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When municipal solid waste (MSW) is placed in a landfill, it undergoes anaerobic decomposition, leading to the production of landfill gas, which primarily consists of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Reducing methane emissions is essential in the fight against climate change. It must be implemented at global and European levels, as set out in 2030 in the impact assessment of the climate goal plan. This assessment states that to achieve the goal by 2030 and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55%, the methane emissions must be reduced, considering the goals of the Paris Agreement. The Glasgow Climate Pact includes a global mitigation target of the year 2030: to reduce CO2 emissions by 45%, and the emissions of methane and other greenhouse gasses. For that purpose, looking for new, more advanced ways of managing such waste is necessary. The main objective of this experimental study was to evaluate the influence of aeration, probiotic introduction, and water supply on the production of landfill gasses (CO2, CH4, N2, H2, etc.) in five different landfill models during the management of MSW and to propose the best solutions for reducing environmental pollution. The results of the research showed that the first and second models of landfills, using only anaerobic conditions, can be used for the treatment of MSW for the production of biogas (CH4, CO2), as up to 40–60% of it was released during the 120-experiment period. The third landfill model can be applied in old, already closed landfills, where the rapid stabilization and aeration of MSW are required to minimize pollutant emissions (N2, etc.) and unwanted odors and shorten biodegradation processes. The results of the fourth and fifth landfill models, in which aerobic–anaerobic conditions were applied, showed that the developing nitrification–denitrification processes resulted in complete nitrogen removal (from 20% to 0%), and overall waste stabilization improved the biodegradation of the MSW. Later, relatively good (on average, 30%) results of biogas (CH4, CO2) emissions are achieved during anaerobic condition formation results. Summarizing all experiment results of all landfill models for the further evaluation of the processes, all models can be applied in real practice depending on where they will be used and what result they want to achieve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium contamination in water bodies poses severe risks to both the environment and human health. This research introduces an innovative solution to this challenge by creating a vapor-activated carbosorbent from biodegradable household waste. The efficacy of this adsorbent in removing total chromium through batch methods from aqueous solutions was investigated. Surface analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited a porous structure, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified distinct functional groups on the surface. The point of zero charge (PZC), determined at 6.95, revealed the adsorbent's surface chemistry. Impressively, the synthesized carbosorbent exhibited significant adsorption capacities of 23.08 mg.g-1 for Cr(III) and 24.84 mg.g-1 for Cr(VI) under optimal conditions. The Langmuir isotherm model illustrated a monolayer adsorption mechanism aligned with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, confirming chemisorption. Thermodynamic analysis disclosed favorable and spontaneous chromium adsorption. Negative ΔG° values affirmed the spontaneity, while the exothermic nature of the process was signified by the positive ΔH° value, indicating heat release. Increased randomness at the solid-liquid interface, indicated by the positive ΔS° value, underscored the enhanced affinity between the adsorbent and adsorbate. This study exemplifies the potential of the vaporactivated carbosorbent as an efficient and sustainable remedy for chromium-contaminated water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a significant global concern with adverse environmental, socio-economic, and health effects. However, characterizing MSW in developing urban areas is limited. By 2030, global MSW is projected to reach 2.59 billion tons, with 90% being disposed of unsafely. This study aims to quantify and characterize MSW in the Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation (CCMC) in India, which generates 800–1000 tons of MSW daily. MSW data were collected using a door-to-door survey approach and sorted according to the Solid Waste Management Rules (2016). The study found that the per capita waste generation (PCG) for CCMC is 0.310 ± 0.453 kg/person/day (skewness (γ) = 5.69), with the highest PCG observed in the East zone with 0.365 ± 0.504 kg/person/day (γ = 7.88). Additionally, the study estimated the PCG based on categories, the number of persons, and different income groups. The estimated overall MSW in CCMC is 909.85 ± 1329.55 tons/day where 68.26 ± 41.25% is biodegradable waste. The study provides policymakers and waste management authorities with valuable insights to develop effective and sustainable waste management strategies for CCMC and other similar urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Securing "energy from waste" appeared as the most engrossed research area to find out global solutions for waste disposal and energy production. Watermelon peels (WMPs) are discarded as bulk waste in the whole oriental region that demands appropriate disposal to save environment from pollution. This study investigates the potential of yeast employing WMPs that embodies significant sugars to be fermented into ethanol. For this purpose, WMPs were subjected to dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis under optimized conditions (6% H2SO4 at 50 °C for 60 min) elucidated by response surface methodology (RSM) of central composite design (CCD). The experimental design dealt with the optimization of fermentation influencing independent parameters which included pretreated WMP hydrolysate, synthetic medium ratio (X1), hydrolysis temperature (X2), and incubation period (X3) for maximal ethanol yield while employing standard (Saccharomyces cerevisiae K7) and experimental (Metchnikowia cibodasensis Y34) yeast isolates. The significance of the model for experimental yeast was envisaged by 6.22 F value (0.0060 P), 0.8616 R2 and 8.393 adequate precision. The optimized parameters were found as 52.03 mL WMP hydrolysate concentration at 29.46 °C after an incubation period of 15 days. Maximal ethanol yield (g/g reducing sugars) obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae K7 was 0.33 ± 0.05, while Metchnikowia cibodasensis Y34 showed as 0.38 ± 0.01. From this research, the ethanologenic and ethanol tolerant potential of yeast Metchnikowia cibodasensis Y34 is apparent to valorize WMPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance and interest in the efficient use and valorization of agro-industrial residues and by-products have grown due to environmental problems associated with improper disposal. Biotechnological production processes, including microbial biosurfactant production, represent a sustainable way to utilize agro-industrial residues and by-products, which are applied as substrates in these processes. Biosurfactants produced by microorganisms using renewable resources are a viable alternative to traditional petrochemical surfactants and have several potential uses in a wide range of industrial sectors due to their minimal ecotoxicity, easy biodegradability, and moderate production conditions. The common applications of biosurfactants, besides in food industry as food additives and preservatives, are in agriculture, environmental protection, the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, wastewater treatment, the petroleum industry, etc. This review aims to summarize the comprehensive scientific research related to the use of various agro-industrial residues and by-products in the microbial production of biosurfactants, as well as to emphasize the present state and the importance of their sustainable production. Additionally, based on the available biosurfactant market analysis datasets and research studies, the current situation in science and industry and the future perspectives of microbial biosurfactant production have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Georgia, as a developing country, faces challenges of biodegradable waste management. The promotion of the modern composting systems is the major problem for the country, given that the generation of municipal waste is characterized by increasing dynamics and, therefore, the amount of biodegradable waste is also increasing every year. By 2030, waste generation is expected to increase maximum to 1.2 % annually, which should be the cause of significant challenges for local municipalities whose duties include municipal waste management, including recycling/composting activities. According to the experience of the EU states and other developed countries, composting as one of the best approaches to recycling biodegradable waste, is still not properly developed in Georgia. The article provides an analysis of the current state of waste management, the main approaches of the existing national policy in this field, and the successful experience of centralized composting given on the example of the Kutaisi composting centre, the replication of which will significantly improve the state of biodegradable waste management in Georgia. In view of the critical analysis of existing approaches to composting and local characteristics, it is proposed to introduce models such as centralized composting and community and home composting.

Municipal waste management is an important aspect in the context of the environmental protection of any country. Biowaste is the dominant stream among all municipal waste in Poland (32.4% in 2020). It can be processed through recycling and recovery processes. It is also possible to dispose of it, although according to the waste hierarchy, such action should be the last option. For biowaste to be recycled, e.g., through anaerobic digestion or composting, it must have suitable properties to be processed through the processes mentioned above. This study aims to discuss the selective collection and management of biowaste from Poland's municipal sector and identify limiting factors. The paper also indicates selected aspects of possible changes in the waste management sector, considering the role of society and waste management companies. The factors limiting the collection and further use of biowaste from the municipal sector in Poland can be divided into economic, social, technical, and technological. This article refers to the situation in Poland, but some problems occur analogously in other countries. This is because the barriers limiting the selective collection and management of biowaste in many countries are similar and differ mainly in the degree of intensity and the scope they cover. Given the increasingly stringent requirements for waste management, measures must be taken to achieve the legally required levels of recycling of biowaste and to recycle it as well as possible. The development of installations for biological waste management will be crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recovery and recycling of municipal solid waste biodegradable fraction (50–55%) are essential for attaining sustainability and a circular economy. Among organic waste treatment methods, composting is used to recycle organic fractions of waste. However, only 10–12% of municipal solid waste is utilized for composting treatment due to a lack of segregation practices and process challenges, including long process periods, odorous and greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen loss, and low compost quality, which hinders large-scale practice. The current review paper discusses the challenges of composting treatment and its possible solutions. Various strategies were explored to address these challenges, such as utilizing microbial inoculum, additives, and optimization of physicochemical parameters. It also emphasizes the application of metagenomics for exploring key species. The knowledge about the microbial community and biochemical pathways (genome mining) can be exploited for the improvement of treatment efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid population growth, the amount of waste generated is also increasing. Today, conventional methods used for waste disposal are not suitable for reusing these wastes in a way that will not harm the environment or obtain energy. In recent years, the energy values of wastes that may cause harmful effects on the environment have started to be taken into account and the tendency towards disposal methods that can generate energy are increasing. The Thrace Region is located in an important geographical region for Turkey, where the population is dense, industry, agriculture, and livestock activities are carried out together, and solid waste production with high energy potential is also high. In this study, the biogas potential in the Thrace Region was determined by considering animal wastes, vegetable wastes, sewage sludge, and kitchen wastes. While determining the biogas potential of the Thrace Region, the data of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) on a yearly basis were used. In this study, it was determined that the total biogas potential of 2010, 2015, and 2020 were 281.452 m3 /day, 341.228 m3/day, and 358.153 m3 /day, respectively. As a result, it was recommended for both the Thrace Region and our country to use biogas energy obtained by disposing of wastes both economically and ecologically, instead of depleting fossil fuels.

Solid waste management has become a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of Ethiopia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the status of the existing solid waste management and to assess the attitude and role of the community in Mettu town. In order to accomplish these objectives, both primary and secondary data were gathered and analyzed by descriptive statistics. The sample size included of 96 members of households, business owners, kebele leaders, municipal workers, solid waste collectors and health extension workers who were selected randomly. Based on the data that generated from the respondents municipal solid waste management system is very weak in terms of status, spatial coverage, community involvement, and solid waste management facility. Among 96 about 84 (87.5%) respondents are not satisfied with the existing solid waste management. The communities participate very careless to clean their front yards, street and see it as the responsibility of the municipality. This poor status of solid waste management is intensified by poor contribution of stakeholders. Therefore, the government should be engaged in awareness creation and training all communities and stakeholders to upgrade the existing low status of solid waste management services in Mettu town. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of sewage sludge is a severe problem in many countries. Its utilization through composting has the potential to become a widely applied technology. From this perspective, our study investigated the diversity of fungi in mesophilic and thermophilic habitats when composting biosolids, cow manure and wheat straw. It was conducted using a metagenomic approach and next-generation Illumina HiSeq2000 sequencing to reveal the fungal diversity. We found significantly enhanced microbial activity in the thermophilic phase. In contrast, the activity of enzyme β-glucosidase was 29% higher in the mesophilic zone. The range of α-diversity values was more pronounced in the mesophilic habitats than in the thermophilic habitats based on diversity indices. At the class level, the mesophilic fungi were represented by Sordariomycetes—58.7%, Pezizomycetes—15.1% and Agaricomycetes—12.3%, while the most abundant thermophilic fungi found were Sordariomycetes—39.5% and Pezizomycetes—9.8%. In the further clarification of genera diversity, it is striking that at 37.2 °C, Psathyrella was the most abundant with 35.91%, followed by Chaetomidium with 20.11%. Among the thermophiles, Thielavia and Mortierella were the most common. Further research on microbial diversity changes over time is needed to manage the metabolic processes in obtaining quality soil amendment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance and interest in the efficient use and valorization of agro-industrial residues and by-products have grown due to environmental problems associated with improper disposal. Biotechnological production processes, including microbial biosurfactant production, represent a sustainable way to utilize agro-industrial residues and by-products, which are applied as substrates in these processes. Biosurfactants produced by microorganisms using renewable resources are a viable alternative to traditional petrochemical surfactants and have several potential uses in a wide range of industrial sectors due to their minimal ecotoxicity, easy biodegradability, and moderate production conditions. The common applications of biosurfactants, besides in food industry as food additives and preservatives, are in agriculture, environmental protection, the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, wastewater treatment, the petroleum industry, etc. This review aims to summarize the comprehensive scientific research related to the use of various agro-industrial residues and by-products in the microbial production of biosurfactants, as well as to emphasize the present state and the importance of their sustainable production. Additionally, based on the available biosurfactant market analysis datasets and research studies, the current situation in science and industry and the future perspectives of microbial biosurfactant production have been discussed.

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aimed to develop some methods for the compositional characterization of biodegradable waste with relevance to the composting process at the laboratory level. For testing, four waste fractions were selected, such as waste based on dehydrated sludge, waste from parks (leaves, branches), market waste (mixture of vegetable and fruit) and cardboard waste. For metals and phosphorus, several microwave digestion methods were applied. The ammonium nitrogen content (NH4-N) was determined using a number of extraction procedures (water, CaCl2, and KCl). Three certified reference materials were used for testing the validity of the results. Recovery percentages higher than 90% were obtained. The developed and validated methods are suitable for biodegradable waste characterization used in composting processes.

Municipal waste management is an important aspect in the context of the environmental protection of any country. Biowaste is the dominant stream among all municipal waste in Poland (32.4% in 2020). It can be processed through recycling and recovery processes. It is also possible to dispose of it, although according to the waste hierarchy, such action should be the last option. For biowaste to be recycled, e.g., through anaerobic digestion or composting, it must have suitable properties to be processed through the processes mentioned above. This study aims to discuss the selective collection and management of biowaste from Poland’s municipal sector and identify limiting factors. The paper also indicates selected aspects of possible changes in the waste management sector, considering the role of society and waste management companies. The factors limiting the collection and further use of biowaste from the municipal sector in Poland can be divided into economic, social, technical, and technological. This article refers to the situation in Poland, but some problems occur analogously in other countries. This is because the barriers limiting the selective collection and management of biowaste in many countries are similar and differ mainly in the degree of intensity and the scope they cover. Given the increasingly stringent requirements for waste management, measures must be taken to achieve the legally required levels of recycling of biowaste and to recycle it as well as possible. The development of installations for biological waste management will be crucial.

The use of energies from renewable sources, as an alternative to those obtained from fossil fuels, represents a sustained concern in the world scientific environment, this action being a particularly important objective at present, especially in the context of increasingly acute manifestations of the effects of climate change. The recovery and use of thermal energy developed in the composting process of biodegradable and solar waste is a current concern of the research environment in the field. In this paper we want to present some research on the recovery of thermal energy from the two renewable energy sources mentioned in order to use thermal energy for the production of the agent that can be used in the current activity of individual agricultural and livestock farms as well as in households, for the preparation of domestic hot water and heating of living spaces, greenhouses, and solariums. The paper presents the current state of research, some theoretical considerations regarding the thermodynamic phenomena that occur in the thermal energy recovery process, a modulated system for the recovery of thermal energy from the composting process and solar energy, experimentation in real operating conditions, the results and their interpretation and related conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disposal of biodegradable materials, particularly fruits and vegetables, has emerged as a critical environmental concern. Recycling the components of such wastes is paramount to preserving the natural environment. Incorporating biochar-based fertilizer (BCF) in agricultural practices can boost soil nutrient levels. Nevertheless, the effects of BCF derived from fruit and vegetable wastes on crops and soil microbiomes remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the ecological influences of substituting chemical fertilizers (CF) with BCF and organic fertilizer (OF) at three ratios based on a 3-year-maize-field experiment. The findings revealed that BCF substitution enhanced plant growth and community function comparable to that achieved with OF, with the optimum substitution ratio being 2 BCF: 1 CF. BCF and OF promoted maize yield by 23 41 % and 23 39 %, compared to the CF treatment. The BCF and OF substitution strongly increased the microbial diversity regardless of ratios. And BCF substitution increased carbon- and nitrogen-use efficiency by 32 88 % and 53 105 %. Particularly, the soil nutrient indexes which driven the community assembly variation to be more stochastic, and relevant key species was closely associated with maize yield and nutrient utilization. Thus, biodegradable wastes could be recycled as fertilizers, paving the way for more sustainable agricultural practices. [Display omitted] • BCF substitution enhanced maize yields by 23 41 %, with the optimum ratio being 2/3. • BCF substitution boosted carbon- and nitrogen-use efficiency by 32 88 % and 53 105 %. • Native microbiome regulated soil functions and plant growth during substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large generation of biodegradable waste in developing countries, such as Indonesia, has made composters one of the best processing solutions. Kebayoran Lama Market, as one of the central markets in Jakarta province, has a high waste generation due to its 24-hour market activities. This study aims to design Mascot, a compact aerobic composter with practical, hygienic, and easy-tooperate characteristics. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was employed to determine the appropriate material for the composter drum. The parameters measured are physical parameters which are easy to do by the general public. The parameters observed included pH, temperature, material shrinkage, and leachate level. By considering the characteristics of market waste, which has high water content, it was designed to have two main compartments to accommodate compost and leachate. The percentage of compostable volume shrinkage that occurs during the composting process is 61.25%, and the leachate produced is 26.46 liters. The highest temperature of the composting material was 45 oC, with a final composting temperature of 31 oC. The lowest pH condition occurred 1 day after composting started with a value of 5.5, then the pH value increased gradually until the final composting process (pH 7). The composting process takes 30 days to produce mature compost, while general composting takes 40-60 days to produce mature compost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how the environmental performances of biodegradable waste (e.g., organic fraction of municipal solid waste, green waste, agro-industrial waste) treatment plants are reported and how their improvement is planned by the managing companies, and assesses current key quantitative data versus the Best Available Techniques associated emission levels (BAT-AELs). Based on their Environmental Statements (ESs), 16 installations registered to EMAS in Italy in 2021 were analyzed. A set of 15 technical-environmental-social key aspects was described through 131 different indicators. Emissions to air, odor emissions, energy consumption/production, waste production and water consumption were the only key aspects considered significant and quantified by at least 50% of the ESs. Improvement targets were set by 38% of the companies for process management, and by 25% for emissions to air, for a total allocated budget of 25.2 M€. Odor emissions were mostly below the lower BAT-AELs, while NH3 concentration values were slightly above the lower BAT-AELs, demonstrating good performance levels and an overall improvement trend in the period 2018–2020 (−6% and −33.6%, respectively). This study provides interesting hints on the environmental performances of biodegradable waste treatment plants, also contributing to raise the trust of the wide public towards this waste treatment sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major greenhouse gases emissions (GHGs) that cause diseases and global warming evaporate from waste disposal in landfills. For this reason waste management skills in landfills have to be revised, otherwise the magnitude of ozone layer will decrease even more and the global warming consequences will get more obviously on the environmental scale. The resent situation on waste disposal and GHGs from European Union landfills were analyzed in this article. According to survey made in one Lithuanian landfill, the average amount of municipal biodegradable waste is 58%. The research study describes current GHGs emissions quantitative analysis from five laboratory scale municipal solid waste landfill models with different conditions. Conditions in all columns were differed by changing the inlet and outlet flows of air, water/leachate, and probiotics. The object of research is the accumulation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and oxygen (O2) from municipal solid waste landfill models. After analysis and assessment of emitted GHG’s from the municipal solid waste landfill models, the landfill model with the lowest emissions was identified. Suitable landfill model’s condition parameters helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and shorten landfill aftercare period. Article in English. Kai kurių šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių teršalų emisijų, naudojant komunalinių atliekų sąvartynų modelius, vertinimas Santrauka Nemažai šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių dujų (ŠESD), sukeliančių ligas ir visuotinį klimato atšilimą, išsiskiria į aplinką netinkamai šalinant komunalines atliekas sąvartynuose. Dėl šios priežasties reikia peržiūrėti atliekų tvarkymą sąvartynuose, nes priešingu atveju ozono sluoksnis dar labiau suplonės bei globalinio klimato atšilimo pasekmės bus dar ryškesnės aplinkos mastu. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama dabartiniu metu susiklosčiusi situacija dėl netinkamo komunalinių atliekų šalinimo ir ŠESD emisijų iš Europos Sąjungos sąvartynų. Viename Lietuvos sąvartyne, atlikto tyrimo duomenimis, vidutinis komunalinių biologiškai skaidžių atliekų kiekis yra 58 %. Tyrime aprašoma dabartinė ŠESD emisijų kiekybinė analizė iš penkių komunalinių kietųjų atliekų sąvartynų prototipų modelių, juose sudarant skirtingas sąlygas. Tai yra visuose prototipų modeliuose buvo keičiami oro, vandens / filtrato ir probiotikų įleidimo bei išleidimo srautai. Tyrimo objektas buvo vandenilio sulfido (H2S) ir deguonies (O2) surinkimas iš skirtingų komunalinių atliekų sąvartynų modelių. Atlikus komunalinių atliekų sąvartynų modelių tyrimus pagal iš jų išmetamų ŠESD sudėtį, buvo nustatytas mažiausią emisiją turintis sąvartyno modelis. Tinkamai parinkti sąvartyno modelio parametrai padeda sumažinti ŠESD emisijas ir sutrumpinti sąvartyno eksploatavimo laikotarpį. Reikšminiai žodžiai: vandenilio sulfidas, šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių dujų emisijos, komunalinės atliekos, biologiškai skaidžios atliekos, skirtingi sąvartynų modeliai.

Changes in the approach to using waste as resources will be a necessity in the coming years. It is due to the transformation of the linear economy into a circular model and many regulations concerning waste management in the European Union countries. The article deals with the important issues of segregation and management of biodegradable waste, which are still unused energy potential. The aim of the study was to investigate the amount of this fraction of waste generated by sample households as well as the problems and barriers related to their storage and collection. The article takes into account the economic, environmental and social conditions that constitute the basis of sustainable development and are very significant for the idea of the circular economy. The minimizing and proper management of the fraction of municipal and biodegradable waste could achieve a greater economic benefits with simultaneous benefits for the environment, protecting its components and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the problem of biodegradable waste in municipal solid waste in Ukraine. More then 60% of the total municipal solid waste mass in Ukraine is biodegradable waste. At present, this waste group is almost completely dumped on waste disposal sites and landfills that lead to "resource value" loss and to environmental problems. The work presents a classification of the group of biodegradable waste in municipal solid waste as well as quantitative characteristics of the group and the results of data variability analysis. Methane emission and disruption of the natural cycles of nutrients, in particular carbon, are considered as the environmental problems, related to such waste disposal on the waste dumps. Based on the biodegradable waste classification, the main possible ways of the problem solution that will help to achieve a "zero waste" goal for this group are presented. Efficient use of such waste as recyclable material resources is possible in case of easily-decomposed organic waste separation at the waste generation moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste management is an important part of agricultural and rural environmental remediation. At present, many practical attempts have been carried out in rural areas regarding sorting, collection, transportation and treatment and disposal. It is necessary to timely and indepth understand the current situation of waste management in rural and town areas. The study systemically summaries the characteristics and existing problems of three illustrative cases, including separation, collection and transportation, resource utilization as well as thermophilic treatment of rural and town wastes through comparative analysis of the achievement status of the index of illustrative cases. These cases are from collection activities of practical technology and illustrative case of the 2021 rural waste management. The study is expected to provide a reference for the efficient promotion of waste treatment in rural and town areas in China. For sorting-transportation of rural waste, innovative management mechanisms such as“five-nets collaboration”,“one home one code”, and“third-part operation”play important roles in promoting rural waste management. However, there are some issues including no data support for targets effects, less population involved in cases as well as generalizability of the cases, which requires to be addressed. As for cases of resource utilization, upgraded aerobic composting for the treatment of rural waste is characterized by cost-effective, readily operation and good generalizability. Although mechanical composting for the treatment of putrescible（food）waste is widely applied due to highly efficient of waste reduction, it is costly and low quality of final residues due to short solid retention time in some cases. Bioconversion of food waste via housefly larvae by using a series of intelligent equipment and facility is a promising approach since significant waste reduction rate and resource utilization extent has been verified. In addition, most cases of heat treatment of rural waste have problems such as unstable operation and pollutant discharge not up to standard. Therefore, research and practice on raw material control and pyrolysis（incineration）process optimization need to be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Waste Forum is the property of Czech Environment Management Center (CEMC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This case study aims to identify the sources of natural and anthropogenic As and heavy metals (HMs) in biodegradable wastes to develop controls on waste properties for efficient operation of biochemical waste treatment systems and better end product quality. Biodegradable waste from different income levels was sieved into seven size fractions (B-MSW), acid digested and their metal content was determined by ICP-OES. The data on the level and loads of As and HMs in the waste were statistically investigated to identify their sources. Metals' concentrations were well correlated (p ≤ 0.001), and below established limits for thermal and biological processing of B-MSW. Metal sources identified in B-MSW linked to agricultural activities, constituting 68.1% of the total variance; soil geochemistry (25.5%) > phosphate fertilizers (20.3%) > agricultural chemicals (14.2%) > irrigation water (8.1%). The effect of solid fuel residues (11.3%), metals and plastics (7.5%) and Al–Mn alloy cans (6.3%) in mixed collected waste accounts for 25.1% of the total variance. Improvements in regulatory controls for protection of irrigation water quality and restrictions on the use of fertilizers and agrochemicals will reduce HM loads in the B-MSW. In addition, we recommended applying a source-segregated MSW collection to avoid cross-contamination of biodegradable materials to achieve high product quality and reduced emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science: Future of Lithuania / Mokslas: Lietuvos Ateitis is the property of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Today, global focus of research is to explore the solution of energy crisis and environmental pollution. Like other agricultural countries, bulk quantities of watermelon peels (WMP) are disposed-off in environment as waste in Pakistan and appropriate management of this waste is the need of hour to save environment from pollution. The work emphasizes the role of ethanologenic yeasts to utilize significant sugars present in WMP for low-cost bioethanol fermentation. Dilute hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of WMP was carried out on optimized conditions employing RSM (response surface methodology) following central composite design (CCD). This experimental design is based on optimization of ethanologenesis involving some key independent parameters such as WMP hydrolysate and synthetic media ratio (X1), incubation temperature (X2) and incubation temperature (X3) for maximal ethanol yield exploiting standard (Saccharomyces cerevisiae K7) as well as experimental (Metchnikowia cibodasensisY34) yeasts. The results revealed that maximal ethanol yields obtained from S. cerevisiae K7 was 0.36±0.02 g/g of reducing sugars whereas M. cibodasensisY34, yielded 0.40±0.01 g ethanol/g of reducing sugars. The yeast isolate M. cibodasensisY34 appeared as promising ethanologen and embodies prospective potential for fermentative valorization of WMP-to-bioethanol.

In this study, the surface soil samples (n=12) were randomly collected from both the waste dump and the non dumpsites (control). The characterization of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) at dumpsites indicated a significant higher proportion of biodegradable waste (71%). Hence, the analysis of soil samples showed a high pH, TDS, EC, volatile solids and organic carbon in comparison to control sites. Similarly, the increased concentration of heavy metals was observed. Overall, the mean metal concentrations at dumpsites soil were in the following descending order: Zn>Cr>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cd. Except for lead, the analyzed metals concentration was found below the permissible limits. However, on comparison with control sites, the trend indicated the likely increase in pollutant concentration. The study therefore concluded that MSW dumping has not only altered the soil color and texture, but also has changed the physico-chemical constituents. These findings might help in proper management of municipal solid waste in Karachi.

Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most neglected aspects and becoming a challenge for India as well as other developing nations’ environment. India is one of the world’s large and fastestgrowing economy. Based on the trends in different nations like the US, China and European countries, it is clear that a developing economy of the nation and population of the country is also playing a vital role in the increasing rate of solid waste generation. Unsegregated waste is the root cause of the inefficient municipal solid waste management (MSWM) systems in India. The existing approach to managing the MSW such as collection, transportation and treatment results in poor utilization of resources. This review paper addresses the current status of MSWM in India. In this paper, various issues and challenges to obtain 100 % source segregated municipal solid waste are also discussed through different cases of urban areas. A way forward through an overview of the municipal waste management policies and practices adopted is being presented in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composting is an alternative for recycling biodegradable organic waste, transforming it into organic fertilizer that can be used as agricultural nutrients, avoiding its disposal in landfills. This study evaluated the composting of household organic waste as a substitution for cattle manure, with a view to its application in the fertilization of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum Mill., Var. Cesariforme). Thus, compost piles were set up using 30% organic waste (carbon source) and 70% tree-pruning residues (filling material). Two sources of organic waste were tested: household food waste (FW) and cattle manure (CM), at five proportions (15% FW + 15% CM, 10% FW + 20% CM, 20% FW + 10% CM and the controls 30% CM and 30% FW). After 90 days, the mature compost from each pile was mixed with coconut fibre in a 1:1 ratio and used as substrate filled in 15 L plastic pots, where the cherry tomato plants were grown. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a randomized block design, with five treatments and five replicates. Assessments of growth and leaf mineral composition were performed for the cherry tomato plants. The results indicate that cattle manure can be replaced by household food waste as the organic material used in compost piles. Fertilization with organic compost from household food waste positively influenced the growth and nutrient assimilation in the leaf tissue of cherry tomato.

Composting is one of the oldest ways of waste recycling and obtaining high quality organic fertilizer - compost. Composting unites the three sustainable ways of waste management, ie contributes to reducing the amount of waste (reduction), reuse of waste and its recycling. The biodegradable part of the waste is actually one of the "most polluting" fractions in the total waste streams, while composting diverts the waste from the traditional ways of management, such as incineration and disposal. The most important parameters that affect and contribute to the efficiency of the composting process and obtaining quality compost included: temperature, moisture content, ratio of carbon and nitrogen component (C:N) and pH value on waste material. The paper presents usage of Autonomous Composting Units (ACUs), as one of the most modern and inovative ways of composting biodegradable waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home composting could be proposed in order to improve the management of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) or biowaste especially in rural areas. In addition, different wild plants biomass with some ecological properties may be added as raw material, bulking agent and compost quality improver during composting. In order to assess the compost quality obtained in such conditions, a study in four small boxes (1.2 m x 0.8 m x 1.0 m.), made from local materials (wood and mesh from raffia), was carried out for a period of four months. A quantity of 550 ± 5 kilo of different precomposted OFMSW was introduced in each box. The compost was manually aerated with a fork two times per month. The compost temperature was registered daily by soil thermometers. In the 2nd month of the composting period, 10 kilos of fresh nettle (Urtica dioica L.) was added in one of the boxes. For compost quality assessment there were made chemical and physical analysis, maturity tests and microbiological analysis in order to identify the presence of pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable, up-to-date biomass data are needed for climate change mitigation and resource efficiency. Therefore, a calculation and reporting tool with thematic maps and data was developed. A free web-tool, Biomass Atlas, collects the spatial distribution of biomasses in Finland. Over 300 data layers present land use, cultivation, residual biomasses from forest, crop production, animal husbandry, municipalities, and industry at 1 km2 spatial resolution. The service enables calculations of biomass amount in a defined geographical area of interest and examining the opportunities and restrictions to utilise biomasses. The service was evaluated with six test-users in laboratory tests and 20 voluntary pilot test-users. Biomass Atlas shows the regional potential of biomaterials, fertilizer products, and renewable energy, as well as potential targets for utilized, recyclable biomass. Other possible uses include monitoring plant cover on fields and assessing land use diversity. Application enables users with no experience in GIS or biomass assessments to analyse biomass resources, produce maps and data summaries for decision making. [Display omitted] • Biomass Atlas is a spatially explicit web application to assess the biomass data. • Amounts and location of produced and recyclable biomass in Finland. • Forests, agricultural areas, crops and sidestreams on thematic maps. • Biomass modelling and calculation tools are given at 1 km2 spatial resolution. • Data for decision making on biomass utilisation for biomaterials, nutrients, and energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The area of degraded sites in the world is constantly expanding and has been a serious environmental problem for years. Such terrains are not only polluted, but also due to erosion, devoid of plant cover and organic matter. The degradation trends can be reversed by supporting remediation/reclamation processes. One of the possibilities is the introduction of biodegradable waste/biowaste substrates into the soil. The additives can be the waste itself or preformed substrates, such composts, mineral-organic fertilizers or biochar. In EU countries average value of compost used for land restoration and landfill cover was equal 4.9%. The transformation of waste in valuable products require the fulfillment of a number of conditions (waste quality, process conditions, law, local circumstances). Application on degraded land surface bio-based waste substrates has several advantages: increase soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient content, biodiversity and activity of microbial soil communities and change of several others physical and chemical factors including degradation/immobilization of contaminants. The additives improve the water ratio and availability to plants and restore aboveground ecosystem. Due to organic additives degraded terrains are able to sequestrate carbon and climate mitigate. However, we identified some challenges. The application of waste to soil must comply with the legal requirements and meet the end of use criteria. Moreover, shorter or long-term use of bio-waste based substrate lead to even greater soil chemical or microbial contamination. Among pollutants, “emerging contaminants” appear more frequently, such microplastics, nanoparticles or active compounds of pharmaceuticals. That is why a holistic approach is necessary for use the bio-waste based substrate for rehabilitation of soil degraded ecosystems.

Este estudio se presenta con el objetivo de analizar las potencialidades de los desechos biodegradables producidos en la industria agroalimentaria, como una alternativa viable para crear una economía circular que genere benefcios para toda la humanidad. el estudio se basa en un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, respaldado por la revisión de la literatura; por lo tanto, se considera a nivel epistemológico que se enmarca dentro del paradigma interpretativo. En términos del procedimiento utilizado, se investigó en diferentes bases de datos académicas sobre las publicaciones científcas más recientes que brindan orientación sobre las mejores prácticas que se están implementando en el sector del uso de desechos biodegradables. Los documentos de los últimos años se incluyen en inglés y español, con el fn de cubrir la mayor cantidad de reflexiones y hallazgos de los autores. El análisis de las publicaciones indica que existe un área importante de oportunidad para el desarrollo de iniciativas que consideren el uso de residuos biodegradables, generados a partir de las diferentes actividades del sector agroindustrial. Los principales desafíos para alcanzar este objetivo, sin duda, están relacionados con la inversión en tecnología, la evaluación de la viabilidad económica y fnanciera y la conciencia humana para promover un cambio de paradigma para mejorar la recolección en la fuente.