1. Ultrafast nonthermal heating of water initiated by an X-ray Free-Electron Laser.
- Author
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Beyerlein, Kenneth R., Barty, Anton, Bean, Richard, Caleman, Carl, Chapman, Henry N., Jönsson, H. Olof, Ragazzon, Davide, Tîmneanu, Nicuşor, Alonso-Mori, Roberto, Aquila, Andrew, Koglin, Jason E., Messerschmidt, Marc, Sokaras, Dimosthenis, Williams, Garth J., Boutet, Sébastien, Bajt, Saša, and Hau-Riege, Stefan
- Subjects
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FEMTOSECOND lasers , *THERMODYNAMIC equilibrium , *MOLECULAR dynamics , *MORPHOLOGY , *PHASE change materials - Abstract
The bright ultrafast pulses of X-ray Free-Electron Lasers allow investigation into the structure of matter under extreme conditions. We have used single pulses to ionize and probe water as it undergoes a phase transition from liquid to plasma. We report changes in the structure of liquid water on a femtosecond time scale when irradiated by single 6.86 keV X-ray pulses of more than 106 J/cm2. These observations are supported by simulations based on molecular dynamics and plasma dynamics of a water system that is rapidly ionized and driven out of equilibrium. This exotic ionic and disordered state with the density of a liquid is suggested to be structurally different from a neutral thermally disordered state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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