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4. Clinical coding of long COVID in primary care 2020–2023 in a cohort of 19 million adults: an OpenSAFELY analysis

Author

Walker, Alex, Green, Amelia, Mehrkar, Amir, Schaffer, Andrea, Brown, Andrew, Goldacre, Ben, Butler-Cole, Ben, MacKenna, Brian, Morton, Caroline, Walters, Caroline, Stables, Catherine, Cunningham, Christine, Wood, Christopher, Andrews, Colm, Evans, David, Hickman, George, Curtis, Helen, Drysdale, Henry, Dillingham, Iain, Morley, Jessica, Massey, Jon, Nab, Linda, Hopcroft, Lisa, Fisher, Louis, Bridges, Lucy, Wiedemann, Milan, DeVito, Nicholas, Macdonald, Orla, Inglesby, Peter, Smith, Rebecca, Croker, Richard, Park, Robin, Higgins, Rose, Bacon, Sebastian, Davy, Simon, Maude, Steven, O'Dwyer, Thomas, Ward, Tom, Speed, Victoria, Hulme, William, Hart, Liam, Stokes, Pete, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Costello, Ruth, Cowling, Thomas, Douglas, Ian, Eggo, Rosalind, Evans, Stephen, Forbes, Harriet, Grieve, Richard, Grint, Daniel, Herrett, Emily, Langan, Sinead, Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan, Mansfield, Kathryn, Mathur, Rohini, McDonald, Helen, Parker, Edward, Rentsch, Christopher, Schultze, Anna, Smeeth, Liam, Tazare, John, Tomlinson, Laurie, Walker, Jemma, Williamson, Elizabeth, Wing, Kevin, Wong, Angel, Zheng, Bang, Bates, Christopher, Cockburn, Jonathan, Parry, John, Hester, Frank, Harper, Sam, O'Hanlon, Shaun, Eavis, Alex, Jarvis, Richard, Avramov, Dima, Griffiths, Paul, Fowles, Aaron, Parkes, Nasreen, Perera, Rafael, Harrison, David, Khunti, Kamlesh, Sterne, Jonathan, Quint, Jennifer, Henderson, Alasdair D., Butler-Cole, Ben FC., Tomlinson, Laurie A., Marks, Michael, Jit, Mark, Briggs, Andrew, Lin, Liang-Yu, Carlile, Oliver, Bates, Chris, Bacon, Sebastian CJ., Dennison, William A., Costello, Ruth E., Wei, Yinghui, Walker, Alex J., and Eggo, Rosalind M.

Published
2024
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6. Neonatal and maternal outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination: a population-based matched cohort study

Author

Lindsay, Laura, Calvert, Clara, Shi, Ting, Carruthers, Jade, Denny, Cheryl, Donaghy, Jack, Hopcroft, Lisa E. M., Hopkins, Leanne, Goulding, Anna, McLaughlin, Terry, Moore, Emily, Taylor, Bob, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, McCabe, Ronan, McCowan, Colin, Simpson, Colin R., Robertson, Chris, Sheikh, Aziz, Wood, Rachael, and Stock, Sarah J.

Published
2023
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7. A population-based matched cohort study of major congenital anomalies following COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection

Author

Calvert, Clara, Carruthers, Jade, Denny, Cheryl, Donaghy, Jack, Hopcroft, Lisa E. M., Hopkins, Leanne, Goulding, Anna, Lindsay, Laura, McLaughlin, Terry, Moore, Emily, Taylor, Bob, Loane, Maria, Dolk, Helen, Morris, Joan, Auyeung, Bonnie, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Gibbons, Cheryl L., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, O’Leary, Maureen, McAllister, David, Shi, Ting, Simpson, Colin R., Robertson, Chris, Sheikh, Aziz, Stock, Sarah J., and Wood, Rachael

Published
2023
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8. Impact of long COVID on health-related quality-of-life: an OpenSAFELY population cohort study using patient-reported outcome measures (OpenPROMPT)

Author

Walker, Alex, Green, Amelia, Mehrkar, Amir, Schaffer, Andrea, Brown, Andrew, Goldacre, Ben, Butler-Cole, Ben, MacKenna, Brian, Morton, Caroline, Walters, Caroline, Stables, Catherine, Cunningham, Christine, Wood, Christopher, Andrews, Colm, Evans, David, Hickman, George, Curtis, Helen, Drysdale, Henry, Dillingham, Iain, Morley, Jessica, Massey, Jon, Nab, Linda, Hopcroft, Lisa, Fisher, Louis, Bridges, Lucy, Wiedemann, Milan, DeVito, Nicholas, Macdonald, Orla, Inglesby, Peter, Smith, Rebecca, Croker, Richard, Park, Robin, Higgins, Rose, Bacon, Sebastian, Davy, Simon, Maude, Steven, O'Dwyer, Thomas, Ward, Tom, Speed, Victoria, Hulme, William, Hart, Liam, Stokes, Pete, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Costello, Ruth, Cowling, Thomas, Douglas, Ian, Eggo, Rosalind, Evans, Stephen, Forbes, Harriet, Grieve, Richard, Grint, Daniel, Herrett, Emily, Langan, Sinead, Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan, Mansfield, Kathryn, Mathur, Rohini, McDonald, Helen, Parker, Edward, Rentsch, Christopher, Schultze, Anna, Smeeth, Liam, Tazare, John, Tomlinson, Laurie, Walker, Jemma, Williamson, Elizabeth, Wing, Kevin, Wong, Angel, Zheng, Bang, Bates, Christopher, Cockburn, Jonathan, Parry, John, Hester, Frank, Harper, Sam, O'Hanlon, Shaun, Eavis, Alex, Jarvis, Richard, Avramov, Dima, Griffiths, Paul, Fowles, Aaron, Parkes, Nasreen, Perera, Rafael, Harrison, David, Khunti, Kamlesh, Sterne, Jonathan, Quint, Jennifer, Carlile, Oliver, Briggs, Andrew, Henderson, Alasdair D., Butler-Cole, Ben F.C., Tomlinson, Laurie A., Marks, Michael, Jit, Mark, Lin, Liang-Yu, Bates, Chris, Bacon, Sebastian C.J., Dennison, William A., Costello, Ruth E., Walker, Alex J., and Eggo, Rosalind M.

Published
2024
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11. Ethnic differences in the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical monitoring and hospitalisations for non-COVID conditions in England: a population-based, observational cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform

Author

Chaturvedi, Nishi, Park, Chloe, Carnemolla, Alisia, Williams, Dylan, Knueppel, Anika, Boyd, Andy, Turner, Emma L., Evans, Katharine M., Thomas, Richard, Berman, Samantha, McLachlan, Stela, Crane, Matthew, Whitehorn, Rebecca, Oakley, Jacqui, Foster, Diane, Woodward, Hannah, Campbell, Kirsteen C., Timpson, Nicholas, Kwong, Alex, Soares, Ana Goncalves, Griffith, Gareth, Toms, Renin, Jones, Louise, Annie, Herbert, Mitchell, Ruth, Palmer, Tom, Sterne, Jonathan, Walker, Venexia, Huntley, Lizzie, Fox, Laura, Denholm, Rachel, Knight, Rochelle, Northstone, Kate, Kanagaratnam, Arun, Horne, Elsie, Forbes, Harriet, North, Teri, Taylor, Kurt, Arab, Marwa A.L., Walker, Scott, Coronado, Jose I.C., Karthikeyan, Arun S., Ploubidis, George, Moltrecht, Bettina, Booth, Charlotte, Parsons, Sam, Wielgoszewska, Bozena, Bridger-Staatz, Charis, Steves, Claire, Thompson, Ellen, Garcia, Paz, Cheetham, Nathan, Bowyer, Ruth, Freydin, Maxim, Roberts, Amy, Goldacre, Ben, Walker, Alex, Morley, Jess, Hulme, William, Nab, Linda, Fisher, Louis, MacKenna, Brian, Andrews, Colm, Curtis, Helen, Hopcroft, Lisa, Green, Amelia, Patalay, Praveetha, Maddock, Jane, Patel, Kishan, Stafford, Jean, Jacques, Wels, Tilling, Kate, Macleod, John, McElroy, Eoin, Shah, Anoop, Silverwood, Richard, Denaxas, Spiros, Flaig, Robin, McCartney, Daniel, Campbell, Archie, Tomlinson, Laurie, Tazare, John, Zheng, Bang, Smeeth, Liam, Herrett, Emily, Cowling, Thomas, Mansfield, Kate, Costello, Ruth E., Wang, Kevin, Mansfield, Kathryn, Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan, Douglas, Ian, Langan, Sinead, Brophy, Sinead, Parker, Michael, Kennedy, Jonathan, McEachan, Rosie, Wright, John, Willan, Kathryn, Badrick, Ellena, Santorelli, Gillian, Yang, Tiffany, Hou, Bo, Steptoe, Andrew, Giorgio, Di Gessa, Zhu, Jingmin, Zaninotto, Paola, Wood, Angela, Cezard, Genevieve, Ip, Samantha, Bolton, Tom, Sampri, Alexia, Rafeti, Elena, Almaghrabi, Fatima, Sheikh, Aziz, Shah, Syed A., Katikireddi, Vittal, Shaw, Richard, Hamilton, Olivia, Green, Michael, Kromydas, Theocharis, Kopasker, Daniel, Greaves, Felix, Willans, Robert, Glen, Fiona, Sharp, Steve, Hughes, Alun, Wong, Andrew, Howes, Lee Hamill, Rapala, Alicja, Nigrelli, Lidia, McArdle, Fintan, Beckford, Chelsea, Raman, Betty, Dobson, Richard, Folarin, Amos, Stewart, Callum, Ranjan, Yatharth, Carpentieri, Jd, Sheard, Laura, Fang, Chao, Baz, Sarah, Gibson, Andy, Kellas, John, Neubauer, Stefan, Piechnik, Stefan, Lukaschuk, Elena, Saunders, Laura C., Wild, James M., Smith, Stephen, Jezzard, Peter, Tunnicliffe, Elizabeth, Sanders, Zeena-Britt, Finnigan, Lucy, Ferreira, Vanessa, Green, Mark, Rhead, Rebecca, Kibble, Milla, Wei, Yinghui, Lemanska, Agnieszka, Perez-Reche, Francisco, Piehlmaier, Dominik, Teece, Lucy, Parker, Edward, Walker, Alex J., Inglesby, Peter, Curtis, Helen J., Morton, Caroline E., Morley, Jessica, Mehrkar, Amir, Bacon, Sebastian C.J., Hickman, George, Croker, Richard, Evans, David, Ward, Tom, DeVito, Nicholas J., Green, Amelia C.A., Massey, Jon, Smith, Rebecca M., Hulme, William J., Davy, Simon, Andrews, Colm D., Hopcroft, Lisa E.M., Drysdale, Henry, Dillingham, Iain, Park, Robin Y., Higgins, Rose, Cunningham, Christine, Wiedemann, Milan, Maude, Steven, Macdonald, Orla, Butler-Cole, Ben F.C., O'Dwyer, Thomas, Stables, Catherine L., Wood, Christopher, Brown, Andrew D., Speed, Victoria, Bridges, Lucy, Schaffer, Andrea L., Walters, Caroline E., Rentsch, Christopher T., Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Schultze, Anna, Williamson, Elizabeth J., McDonald, Helen I., Tomlinson, Laurie A., Mathur, Rohini, Eggo, Rosalind M., Wing, Kevin, Wong, Angel Y.S., Grieve, Richard, Grint, Daniel J., Mansfield, Kathryn E., Douglas, Ian J., Evans, Stephen J.W., Walker, Jemma L., Cowling, Thomas E., Herrett, Emily L., Parker, Edward P.K., Bates, Christopher, Cockburn, Jonathan, Parry, John, Hester, Frank, Harper, Sam, O'Hanlon, Shaun, Eavis, Alex, Jarvis, Richard, Avramov, Dima, Griffiths, Paul, Fowles, Aaron, Parkes, Nasreen, Nicholson, Brian, Perera, Rafael, Harrison, David, Khunti, Kamlesh, Sterne, Jonathan AC., Quint, Jennifer, Henderson, Alasdair D., Carreira, Helena, Bidulka, Patrick, Warren-Gash, Charlotte, Hayes, Joseph F., Quint, Jennifer K., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, and Langan, Sinéad M.

Published
2023
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12. Risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes associated with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and immune-modifying therapies: a nationwide cohort study in the OpenSAFELY platform

Author

MacKenna, Brian, Kennedy, Nicholas A, Mehrkar, Amir, Rowan, Anna, Galloway, James, Matthewman, Julian, Mansfield, Kathryn E, Bechman, Katie, Yates, Mark, Brown, Jeremy, Schultze, Anna, Norton, Sam, Walker, Alex J, Morton, Caroline E, Harrison, David, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Rentsch, Christopher T, Williamson, Elizabeth, Croker, Richard, Bacon, Seb, Hickman, George, Ward, Tom, Davy, Simon, Green, Amelia, Fisher, Louis, Hulme, William, Bates, Chris, Curtis, Helen J, Tazare, John, Eggo, Rosalind M, Evans, David, Inglesby, Peter, Cockburn, Jonathan, McDonald, Helen I, Tomlinson, Laurie A, Mathur, Rohini, Wong, Angel Y S, Forbes, Harriet, Parry, John, Hester, Frank, Harper, Sam, Douglas, Ian J, Smeeth, Liam, Lees, Charlie W, Evans, Stephen J W, Goldacre, Ben, Smith, Catherine H, and Langan, Sinéad M

Published
2022
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14. A population-based matched cohort study of early pregnancy outcomes following COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection

Author

Calvert, Clara, Carruthers, Jade, Denny, Cheryl, Donaghy, Jack, Hillman, Sam, Hopcroft, Lisa E. M., Hopkins, Leanne, Goulding, Anna, Lindsay, Laura, McLaughlin, Terry, Moore, Emily, Pan, Jiafeng, Taylor, Bob, Almaghrabi, Fatima, Auyeung, Bonnie, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Gibbons, Cheryl L., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, McCowan, Colin, Murray, Josie, O’Leary, Maureen, Ritchie, Lewis D., Shah, Syed Ahmar, Simpson, Colin R., Robertson, Chris, Sheikh, Aziz, Stock, Sarah J., and Wood, Rachael

Published
2022
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15. Describing the population experiencing COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough following second vaccination in England: a cohort study from OpenSAFELY

Author

Green, Amelia, Curtis, Helen, Hulme, William, Williamson, Elizabeth, McDonald, Helen, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Rentsch, Christopher, Schultze, Anna, MacKenna, Brian, Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan, Tomlinson, Laurie, Walker, Alex, Fisher, Louis, Massey, Jon, Andrews, Colm, Hopcroft, Lisa, Morton, Caroline, Croker, Richard, Morley, Jessica, Mehrkar, Amir, Bacon, Seb, Evans, David, Inglesby, Peter, Hickman, George, Ward, Tom, Davy, Simon, Mathur, Rohini, Tazare, John, Eggo, Rosalind, Wing, Kevin, Wong, Angel, Forbes, Harriet, Bates, Chris, Cockburn, Jonathan, Parry, John, Hester, Frank, Harper, Sam, Douglas, Ian, Evans, Stephen, Smeeth, Liam, and Goldacre, Ben

Published
2022
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16. Comparison of methods for predicting COVID-19-related death in the general population using the OpenSAFELY platform

Author

Williamson, Elizabeth J., Tazare, John, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, McDonald, Helen I., Walker, Alex J., Tomlinson, Laurie, Wing, Kevin, Bacon, Sebastian, Bates, Chris, Curtis, Helen J., Forbes, Harriet J., Minassian, Caroline, Morton, Caroline E., Nightingale, Emily, Mehrkar, Amir, Evans, David, Nicholson, Brian D., Leon, David A., Inglesby, Peter, MacKenna, Brian, Davies, Nicholas G., DeVito, Nicholas J., Drysdale, Henry, Cockburn, Jonathan, Hulme, William J., Morley, Jessica, Douglas, Ian, Rentsch, Christopher T., Mathur, Rohini, Wong, Angel, Schultze, Anna, Croker, Richard, Parry, John, Hester, Frank, Harper, Sam, Grieve, Richard, Harrison, David A., Steyerberg, Ewout W., Eggo, Rosalind M., Diaz-Ordaz, Karla, Keogh, Ruth, Evans, Stephen J. W., Smeeth, Liam, and Goldacre, Ben

Published
2022
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19. Core Concepts in Pharmacoepidemiology: Quantitative Bias Analysis.

Author

Brown, Jeremy P., Hunnicutt, Jacob N., Ali, M. Sanni, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Cole, Ashley, Langan, Sinead M., Nitsch, Dorothea, Rentsch, Christopher T., Galwey, Nicholas W., Wing, Kevin, and Douglas, Ian J.

Abstract

Pharmacoepidemiological studies provide important information on the safety and effectiveness of medications, but the validity of study findings can be threatened by residual bias. Ideally, biases would be minimized through appropriate study design and statistical analysis methods. However, residual biases can remain, for example, due to unmeasured confounders, measurement error, or selection into the study. A group of sensitivity analysis methods, termed quantitative bias analyses, are available to assess, quantitatively and transparently, the robustness of study results to these residual biases. These approaches include methods to quantify how the estimated effect would be altered under specified assumptions about the potential bias, and methods to calculate bounds on effect estimates. This article introduces quantitative bias analyses for unmeasured confounding, misclassification, and selection bias, with a focus on their relevance and application to pharmacoepidemiological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. OpenSAFELY: A platform for analysing electronic health records designed for reproducible research

Author

Nab, Linda, primary, Schaffer, Andrea L., additional, Hulme, William, additional, DeVito, Nicholas J., additional, Dillingham, Iain, additional, Wiedemann, Milan, additional, Andrews, Colm D., additional, Curtis, Helen, additional, Fisher, Louis, additional, Green, Amelia, additional, Massey, Jon, additional, Walters, Caroline E., additional, Higgins, Rose, additional, Cunningham, Christine, additional, Morley, Jessica, additional, Mehrkar, Amir, additional, Hart, Liam, additional, Davy, Simon, additional, Evans, David, additional, Hickman, George, additional, Inglesby, Peter, additional, Morton, Caroline E., additional, Smith, Rebecca M., additional, Ward, Tom, additional, O'Dwyer, Thomas, additional, Maude, Steven, additional, Bridges, Lucy, additional, Butler‐Cole, Ben F. C., additional, Stables, Catherine L., additional, Stokes, Pete, additional, Bates, Chris, additional, Cockburn, Jonny, additional, Hester, Frank, additional, Parry, John, additional, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, additional, Schultze, Anna, additional, Rentsch, Christopher T., additional, Mathur, Rohini, additional, Tomlinson, Laurie A., additional, Williamson, Elizabeth J., additional, Smeeth, Liam, additional, Walker, Alex, additional, Bacon, Sebastian, additional, MacKenna, Brian, additional, and Goldacre, Ben, additional

Published
2024
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23. Quantifying possible bias in clinical and epidemiological studies with quantitative bias analysis: common approaches and limitations

Author

Brown, Jeremy P, primary, Hunnicutt, Jacob N, additional, Ali, M Sanni, additional, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, additional, Cole, Ashley, additional, Langan, Sinead M, additional, Nitsch, Dorothea, additional, Rentsch, Christopher T, additional, Galwey, Nicholas W, additional, Wing, Kevin, additional, and Douglas, Ian J, additional

Published
2024
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24. Identifying adults at high-risk for change in weight and BMI in England: a longitudinal, large-scale, population-based cohort study using electronic health records

Author

Katsoulis, Michail, Lai, Alvina G, Diaz-Ordaz, Karla, Gomes, Manuel, Pasea, Laura, Banerjee, Amitava, Denaxas, Spiros, Tsilidis, Kostas, Lagiou, Pagona, Misirli, Gesthimani, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Wannamethee, Goya, Dobson, Richard, Batterham, Rachel L, Kipourou, Dimitra-Kleio, Lumbers, R Thomas, Wen, Lan, Wareham, Nick, Langenberg, Claudia, and Hemingway, Harry

Published
2021
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27. Effect of pre-exposure use of hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 mortality: a population-based cohort study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus using the OpenSAFELY platform

Author

Rentsch, Christopher T, DeVito, Nicholas J, MacKenna, Brian, Morton, Caroline E, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Brown, Jeremy P, Schultze, Anna, Hulme, William J, Croker, Richard, Walker, Alex J, Williamson, Elizabeth J, Bates, Chris, Bacon, Seb, Mehrkar, Amir, Curtis, Helen J, Evans, David, Wing, Kevin, Inglesby, Peter, Mathur, Rohini, Drysdale, Henry, Wong, Angel Y S, McDonald, Helen I, Cockburn, Jonathan, Forbes, Harriet, Parry, John, Hester, Frank, Harper, Sam, Smeeth, Liam, Douglas, Ian J, Dixon, William G, Evans, Stephen J W, Tomlinson, Laurie, and Goldacre, Ben

Published
2021
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28. HIV infection and COVID-19 death: a population-based cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform

Author

Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Rentsch, Christopher T, MacKenna, Brian, Schultze, Anna, Mehrkar, Amir, Bates, Chris J, Eggo, Rosalind M, Morton, Caroline E, Bacon, Sebastian C J, Inglesby, Peter, Douglas, Ian J, Walker, Alex J, McDonald, Helen I, Cockburn, Jonathan, Williamson, Elizabeth J, Evans, David, Forbes, Harriet J, Curtis, Helen J, Hulme, William J, Parry, John, Hester, Frank, Harper, Sam, Evans, Stephen J W, Smeeth, Liam, and Goldacre, Ben

Published
2021
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30. Risk of COVID-19-related death among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma prescribed inhaled corticosteroids: an observational cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform

Author

Schultze, Anna, Walker, Alex J, MacKenna, Brian, Morton, Caroline E, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Brown, Jeremy P, Rentsch, Christopher T, Williamson, Elizabeth, Drysdale, Henry, Croker, Richard, Bacon, Seb, Hulme, William, Bates, Chris, Curtis, Helen J, Mehrkar, Amir, Evans, David, Inglesby, Peter, Cockburn, Jonathan, McDonald, Helen I, Tomlinson, Laurie, Mathur, Rohini, Wing, Kevin, Wong, Angel Y S, Forbes, Harriet, Parry, John, Hester, Frank, Harper, Sam, Evans, Stephen J W, Quint, Jennifer, Smeeth, Liam, Douglas, Ian J, and Goldacre, Ben

Published
2020
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32. Early, Medium and Long-Term Mental Health in Cancer Survivors Compared with Cancer-Free Comparators: Matched Cohort Study Using Linked UK Electronic Health Records

Author

Forbes, Harriet, primary, Carriera, Helena, additional, Funston, Garth, additional, Andresen, Kirsty, additional, Bhatia, Urvita, additional, Strongman, Helen, additional, Abrol, Esha, additional, Bowen, Liza, additional, Giles, Ceinwen, additional, and Bhaskaran, Krishnan, additional

Published
2024
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34. Incident dementia risk among patients with type 2 diabetes receiving metformin versus alternative oral glucose-lowering therapy: an observational cohort study using UK primary healthcare records

Author

Doran, William, primary, Tunnicliffe, Louis, additional, Muzambi, Rutendo, additional, Rentsch, Christopher T, additional, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, additional, Smeeth, Liam, additional, Brayne, Carol, additional, Williams, Dylan M, additional, Chaturvedi, Nish, additional, Eastwood, Sophie V, additional, Dunachie, Susanna J, additional, Mathur, Rohini, additional, and Warren-Gash, Charlotte, additional

Published
2024
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36. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY

Author

Williamson, Elizabeth J., Walker, Alex J., Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Bacon, Seb, Bates, Chris, Morton, Caroline E., Curtis, Helen J., Mehrkar, Amir, Evans, David, Inglesby, Peter, Cockburn, Jonathan, McDonald, Helen I., MacKenna, Brian, Tomlinson, Laurie, Douglas, Ian J., Rentsch, Christopher T., Mathur, Rohini, Wong, Angel Y. S., Grieve, Richard, Harrison, David, Forbes, Harriet, Schultze, Anna, Croker, Richard, Parry, John, Hester, Frank, Harper, Sam, Perera, Rafael, Evans, Stephen J. W., Smeeth, Liam, and Goldacre, Ben

Published
2020
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42. Overall and cause-specific hospitalisation and death after COVID-19 hospitalisation in England: A cohort study using linked primary care, secondary care, and death registration data in the OpenSAFELY platform

Author

Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Rentsch, Christopher T., Hickman, George, Hulme, William J., Schultze, Anna, Curtis, Helen J., Wing, Kevin, Warren-Gash, Charlotte, Tomlinson, Laurie, Bates, Chris J., Mathur, Rohini, MacKenna, Brian, Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan, Wong, Angel, Walker, Alex J., Morton, Caroline E., Grint, Daniel, Mehrkar, Amir, Eggo, Rosalind M., Inglesby, Peter, Douglas, Ian J., McDonald, Helen I., Cockburn, Jonathan, Williamson, Elizabeth J., Evans, David, Parry, John, Hester, Frank, Harper, Sam, Evans, Stephen JW, Bacon, Sebastian, Smeeth, Liam, and Goldacre, Ben

Subjects
Hospital care -- Patient outcomes -- Risk factors, Biological sciences
Abstract

Background There is concern about medium to long-term adverse outcomes following acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), but little relevant evidence exists. We aimed to investigate whether risks of hospital admission and death, overall and by specific cause, are raised following discharge from a COVID-19 hospitalisation. Methods and findings With the approval of NHS-England, we conducted a cohort study, using linked primary care and hospital data in OpenSAFELY to compare risks of hospital admission and death, overall and by specific cause, between people discharged from COVID-19 hospitalisation (February to December 2020) and surviving at least 1 week, and (i) demographically matched controls from the 2019 general population; and (ii) people discharged from influenza hospitalisation in 2017 to 2019. We used Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, obesity, smoking status, deprivation, and comorbidities considered potential risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes. We included 24,673 postdischarge COVID-19 patients, 123,362 general population controls, and 16,058 influenza controls, followed for [less than or equal to]315 days. COVID-19 patients had median age of 66 years, 13,733 (56%) were male, and 19,061 (77%) were of white ethnicity. Overall risk of hospitalisation or death (30,968 events) was higher in the COVID-19 group than general population controls (fully adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.22, 2.14 to 2.30, p < 0.001) but slightly lower than the influenza group (aHR 0.95, 0.91 to 0.98, p = 0.004). All-cause mortality (7,439 events) was highest in the COVID-19 group (aHR 4.82, 4.48 to 5.19 versus general population controls [p < 0.001] and 1.74, 1.61 to 1.88 versus influenza controls [p < 0.001]). Risks for cause-specific outcomes were higher in COVID-19 survivors than in general population controls and largely similar or lower in COVID-19 compared with influenza patients. However, COVID-19 patients were more likely than influenza patients to be readmitted or die due to their initial infection or other lower respiratory tract infection (aHR 1.37, 1.22 to 1.54, p < 0.001) and to experience mental health or cognitive-related admission or death (aHR 1.37, 1.02 to 1.84, p = 0.039); in particular, COVID-19 survivors with preexisting dementia had higher risk of dementia hospitalisation or death (age- and sex-adjusted HR 2.47, 1.37 to 4.44, p = 0.002). Limitations of our study were that reasons for hospitalisation or death may have been misclassified in some cases due to inconsistent use of codes, and we did not have data to distinguish COVID-19 variants. Conclusions In this study, we observed that people discharged from a COVID-19 hospital admission had markedly higher risks for rehospitalisation and death than the general population, suggesting a substantial extra burden on healthcare. Most risks were similar to those observed after influenza hospitalisations, but COVID-19 patients had higher risks of all-cause mortality, readmission or death due to the initial infection, and dementia death, highlighting the importance of postdischarge monitoring., Author(s): Krishnan Bhaskaran 1,*, Christopher T. Rentsch 1, George Hickman 2, William J. Hulme 2, Anna Schultze 1, Helen J. Curtis 2, Kevin Wing 1, Charlotte Warren-Gash 1, Laurie Tomlinson [...]

Published
2022
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43. Factors associated with excess all-cause mortality in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: A time series analysis using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink

Author

Strongman, Helen, Carreira, Helena, De Stavola, Bianca L., Bhaskaran, Krishnan, and Leon, David A.

Subjects
Time-series analysis -- Methods, Mentally ill -- Care and treatment -- Casualties, Risk perception -- Analysis, Health risk assessment -- Methods, Biological sciences
Abstract

Background Excess mortality captures the total effect of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on mortality and is not affected by misspecification of cause of death. We aimed to describe how health and demographic factors were associated with excess mortality during, compared to before, the pandemic. Methods and findings We analysed a time series dataset including 9,635,613 adults ([greater than or equal to]40 years old) registered at United Kingdom general practices contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. We extracted weekly numbers of deaths and numbers at risk between March 2015 and July 2020, stratified by individual-level factors. Excess mortality during Wave 1 of the UK pandemic (5 March to 27 May 2020) compared to the prepandemic period was estimated using seasonally adjusted negative binomial regression models. Relative rates (RRs) of death for a range of factors were estimated before and during Wave 1 by including interaction terms. We found that all-cause mortality increased by 43% (95% CI 40% to 47%) during Wave 1 compared with prepandemic. Changes to the RR of death associated with most sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were small during Wave 1 compared with prepandemic. However, the mortality RR associated with dementia markedly increased (RR for dementia versus no dementia prepandemic: 3.5, 95% CI 3.4 to 3.5; RR during Wave 1: 5.1, 4.9 to 5.3); a similar pattern was seen for learning disabilities (RR prepandemic: 3.6, 3.4 to 3.5; during Wave 1: 4.8, 4.4 to 5.3), for black or South Asian ethnicity compared to white, and for London compared to other regions. Relative risks for morbidities were stable in multiple sensitivity analyses. However, a limitation of the study is that we cannot assume that the risks observed during Wave 1 would apply to other waves due to changes in population behaviour, virus transmission, and risk perception. Conclusions The first wave of the UK COVID-19 pandemic appeared to amplify baseline mortality risk to approximately the same relative degree for most population subgroups. However, disproportionate increases in mortality were seen for those with dementia, learning disabilities, non-white ethnicity, or living in London., Author(s): Helen Strongman 1,*, Helena Carreira 1, Bianca L. De Stavola 1,2, Krishnan Bhaskaran 1, David A. Leon 1,3,4 Introduction Understanding how preexisting health status and demographic factors affect the [...]

Published
2022
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44. Ethnic differences in the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical monitoring and hospitalisations for non-COVID conditions in England: a population-based, observational cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform

Author

Costello, Ruth E., primary, Tazare, John, additional, Piehlmaier, Dominik, additional, Herrett, Emily, additional, Parker, Edward P.K., additional, Zheng, Bang, additional, Mansfield, Kathryn E., additional, Henderson, Alasdair D., additional, Carreira, Helena, additional, Bidulka, Patrick, additional, Wong, Angel Y.S., additional, Warren-Gash, Charlotte, additional, Hayes, Joseph F., additional, Quint, Jennifer K., additional, MacKenna, Brian, additional, Mehrkar, Amir, additional, Eggo, Rosalind M., additional, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, additional, Tomlinson, Laurie, additional, Langan, Sinéad M., additional, Mathur, Rohini, additional, Chaturvedi, Nishi, additional, Park, Chloe, additional, Carnemolla, Alisia, additional, Williams, Dylan, additional, Knueppel, Anika, additional, Boyd, Andy, additional, Turner, Emma L., additional, Evans, Katharine M., additional, Thomas, Richard, additional, Berman, Samantha, additional, McLachlan, Stela, additional, Crane, Matthew, additional, Whitehorn, Rebecca, additional, Oakley, Jacqui, additional, Foster, Diane, additional, Woodward, Hannah, additional, Campbell, Kirsteen C., additional, Timpson, Nicholas, additional, Kwong, Alex, additional, Soares, Ana Goncalves, additional, Griffith, Gareth, additional, Toms, Renin, additional, Jones, Louise, additional, Annie, Herbert, additional, Mitchell, Ruth, additional, Palmer, Tom, additional, Sterne, Jonathan, additional, Walker, Venexia, additional, Huntley, Lizzie, additional, Fox, Laura, additional, Denholm, Rachel, additional, Knight, Rochelle, additional, Northstone, Kate, additional, Kanagaratnam, Arun, additional, Horne, Elsie, additional, Forbes, Harriet, additional, North, Teri, additional, Taylor, Kurt, additional, Arab, Marwa A.L., additional, Walker, Scott, additional, Coronado, Jose I.C., additional, Karthikeyan, Arun S., additional, Ploubidis, George, additional, Moltrecht, Bettina, additional, Booth, Charlotte, additional, Parsons, Sam, additional, Wielgoszewska, Bozena, additional, Bridger-Staatz, Charis, additional, Steves, Claire, additional, Thompson, Ellen, additional, Garcia, Paz, additional, Cheetham, Nathan, additional, Bowyer, Ruth, additional, Freydin, Maxim, additional, Roberts, Amy, additional, Goldacre, Ben, additional, Walker, Alex, additional, Morley, Jess, additional, Hulme, William, additional, Nab, Linda, additional, Fisher, Louis, additional, Andrews, Colm, additional, Curtis, Helen, additional, Hopcroft, Lisa, additional, Green, Amelia, additional, Patalay, Praveetha, additional, Maddock, Jane, additional, Patel, Kishan, additional, Stafford, Jean, additional, Jacques, Wels, additional, Tilling, Kate, additional, Macleod, John, additional, McElroy, Eoin, additional, Shah, Anoop, additional, Silverwood, Richard, additional, Denaxas, Spiros, additional, Flaig, Robin, additional, McCartney, Daniel, additional, Campbell, Archie, additional, Smeeth, Liam, additional, Cowling, Thomas, additional, Mansfield, Kate, additional, Costello, Ruth E., additional, Wang, Kevin, additional, Mansfield, Kathryn, additional, Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan, additional, Douglas, Ian, additional, Langan, Sinead, additional, Brophy, Sinead, additional, Parker, Michael, additional, Kennedy, Jonathan, additional, McEachan, Rosie, additional, Wright, John, additional, Willan, Kathryn, additional, Badrick, Ellena, additional, Santorelli, Gillian, additional, Yang, Tiffany, additional, Hou, Bo, additional, Steptoe, Andrew, additional, Giorgio, Di Gessa, additional, Zhu, Jingmin, additional, Zaninotto, Paola, additional, Wood, Angela, additional, Cezard, Genevieve, additional, Ip, Samantha, additional, Bolton, Tom, additional, Sampri, Alexia, additional, Rafeti, Elena, additional, Almaghrabi, Fatima, additional, Sheikh, Aziz, additional, Shah, Syed A., additional, Katikireddi, Vittal, additional, Shaw, Richard, additional, Hamilton, Olivia, additional, Green, Michael, additional, Kromydas, Theocharis, additional, Kopasker, Daniel, additional, Greaves, Felix, additional, Willans, Robert, additional, Glen, Fiona, additional, Sharp, Steve, additional, Hughes, Alun, additional, Wong, Andrew, additional, Howes, Lee Hamill, additional, Rapala, Alicja, additional, Nigrelli, Lidia, additional, McArdle, Fintan, additional, Beckford, Chelsea, additional, Raman, Betty, additional, Dobson, Richard, additional, Folarin, Amos, additional, Stewart, Callum, additional, Ranjan, Yatharth, additional, Carpentieri, Jd, additional, Sheard, Laura, additional, Fang, Chao, additional, Baz, Sarah, additional, Gibson, Andy, additional, Kellas, John, additional, Neubauer, Stefan, additional, Piechnik, Stefan, additional, Lukaschuk, Elena, additional, Saunders, Laura C., additional, Wild, James M., additional, Smith, Stephen, additional, Jezzard, Peter, additional, Tunnicliffe, Elizabeth, additional, Sanders, Zeena-Britt, additional, Finnigan, Lucy, additional, Ferreira, Vanessa, additional, Green, Mark, additional, Rhead, Rebecca, additional, Kibble, Milla, additional, Wei, Yinghui, additional, Lemanska, Agnieszka, additional, Perez-Reche, Francisco, additional, Teece, Lucy, additional, Parker, Edward, additional, Walker, Alex J., additional, Inglesby, Peter, additional, Curtis, Helen J., additional, Morton, Caroline E., additional, Morley, Jessica, additional, Bacon, Sebastian C.J., additional, Hickman, George, additional, Croker, Richard, additional, Evans, David, additional, Ward, Tom, additional, DeVito, Nicholas J., additional, Green, Amelia C.A., additional, Massey, Jon, additional, Smith, Rebecca M., additional, Hulme, William J., additional, Davy, Simon, additional, Andrews, Colm D., additional, Hopcroft, Lisa E.M., additional, Drysdale, Henry, additional, Dillingham, Iain, additional, Park, Robin Y., additional, Higgins, Rose, additional, Cunningham, Christine, additional, Wiedemann, Milan, additional, Maude, Steven, additional, Macdonald, Orla, additional, Butler-Cole, Ben F.C., additional, O'Dwyer, Thomas, additional, Stables, Catherine L., additional, Wood, Christopher, additional, Brown, Andrew D., additional, Speed, Victoria, additional, Bridges, Lucy, additional, Schaffer, Andrea L., additional, Walters, Caroline E., additional, Rentsch, Christopher T., additional, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, additional, Schultze, Anna, additional, Williamson, Elizabeth J., additional, McDonald, Helen I., additional, Tomlinson, Laurie A., additional, Wing, Kevin, additional, Grieve, Richard, additional, Grint, Daniel J., additional, Douglas, Ian J., additional, Evans, Stephen J.W., additional, Walker, Jemma L., additional, Cowling, Thomas E., additional, Herrett, Emily L., additional, Bates, Christopher, additional, Cockburn, Jonathan, additional, Parry, John, additional, Hester, Frank, additional, Harper, Sam, additional, O'Hanlon, Shaun, additional, Eavis, Alex, additional, Jarvis, Richard, additional, Avramov, Dima, additional, Griffiths, Paul, additional, Fowles, Aaron, additional, Parkes, Nasreen, additional, Nicholson, Brian, additional, Perera, Rafael, additional, Harrison, David, additional, Khunti, Kamlesh, additional, Sterne, Jonathan AC., additional, and Quint, Jennifer, additional

Published
2023
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45. Stopping renin-angiotensin system blockers after acute kidney injury and risk of adverse outcomes: parallel population-based cohort studies in English and Swedish routine care

Author

Bidulka, Patrick, Fu, Edouard L., Leyrat, Clémence, Kalogirou, Fotini, McAllister, Katherine S. L., Kingdon, Edward J., Mansfield, Kathryn E., Iwagami, Masao, Smeeth, Liam, Clase, Catherine M., Bhaskaran, Krishnan, van Diepen, Merel, Carrero, Juan-Jesus, Nitsch, Dorothea, and Tomlinson, Laurie A.

Published
2020
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47. Ethnic differences in guideline-indicated statin initiation for people with type 2 diabetes in UK primary care, 2006-2019: A cohort study

Author

Eastwood, Sophie V., Mathur, Rohini, Sattar, Naveed, Smeeth, Liam, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, and Chaturvedi, Nishi

Subjects
Statins -- Dosage and administration -- Demographic aspects, Cardiovascular diseases -- Risk factors, Type 2 diabetes -- Drug therapy -- Complications and side effects -- Demographic aspects, Biological sciences
Abstract

Background Type 2 diabetes is 2-3 times more prevalent in people of South Asian and African/African Caribbean ethnicity than people of European ethnicity living in the UK. The former 2 groups also experience excess atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) complications of diabetes. We aimed to study ethnic differences in statin initiation, a cornerstone of ASCVD primary prevention, for people with type 2 diabetes. Methods and findings Observational cohort study of UK primary care records, from 1 January 2006 to 30 June 2019. Data were studied from 27,511 (88%) people of European ethnicity, 2,386 (8%) people of South Asian ethnicity, and 1,142 (4%) people of African/African Caribbean ethnicity with incident type 2 diabetes, no previous ASCVD, and statin use indicated by guidelines. Statin initiation rates were contrasted by ethnicity, and the number of ASCVD events that could be prevented by equalising prescribing rates across ethnic groups was estimated. Median time to statin initiation was 79, 109, and 84 days for people of European, South Asian, and African/African Caribbean ethnicity, respectively. People of African/African Caribbean ethnicity were a third less likely to receive guideline-indicated statins than European people (n/N [%]: 605/1,142 [53%] and 18,803/27,511 [68%], respectively; age- and gender-adjusted HR 0.67 [95% CI 0.60 to 0.76], p < 0.001). The HR attenuated marginally in a model adjusting for total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (0.77 [95% CI 0.69 to 0.85], p < 0.001), with no further diminution when deprivation, ASCVD risk factors, comorbidity, polypharmacy, and healthcare usage were accounted for (fully adjusted HR 0.76 [95% CI 0.68, 0.85], p < 0.001). People of South Asian ethnicity were 10% less likely to receive a statin than European people (1,489/2,386 [62%] and 18,803/27,511 [68%], respectively; fully adjusted HR 0.91 [95% CI 0.85 to 0.98], p = 0.008, adjusting for all covariates). We estimated that up to 12,600 ASCVD events could be prevented over the lifetimes of people currently affected by type 2 diabetes in the UK by equalising statin prescribing across ethnic groups. Limitations included incompleteness of recording of routinely collected data. Conclusions In this study we observed that people of African/African Caribbean ethnicity with type 2 diabetes were substantially less likely, and people of South Asian ethnicity marginally less likely, to receive guideline-indicated statins than people of European ethnicity, even after accounting for sociodemographics, healthcare usage, ASCVD risk factors, and comorbidity. Underuse of statins in people of African/African Caribbean or South Asian ethnicity with type 2 diabetes is a missed opportunity to prevent cardiovascular events., Author(s): Sophie V. Eastwood 1,*, Rohini Mathur 2, Naveed Sattar 3, Liam Smeeth 2, Krishnan Bhaskaran 2, Nishi Chaturvedi 1 Introduction Type 2 diabetes is a potent risk factor for [...]

Published
2021
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49. Absolute and relative excess mortality across demographic and clinical subgroups during the COVID-19 pandemic: an individual-level cohort study from a nationwide healthcare system of US Veterans

Author

Weinberger, Daniel M., primary, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, additional, Korves, Caroline, additional, Lucas, Brian P., additional, Columbo, Jesse A., additional, Vashi, Anita, additional, Davies, Louise, additional, Justice, Amy C., additional, and Rentsch, Christopher T., additional

Published
2023
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50. Challenges in Estimating the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination Using Observational Data

Author

Hulme, William J., primary, Williamson, Elizabeth, additional, Horne, Elsie M.F., additional, Green, Amelia, additional, McDonald, Helen I., additional, Walker, Alex J., additional, Curtis, Helen J., additional, Morton, Caroline E., additional, MacKenna, Brian, additional, Croker, Richard, additional, Mehrkar, Amir, additional, Bacon, Seb, additional, Evans, David, additional, Inglesby, Peter, additional, Davy, Simon, additional, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, additional, Schultze, Anna, additional, Rentsch, Christopher T., additional, Tomlinson, Laurie, additional, Douglas, Ian J., additional, Evans, Stephen J.W., additional, Smeeth, Liam, additional, Palmer, Tom, additional, Goldacre, Ben, additional, Hernán, Miguel A., additional, and Sterne, Jonathan A.C., additional

Published
2023
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