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Analysis of the in vitro degradation and the in vivo tissue response to bi-layered 3D-printed scaffolds combining PLA and biphasic PLA/bioglass components – Guidance of the inflammatory response as basis for osteochondral regeneration
- Source :
- Bioactive Materials, Vol 2, Iss 4, Pp 208-223 (2017), Bioactive Materials
- Publication Year :
- 2017
- Publisher :
- Elsevier BV, 2017.
-
Abstract
- The aim of the present study was the in vitro and in vivo analysis of a bi-layered 3D-printed scaffold combining a PLA layer and a biphasic PLA/bioglass G5 layer for regeneration of osteochondral defects in vivo Focus of the in vitro analysis was on the (molecular) weight loss and the morphological and mechanical variations after immersion in SBF. The in vivo study focused on analysis of the tissue reactions and differences in the implant bed vascularization using an established subcutaneous implantation model in CD-1 mice and established histological and histomorphometrical methods. Both scaffold parts kept their structural integrity, while changes in morphology were observed, especially for the PLA/G5 scaffold. Mechanical properties decreased with progressive degradation, while the PLA/G5 scaffolds presented higher compressive modulus than PLA scaffolds. The tissue reaction to PLA included low numbers of BMGCs and minimal vascularization of its implant beds, while the addition of G5 lead to higher numbers of BMGCs and a higher implant bed vascularization. Analysis revealed that the use of a bi-layered scaffold shows the ability to observe distinct in vivo response despite the physical proximity of PLA and PLA/G5 layers. Altogether, the results showed that the addition of G5 enables to reduce scaffold weight loss and to increase mechanical strength. Furthermore, the addition of G5 lead to a higher vascularization of the implant bed required as basis for bone tissue regeneration mediated by higher numbers of BMGCs, while within the PLA parts a significantly lower vascularization was found optimally for chondral regeneration. Thus, this data show that the analyzed bi-layered scaffold may serve as an ideal basis for the regeneration of osteochondral tissue defects. Additionally, the results show that it might be able to reduce the number of experimental animals required as it may be possible to analyze the tissue response to more than one implant in one experimental animal.<br />Graphical abstract Image 1<br />Highlights • A bi-layered scaffold (PLA and PLA/G5 bioglass) as a novel approach for osteochondral tissue regeneration has been analyzed. • An in vitro degradation analysis showed changes in morphology, especially for the PLA/G5 scaffold. • PLA/G5 scaffolds presented higher compressive modulus confirming the reinforcing effect of G5. • PLA induced mononucleated cells and a low vascularization, while bioglass induced multinucleated giant cells and a higher vascularization. • G5 bioglass promotes bone regeneration, while the PLA scaffolds promote chondral regeneration based on cell-mediated vascularization.
- Subjects :
- Scaffold
3d printed
Materials science
Inflammatory response
0206 medical engineering
Biomedical Engineering
02 engineering and technology
Bone tissue
law.invention
Biomaterials
law
In vivo
Bone substitute
lcsh:TA401-492
medicine
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Calcium phosphate glass
In vitro degradation
Bioactive glass
lcsh:QH301-705.5
Multinucleated giant cells
Vascularization
Bi-layer scaffold
021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology
020601 biomedical engineering
medicine.anatomical_structure
lcsh:Biology (General)
Bioactive Composite
lcsh:Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials
Implant
0210 nano-technology
Biotechnology
Biomedical engineering
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 2452199X
- Volume :
- 2
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Bioactive Materials
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....a3b6dfa811e8a0676e58053e99240ffa