Treatment Options for Municipal Solid Waste by Composting and Its Challenges.

Recovery and recycling of municipal solid waste biodegradable fraction (50–55%) are essential for attaining sustainability and a circular economy. Among organic waste treatment methods, composting is used to recycle organic fractions of waste. However, only 10–12% of municipal solid waste is utilized for composting treatment due to a lack of segregation practices and process challenges, including long process periods, odorous and greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen loss, and low compost quality, which hinders large-scale practice. The current review paper discusses the challenges of composting treatment and its possible solutions. Various strategies were explored to address these challenges, such as utilizing microbial inoculum, additives, and optimization of physicochemical parameters. It also emphasizes the application of metagenomics for exploring key species. The knowledge about the microbial community and biochemical pathways (genome mining) can be exploited for the improvement of treatment efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]