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In the present study, the effect of different ratios of GelMA concentration has been exhibited for wound dressing implementation by the electrospinning method using a new polymer combination of Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)/Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Chitosan (CS). The nanofiber composites were fabricated due to their biocompatible, biodegradable, improved mechanical strength, low degradation rate, and hydrophilic nature to develop cell-mimicking, cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Different concentrations of GelMA were added to the PCL/CS solution as 5, 10, and 20 wt%, respectively, in the formic acid/acetic acid (7:3) solution. A photoinitiator was added to the solution for photo-crosslinking of GelMA. The influence of different solution concentrations (5, 10, and 20 wt%) on the structure’s nanofiber production and fiber morphology was examined. SEM micrographs revealed that varied GelMA concentrations resulted in suitable and stable nanofiber composites. The average diameter of nanofiber composites grows as the GelMA concentration rises. FTIR, DSC, tensile test, degradation, and swelling test were evaluated. The results demonstrated that high mechanical strength, hydrophilic properties, and a slow degradation rate were observed with the presence and increment of GelMA concentration within the nanofiber composites. The antibacterial potential of GelMA/PCL/CS nanofiber composites was evaluated against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus using a disc diffusion assay. In vitro cell culture research was conducted by seeding NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells on nanofiber composites, proving these cells’ high cell proliferation rate, viability, and adhesion. 10 wt% GelMA-based nanofiber composites were found to have great potential for wound dressing applications.

Novel chiral benzimidazole amine hybrids (4a–4d) were synthesized from commercially available amine [(R)- (+)-phenylethylamine, (−) (S)-(-)-phenylethylamine, (−) (R)-(-)-cyclohexylethylamine, (S)-(+)-cyclohexylethylamine] and 2-(chloromethyl)-N-tosyl-1H-benzimidazole. The synthesized compounds (4a–4d) were characterized by IR, NMR, and LC/MS analysis. The inhibitory effect of 4a–4d on human erythrocytes carbonic anhydrase I (hCA-I), II (hCA-II), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was investigated. For hCA-I, the IC50 values of 4a–4d were found to be 4.895 μM, 1.750 μM, 0.173 μM, and 0.620 μM, respectively, and for hCA-II, the IC50 values of 4a–4d were found to be 0.469 μM, 0.380 μM, 0.233 μM, 0.635 μM, respectively. Furthermore, IC50 values of 4a–4d on AChE were found as 87.5 nM, 100 nM, 26.92 nM, and 100 nM, respectively. In addition, molecular docking analysis was performed to evaluate the affinity of 4a–4d against hCA-I, hCA-II, and AChE and explain their binding interactions. © 2023 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.

© 2023 Elsevier B.V.Because of the brain\"s complexity, developing effective treatments for neurological disorders is a formidable challenge. Research efforts to this end are advancing as in vitro systems have reached the point that they can imitate critical components of the brain\"s structure and function. Brain-on-a-chip (BoC) was first used for microfluidics-based systems with small synthetic tissues but has expanded recently to include in vitro simulation of the central nervous system (CNS). Defining the system\"s qualifying parameters may improve the BoC for the next generation of in vitro platforms. These parameters show how well a given platform solves the problems unique to in vitro CNS modeling (like recreating the brain\"s microenvironment and including essential parts like the blood-brain barrier (BBB)) and how much more value it offers than traditional cell culture systems. This review provides an overview of the practical concerns of creating and deploying BoC systems and elaborates on how these technologies might be used. Not only how advanced biosensing technologies could be integrated with BoC system but also how novel approaches will automate assays and improve point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics and accurate quantitative analyses are discussed. Key challenges providing opportunities for clinical translation of BoC in neurodegenerative disorders are also addressed.

In this original paper, the development of a paper-based, sensitive, low-cost, quantitative and consistent biosensor system was demonstrated for the suitable “naked-eye” detection of phenolic compounds (specifical catechol). The Paper-based system depends on the enzymatic color-changing reaction that observed by using chromogenic agent of 4-AAP (4-aminoantipyrine) which has a specific color changing reaction in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme, phenol and H2O2. The visual result was associated with the catechol concentration by using image processing software to evaluate the quantitative detection. The developed biosensor system demonstrated a linear detection range from catechol between 2,5 µM to 100 µM with 2.6% to 9.3 % of sd results. The detection limit was also calculated as 2,25 µM. Specificity, selectivity, stability and direct real sample analysis demonstrated the potential applicability of the developed paper-based biosensor system for catechol detection in food samples with minimal investment and an easy-to-use method.

Catechin has been reported to possess many advantageous for practical application due to its distinctive antioxidant and anti-inflammatory performance. This paper reports the in-silico characterization of single stranded-DNA (ssDNA) aptamers, specific for catechin. 28 primary sequences from DNA-aptamers library screened via systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) from previous research were predicted and constructed into 3D structural conformation using several bioinformatics tools. Blind docking was performed to all 28 aptamer candidates and resulted in 4 noticeable aptamer with highest binding energy, namely Aptamer 24, 18, 9 and 27 as catechin specific aptamer. Influence of environmental factors towards catechin specific aptamers also was taken in consideration. It was predicted that aptamer 24, 18, 9 and 27 were the most potential aptamer for catechin recognition tool at laboratory scale based on the docking result. However, further in vitro experimental study in laboratory needs to be done as validation.

Phenol compounds are used in many industrial areas. Due to their high toxicity and stability, phenol compounds are carcinogenic to humans and animals even at low concentrations during their production and use. For this reason, the removal of phenol contaminants is both necessary and beneficial. Water pollution caused by phenols is one of the most serious problems globally, threatening both people and the environment. Increasing industrial and human activities have led to an increase in wastewater discharge into water resources. These phenolic chemicals are harmful, and although there are different methods used, it is very important to find new materials and effective methods to remove these pollutants from water. This study aimed to convert the phenols purified from water using tyrosinase paste to a less harmful state by making an enzymatic biofilter for phenol removal, thanks to the polyaniline structure we formed on the filter paper, to ensure phenol retention. While this process took place, FeCl3 solution was used as the reactor material, and aniline was turned into polyaniline with FeCl3 solution in HCl. While these processes are being carried out, it is aimed to prepare the most efficient biofilter by using the components that make up the experiment at different concentrations. By calculating the % efficiency of the catechols, absorbance values were measured before and after filtration. It was revealed that the highest percentage of biofilter activity was formed using 0.15 M aniline, 10 KU tyrosinase enzyme, and 1% chitosan concentrations., Fenol bileşikleri birçok endüstriyel alanda kullanılmaktadır. Yüksek toksisiteleri ve kararlılıkları nedeniyle, üretimleri ve kullanımları sırasında düşük konsantrasyonlarda bile insanlar ve hayvanlar için kanserojendir. Bu nedenle fenol kirleticilerinin uzaklaştırılması oldukça gereklidir. Fenollerin neden olduğu su kirliliği, hem insanları hem de çevreyi tehdit eden, küresel olarak en ciddi sorunlardan biridir. Artan endüstriyel ve insan faaliyetleri, atık suların su kaynaklarına deşarjının artmasına neden olmuştur. Bu fenolik bileşiklerin farklı yöntemler ve etkili yöntemler ile uzaklaştırılması çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, filtre kağıdı üzerinde oluşturduğumuz polianilin ve tirozinaz enzimi ile oluşturulan biyofiltre yapısı sayesinde fenolün tutulmasını ve enzimatik bir reaksiyon ile daha az zararlı hale dönüştürülmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu işlem yapılırken reaktör malzemesi olarak FeCl3 çözeltisi kullanılmış ve anilin, HCl içinde FeCl3 çözeltisi ile polianilin haline getirilmiştir. Bu işlemler yapılırken deneyi oluşturan bileşenler farklı konsantrasyonlarda kullanılarak en verimli biyofiltrenin hazırlanması hedeflenmiştir. Fenolik bileşenlerin giderimlerinde oluşturulan biyofiltrelerin % etkinlikleri hesaplanırken filtrasyon öncesi ve sonrası absorbans değerleri ölçülmüştür. En yüksek biyofiltre aktivitesi yüzdesinin 0.15 M anilin, 10 KU tirozinaz enzimi ve %1 kitosan konsantrasyonları kullanılarak oluşturulduğu belirlenmiştir.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy is a genetic neuromuscular disease that leads to muscle weakness and atrophy and it is characterized by the loss of α-motor neurons in the spinal cord\"s anterior horn cells. The disease appears due to low levels of the survival motor neuron protein. There are continuing clinical trials for the treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Quinazoline-based compounds are promising since they were tested on fibroblasts derived from the patients and found to increase the survival motor neuron protein levels. In this study, using multiple linear regression, we generated robust and valid quantitative structure- activity relationship models to predict the survival motor neuron-2 promoter activity of the new candidate compounds using the experimental survival motor neuron-2 promoter activity values of 2,4-diaminoquinazoline derivatives taken from the literature. The novel compounds designed by combining the pyrido[1,2-α]pyrimidin-4-one moeity of the known drug Risdiplam with that of 2,4 - diaminoquinazoline scaffold were predicted to exhibit strong promoter activities.

© 2022 Elsevier B.V.Lignocellulosics are abundant carbon sources in nature, therefore they gain increasing attention in biotechnology for production of value-added chemicals. In this proof-of-concept study highlighting the techno-economic potential of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) production from lignocellulosic agro-waste hazelnut husk, first an exploratory model-based optimization was used to release the sugar content of the husk whilst maximizing sugar concentration. The sugar hydrolysate was then evaluated as a feedstock for production using an engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum strain. Optimal treatment conditions were found by Kriging model as 12.5% husk load with 3.8% acid for 50 min at 121 °C, which gave a hydrolysate of 27.67 g L−1 reducing sugar with a yield of 11.07 g sugar/100 g husk. When this hydrolysate was used as the sole carbon source during fermentative production, 20 ± 0.4 mg L−1 of L-DOPA was produced. When cells grown on husk hydrolysate were used for whole-cell biotransformation, a titer of 82 ± 1 mg L−1 of L-DOPA was obtained. From an economical point of view, the titer obtained during fermentative production would allow production of L-DOPA from hazelnut husk right around the breakeven point. However, further engineering of the strains and optimization of bioprocess conditions, would make it possible to bring the revenues to higher levels.

© 2023 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.Antiproliferative activity of Achillea vermicularis extracts was calculated on glial (C6) and keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines using XTT assay. It was observed that all extracts of A. vermicularis at the determined concentration were not cytotoxic in HaCaT cell lines. The nanoparticles (NPs) of the extract with the best cytotoxic activity was prepared, and necessary characterization studies were performed. Results showed that NP containing the extract has a lower IC50 value and more cytotoxic activity in C6 cells compared to the only extract. Furthermore, the antiepileptic potentials of these substances were explored in this study. The effect of A. vermicularis extracts on the enzyme activities of carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II) was measured using spectrophotometry to achieve this goal. A. vermicularis extracts demonstrated high inhibitory activities compared to standard inhibitor (acetazolamide, AAZ), with IC50 values in the range of 5.04–10.8 μg/ml for hCA I, and 5.40–9.22 μg/ml for hCA II. High-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was used in this investigation to assess the main chemicals found in the extract and NPs. The results showed that the ethanol extract (157.636 μg/mg extract) and NPs (4.631 μg/mg extract) had a significant amount of the 8-hydroxy salvigenin component.

Tıbbi ve aromatik özelliğe sahip olan Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench (altın otu) bitkisinin kuraklık stresi altında göstermiş olduğu morfolojik, fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal çalışmalar literatürde bulunmamaktadır. Helichrysum türleri geleneksel halk hekimliğinde kullanılan ve günümüzde de modern tıpta kullanılmaya devam eden tıbbi aromatik özellikte bitkiler olarak bilinmektedir. Reaktif oksijen türleri ve diğer serbest radikallerin oluşumu engellemeye yönelik aktivitelerinden dolayı doğal antioksidan olarak görülmektedir. Bu amaçla, Sivas bölgesinden toplanan altın otu bitkisinde çimlenme ve erken gelişim döneminde kuraklık stresine göstermiş olduğu morfolojik, fizyolojik ve antioksidan savunma sistemi temelli yanıtlar belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Kontrollü koşulların sağlandığı iklimlendirme odalarında, petri kaplarında büyütülen altın otu tohumları PEG-6000 ile (%0-30) kuraklık stresine maruz bırakılmıştır. Altın otu bitkilerinin erken gelişme döneminde PEG-6000 (%0-15) uygulamalarının büyüme parametreleri, yaprak su içeriği (YSİ), tiyobarbitürik asit reaktif maddelerinin (TBARS), hidrojen peroksit (H2O2) miktarı ve antioksidan enzim aktivitelerinde (süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT), askorbat peroksidaz (APX), glutatyon redüktaz (GR)) meydana gelen değişimler incelenmiştir. Çimlenme çalışmasında altın otu tohumlarının PEG %20 ve PEG %30 ortamlarında çimlenemediği, erken gelişme döneminde ise PEG %15 uygulamasının fidelerin gelişimi üzerinde ciddi bir baskılanmaya neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kuraklık uygulamasının (PEG %5 ve PEG %10) altın otu bitkilerininin büyüme parametreleri, YSİ, CAT ve GR seviyesinde azalmaya, TBARS, H2O2, SOD ve APX değerlerinde ise artışa neden olmuştur. Altın otu bitkilerinde kuraklık şiddeti arttığında büyümenin baskılanmasına karşın antioksidan enzimlerinden APX ve SOD aktivitelerinin arttığı ilk kez bu tez çalışmasıyla ortaya konmuştur. Morphological, physiological and biochemical studies of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench (sandy everlasting) plant, which has medicinal and aromatic properties, under drought stress are not available in the literature. Helichrysum species are known as medicinal aromatic plants that are used in traditional folk medicine and continue to be used in modern medicine today. It is seen as a natural antioxidant due to its activities to prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species and other free radicals. For this purpose, it was tried to determine the morphological, physiological and antioxidant defense system-based responses to drought stress in the germination and early development period of sandy everlasting plant collected from Sivas region. Sandy everlasting seeds grown in petri dishes were exposed to drought stress (0-30%) with PEG-6000 in air-conditioning rooms where controlled conditions were provided. Growth parameters, leaf water content (YSI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) amount and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD)) of PEG-6000 (0-15%) applications during the early development period of sandy everlasting plants. catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR)) changes were investigated. In the germination study, it was determined that sandy everlasting seeds could not germinate in PEG 20% and PEG 30% media, and PEG 15% application in the early development period caused a serious suppression on the development of the seedlings. Drought treatment (PEG 5% and PEG 10%) caused a decrease in the growth parameters of sandy everlasting plants, YSI, CAT and GR levels, and an increase in TBARS, H2O2, SOD and APX values. In this thesis, it was demonstrated for the first time that the antioxidant enzymes APX and SOD activities increased, although the growth was suppressed when the severity of drought increased in sandy everlasting plants.

Bu çalışmada lise düzeyinde okullarda günümüze kadar geleneksel yöntemlerle öğretilen biyoteknoloji konusunun daha iyi anlatılabilmesi için web destekli öğretim araçları araştırılmış ve biyoteknolojinin öğretilmesine yapacağı katkılar ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır. Biyoteknoloji konusu ülkemizde lise düzeyinde 12.sınıf seviyesinde okutulmaktadır. Biyoteknoloji öğretiminde öğrencilerin ilgisini en çok çeken konular, gen klonlama, rekombinant DNA, DNA parmak izi, gen terapisi ve genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalardır. İlgili konularda 12. Sınıf kitabında yer alan teorik bilgi, sınırlı anlatımı ile yetersiz kalmakta ve öğrencilerin ilgisini karşılayamamaktadır. Türkiye'de ve yurtdışında; sanal laboratuvarlar, arttırılmış gerçeklik uygulamaları, animasyon uygulamaları ile biyoteknoloji öğretiminin etkinliği artırılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Özellikle karşı karşıya kaldığımız Covid-19 salgını nedeniyle günümüzde artık öğrenme ortamı sadece okul değildir. İnternet teknolojisinin olduğu her yer okuldur. Bu amaçla son yıllarda hibrit eğitim kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. Buna ek olarak eğitimin sanal ortama taşınması dijital öğrenim araçlarının ve çeşitliliğinin de hızla artmasına neden olmuştur. Böyle bir dönemde daha iyi bir biyoteknoloji eğitimi için geliştirilen web destekli öğretim araçların incelenmesi ve öğrencilere aktarılmak üzere derlenmesi yararlı olacaktır. Sunulan tez çalışması bu amaç doğrultusunda uluslararası düzeyde, web tabanlı biyoteknoloji öğretim araçlarının incelenerek derlenmesini hedeflemiştir. Tez çalışması sonucu tespit edilen web destekli araçların, orta öğretim düzeyindeki gençlerde biyoteknolojinin sağlıklı ve etkin öğretiminde önemli fark yaratacağı düşünülmektedir. In this study, web-assisted teaching tools will be investigated in order to better explain the subject of biotechnology, which has been taught with traditional methods in high schools until today, and its effects on students will be tried to be revealed. The subject of biotechnology is taught at the 12th grade at high school in our country. The topics that most attract students' attention in biotechnology teaching are gene cloning, recombinant DNA, DNA fingerprinting, gene therapy and genetically modified organisms. Theoretical education in related subjects is insufficient and cannot meet the interest of the students. In Turkey and abroad; Virtual laboratories, augmented reality applications, animation applications are trying to increase the efficiency of biotechnology teaching. Especially due to the Covid-19 epidemic that we are facing, the learning environment is no longer just school. Every place where there is internet technology is school. For this purpose, the concept of hybrid education has emerged in recent years. In addition, the transfer of education to the virtual environment has led to a rapid increase in digital learning tools and their diversity. In such a period, it would be useful to examine the web-supported teaching tools developed for a better biotechnology education. It is thought that the web-supported tools determined as a result of the thesis study will make a significant difference in the healthy and effective teaching of biotechnology.

Geçmişten günümüze buğday insan beslenmesinde önemli bir besin maddesi olmuştur ve gelecekte de bu önemini korumaya devam edecektir. Buğdayın; adaptasyon yeteneğinin yüksek, işlemesinin kolay ve az maliyetli olmasından dolayı dünyanın birçok bölgesinde üretimi gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Geniş alanlarda yayılış göstermiş olan buğday, sadece insan beslenmesinde değil hayvan beslenmesinde ve endüstri alanında da kullanılmaktadır. Birçok alanda kullanılan buğdayın gelecekteki talebi karşılayabilmesi için verim kayıplarının önüne geçilmesi ve birim alandan elde edilen veriminin arttırılması gerekmektedir. Buğdayda verim kayıplarının nedenlerinden biri de kahverengi pas hastalığıdır. Bu kayıpların engellenebilmesi ve verimin arttırılabilmesi için yeni çeşitlerin ıslah edilmesi gerekmektedir. Çeşitlerin ıslahında, moleküler destekli ıslah ile klasik ıslah metotlarının birlikte kullanılması daha etkili ve hızlı sonuçlar alınmasını sağlayabilmektedir. Yapılan tez çalışmasında buğdayda kahverengi pas dayanıklılık geni olan Lr gen bölgelerinden; Lr1, Lr9, Lr10, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr19, Lr21, Lr22a, Lr24, Lr34, Lr35, Lr37, Lr39, Lr46, Lr47, Lr49 ve Lr58 gen bölgeleri çalışılmıştır. Çalışma da PCR optimizasyonu sağlanan Lr13, Lr14a, Lr19, Lr22a, Lr24, Lr34, Lr37 ve Lr47 gen bölgeleri ile 96 buğday genotipi kahverengi pasa dayanıklılık açısından test edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen verilerin kahverengi pasa dayanıklılık genleri içeren çeşitlerin buğday ıslah programlarında kullanılmasına önemli bilgiler sağlayacağı ve etkili ıslah programlarının oluşturulmasında önemli paya sahip olacağı düşünülmektedir. Wheat has been a significant nutrient in human nutrition from past to present and will continue to maintain this importance in the future. Wheat; due to its high adaptability, easy processing, and low cost, it can be produced in many regions of the world. Wheat, which has spread over wide areas, is used not only in human nutrition but also in animal nutrition and industry. In order to meet future demand, it is necessary to prevent yield losses and increase the yield obtained from the unit area. One of the reasons for yield losses in wheat is leaf rust disease. In order to prevent these losses and increase the yield, new varieties need to be developed. In the breeding of varieties, more effective and faster results can be obtained with molecular-assisted classical breeding programs. In the thesis, leaf rust resistance genes in wheat; Lr1, Lr9, Lr10, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr19, Lr21, Lr22a, Lr24, Lr34, Lr35, Lr37, Lr39, Lr46, Lr47, Lr49, and Lr58 genes were studied. Among the studied Lr genes, the Lr13, Lr14a, Lr19, Lr22a, Lr24, Lr34, Lr37, and Lr47 gene regions were optimized with PCR and determined in terms of resistance to leaf rust in 96 wheat genotypes. It is thought that the data obtained from the study provide important information for the use of varieties containing leaf rust resistance genes in wheat breeding programs and have important implications in the creation of effective breeding programs.

Microneedles (MNs) are micrometer-sized arrays that can penetrate the skin in a minimally invasive manner; these devices offer tremendous potential for the transdermal delivery of therapeutic molecules. Although there are many conventional techniques for manufacturing MNs, most of them are complicated and can only fabricate MNs with specific geometries, which restricts the ability to adjust the performance of the MNs. Herein, we present the fabrication of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) MN arrays using the vat photopolymerization 3D printing technique. This technique allows for the fabrication of high-resolution and smooth surface MNs with desired geometries. The existence of methacryloyl groups bonded to the GelMA was verified by 1H NMR and FTIR analysis. To examine the effects of varying needle heights (1000, 750, and 500 µm) and exposure times (30, 50, and 70 s) on GelMA MNs, the height, tip radius, and angle of the needles were measured; their morphological and mechanical properties were also characterized. It was observed that as the exposure time increased, the height of the MNs increased; moreover, sharper tips were obtained and tip angles decreased. In addition, GelMA MNs exhibited good mechanical performance with no breakage up to 0.3 mm displacement. These results indicate that 3D printed GelMA MNs have great potential for transdermal delivery of various therapeutics.

© 2022, Turkish Pharmacists Association. All rights reserved.Objectives: Interferons (IFNs) are one of the most important components of innate immunity against viruses, especially those carrying the RNA genomes such as influenza viruses. Upon viral infection, the IFNs are rapidly secreted, inducing the expression of several genes in the target cells and establishing an antiviral state. In this study, the effects of proteins encoded by some IFN-related genes on influenza A virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme were investigated. We evaluated the importance of these proteins in the pathogenesis of different influenza A virus types. Materials and Methods: The IFN-related genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the HEK293 cDNA library and cloned into pCHA expression vector. The expression of genes and subcellular localizations of the proteins were determined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The effects of IFNs-related proteins on virus RdRP enzyme were determined by influenza A virus mini-replicons. Results: The study revealed that the influenza A virus infections significantly altered the transcript level of the IFN-related CCL5, IFIT1, IFIT3, IFITM3, and OAS1 genes in HEK293 cells. It was determined that the alteration of the gene expression was also related to the virus type. The mini-replicon assays showed that the transient expression of CCL5, IFI27, OAS1, IFITM3, IFIT1, and IFIT3 have inhibitory effects on WSN and/or DkPen type virus RdRP enzymes. We observed that the proteins except OAS1 inhibited WSN type RdRP enzyme at a higher level than that of DkPen enzyme. Conclusion: It was concluded that influenza A virus infection significantly alters the IFN-related gene expression in the cells. Most of the proteins encoded from these genes showed an inhibitory effect on the virus RdRP enzymes in the HEK293 cells. The inhibition of the influenza virus RdRP with IFN-related proteins may be the result of direct or indirect interactions between the host proteins and the viral enzyme subunits.

İşlenmiş gıda numunelerindeki yüksek oranda bozulmuş DNA içeriği, GDO'ların tespitinde verimi sınırlamaktadır. Genel olarak, literatürde transgenik bitki tohumlarından veya ham maddelerden geleneksel DNA izolasyon teknikleri mevcuttur, ancak işlenmiş gıda örneklerinden DNA izolasyon teknikleri ile ilgili çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Ayrıca, birçok işlenmiş gıda ürünü, çok sayıda karmaşık bitki veya hayvan kaynaklarından elde edilen genomik DNA içerir. Bu çalışma bisküvi, kek, kraker, mısır cipsi ve un gibi işlenmiş gıdaların yüksek kaliteli DNA izolasyonu için bazı faydalı modifikasyonlar önermektedir. Bu amaçla, işlenmiş gıdaları incelemek için GDO analizinin ilk adımı olan gıda örneklerinden yüksek moleküler ağırlıklı ve kaliteli DNA elde etmek için izolasyon protokolleri araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen DNA örneklerinden beklenen uzunluktaki hedef organizmanın gen bölgesini kontrol etmek ve bunları DNA izolasyon verimleriyle karşılaştırmak için soya fasulyesi ve mısıra özgü primerler ile PCR tespiti yapılmıştır. Test edilen dört izolasyon yöntemi arasında, değiştirilmiş Wizard-CTAB yöntemi, test edilen gıda ürünlerinin çoğunda daha iyi sonuçlar vermiştir. Sonuçlar, modifiye Wizard-CTAB'nin mısır ve soya fasulyesine özgü genler ve GDO tespiti ile ilgili çalışmalar için farklı gıda ürünlerinde seçim için kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir., The highly degraded DNA content in processed food samples results in limited efficiency in detecting GMOs. Generally, conventional DNA isolation techniques from transgenic plant seeds or raw materials are available in the literature, but studies on DNA isolation techniques from processed food samples are more limited. Also, many processed food products contain genomic DNA from numerous complex plants or animal sources. This study proposed some beneficial modifications for high-quality DNA isolation of processed foods such as biscuits, cakes, crackers, corn chips, and flours. For this purpose, isolation protocols were investigated to obtain high molecular weight and quality DNA from food samples, the first step in GMO analysis to study processed foods. PCR detection was performed with soybean and corn-specific primers to control the gene region of the target organism of expected length from the obtained DNA samples and compare them with DNA isolation yields. Among the four isolation methods tested, the modified Wizard-CTAB method showed better results in most of the tested food products. Results showed that the modified Wizard-CTAB could be used for selection can be made in different food products for studies on corn and soybean specific genes and GMO detection.

Algler hayatın her alanında özellikle endüstride sıkça kullanılan bir canlı grubudur. Çok farklı hücresel şekilleri vardır ve farklı habitatlarda ve yüzeylerde üreyebilirler. Doğada kolaylıkla kendiliğinden çoğalabilen algler, laboratuvar koşullarında çok steril ve dikkatli çalışılmanın sonucunda saf kültür olarak çoğalabilirler. Günümüzde biyoteknoloji alanında; biyodizel üretiminde, yenilebilir biyoplasik yapımında, balık yemi ve besin olarak, mikrobiyal gübre ve kozmetikler gibi daha pekçok çeşitli çalışmalarda kullanılan algler için farklı üretim teknikleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu üretim teknikleri yüksek maliyetlidir ve ekonomik sebeplerle istenilen miktarlarda çoğaltılamamaktadır, bilimsel çalışmalar sekteye uğramaktadır ve okullarda birçok öğrenci projesi yürütülememektedir. Özellikle ortaöğretim okullarında yapılacak bilimsel çalışmalar için alg üretmek bu nedenle sorun olabilmektedir. Buna çözüm olarak evsel bitkisel atıklar kullanılarak hazırlanacak bir alg besi ortamı hem daha ucuz hem de kolay ulaşılabilir olacaktır. Bu nedenle özellikle bitkisel atıklardan salatalık, portakal ve benzeri sebze ve meyvelerin atıkları kullanılarak alg üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar göstermiştir ki; %20 oranında portakal atığı, %5 ve %10 oranında yumurta kabuğu özütü içeren ortamlar BG-11 besi ortamı yerine alternatif olarak kullanılabilecek besi ortamlarıdır.