGROUND: Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), a natural dietary source of (poly)phenols, has been used as medicine for centuries. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of a red raspberry (poly)phenolic extract (RPE) on diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: Male specific pathogen-free C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups (n = 12 per group), and fed with low-fat diet (10% fat energy), high-fat diet (HFD, 45% fat energy), or HFD supplemented with RPE of 150 mg/kg body weight by intragastric administration for 14 weeks. Obesity-related biochemical indexes and hepatic gene expression levels were determined. The statistical analyses were conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. RESULTS: The body weight gain, steatosis grade scores and insulin resistance index in the RPE group decreased by 34.48% (P = 0.00), 58.82% (P = 0.00), and 53.77% (P = 0.00), respectively, compared to those in the HFD group. Moreover, RPE supplement significantly changed the expression profile of the genes involved in lipid metabolism and fibroblast growth factor 21 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that RPE protected from diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders by improving the lipid metabolism and fibroblast growth factor 21 resistance.

Phytophthora root rot of raspberry, which is mostly caused by Phytophthora rubi, is a significant issue for the Washington State red raspberry industry. Considered a cool weather pathogen, it is often assumed that it is most active and infective during the cool, wet winters of the region when soil temperatures range from 5 to 10°C; however, there are little data to support this view. More recent research has found that symptoms of root disease during late summer were strongly associated with P. rubi. Therefore, experiments were conducted at four temperatures from 5 to 20°C to evaluate the effects of temperature on P. rubi mycelial growth and sporulation and the effects of both temperature and soil moisture on the pathogenicity of P. rubi on red raspberry. At 20°C, P. rubi grew fastest and sporulated the most heavily. However, disease was most severe at both 15 and 20°C. The soil moisture parameters tested did not affect the pathogenicity results. These results show that P. rubi is more likely to infect during the spring and summer months (from May through September), when soil temperatures are consistently in the range of 15 to 20°C.

Raspberries (Rubus ideaus L.) are highly perishable and susceptible to rot during storage. An exploratory study of postharvest physiology associated with maturity was carried out for three new Chilean raspberry cultivars: Santa Catalina, Santa Clara and Santa Teresa. Fruit of these cultivars were harvested at three maturity stages based on color: pink (C3), bright red (commercial maturity) (C4) and dark red (C5). Two experiments were carried out to: i) determine postharvest quality and physiological parameters associated with maturity stages in comparison to those fruits of the main cv. Heritage, and ii) evaluate storage potential at 0 and 4 °C of ‘Santa Catalina’. In the first study, fruit quality parameters (such as weight, firmness, color, among others) of all the ‘Santa’ cultivars were assessed immediately after harvest, and the ethylene production and respiration rates (CO2) were recorded for 4 d at 20 °C. In the second experiment, ‘Santa Catalina’ was stored at 0 and 4 °C. According to the results of the first experiment, ‘Santa Teresa’ presented the largest fruit (7.9 g), followed by ‘Santa Clara’ (5.3 g), ‘Santa Catalina’ (4.9 g) and ‘Heritage’ (3.3 g). ‘Santa Clara’ (~ 6 ng kg-1 s-1) fruits had the highest levels of ethylene production, followed by ‘Santa Catalina’, and ‘Santa Teresa’ with the lowest production. Regardless the cultivar, the fruit at the C5 stage always showed the highest ethylene production. Overall, compared with ‘Heritage’, these three new cultivars presented better fruit quality at harvest. The 0 °C was an adequate storage temperature for ‘Santa Catalina’ reaching storage potential of 20 d without soft fruits; therefore, it is recommended for fresh markets.

Within the nursery sector, a global interest in functional fruits imposes a permanent need to improve the tissue culture technology. A modern bioreactor immersion system is currently a valid solution for the micropropagation of many cultures. At the Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek (FAZOS, Croatia), a research was conducted with the aim of improving the raspberry (Rubus idaeus L., cv. HimboTop®) micropropagation protocol. The treatments implied the modifications of the MS and DKW nutrient medium (DKW – standard; DKWm – substitution of FeEDTA with the FeEDDHA; MSm – macroelement modification, 3 x CaCl2, MgSO4, and KH2PO4 + FeEDDHA), differently depending on the aggregate condition (semi‐solid and liquid SETISTM). Subsequent to 15 (SETISTM) and 30 cultivation days (semi-solid medium), respectively, a morphological parameter analysis and a multiplication success evaluation were commenced. In all treatments (DKW, DKWm, and MSm), the observed parameters (shoot height, number of leaves, leaf width and length) were significantly better in an interaction with the liquid medium. Comparing the models, a liquid medium (SETISTM) resulted in a significantly higher explant multiplication (4.02) (a semi‐solid medium - 2.74). The best reproduction quality, implying a better plant vigor with a reduced vitrification, was obtained on the MSm medium in the SETISTM. A concentration optimization of individual mesocomponents (i.e., of the macroelements) and their chemical forms (FeEDDHA) may contribute to their improved adoption and consequently to the stress suppression due to explant transplantation. Selecting the modern technical solutions (TIS bioreactors - SETISTM) and continuously improving the protocols, we may obtain the realistically sustainable models, suitable for a massive clonal reproduction.

Te article tackles the feasibility of improving the raspberry fruit size as an important production and marketability factor. Te trials included 22 domestic and foreign cultivars, 11 selected forms of raspberry, as well as ten cross-breeding combinations and three open-pollinated forms. Te assessment of parental forms and hybrids was carried out at the collection and breeding sites of the Kokino base station of Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery during 2016-2020. Fruits were harvested from regular cultivar bushes every 2 days in triplicate. Te average weight was determined per 100 berries in each replicate. Cultivars and hybrids were divided into three groups, small- (3.6 g). Te average berry weight in hybrid nurslings was estimated per plant. Each plant was sampled with 30 berries. Weighing was performed with an SCC-750 electronic scales device. Te weather conditions of the trial period were contrast, allowing a more objective assessment of the collection and breeding raspberry material by berry weight. Te following cultivars were identified as the sources of improved berry size in the parental form trials: Maria, Cascade Delight, Fenomen, Lavina, Cowichan, Patricia, Laczka, Glen Ample and selections 2-115-1, 8-13-2, 18-11-3, 18-11-2, 2-90-2 and 2-90-3. Tese forms had an average trial-period berry weight of 3.7-4.3 g least affected by weather conditions. Te inspection of hybrids revealed the best parental forms for obtaining new raspberry cultivars with an improved berry weight: Maria, Fenomen, Lavina, Cowichan, Glen Ample and the selected form 8-13-2. Te promising cross-combinations are: 2-12-1 x Fenomen, Lavina x Ulybka, 8-13-2 x Peresvet, as well as the open-pollinated offspring of Glen Ample, Cowichan and Maria. Large-fruited genotypes isolated in these lineages will be used in further breeding to increase the fruit size in raspberry.

We introduce a superhydrophobic surface that is composed of homogeneous polystyrene (PS) raspberry nanoparticles of around 50 nm diameter, via a convenient single-step scalable synthesis method. Th...

Organic acids are a large group of biologically active compounds that perform important functions in the plant organism. Moreover, all plants, regardless of the species and family, contain organic acids to a small or large extent as organic acids belong to intermediate metabolites arising from the oxidation of proteins and amino acids, fats and carbohydrates.Aim. To validate the method of alkalimetry proposed with potentiometric detection of the end-point for the quantitative determination of free organic acids in raspberry leaves.Results and discussion. The method proposed was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The linearity was in the concentration range of 40 – 200 % (r2 = 0.9991). The percentage of recovery was found to be in the range of 98.77 – 102.48 %. The repeatability and intermediate precision were 1.58 % and 1.74 %, respectively. The method is accurate and reliable, with the relative standard deviation of less than 2 %.Experimental part. Leaves of raspberry were collected in the Kharkiv region during the period of full ripening. A Hanna 2550 pH-meter with a HI 1131P potentiometric electrode was used for alkalimetric titration of free organic acids. The titration was carried out using a microburette with Class A accuracy.Conclusions. The alkalimetry method for the quantitative determination of free organic acids in raspberry leaves has been proposed and validated according to the following parameters: specifcity, linearity, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, robustness. It has been confrmed that the method is simple, reliable, accurate and cost-effective.Key words: raspberry; leaves; free organic acids; alkalimetry; validation

Seeking a means of sanitizing berries, the effectiveness of steady state levels of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) against hepatitis A virus (HAV) on laboratory-contaminated berries was determined. The generated ClO2 was maintained with 1 or 2 mg/l air inside a 269-l glove box to treat 50 g batches of blueberries, raspberries, and blackberries, and 100 g batches of strawberries that were immersion coated with HAV. Normalized data for ClO2 (ppm-h/g product) is reported as a function of ClO2 concentration, treatment time, and weight of treated product. Treatments of ClO2 ranging from 1.00 to 6.27 ppm-h/g berry were evaluated. When compared to untreated HAV-contaminated berries, log reductions of HAV were > 2.1 for all berry types and conditions tested indicating the gaseous ClO2 was effective. The average log reduction with strawberries, raspberries, blueberries and blackberries treated with 1.00 ppm-h/g, the lowest ClO2 treatment tested, were 2.44, 2.49, 3.23, and 3.45, respectively. The highest treatment of 6.27 ppm-h/g was applied at two different gas concentrations of 1 mg/l and 2 mg/l. Average log reductions for blueberries and strawberries treated with 6.27 ppm-h/g were 4.34 and 4.42, and 4.03 and 3.51, applied at 1 mg/l and 2 mg/l, respectively. For blackberries and raspberries 3.20 and 3.24, and 3.23 and 3.97 log reductions were observed for 6.27 ppm-h/g treatments applied at 1 mg/l and 2 mg/l, respectively. Results indicate that HAV contamination of berries can be substantially reduced by gaseous ClO2 and offer industry a waterless means of sanitizing berries against HAV.

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Whole red raspberry (WRR) consumption on vascular function was investigated in the obese Zucker rat (OZR), model of MetS. Male OZR and their lean littermates (LZR) were placed on a control (C) or an 8% w/w WRR-enriched diet for 8 weeks. Phenylephrine (Phe)-induced vasoconstriction and acetylcholine (Ach)-induced vasorelaxation were measured in aortic rings in the presence or absence of L-N-monomethyl-arginine (L-NMMA) and mefenamic acid (MFA). Phe-induced vasoconstriction was lower in the OZR-C compared to LZR-C (p

The incidence and mortality of lung cancer ranks first among all malignant tumors in the world. Because it is relatively asymptomatic at early stages, most patients do not become aware of the disease until it has progressed to an advanced stage. Advanced lung cancer metastasis results in systemic cachexia and effective treatment becomes challenging, leading to poor response and outcome. Therefore, the development of new drugs for the treatment of lung cancer is paramount. In this study, A549 cells were treated with different concentrations of red raspberry extract and the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cells were evaluated. The results indicated that red raspberry extract reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 cells. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of the cyclin D1, N-cadherin, vimentin, E-cadherin, EGFR, and STAT3 proteins. Treatment with red raspberry extract reduced the expression of cyclin D1, N-cadherin, vimentin, EGFR, and STAT3, whereas the expression of E-cadherin increased. Following transfection of an EGFR overexpression vector into A549 cells, we observed a reduced inhibitory effect of the red raspberry extract on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 cells. In addition, EGFR overexpression abrogated the increased expression of cyclin D1, N-cadherin, vimentin, EGFR, and STAT3 protein expression in A549 cells following extract treatment. In contrast, E-cadherin protein expression was decreased under these treatment conditions. Overall, this study suggests that red raspberry extract may reduce the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelialmesenchymal transition of A549 lung cancer cells by inhibiting the activation of the EGFR/STAT3 signaling pathway. These findings may lead to the development of new strategies to treat advanced lung cancer.

Raspberry ketone (RK), the main aroma compound of raspberry fruit, has applications in cosmetics, food industry, and pharmaceutics. In this study, we biosynthesized RK via the catalytic reduction of 4-hydroxybenzylidenacetone using a whole-cell biocatalyst. Reductase RiRZS1 from Rubus idaeus and glucose dehydrogenase SyGDH from Thermoplasma acidophilum were expressed in Escherichia coli to regenerate NADPH for the whole-cell catalytic reaction. Following the optimization of balancing the coexpression of two enzymes in pRSFDuet-1, we obtained 9.89 g/L RK with a conversion rate of 98% and a space-time yield of 4.94 g/(L·h). The optimum conditions are 40 °C, pH 5.5, and a molar ratio of substrate to auxiliary substrate of 1:2.5. Our study findings provide a promising method of biosynthesizing RK.

The article analyzes the results of measuring the force required for the destruction of a dried raspberry stem by means of transverse action on it. There was used as a variant of the experiment the cutting of stem with support at one and two points, as well as breaking it with a distance between the supports of 30 and 54 mm. It was found that the force on the working body linearly depends on the diameter of the stem. The essential dependence of the required force on the method of action on the material was confirmed. It was revealed that the effort to cut a dried stem is significantly higher than the effort required to break it. To implement the breaking process, a working body in the form of a pair of horizontal twelve-blade rotors mounted with a radial overlap between them by an amount approximately equal to the distance between the outer edges of the adjacent blades is proposed. In this case, the rotors should have a diameter of about 200-210 mm. In addition, they must be equipped with a synchronous drive and shifted in phase by an angle of 150. As a result of modeling the phases of the destruction of the stem by transverse fracture, the force and energy parameters of the process were obtained. With a rotor length of one meter and simultaneous crushing of 25 stems, the average power required to drive is 9.3 kW, with a probability of peak values of 16.4 kW. When calculating the strength, it should be taken into account that a distributed load of up to 12,400 N acts on the rotor shaft in the vertical plane and a distributed load of 2,750 N acts in the horizontal plane. A prototype grinder was tested and proven to work.

This work identified new treatments to develop red raspberries for baking applications for better consumer appeal. Fresh or frozen fruits are often incorporated in baked products such as muffins and pies. These baked products are very popular due to their fresh, fruity flavor. Raspberries are used as an ingredient in many foods due to their delicious flavor. However, the incorporation of red frozen raspberries turns the baked product red due to syneresis during baking. In this study, we developed baking-stable red raspberries to minimize syneresis during baking. We applied three treatments to the red raspberries: vacuum impregnation with low methoxyl pectin and calcium chloride at 20 °C and a vacuum level of 50.8 kPa, for 7 min; partial dehydration using hot air at a dry bulb temperature of 65 °C until the final water content of 0.65 g H2O/g fruit was reached; and edible coatings at different concentrations. Treated berries were stored in a freezer at − 35 °C for 2 months. We determined the mechanical properties, drip loss, and visual integrity of the frozen-thawed red raspberries before baking to select appropriate coatings. Raspberry muffins were then baked to 204 °C for 20 min. We determined the syneresis from the baked fruit using an image analyzer. Findings indicate that sodium alginate coating on red raspberries at 0.4% (w/v) resulted in minimal syneresis in baked muffins at 13.9%, while commercially frozen raspberries showed syneresis at 62.9%. The maximum force (FM) and gradient (GC) values as firmness indicators were improved from control berries (7.45 N and 2.06 N/mm, respectively) to treated berries (21.16 N and 7.06 N/mm, respectively).

Due to the increasing microbial tolerance to commonly used food preservatives, as well as growing consumer awareness of their adverse impact on human health, alternative methods of pathogens reduction in food are widely investigated. The aim of this research was to examine the antimicrobial activity of red raspberry pomace and seed preparations against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes , and probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain. The combined action of LAB (lactic acid bacteria) and raspberry preparations on the pathogenic species was also evaluated. The results of our study showed no or weak antibacterial effect of raspberry preparations on the pathogenic bacteria tested. Regardless of preparation concentration (1.0 or 2.0 mg/mL), the bacteria number after 48-h incubation was usually higher than in the culture at the initial stage and varied from 10 5 to 10 7 cfu/mL. On the other hand, probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain caused a significant reduction in the enteric pathogen count after 24-h co-culture with LAB. The concentrations of both Salmonella serotypes were below the detection limit of the analytical methods applied. Moreover, the combined use of LAB and raspberry preparations resulted in the total elimination of Salmonella strains and the reduction in L. monocytogenes number from 10 5 to 10 2 -10 4 cfu/mL after 24-h co-culture. EHEC revealed the highest resistance to the mixed culture effect. The synergic antimicrobial effect suggests the possibility of applying probiotic bacteria and berry preparations as natural antimicrobial agents in the food industry.

The major aim of this research was to investigate the effect of ozone treatment on the energy metabolism in raspberry fruit during storage at room temperature. Raspberries were ozonated with an ozone concentration of 8–10 mg L−1, for 30 min, every 12 h of storage at room temperature for 72 h. The results indicated that ozone treatment significantly enhanced the activities of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes, such as succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome C oxidase, and H+-ATPase, which contributed to maintain the high level of ATP and energy charge in fruit during storage. Moreover, the energy metabolism in mitochondria was closely correlated with the antioxidant potential of raspberry fruit. This study has given an experimental evidence that ozonation procedure in proposed process conditions significantly affects the mitochondrial respiratory system leading to maintain the high quality of the fruit over a long period of storage at room temperature.

Red raspberry has attracted great interest due to its inherent antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antihyperglycemic effects. To brew a beverage with high antioxidant capacity and desirable sensory ...

One of the main etiological factors in the development of some malignant tumours is the presence of chronic inflammatory processes. A number of biomedical studies have confirmed the anticarcinogenic effect of anti-inflammatory drugs with respect to colon cancers. In addition, some biologically active substances present in medicinal plants have been found to exhibit both anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant activity. In this paper, we investigate potential anticarcinogenic effects of extracts obtained from plant raw materials, including lingonberry (Vaccinium vttis-idaea), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa), grape seeds (Vitis L.), grape pomace (Vitis L.), Krasnodar green tea (Camellia sinensis), ginseng (Panax L.), fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium) and coffee (Coffea arabica). The effect of these extracts on the growth and viability of colon HCT-116 cancer cells was assessed in vitro using the method of MTT assay. In addition, the effect of non-toxic doses of the extracts under study on the basal and induced levels of pro-inflammatory gene expression - cyclooxygenase (COX2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and interleukin 8 (IL8) - was assessed by quantitative PCR. The working concentrations of the extracts under study for HCT-116 cells were determined. It is demonstrated that all investigated extracts are capable of suppressing the expression of COX-2, iNOS and IL-8. Black chokeberry and fireweed extracts exhibit the most pronounced total inhibitory effect on the expression of these inflammatory genes. Future research should investigate effects of black chokeberry and fireweed extracts on the induced expression of COX-2, iNOS and IL-8 and their anti-carcinogenic activity in vivo. The antioxidant activity determined using DPPH and FRAP was the highest for black chokeberry, raspberry and fireweed. A relationship between the anticar-cinogenic and antioxidant effects of the extracts under study was revealed.

Some vegetable oils are currently being promoted as a safe alternative to commercial sunscreens. The true UVB photoprotective efficacy of 14 virgin vegetable oils and the suitability of the dilution method for determining their SPF value were evaluated. Oils and standard sunscreens were investigated in vitro by the Mansur's method in Slovakia and in vivo by the ISO method in the Czech Republic. SPF values in vitro (0.1; 0.0; 0.4; 0.2 and 0.2) and in vivo (2.5; 1.2; 2.6; 2.6; and 2.8) of the five most promoted oils (from carrot seed, coconut, raspberry seed, rosehip seed, and wheat germ) were significantly lower than the values reported in the controversial studies. We have shown that the overestimated SPF values of these oils were determined by authors who did not strictly follow Mansur's original methodology. The other eight vegetable oils also provide no or negligible SPF values. Only the in vitro SPF value of 11.2 tamanu oil is worth mentioning, probably due to high proportion of calophyllolides. In vitro and in vivo SPF ratios from 1.14 to 0.94 obtained by two methods in two laboratories for six commercial sunscreen oils used as controls confirm the correctness of performing the Mansur's method in this study. However, this dilution method has proven to be fundamentally flawed in determining the SPF value of substances with such negligible photoprotection as most vegetable oils can provide. An SPF value of less than 1, which can be determined by this Mansur's method, is physiologically impossible and meaningless.

Raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) are important vegetatively propagated fruit plants. They are used as food, as medicinal plants, and in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. For the protection of inte...

The paper presents two-year results of chemical tests of raspberry fruits in organic and conventional cultivation systems. Raspberry plantations were established on the slopes of Jelica Mountain, on soil having very acidic reaction (pH/KCl 3.67-3.76) and optimal contents of humus and total N. In the conventional cultivation system, the soil had a high supply of readily available P2O5 and K2O and microelements, with excessive levels of Ni, and Cr. In the organic system, the content of Ni and Zn increased. The biochemical properties of organic and conventional fruits showed no significant differences, while the influence of the research year and the interaction of the cultivation system showed significant differences in the content of TA and IS. However, higher values of the levels of soluble solids, total acids and sugars contributed to the more appealing taste and aroma of organic raspberry fruits. The contents of microelements and heavy metals in the fruits of both cultivation systems were measured in the following order Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Co. No significant difference was found in the contents of the examined elements between organic and conventional fruits, except for the statistically higher content of Fe in organic raspberries. The high share of individual elements (especially Ni) in both cultivation systems indicates the need for continuous chemical testing of soil and fruits. Based on the results, it is important to consider the daily intake of each element in relation to body weight and/or maximum daily intake.

Physiological and physical traits are excellent indicators of many crop characteristics, but precise phenotyping of these traits is time consuming and, therefore, limits progress in crop breeding and the speed of crop monitoring. Hyperspectral imaging offers an opportunity to overcome these barriers as a technique for high throughput field measurements. Using a recently developed hyperspectral imaging platform devised for plantations of the perennial crop raspberry, this study aimed to further develop the tool and test its capacity as an innovative approach for high throughput field phenotyping, data collection and analysis. Hyperspectral imaging and visual crop assessments were carried out over two growing seasons in a field-grown raspberry mapping population, and data were subject to Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis. The findings show that reflectance intensity at multiple wavelengths can be linked to known genetic markers in raspberry, and many of these 'spectral traits' are expressed consistently through the growing season and between years, for example spectral ratio 719 nm / 691 nm shows up consistently as a QTL on LG4. Spectral traits were identified that co-located with previously mapped physical traits, such as 719 nm / 691 nm and cane density. The study indicates that hyperspectral imaging can be used as an innovative approach for high throughput field phenotyping of raspberry and could be transferred readily to other perennial crops. Our approach provides a pipeline for automated field data collection and analysis that can be used for rapid QTL detection of spectral traits.

The results of researches of influence of raspberry plant varieties on the species composition of micromycetes in rhizospheric soil and on vegetative organs of plants in the conditions of organic production are given. The mycobiota of raspberry varieties Joan J and Himbo-Top during plant ontogenesis was analyzed and the species composition of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the rhizosphere and on plant leaves was established. It was found that the population is dominated by fungi of following species: Septoria rubi, West, Botrytis cinerea, Pers, Aspergillus niger, V. Tiegh, Alternaria alternata, (Fr.) Keissl., Fusarium graminearum, Schwabe, regardless of the phase of ontogenesis of plants that produce mycotoxins, and can cause disease in animals and humans. According to the results of research, it can be assumed that in the phase of inflorescence growth in the mycobiota of rhizospheric soil and on the vegetative organs of raspberry plants of Joan J and Himbo-Top the greatest competitiveness can be characterized by isolates of fungi Septoria rubi and Alternaria alternata. The obtained results indicate a significant differentiation of the studied varieties by the reaction of interaction between plants, microorganisms and the environment. Thus, while in the mycobiota of rhizospheric soil and vegetative organs of raspberry plants of the Joan J variety during intensive fruiting of plants the isolates of Aspergillus flavus fungi were characterized by the greatest competitiveness, in Himbo-Top cultivar the highest rates of radial growth were shown by isolates of Aspergillus oryzae and Alternaria alternata

The paper presents an analysis of the possibility of growing remontant type raspberry varieties in an annual culture in the climate of the northern regions, which solves the problem of shoots overwintering, both in decorative gardening and industrial plantings. The first stage of research in the collection nursery in the experiment on five remontant raspberry varieties regarding the requirements for soil and climatic conditions, resistance to diseases and pests, growth characteris-tics and individual development allows us to assess the development features of remontant raspberry varieties in the conditions of the Komi Republic. The collection nursery of remontant forms of raspberries of the Institute of Agrobio-technologies of the Federal Research Centre, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, RAS, was founded in 2018 and is represented by 5 varieties: Ruby necklace; Firebird, Elegant, Orange miracle, Hercules (St.). The studies were carried out according to the provisions of the standard method of field experiment during the growing seasons of 2018-2019. Agrometeorolo-gical conditions in 2018 were favorable for raspberry plants, in contrast to 2019. The unfavorable bal-ance of heat and humidity in the growing season of 2019 caused the end of the development of remontant raspberries at the stage of vegetative growth (Hercules variety) or flowering phase (4 varieties). Variety Orange miracle in the condi-tions of the Komi Republic is more susceptible to the risks of developing mycoses and damage by shoot gall midge. According to the results of two years of research, the Ruby Necklace variety showed good results in the formation of a certain number of shoots, resistance to pests and diseases, and the general condition of plants.

An ethnobotanical survey of the traditional use of the wild raspberry (Rubus ideaus) was conducted on nine sites in the regions of southwest (SWS) and southeast (SES) Serbia. The regions studied belong to mountainous rural areas in Serbia, mainly populated by Serbian people of the Orthodox faith. In total, 93 respondents were interviewed about the medicinal, food and cosmetic uses of the wild raspberry. In terms of plant parts in traditional use, the leaf and fruit are known to be used frequently. The dry leaf is more commonly used in the SES (78%) than in the SWS (25%) region. In the SWS region, the most frequent use of the wild raspberry leaf is linked to gastrointestinal disorders and prostate inflammation. In the SES region, the leaves are mostly used for the prevention and healing of gynecological disorders during both pregnancy and lactation. The local population of the SWS region uses the fruits mainly for the preparation of syrup juice (92%), fruit preserves (42%) and in desserts (62%), while in the SES area the fruits are most frequently used for the preparation of nonalcoholic (97.4%) and alcoholic beverages (35.9%). Our results provide some novel information on the use of the wild raspberry in Serbia and in the Balkans, such as for the treatment of prostate inflammation, use during breastfeeding and to alleviate inflammation of the eyes.