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Background: The ideal restoration material should have endurance, compatible with tooth structure and visible surrounding tissues and must be able to restore the lost tissue. There are various restoration materials such as Compomer and Bioactive Composite Resin. Microleakage is one of the failure in surface sealent, and this may increase the risk of secondary caries. Purpose: The aim of this study was to prove and compare the differences of microleakage between Compomer and Bioactive Composite Resin in class I restoration. Material and Method: Maxilla’s first premolar teeth with class I cavities (diameter: 3mm, depth: 3mm) divided into two groups with 10 samples each group. Group I: Compomer (Dentsply), Group II: Bioactive Composite Resin (Activa Pulpdent USA). All group were immersed in 1% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, rinsed in running water, and section mesial-distal using carborundum disc. Afterward, section were assessed for dye penetration that represent the mickroleakage using scoring method under digital microscope. Finally data were collected and statistically analyzed. Result: There were significant differences between each group (p

Regenerative medicine and surgery is a rapidly expanding branch of translational research in tissue engineering, cellular and molecular biology.To date, the methods to improve cell intake, survival, and isolation need to comply with a complex and still unclear regulatory frame, becoming everyday more restrictive and often limiting the effectiveness and outcome of the therapeutic choices. Thus, the authors developed a novel 360° regenerative strategy based on the synergic action of several new components called the bioactive composite therapies (BACTs) to improve grafted cells intake, and survival in total compliance with the legal and ethical limits of the current regulatory frame.The rationale at the origin of this new technology is based on the evidence that cells need supportive substrate to survive in vitro and this observation, applying the concept of translational medicine, is true also in vivo. Bioactive composite mixtures (BACMs) are tailor-made bioactive mixtures containing several bioactive components that support cells’ survival and induce a regenerative response in vivo by stimulating the recipient site to act as an in situ real bioreactor. Many different tissues have been used in the past for the isolation of cells, molecules, and growth factors, but the adipose tissue and its stromal vascular fraction (SVF) remains the most valuable, abundant, safe, and reliable source of regenerative components and particularly of adipose-derived stems cells (ADSCs). The role of plastic surgeons as the historical experts in all the most advanced techniques for harvesting, manipulating, and grafting adipose tissue is fundamental in this constant process of expansion of regenerative procedures. In this article, we analyze the main causes of cell death and the strategies for preventing it, and we present all the technical steps for preparing the main components of BACMs and the different mixing modalities to obtain the most efficient regenerative action on different clinical and pathological conditions. The second section of this work is dedicated to the logical and sequential evolution from simple bioactive composite grafts (BACGs) that distinguished our initial approach to regenerative medicine, to BACTs where many other fundamental technical steps are analyzed and integrated for supporting and enhancing the most efficient regenerative activity. Level of Evidence: Not gradable

In the maxillofacial area, specifically the orbital floor, injuries can cause bone deformities in the head and face that are difficult to repair or regenerate. Treatment methodologies include use of polymers, metal, ceramics on their own and in combinations mainly for repair purposes, but little attention has been paid to identify suitable materials for orbital floor regeneration. Polyurethane (PU) and hydroxyapatite (HA) micro- or nano- sized with different percentages (25%, 40% & 60%) were used to fabricate bioactive tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds using solvent casting and particulate leaching methods. Mechanical and physical characterisation of TE scaffolds was investigated by tensile tests and SEM respectively. Chemical and structural properties of PU and PU/HA scaffolds were evaluated by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Surface properties of the bioactive scaffold were analysed using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) sampling accessory coupled with IR. Cell viability, collagen formed, VEGF protein amount and vascularisation of bioactive TE scaffold were studied. IR characterisation confirmed the integration of HA in composite scaffolds, while ATR confirmed the significant amount of HA present at the top surface of the scaffold, which was a primary objective. The SEM images confirmed the pores’ interconnectivity. Increasing the content of HA up to 40% led to an improvement in mechanical properties, and the incorporation of nano-HA was more promising than that of micro-HA. Cell viability assays (using MG63) confirmed biocompatibility and CAM assays confirmed vascularization, demonstrating that HA enhances vascularization. These properties make the resulting biomaterials very useful for orbital floor repair and regeneration.

Purpose: To evaluate the antibacterial effect of Bioactive composite versus Glass ionomer using different storage media. Materials and Methods: Three restorative materials were used in this study (Reliafil Lc, Amalgomer and Conventional Glass Ionomer). 90 Disk- shaped specimens (2.5 mm height and 8 mm diameter) were prepared from each material. Groups were divided into three subgroups according to storage media (Acids, artificial saliva and de-ionized water). Bacterial strains were polished at 370c for 24h in Brain Heart Infusion broth which attained from stock cultures. Disk diffusion agar method was used for antimicrobial liability. The inhibition zone diameter around the specimen were measured at three times by the same operator after 48hs using electronic digital caliper. Results: This study found that Amalgomer has the highest antibacterial effect in lactic acid. Whereas, Conventional GIC has the highest antibacterial effect in artificial saliva and Bioactive composite in deionized water. Conclusion: This study was concluded that all the restorative material tested had an antibacterial effect in all storage media though Amalgomer seemed to be more prominent in lactic acid.

Although Bioactive Glasses (BG) has been progressively optimized, their preparation still uses toxic reagents and calcination at high temperatures to remove organic solvents. The drawbacks related to the BG synthesis were overcome by treating the ashes from the Equisetum hyemale plant in an ethanol/water solution to develop a bioactive composite [glass/carbon (BG-Carb)]. The BG-Carb was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and its chemical composition was assessed by inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) gas adsorption analysis showed a specific surface area of 121 m2 g-1. The formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) surface layer in vitro was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)analyse before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. The Rietveld refinement of the XRD patterns and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analyses confirmed HA in the sample before the immersion in SBF solution and after immersion in SBF solution; and increase of the HA layer on the sample surface, after the immersion in SBF solution. The BG-Carb samples showed no cytotoxicity on MC3T3-E1 cells and osteo-differentiation capacity similar to the positive control. Altogether, the BG-Carb material data reveals a promising plant waste-based candidate for hard and soft tissue engineering.

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical and physical surface properties of a hybrid nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/polycaprolactone (nHA/Coll/PCL) material, and to test its in vitro biocompatibility and in vivo osteointegration. Mineralized collagen fibers with nHA were admixed with PCL at a weight proportion of 50:50. The material was characterized by transmission X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), force spectroscopy, X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS), and biocompatibility testing using human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and Hepatocyte carcinoma (HePG2) and primary osteogenic sarcoma (SAOS-2) cells as complementary tests. In addition, the ability of this material to fill three-wall bony defects was tested in the mandible of a sheep. The material had confirmed the relative low crystallinity of the HA having a nano-sized dimension, which was composed of only oxygen, carbon, calcium and phosphorus, without no residual cytotoxic element. Human MSCs on the surface scaffold showed high metabolic activity and a high rate of viability. Biocompatibility complementary testing using HePG2 and SAOS-2 cells showed good metabolic activity, and the lactate dehydrogenase assay using HePG2 cells demonstrated no significant cytotoxicity. Histological analysis of the in-vivo experimentation showed osteointegration of the material and the absence of inflammatory cells at the bone–scaffold interface. Some areas showed bone-cell seeding and isolated agglomerates of bone cells were evident in the inner scaffold.

Currently, much has been published related to conventional resin-based composites and adhesives; however, little information is available about bioceramics-based restorative materials. The aim was to structure this topic into its component parts and to highlight the translational research that has been conducted up to the present time. A literature search was done from indexed journals up to September 2017. The main search terms used were based on dental resin-based composites, dental adhesives along with bioactive glass and the calcium phosphate family. The results showed that in 123 articles, amorphous calcium phosphate (39.83%), hydroxyapatite (23.5%), bioactive glass (16.2%), dicalcium phosphate (5.69%), monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (3.25%), and tricalcium phosphate (2.43%) have been used in restorative materials. Moreover, seven studies were found related to a newly developed commercial bioactive composite. The utilization of bioactive materials for tooth restorations can promote remineralization and a durable seal of the tooth-material interface.

Tissue engineering is a promising alternative to current surgical methods for ligament repair. However, despite a large variety of reported scaffolds for ligament, tissue-engineered solutions struggle to reach the clinics. The issue of proposing a scaffold meeting the key requirements for ligament tissue engineering is still largely open. In this article, a brief up-to-date review is proposed concerning what has been done and what still needs to be done in order to propose a suitable scaffold structure and material for ligament tissue engineering. A particularly focus is made on the selection of and structures, biomaterials and their functionalization, on the characterization of the initial and evolutive scaffold properties, and on the challenge of anchoring it within bone tunnels. The interest of computational approaches in the definition of suited scaffolds is also presented. We thus propose to list the remaining steps that should permit in the forthcoming years to propose a bioactive composite bone-ligament-bone scaffold to regenerate ligaments. Keywords: Ligament tissue engineering, Scaffold design, Bone-ligament interface, Composite scaffold, Ligament anchorage

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine and compare the shear bond strength of activa bioactive restorative with and without adhesive and nano-composite. Materials and Methods: Sixty freshly extracted human premolars were used. The teeth were mounted vertically in a self-cure acrylic cylinder. A high-speed fine diamond disk with copious wa­ter spray was used to obtain a flat dentin of the labial surface. One clinician prepared all the teeth. The teeth were divided into three groups twenty teeth each, n=20 Group I : The flat dentin surfaces were acid-etched for 15 sec with 37% phosphoric acid, it washed and dry then application of bioac­tive composite into a plastic ring measuring 3mm width and 2 mm depth. Each specimen was light cured for 40 sec by LED light cure unit. Group II: The flat dentin surfaces were acid-etched and then two coats of bonding agent was applied over each specimen and light cured for 20 sec. then application of bioactive composite. Group III (Control): The flat dentin surfaces were acid-etched and application of bonding agent then nano-composite applicated into a plastic ring measuring 3mm width and 2 mm depth. Each specimen was light cured for 40 sec by LED light cure unit. All of the specimens were tested for shear bond strength and all of the data were analyzed by One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: Results showed that the highest mean value was detected in Nanocomposite, fol­lowed by bioactive composite with adhesive, the mean shear bond strength of Nanocomposite and composite with adhesive was significantly greater than bioactive composite without adhesive (p

The aim of the present study was the in vitro and in vivo analysis of a bi-layered 3D-printed scaffold combining a PLA layer and a biphasic PLA/bioglass G5 layer for regeneration of osteochondral defects in vivo Focus of the in vitro analysis was on the (molecular) weight loss and the morphological and mechanical variations after immersion in SBF. The in vivo study focused on analysis of the tissue reactions and differences in the implant bed vascularization using an established subcutaneous implantation model in CD-1 mice and established histological and histomorphometrical methods. Both scaffold parts kept their structural integrity, while changes in morphology were observed, especially for the PLA/G5 scaffold. Mechanical properties decreased with progressive degradation, while the PLA/G5 scaffolds presented higher compressive modulus than PLA scaffolds. The tissue reaction to PLA included low numbers of BMGCs and minimal vascularization of its implant beds, while the addition of G5 lead to higher numbers of BMGCs and a higher implant bed vascularization. Analysis revealed that the use of a bi-layered scaffold shows the ability to observe distinct in vivo response despite the physical proximity of PLA and PLA/G5 layers. Altogether, the results showed that the addition of G5 enables to reduce scaffold weight loss and to increase mechanical strength. Furthermore, the addition of G5 lead to a higher vascularization of the implant bed required as basis for bone tissue regeneration mediated by higher numbers of BMGCs, while within the PLA parts a significantly lower vascularization was found optimally for chondral regeneration. Thus, this data show that the analyzed bi-layered scaffold may serve as an ideal basis for the regeneration of osteochondral tissue defects. Additionally, the results show that it might be able to reduce the number of experimental animals required as it may be possible to analyze the tissue response to more than one implant in one experimental animal., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • A bi-layered scaffold (PLA and PLA/G5 bioglass) as a novel approach for osteochondral tissue regeneration has been analyzed. • An in vitro degradation analysis showed changes in morphology, especially for the PLA/G5 scaffold. • PLA/G5 scaffolds presented higher compressive modulus confirming the reinforcing effect of G5. • PLA induced mononucleated cells and a low vascularization, while bioglass induced multinucleated giant cells and a higher vascularization. • G5 bioglass promotes bone regeneration, while the PLA scaffolds promote chondral regeneration based on cell-mediated vascularization.

The present study explores the possibilities of using locally available inexpensive waste prawn shell derived chitin reinforced and bioabsorbable polylactic acid (PLA) laminated composites to develop new materials with excellent mechanical and thermal properties for implantable application such as in bone or dental implant. Chitin at different concentration (1–20% of PLA) reinforced PLA films (CTP) were fabricated by solvent casting process and laminated chitin-PLA composites (LCTP) were prepared by laminating PLA film (obtained by hot press method) with CTP also by hot press method at 160 °C. The effect of variation of chitin concentration on the resulting laminated composite's behavior was investigated. The detailed physico-mechanical, surface morphology and thermal were assessed with different characterization technique such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM and TGA. The FTIR spectra showed the characteristic peaks for chitin and PLA in the composites. SEM images showed an excellent dispersion of chitin in the films and composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the complete degradation of chitin, PLA film, 5% chitin reinforced PLA film (CTP2) and LCTP are 98%, 95%, 87% and 98% respectively at temperature of 500 °C. The tensile strength of the LCTP was found 25.09 MPa which is significantly higher than pure PLA film (18.55 MPa) and CTP2 film (8.83 MPa). After lamination of pure PLA and CTP2 film, the composite (LCTP) yielded 0.265–1.061% water absorption from 30 min to 24 h immerse in water that is much lower than PLA and CTP. The increased mechanical properties of the laminated films with the increase of chitin content indicated good dispersion of chitin into PLA and strong interfacial actions between the polymer and chitin. The improvement of mechanical properties and the results of antimicrobial and cytotoxicity of the composites also evaluated and revealed the composite would be a suitable candidate for implant application in biomedical sector., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • A novel laminated composite has been prepared from chitin and PLA. • The detailed study revealed that 5% chitin in PLA showed enhanced physico-mechanical properties. • The composite showed significantly lowered water absorptivity and enhanced antimicrobial sensitivity. • 5% chitin-PLA laminated composite can be a suitable candidate for biomedical application in bone regeneration.

Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue worldwide, with over four million operations using bone grafts or bone substitute materials annually to treat bone defects. However, significant limitations affect current treatment options and clinical demand for bone grafts continues to rise due to conditions such as trauma, cancer, infection and arthritis. Developing bioactive three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to support bone regeneration has therefore become a key area of focus within bone tissue engineering (BTE). A variety of materials and manufacturing methods including 3D printing have been used to create novel alternatives to traditional bone grafts. However, individual groups of materials including polymers, ceramics and hydrogels have been unable to fully replicate the properties of bone when used alone. Favourable material properties can be combined and bioactivity improved when groups of materials are used together in composite 3D scaffolds. This review will therefore consider the ideal properties of bioactive composite 3D scaffolds and examine recent use of polymers, hydrogels, metals, ceramics and bio-glasses in BTE. Scaffold fabrication methodology, mechanical performance, biocompatibility, bioactivity, and potential clinical translations will be discussed., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • This review will examine recent use of polymers, hydrogels, metals, ceramics and bio-glasses in bone tissue engineering.. • 3D scaffold biofabrication, biocompatibility, bioactivity, mechanical properties and clinical translation will be discussed. • 3D printing and 3D bioprinting offer hope for patient-specific, cost-effective and reproducible treatment in the future.

Background The purpose of this in vitro study is to compare the antimicrobial effect and pH of two calcium silicate cements Mineral trioxide aggregate high plasticity (Angelus PR, Brazil) and iRoot BP Plus (BioCeramix Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada) and new bioactive restorative resin composite restorative material (ACTIVA, MA, Pulpdent, USA) against aerobic bacteria, strictly anaerobic bacteria and a yeast by using an agar diffusion test. Methods The materials were tested immediately after manipulation and were applied to the agar plates. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5.25% was used as a positive control group. The dry filter paper acted as a negative control group for this study. The size of the inhibition zone for each material was measured after 12, 24 and 48 h. At the time of pH measurement; materials were prepared, crushed then dispersed in distilled water. Results The one-way Anova test revealed that iRoot BP Plus significantly showed superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to MTA-HP against the following species; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Candida albicans (P All of the tested materials did not show any antimicrobial effect against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinomyces israelii. The new bioactive resin composite material (ACTIVA) showed the least antimicrobial activity against the previously mentioned microorganisms except E. faecalis. NaOCl significantly showed the highest antimicrobial activity among the test group (P Conclusions According to the findings of this study, it was concluded that calcium silicate- based cements showed a potential antimicrobial activity mainly due to its high alkalinity. The new bioactive resin composite restorative material exhibits less antimicrobial activity due to its resinous ingredients and slightly acidic nature. Antimicrobial effect of calcium silicate cements against strictly anaerobic bacterial species is still questionable.

Chitosan based porous scaffolds are of great interest in biomedical applications especially in tissue engineering because of their excellent biocompatibility in vivo, controllable degradation rate and tailorable mechanical properties. This paper presents a study of the fabrication and characterization of bioactive scaffolds made of chitosan (CS), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and magnesium gluconate (MgG). Scaffolds were fabricated by subsequent freezing-induced phase separation and lyophilization of polyelectrolyte complexes of CS, CMC and MgG. The scaffolds possess uniform porosity with highly interconnected pores of 50–250 μm size range. Compressive strengths up to 400 kPa, and elastic moduli up to 5 MPa were obtained. The scaffolds were found to remain intact, retaining their original three-dimensional frameworks while testing in in-vitro conditions. These scaffolds exhibited no cytotoxicity to 3T3 fibroblast and osteoblast cells. These observations demonstrate the efficacy of this new approach to preparing scaffold materials suitable for tissue engineering applications., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Chitosan-magnesium-based composite scaffolds successfully synthesized. • Uniformly distributed 3D networks, stable in cell culture medium with pore size in the range of 50–250 μm obtained. • Compressive strengths up to 400 kPa and elastic moduli up to 5 MPa obtained. • No cytotoxicity observed with 3T3 fibroblast cells.

There is increasing focus on the development of bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine that mimic the native nanofibrillar extracellular matrix. Solution blow spinning (SBS) is a rapid, simple technique that produces nanofibers with open fiber networks for enhanced cell infiltration. In this work, highly porous bioactive fibers were produced by combining SBS with thermally induced phase separation. Fibers composed of poly(d,l-lactide) (PLA) and dimethyl carbonate were sprayed directly into a cryogenic environment and subsequently lyophilized, rendering them highly porous. The surface areas of the porous fibers were an order of magnitude higher in comparison with smooth control fibers of the same diameter (43.5 m2·g–1 for porous fibers produced from 15% w/v PLA in dimethyl carbonate) and exhibited elongated surface pores. Macroporous scaffolds were produced by spraying water droplets simultaneously with fiber formation, creating a network of fibers and ice microspheres, which act as in situ macroporosifiers. Subsequent lyophilization resulted in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds formed of porous nanofibers with interconnected macropores due to the presence of the ice spheres. Nanobioactive glass was incorporated for the production of 3D macroporous, bioactive, therapeutic-ion-releasing scaffolds with potential applications in non-load-bearing bone tissue engineering. The bioactive characteristics of the fibers were assessed in vitro through immersion in simulated body fluid. The release of soluble silica ions was faster for the porous fibers within the first 24 h, with confirmation of hydroxyapatite on the fiber surface within 84 h.

Backgrounds: The use of mouthwash daily may influence the mechanical properties of bioactive composite resin as a dental restoration, one of the mechanical properties is surface hardness. Herbal mouthwash can be used to minimize the side effect of mouthwash that contain alcohol. Mauli banana stem and basil leaf extracts can be produced into herbal mouthwash. Methods: Thirty specimens (10mm diameter x 2mm thick; n=5/group) bioactive composite resins were immersed in a mixed solution of Mauli banana and basil leaf extracts with concentration of 25%, 50%, 75 %%, 100%, the control group of chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% and aquadest for 7 days in 37oC. Measurement of the surface hardness was using the Vickers Microhardness Tester with 100 gf load for 15 seconds. Results: One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Bonferroni exhibited the significant differences (p 0.05) between specimens immersed in CHX, aquadest and the mixed solution of mauli banana and basil leaf extracts in all concentration. Conclusion: There is no change in bioactive composite resin surface hardness after immersed in the mixed solution of Mauli Banana stem (Musa acuminata) and Basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum) extracts.Keywords: Basil leaf extract, Bioactive resin, Mauli Banana stem extract, Surface hardness

Background:: Peri-prosthetic infections are characterized by high resistance to systemic antibiotic therapy. In this work, commercial PMMA-based bone cement has been loaded with a bioactive glass doped with silver ions, with the purpose to prepare composite bone cement containing a single inorganic phase with both bioactive and antibacterial properties, able to prevent bacterial contamination. Methods:: The glass distribution in the polymeric matrix, the composites radio-opacity, the bending strength and modulus, the morphology of the fracture surfaces, the bioactivity in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) and the antibacterial effect were evaluated. The glass particles dispersion in the polymeric matrix and their exposition on the polymer surface have been assessed by morphological and compositional characterizations via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS). Results:: The introduction of the silver-doped bioactive glass allowed imparting an intrinsic radio-opacity to the cement. The bending strength and modulus were influenced by the glass preparation, amount and grain-size. The polymeric matrix did not affect the composite ability to induce hydroxyapatite precipitation on its surface (bioactivity). Moreover, antibacterial test (inhibition halo evaluation) revealed a significant antibacterial effect toward S. aureus, Bacillus, E. coli and C. albicans strains. Conclusion:: The obtained results motivate further investigations and future in vivo tests.

The search for functional materials that repair and/or regenerate of biological tissues in a satisfactory manner has continually risen in the past few years. For such applications, composite materials are each time being better accepted, capable of merge properties from different materials. In this context, the purpose of this study is the development and mechanical characterization of bioactive composite films based on Poly(e-caprolactone) and Biosilicate®, obtained from two different routes. Route 1 uses the solvent casting technique, and route 2 consists of phase precipitation followed by solvent casting. The mechanical tests show that route 1 presents samples more resistant than route 2, probably due to it high porosity levels. The addition of BS yielded an increase in Young’s modulus of around 46%, although the maximum stress and yield strength were reduced. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of the developed materials are compatible with the biological tissues.

The aim of this study was to evaluate water sorption and solubility of two series of experimental composites containing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) or bioactive glass (BG). Water sorption and solubility were measured for up to 287 days. The surface precipitation of calcium phosphates was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The ACP-series showed higher water sorption (223–568 μg/mm3) than the BG-series (40–232 μg/mm3). In contrast, the ACP-series had generally lower solubility (37–106 μg/mm3) than the BG-series (1–506 μg/mm3). The constant specimen mass for the ACP-series was attained after 14 days of water immersion, while the mass decrease due to long-term solubility in the BG-series lasted beyond 287 days. Calcium phosphates precipitated in composites with the BG filler loading of 10 wt% or more, as well as in all of the ACP-containing composites. The experimental composite series showed water sorption and solubility considerably higher than commercial materials.

Bone health and regeneration is crucial to human survival. With the advancement in the bone research area, bone implants have been under scrutiny to find a better material that could help in bone regeneration and growth. A wide range of material has been studied and examined to find the ideal combination. In this paper, a new blend of Tri-calcium phosphate (TCP), polycaprolactone (PCL) and bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA) was introduced to create scaffolds with fused deposition 3d printing. Effect of BHA concentration as a naturally derived and newcomer 3d printing material was investigated via FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses. In vitro studies were exhibited that 15% (wt/wt) BHA fabricated composite scaffolds possessed more bioactivity than other cases with increasing proliferation and growth rates.

Cockroach has been utilized traditionally in China for the cure of cardiovascular disorders, such as circulatory disturbances. The present study was aimed to assess the vascular function of Xinmailong Injection (XML), a bioactive composite extracted from dried American cockroach. Effects of XML on Endothelial Cells Functions. The experiment will use NO kit and ET-1 kit of Xinmailong on endothelial cells

The mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy composites were improved by the addition of MgO surface modified tricalcium phosphate ceramic nanoparticles (m-β-TCP). Mg-3Zn-0.8Zr composites with unmodified (MZZT) and modified (MZZMT) nanoparticles were produced by high shear mixing technology. Effects of MgO m-β-TCP nanoparticles on the microstructure, mechanical properties, electrochemical corrosion properties and cytocompatibility of Mg-Zn-Zr/β-TCP composites were investigated. After hot extrusion deformation and dynamic recrystallization, the grain size of MZZMT was the half size of MZZT and the distribution of m-β-TCP particles in the matrix was more uniform than β-TCP particles. The yield tensile strength (YTS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and corrosion potential (Ecorr) of MZZMT were higher than MZZT; the corrosion current density (Icorr) of MZZMT was lower than MZZT. Cell proliferation of co-cultured MZZMT and MZZT composite samples were roughly the same and the cell number at each time point is higher for MZZMT than for MZZT samples., Highlights • High melt shear mixing technology was used to melt MZZT and MZZMT composites. • Formation mechanism and optimum properties of MZZT and MZZMT composites were studied. • β-TCP particles can be coated with MgO using chemical precipitation method. • Compared with β-TCP, dispersion and size of m-β-TCP nanoparticles is improved. • This research equipment is simple, low cost, and easy to operate.

OBJECTIVES Hydroxyapatite cement (HAC) is biocompatible and osteoconductive, but its slow resorption limits new bone formation. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of adding partially demineralized xenograft cortical bone in an established animal model. METHODS Eight 6-month-old female New Zealand white rabbits were used. Drill-hole defects (8.0 mm long, 5.0 mm diameter) were prepared and filled with either HAC alone or HAC mixed with processed xenograft bone particles from young pigs (XBC) at a volumetric ratio of approximately 25%. The particles were approximately 5 mm long and 1 mm diameter and were extensively washed, demineralized in dilute hydrochloric acid, and rewashed. Microcomputed tomography scanning and histology were performed after 10 weeks. New bone and inflammatory/immune response were graded on a 0 to 3 scale and calcein labeling was quantified as percent area new bone. Statistical analyses were by Student's t tests. RESULTS XBC showed significantly more new bone formation than HAC throughout the defect (P < 0.05). XBC also showed significantly more inflammatory/immune response than HAC (P < 0.05). The three-dimensional microcomputed tomography reconstructions showed that the HAC was basically inert, whereas the XBC took on an appearance suggestive of more extensive incorporation. CONCLUSIONS Adding xenograft to HAC creates a bioactive composite that is more rapidly incorporated, resorbed, and replaced by new bone. The presence of processed xenograft particles creates a vigorous inflammatory response, but there may be some benefit to the resorption rate of the HAC as a result of the infiltration of cells. Future research should focus on the longer-term incorporation and remodeling of XBC.