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1. Gastroenterologist and nurse management of symptoms after pelvic radiotherapy for cancer: an economic evaluation of a clinical randomized controlled trial (the ORBIT study)

Author

Jordan J, Gage H, Benton B, Lalji A, Norton C, and Andreyev HJN

Subjects
Pelvic radiotherapy, Algorithmic care, Gastroenterologist, Clinical nurse specialist, Medicine (General), R5-920, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950
Abstract

Jake Jordan,1 Heather Gage,1 Barbara Benton,2 Amyn Lalji,2 Christine Norton,3 H Jervoise N Andreyev2 1Surrey Health Economics Centre, School of Economics, University of Surrey, Guildford, 2Gastrointestinal Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 3Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King’s College, London, UK Background: Over 20 distressing gastrointestinal symptoms affect many patients after pelvic radiotherapy, but in the United Kingdom few are referred for assessment. Algorithmic-based treatment delivered by either a consultant gastroenterologist or a clinical nurse specialist has been shown in a randomized trial to be statistically and clinically more effective than provision of a self-help booklet. In this study, we assessed cost-effectiveness.Methods: Outcomes were measured at baseline (pre-randomization) and 6 months. Change in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) was the primary outcome for the economic evaluation; a secondary analysis used change in the bowel subset score of the modified Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ-B). Intervention costs, British pounds 2013, covered visits with the gastroenterologist or nurse, investigations, medications and treatments. Incremental outcomes and incremental costs were estimated simultaneously using multivariate linear regression. Uncertainty was handled non-parametrically using bootstrap with replacement.Results: The mean (SD) cost of treatment was £895 (499) for the nurse and £1101 (567) for the consultant. The nurse was dominated by usual care, which was cheaper and achieved better outcomes. The mean cost per QALY gained from the consultant, compared to usual care, was £250,455; comparing the consultant to the nurse, it was £25,875. Algorithmic care produced better outcomes compared to the booklet only, as reflected in the IBDQ-B results, at a cost of ~£1,000.Conclusion: Algorithmic treatment of radiation bowel injury by a consultant or a nurse results in significant symptom relief for patients but was not found to be cost-effective according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) criteria. Keywords: pelvic radiotherapy, algorithmic care, gastroenterologist, clinical nurse specialist

Published
2017

2. A novel FK506- and rapamycin-binding protein (FPR3 gene product) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a proline rotamase localized to the nucleolus.

Author

Benton, B, Zang, J, and THORNER, Jeremy W.

Subjects
Amino Acid Isomerases, Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, Carrier Proteins, Cell Nucleolus, Cloning, Molecular, DNA, Fungal, Escherichia coli, Genes, Fungal, Genotype, Heat-Shock Proteins, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Peptidylprolyl Isomerase, Polyenes, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Recombinant Proteins, Restriction Mapping, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sequence Deletion, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Sirolimus, Tacrolimus, Tacrolimus Binding Proteins
Abstract

The gene (FPR3) encoding a novel type of peptidylpropyl-cis-trans-isomerase (PPIase) was isolated during a search for previously unidentified nuclear proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PPIases are thought to act in conjunction with protein chaperones because they accelerate the rate of conformational interconversions around proline residues in polypeptides. The FPR3 gene product (Fpr3) is 413 amino acids long. The 111 COOH-terminal residues of Fpr3 share greater than 40% amino acid identity with a particular class of PPIases, termed FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) because they are the intracellular receptors for two immunosuppressive compounds, rapamycin and FK506. When expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli, both full-length Fpr3 and its isolated COOH-terminal domain exhibit readily detectable PPIase activity. Both fpr3 delta null mutants and cells expressing FPR3 from its own promoter on a multicopy plasmid have no discernible growth phenotype and do not display any alteration in sensitivity to the growth-inhibitory effects of either FK506 or rapamycin. In S. cerevisiae, the gene for a 112-residue cytosolic FKBP (FPR1) and the gene for a 135-residue ER-associated FKBP (FPR2) have been described before. Even fpr1 fpr2 fpr3 triple mutants are viable. However, in cells carrying an fpr1 delta mutation (which confers resistance to rapamycin), overexpression from the GAL1 promoter of the C-terminal domain of Fpr3, but not full-length Fpr3, restored sensitivity to rapamycin. Conversely, overproduction from the GAL1 promoter of full-length Fpr3, but not its COOH-terminal domain, is growth inhibitory in both normal cells and fpr1 delta mutants. In fpr1 delta cells, the toxic effect of Fpr3 overproduction can be reversed by rapamycin. Overproduction of the NH2-terminal domain of Fpr3 is also growth inhibitory in normal cells and fpr1 delta mutants, but this toxicity is not ameliorated in fpr1 delta cells by rapamycin. The NH2-terminal domain of Fpr3 contains long stretches of acidic residues alternating with blocks of basic residues, a structure that resembles sequences found in nucleolar proteins, including S. cerevisiae NSR1 and mammalian nucleolin. Indirect immunofluorescence with polyclonal antibodies raised against either the NH2- or the COOH-terminal segments of Fpr3 expressed in E. coli demonstrated that Fpr3 is located exclusively in the nucleolus.

Published
1994

3. A prospective prostate cancer screening programme for men with pathogenic variants in mismatch repair genes (IMPACT): initial results from an international prospective study.

Author

Bancroft E.K., Page E.C., Brook M.N., Thomas S., Taylor N., Pope J., McHugh J., Jones A.-B., Karlsson Q., Merson S., Ong K.R., Hoffman J., Huber C., Maehle L., Grindedal E.M., Stormorken A., Evans D.G., Rothwell J., Lalloo F., Brady A.F., Bartlett M., Snape K., Hanson H., James P., McKinley J., Mascarenhas L., Syngal S., Ukaegbu C., Side L., Thomas T., Barwell J., Teixeira M.R., Izatt L., Suri M., Macrae F.A., Poplawski N., Chen-Shtoyerman R., Ahmed M., Musgrave H., Nicolai N., Greenhalgh L., Brewer C., Pachter N., Spigelman A.D., Azzabi A., Helfand B.T., Halliday D., Buys S., Ramon y Cajal T., Donaldson A., Cooney K.A., Harris M., McGrath J., Davidson R., Taylor A., Cooke P., Myhill K., Hogben M., Aaronson N.K., Ardern-Jones A., Bangma C.H., Castro E., Dearnaley D., Dias A., Dudderidge T., Eccles D.M., Green K., Eyfjord J., Falconer A., Foster C.S., Gronberg H., Hamdy F.C., Johannsson O., Khoo V., Lilja H., Lindeman G.J., Lubinski J., Axcrona K., Mikropoulos C., Mitra A.V., Moynihan C., Ni Raghallaigh H., Rennert G., Collier R., Adams L., Adlard J., Alfonso R., Ali S., Andrew A., Araujo L., Azam N., Ball D., Barker Q., Basevitch A., Benton B., Berlin C., Bermingham N., Biller L., Bloss A., Bradford M., Bradshaw N., Branson A., Brendler C., Brennan M., Bulman B., Burgess L., Cahill D., Callard A., Calvo Verges N., Cardoso M., Carter V., Catanzaro M., Chamberlain A., Chapman C., Chong M., Clark C., Clowes V., Cogley L., Cole T., Compton C., Conner T., Cookson S., Cornford P., Costello P., Coulier L., Davies M., Dechet C., DeSouza B., Devlin G., Douglas F., Douglas E., Dudakia D., Duncan A., Ellery N., Everest S., Freemantle S., Frydenberg M., Fuller D., Gabriel C., Gale M., Garcia L., Gay S., Genova E., George A., Georgiou D., Gisbert A., Gleeson M., Glover W., Gnanapragasam V., Goff S., Goldgar D., Goncalves N., Goodman S., Gorrie J., Gott H., Grant A., Gray C., Griffiths J., Gupwell K., Gurasashvili J., Hanslien E., Haraldsdottir S., Hart R., Hartigan C., Hawkes L., Heaton T., Henderson A., Henrique R., Hilario K., Hill K., Hulick P., Hunt C., Hutchings M., Ibitoye R., Inglehearn T., Ireland J., Islam F., Ismail S., Jacobs C., James D., Jenkins S., Jobson I., Johnstone A., Jones O., Josefsberg Ben-Yehoshua S., Kaemba B., Kaul K., Kemp Z., Kinsella N., Klehm M., Kockelbergh R., Kohut K., Kosicka-Slawinska M., Kulkarni A., Kumar P., Lam J., LeButt M., Leibovici D., Lim R., Limb L., Lomas C., Longmuir M., Lopez C., Magnani T., Maia S., Maiden J., Male A., Manalo M., Martin P., McBride D., McGuire M., McMahon R., McNally C., McVeigh T., Melzer E., Mencias M., Mercer C., Mitchell G., Mora J., Morton C., Moss C., Murphy M., Murphy D., Mzazi S., Nadolski M., Newlin A., Nogueira P., O'Keefe R., O'Toole K., O'Connell S., Ogden C., Okoth L., Oliveira J., Paez E., Palou J., Park L., Patel N., Paulo Souto J., Pearce A., Peixoto A., Perez K., Petelin L., Pichert G., Poile C., Potter A., Preitner N., Purnell H., Quinn E., Radice P., Rankin B., Rees K., Renton C., Richardson K., Risby P., Rogers J., Ruderman M., Ruiz A., Sajoo A., Salvatore N., Sands V., Sanguedolce F., Sattar A., Saunders K., Schofield L., Scott R., Searle A., Sehra R., Selkirk C., Shackleton K., Shanley S., Shaw A., Shevrin D., Shipman H., Sidat Z., Siguake K., Simon K., Smyth C., Snadden L., Solanky N., Solomons J., Sorrentino M., Stayner B., Stephenson R., Stoffel E., Thomas M., Thompson A., Tidey L., Tischkowitz M., Torokwa A., Townshend S., Treherne K., Tricker K., Trinh Q.-D., Tripathi V., Turnbull C., Valdagni R., Van As N., Venne V., Verdon L., Vitellaro M., Vogel K., Walker L., Watford A., Watt C., Weintroub I., Weiss S., Weissman S., Weston M., Wiggins J., Wise G., Woodhouse C., Yesildag P., Youngs A., Yurgelun M., Zollo F., Offman J., Kote-Jarai Z., Eeles R.A., Bancroft E.K., Page E.C., Brook M.N., Thomas S., Taylor N., Pope J., McHugh J., Jones A.-B., Karlsson Q., Merson S., Ong K.R., Hoffman J., Huber C., Maehle L., Grindedal E.M., Stormorken A., Evans D.G., Rothwell J., Lalloo F., Brady A.F., Bartlett M., Snape K., Hanson H., James P., McKinley J., Mascarenhas L., Syngal S., Ukaegbu C., Side L., Thomas T., Barwell J., Teixeira M.R., Izatt L., Suri M., Macrae F.A., Poplawski N., Chen-Shtoyerman R., Ahmed M., Musgrave H., Nicolai N., Greenhalgh L., Brewer C., Pachter N., Spigelman A.D., Azzabi A., Helfand B.T., Halliday D., Buys S., Ramon y Cajal T., Donaldson A., Cooney K.A., Harris M., McGrath J., Davidson R., Taylor A., Cooke P., Myhill K., Hogben M., Aaronson N.K., Ardern-Jones A., Bangma C.H., Castro E., Dearnaley D., Dias A., Dudderidge T., Eccles D.M., Green K., Eyfjord J., Falconer A., Foster C.S., Gronberg H., Hamdy F.C., Johannsson O., Khoo V., Lilja H., Lindeman G.J., Lubinski J., Axcrona K., Mikropoulos C., Mitra A.V., Moynihan C., Ni Raghallaigh H., Rennert G., Collier R., Adams L., Adlard J., Alfonso R., Ali S., Andrew A., Araujo L., Azam N., Ball D., Barker Q., Basevitch A., Benton B., Berlin C., Bermingham N., Biller L., Bloss A., Bradford M., Bradshaw N., Branson A., Brendler C., Brennan M., Bulman B., Burgess L., Cahill D., Callard A., Calvo Verges N., Cardoso M., Carter V., Catanzaro M., Chamberlain A., Chapman C., Chong M., Clark C., Clowes V., Cogley L., Cole T., Compton C., Conner T., Cookson S., Cornford P., Costello P., Coulier L., Davies M., Dechet C., DeSouza B., Devlin G., Douglas F., Douglas E., Dudakia D., Duncan A., Ellery N., Everest S., Freemantle S., Frydenberg M., Fuller D., Gabriel C., Gale M., Garcia L., Gay S., Genova E., George A., Georgiou D., Gisbert A., Gleeson M., Glover W., Gnanapragasam V., Goff S., Goldgar D., Goncalves N., Goodman S., Gorrie J., Gott H., Grant A., Gray C., Griffiths J., Gupwell K., Gurasashvili J., Hanslien E., Haraldsdottir S., Hart R., Hartigan C., Hawkes L., Heaton T., Henderson A., Henrique R., Hilario K., Hill K., Hulick P., Hunt C., Hutchings M., Ibitoye R., Inglehearn T., Ireland J., Islam F., Ismail S., Jacobs C., James D., Jenkins S., Jobson I., Johnstone A., Jones O., Josefsberg Ben-Yehoshua S., Kaemba B., Kaul K., Kemp Z., Kinsella N., Klehm M., Kockelbergh R., Kohut K., Kosicka-Slawinska M., Kulkarni A., Kumar P., Lam J., LeButt M., Leibovici D., Lim R., Limb L., Lomas C., Longmuir M., Lopez C., Magnani T., Maia S., Maiden J., Male A., Manalo M., Martin P., McBride D., McGuire M., McMahon R., McNally C., McVeigh T., Melzer E., Mencias M., Mercer C., Mitchell G., Mora J., Morton C., Moss C., Murphy M., Murphy D., Mzazi S., Nadolski M., Newlin A., Nogueira P., O'Keefe R., O'Toole K., O'Connell S., Ogden C., Okoth L., Oliveira J., Paez E., Palou J., Park L., Patel N., Paulo Souto J., Pearce A., Peixoto A., Perez K., Petelin L., Pichert G., Poile C., Potter A., Preitner N., Purnell H., Quinn E., Radice P., Rankin B., Rees K., Renton C., Richardson K., Risby P., Rogers J., Ruderman M., Ruiz A., Sajoo A., Salvatore N., Sands V., Sanguedolce F., Sattar A., Saunders K., Schofield L., Scott R., Searle A., Sehra R., Selkirk C., Shackleton K., Shanley S., Shaw A., Shevrin D., Shipman H., Sidat Z., Siguake K., Simon K., Smyth C., Snadden L., Solanky N., Solomons J., Sorrentino M., Stayner B., Stephenson R., Stoffel E., Thomas M., Thompson A., Tidey L., Tischkowitz M., Torokwa A., Townshend S., Treherne K., Tricker K., Trinh Q.-D., Tripathi V., Turnbull C., Valdagni R., Van As N., Venne V., Verdon L., Vitellaro M., Vogel K., Walker L., Watford A., Watt C., Weintroub I., Weiss S., Weissman S., Weston M., Wiggins J., Wise G., Woodhouse C., Yesildag P., Youngs A., Yurgelun M., Zollo F., Offman J., Kote-Jarai Z., and Eeles R.A.

Abstract

Background: Lynch syndrome is a rare familial cancer syndrome caused by pathogenic variants in the mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2, that cause predisposition to various cancers, predominantly colorectal and endometrial cancer. Data are emerging that pathogenic variants in mismatch repair genes increase the risk of early-onset aggressive prostate cancer. The IMPACT study is prospectively assessing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in men with germline mismatch repair pathogenic variants. Here, we report the usefulness of PSA screening, prostate cancer incidence, and tumour characteristics after the first screening round in men with and without these germline pathogenic variants. Method(s): The IMPACT study is an international, prospective study. Men aged 40-69 years without a previous prostate cancer diagnosis and with a known germline pathogenic variant in the MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6 gene, and age-matched male controls who tested negative for a familial pathogenic variant in these genes were recruited from 34 genetic and urology clinics in eight countries, and underwent a baseline PSA screening. Men who had a PSA level higher than 3.0 ng/mL were offered a transrectal, ultrasound-guided, prostate biopsy and a histopathological analysis was done. All participants are undergoing a minimum of 5 years' annual screening. The primary endpoint was to determine the incidence, stage, and pathology of screening-detected prostate cancer in carriers of pathogenic variants compared with non-carrier controls. We used Fisher's exact test to compare the number of cases, cancer incidence, and positive predictive values of the PSA cutoff and biopsy between carriers and non-carriers and the differences between disease types (ie, cancer vs no cancer, clinically significant cancer vs no cancer). We assessed screening outcomes and tumour characteristics by pathogenic variant status. Here we present results from the first round of PSA screening in the IMPACT study. This

Published
2022

4. The BARCODE1 Pilot: a feasibility study of using germline single nucleotide polymorphisms to target prostate cancer screening

Author

Benafif, S, Ni Raghallaigh, H, McGrowder, E, Saunders, EJ, Brook, MN, Saya, S, Rageevakumar, R, Wakerell, S, James, D, Chamberlain, A, Taylor, N, Hogben, M, Benton, B, D'Mello, L, Myhill, K, Mikropoulos, C, Bowen-Perkins, H, Rafi, I, Ferris, M, Beattie, A, Kuganolipava, S, Sevenoaks, T, Bower, J, Kumar, P, Hazell, S, deSouza, NM, Antoniou, A, Bancroft, E, Kote-Jarai, Z, Eeles, R, Benafif, S, Ni Raghallaigh, H, McGrowder, E, Saunders, EJ, Brook, MN, Saya, S, Rageevakumar, R, Wakerell, S, James, D, Chamberlain, A, Taylor, N, Hogben, M, Benton, B, D'Mello, L, Myhill, K, Mikropoulos, C, Bowen-Perkins, H, Rafi, I, Ferris, M, Beattie, A, Kuganolipava, S, Sevenoaks, T, Bower, J, Kumar, P, Hazell, S, deSouza, NM, Antoniou, A, Bancroft, E, Kote-Jarai, Z, and Eeles, R

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility and uptake of a community-based prostate cancer (PCa) screening programme selecting men according to their genetic risk of PCa. To assess the uptake of PCa screening investigations by men invited for screening. The uptake of the pilot study would guide the opening of the larger BARCODE1 study recruiting 5000 men. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Healthy males aged 55-69 years were invited to participate via their general practitioners (GPs). Saliva samples were collected via mailed collection kits. After DNA extraction, genotyping was conducted using a study specific assay. Genetic risk was based on genotyping 130 germline PCa risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A polygenic risk score (PRS) was calculated for each participant using the sum of weighted alleles for 130 SNPs. Study participants with a PRS lying above the 90th centile value were invited for PCa screening by prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biopsy. RESULTS: Invitation letters were sent to 1434 men. The overall study uptake was 26% (375/1436) and 87% of responders were eligible for study entry. DNA genotyping data were available for 297 men and 25 were invited for screening. After exclusions due to medical comorbidity/invitations declined, 18 of 25 men (72%) underwent MRI and biopsy of the prostate. There were seven diagnoses of PCa (38.9%). All cancers were low-risk and were managed with active surveillance. CONCLUSION: The BARCODE1 Pilot has shown this community study in the UK to be feasible, with an overall uptake of 26%. The main BARCODE1 study is now open and will recruit 5000 men. The results of BARCODE1 will be important in defining the role of genetic profiling in targeted PCa population screening. Patient Summary What is the paper about? Very few prostate cancer screening programmes currently exist anywhere in the world. Our pilot study investigated if men in the UK would find it acceptable to have a genetic test based on a saliva sample to examin

Published
2022

7. 32 Assessment of Dry-Aged Beef from Commercial Aging Locations Across the United States

Author

Jessica M Lancaster, Phillip D. Bass, William J. Price, Kizkitza Insausti, J.A. Nasados, Jessie B Van Buren, Brianna J. Buseman, Tanya M. Weber, Benton B Glaze, Jaxon H. Smart, and Michael J. Colle

Subjects
Genetics, Oral Presentations, Animal Science and Zoology, General Medicine, Food Science
Abstract

Dry-aging is a practice that involves storing meat at refrigerated temperatures without protective packaging. Despite the increase in dry-aged beef popularity, relatively little is known about commercial dry-aging parameters. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine dry-aging parameters of commercial aging facilities and their influence on eating quality (acceptability, flavor, tenderness, and juiciness) of dry-aged beef from locations across the United States. Sixty-six Certified Angus Beef® brand bone-in beef strip loins (IMPS #175) were randomly assigned to ten commercial dry-aging facilities across the United States. An additional six strip loins were wet-aged for 45-days as a negative control. Strip loins were shipped overnight to aging locations where a 45-day dry aging period transpired before being returned for subsequent analysis, upon completion of aging. Objective color, pH, and water activity were measured post aging, at the time of processing. Strip loins were then fabricated, and steaks were vacuum packaged and frozen until further analysis. Intrinsic quality parameters objective color (L*, a*, b*), pH, and water activity were not different (P > 0.05) between strip loins aged 45 days by location. Cooler conditions including temperature, percent relative humidity, and air speed were different (P < 0.01) across aging locations. Pacific Northwest consumer panelists indicated a difference in overall acceptability (P < 0.01), tenderness (P = 0.01), and flavor (P < 0.01) based on aging location. Additionally, consumers detected (P < 0.01) unique dry-aging flavors for individual aging locations including cheesy and nutty attributes. Research indicates individual dry-aging facility conditions aid in producing unique dry-aged beef products according to U.S. consumers from the Pacific Northwest Region.

Published
2021

8. The OSIRIS-REx Contamination Control and Witness Strategy

Author

Dworkin, J. P, Adelman, L, Ajluni, T. M, Andronikov, A. V, Ballou, D. M, Bartels, A. E, Beshore, E, Bierhaus, E. B, Boynton, W. V, Brucato, J. R, Callahan, M. P, Benton, B. C, Connolly, H. C., Jr, Enos, H. L, Elsila, J. E, Everett, D. F, Franchi, I. A, Fust, J. S, Glavin, D. P, Hendershot, J. E, Harris, J. W, Hildebrand, A. R, Jayne, G, Jenkins, R. W, Kretsch, W. E, Kuhns, R. M, Lauretta, D. S, Ladewig, J. V, Lorentson, C. C, Marshall, J. R, Matthias, L. L, McLain, H. L, Messenger, S. R, Mink, R. G, Moore, J, Nakamura-Messenger, K, Nuth, J. A, Righter, K, Roher, W. D, Sandford, S. A, Schepis, J. P, Sovinski, M. F, and Walker, M. S

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration, Life Sciences (General)
Abstract

The OSIRIS-REx mission (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security Regolith Explorer) is the third NASA New Frontiers mission. It is scheduled for launch in 2016. The primary objective of the mission is to return at least 60 g of "pristine" material from the B-type near- Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu, which is spectrally similar to organic-rich CI or CM meteorites [1]. The study of these samples will advance our understanding of materials available for the origin of life on Earth or elsewhere. The spacecraft will rendezvous with Bennu in 2018 and spend at least a year characterizing the asteroid before executing a maneuver to recover a sample of regolith in the touch-and-go sample acquisition mechanism (TAGSAM). The TAGSAM and sample is stowed in the sample return capsule (SRC) and returned to Earth in 2023.

Published
2015

10. Corporations.

Author

West, Glenn D. and Dodamer, Benton B.

Subjects
Corporation law -- Surveys
Published
2006

16. Aerobic treatment of liquid swine manure using polymer: Evaluation for ammonia emissions reduction and nitrogen retention

Author

Terry Tindall, Lide Chen, Gopi Krishna Kafle, Sai Krishna Reddy Yadanaparthi, and Benton B Glaze

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, General Chemical Engineering, Inorganic chemistry, Significant difference, Chemical oxygen demand, chemistry.chemical_element, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Polymer, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Manure, Nitrogen, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Ammonia, chemistry.chemical_compound, Animal science, chemistry, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Ton, Kjeldahl method, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Food Science
Abstract

In the present study, the effectiveness of polymer (maleic-itaconic acid) on ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions reduction and in retaining nitrogen (N) in fresh liquid swine manure (SM) was evaluated. The relationship between pH and NH 3 emission was also determined. Different doses of polymer (namely Treatment 1 = T1 = 0.8 L polymer/ton of manure, Treatment 2 = T2 = 1.6 L polymer/ton of manure, Treatment 3 = T3 = 2.4 L polymer/ton of manure, and Treatment 4 = T4 = 3.2 L polymer/ton of manure) were added to the SM and its effects were observed for 30 d. The tests results showed significant reduction in pH for T1, T2, T3 and T4 compared to control (C). For the short term (up to 3d) T2, T3, and T4 showed significantly lower NH 3 gas concentrations than C, however, for the long term (up to 10–20 d) only T4 continued to indicate significantly lower NH 3 gas concentrations. Although numeric observations were reported for other treatments (T1, T2 and T3), no significant differences in NH 3 gas concentrations were found. The NH 3 emissions reductions were calculated in the range of 81–92%, 31–88%, −39–61%, 6–41%, −106% to −6% for the treatment period of 1, 3, 10, 20 and 30 d, respectively. The addition of polymer resulted in no significant difference in total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and NO 3 − –N concentration. However, the addition of polymer had a significant influence on total Kjehldahl nitrogen (TKN) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentration. The NH 3 gas emissions strongly correlated with the manure pH (R 2 = 0.911–0.999).

Published
2016
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17. Gestational Age-Specific Growth Parameters for Infants Born at US Military Hospitals

Author

Bradley A. Yoder, Mark W. Thompson, Deirdre Flynn, Roberta Williams, LoRanee Braun, Chia Wen Ko, Jeffrey R. Greenwald, and Benton B. Curley

Subjects
Blood Glucose, Male, Specific growth, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Birth weight, Population, Ethnic group, Gestational Age, Growth, Hospitals, Military, Reference Values, medicine, Birth Weight, Humans, education, Retrospective Studies, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Medical record, Infant, Newborn, Medical practice, Gestational age, General Medicine, Body Height, United States, Head circumference, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, business, Head
Abstract

Background.—Military hospitals currently use gestational age-specific growth curves based on data collected in Denver, Colo, from 1948 to 1961. A number of population and environmental factors and medical practice changes may make these curves nonrepresentative. Objective.—Determine if presently used growth curves represent norms for infants born in military hospitals and create new curves for use in military hospitals. Methods.—Data were collected from medical records of tertiary- and primary-care military hospitals. We created growth curves created for birth weight, length, and head circumference and compared these curves at gestational ages 23–42 weeks to previously published norms and to 1998 national vital statistics. Racial and ethnic differences between groups were compared. A retrospective analysis of blood-glucose measurements for healthy term infants was performed to identify potential safety issues. Results.—Significant increases in growth parameters were noted for infants born in military hospitals. Specific racial and ethnic groups within the military also had an increase when compared with these groups in the United States as a whole. Less than 1% of infants classified as large for gestational age (LGA) according by old standards but average for gestational age (AGA) according to new curves experienced hypoglycemia. Conclusion.—Published growth curves may not represent infants born in military hospitals. Term infants born in military hospitals as a group and in racial and ethnic subgroups are larger than term infants born in US civilian hospitals. Prospective use of curves will help to validate their long-term applicability in military and civilian nurseries.

Published
2004
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19. Renewed clarity after clear channel: recent cases reaffirm the finality of Section 363 asset sales

Author

Bodamer, Benton B. and Basile, Joseph J.

Subjects
WestPoint Stevens Inc. -- Finance, Polaroid Corp. -- Finance, Bankruptcy law, Textile industry -- Finance, Bankruptcy, Radio broadcasting industry -- Finance, Photographic industry -- Finance, Company financing, Company bankruptcy, Banking, finance and accounting industries
Abstract

The finality of a Section 363 asset sale is a critical consideration for any potential buyer contemplating a purchase of assets from a debtor's estate. This article examines a purchaser's [...]

Published
2010

21. Protection Against the Vesicant Chemical Warfare Agent Sulfur Mustard: Therapeutics Utilizing Apoptosis Inhibitors

Author

ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD RESEARCH DIVISION, Ray, R., Benton, B. J., Hauck, S. L., Carpin, C., Rosenthal, D. S., ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD RESEARCH DIVISION, Ray, R., Benton, B. J., Hauck, S. L., Carpin, C., and Rosenthal, D. S.

Abstract

Sulfur mustard (SM, bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide), commonly called mustard gas, is a vesicant chemical warfare agent and a potential terrorism agent. SM is relatively easy to make and to deploy, which makes this chemical most likely to be used. SM exposure causes debilitating skin blisters (vesication) and injury to the eyes and the respiratory tract. Therefore, developing an effective medical countermeasure to protect against the dermal, ocular and airway injuries due to this dreaded chemical agent is an urgent priority of the US Army. SM pathophysiology is consistent with epithelial cell damage, particularly basal cell apoptosis. SM-induced apoptosis may occur via multiple pathways dependent on one or more of the following: (a) abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis, (b) disturbed cellular bioenergetics, and (c) Fas (death receptor) response. Apoptosis pathways are characterized by the involvement of the pathway-specific caspases (cysteine aspartase). We determined caspase activity by assay of fluorogenic caspase type-specific peptide substrate hydrolysis. We studied caspase processing, i.e., proteolytic conversion of procaspase to active caspase by immunoblot analyses utilizing caspase type-specific antibodies. Our results in cell culture models of both human epidermal keratinocytes and human airway epithelial cells indicated that SM activates (a) caspase-9, an indicator of the Ca2+/CaM-mediated mitochondrial pathway, (b) caspase-8, a marker for the Fas-mediated pathway, and (c) caspase-3, the executioner caspase involved in both pathways. A peptide caspase inhibitor, specific for caspase-3 (ACDEVD-CHO), added to cells prior to SM decreased apoptosis. These observations suggest apoptosis as a mechanism of SM toxicity and caspase inhibitors as prospective medical countermeasures., See also ADM002075. Presented at the Army Science Conference (25th) held in Orlando, Florida on 27-30 November 2006. The original document contains color images.

Published
2006

22. Investigation of Hair Follicle and Plasma Biomarkers for Low-Level VX Vapor Exposure

Author

EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, LaFiandra, E. M., Chambers, A. E., Horsmon, J., Valdes, J. J., Sekowski, J. W., Benton, B., Horsmon, M., Mioduszewski, R., Thomson, S., Evans, C., EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, LaFiandra, E. M., Chambers, A. E., Horsmon, J., Valdes, J. J., Sekowski, J. W., Benton, B., Horsmon, M., Mioduszewski, R., Thomson, S., and Evans, C.

Abstract

Currently, there are no field-ready and expedient assays able to determine whether someone has been exposed to very low-level chemical warfare agent (CWA). Furthermore, if it were known that a person had been exposed, there is a paucity of information regarding the potential for transient or persistent neurological or other injuries. While our laboratory is working to address both of these problems, our recent work toward finding a more expedient method of detecting low-level agent exposure is addressed in this manuscript. Our laboratory has used two approaches on three different tissues in order to identify molecular indicators (biomarkers) of exposure to VX, an organophosphate (OP) nerve agent. The work described in this manuscript utilizes a whole mount immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique on whisker hair follicles and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on blood plasma to mine for metabolic biomarkers of VX exposure. To date, the work has identified several promising proteins in the follicle and a panel of interesting plasma metabolite markers in the plasma and liver that can discriminate VX exposure versus air as well as level of VX exposure., See also ADM002075. Presented at the Army Science Conference (25th) held in Orlando, Florida on 27-30 November 2006. The original document contains color images.

Published
2006

23. Tolerance to the Ocular and Cardiovascular Effects of Repeated Low-Level Exposure to Sarin Vapor

Author

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES-NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WASHINGTON DC, Dabisch, P. A., To, S. D., Kerut, E. K., Miller, D. B., Burnett, D. C., Jakubowski, E. M., Muse, W. T., Davis, E. A., Benton, B. J., Hulet, S. W., NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES-NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WASHINGTON DC, Dabisch, P. A., To, S. D., Kerut, E. K., Miller, D. B., Burnett, D. C., Jakubowski, E. M., Muse, W. T., Davis, E. A., Benton, B. J., and Hulet, S. W.

Abstract

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by the nerve agent sarin (GB) results in accumulation of acetylcholine and excessive cholinergic stimulation. Little data exists in the literature regarding the effects of low-level repeated exposure to GB vapor. In the present study male rats were exposed to multiple low-level inhalation exposures to GB vapor. The data from the present study demonstrate that multiple inhalation exposures to GB vapor result in tolerance to the ocular and autonomic effects of GB vapor. While the observed decrease in the potency of GB in rats cannot he attributed to a reduction in the inhibitory effect of GB additional experiments are needed to determine the exact mechanism of the tolerance observed., See also ADM001736, Proceedings for the Army Science Conference (24th) held on 29 November - 2 December 2004 in Orlando, Florida.

Published
2004

24. Low-Level Inhalation Exposure to Chemical Nerve Agent Vapor Induces Expression of Neuronal Apoptosis and Regeneration Genes

Author

EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Sekowski, J. W., Orehek, M. A., Bucher, J., Vahey, M., Nau, M., Horsmon, M. S., Menking, D., Whalley, C., Benton, B., Mioduszewski, R., EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Sekowski, J. W., Orehek, M. A., Bucher, J., Vahey, M., Nau, M., Horsmon, M. S., Menking, D., Whalley, C., Benton, B., and Mioduszewski, R.

Abstract

For over a decade following end of the first Gulf War in 1991, there has been increasing concern to understand the immediate and persistent effects of sub-acute and low-level exposures to chemical warfare agents. Although low-level exposures may not cause obvious pathology at the time of exposure, they may cause molecular-level toxic injuries in the brain and other vital organ systems. The work described in this manuscript was designed to the measure the gene and protein expression alterations in the brains of male and female rats exposed to sub- and peri-miotic levels of the aerosolized nerve agents sarin (GB) and cyclosarin (GF). Gene expression was assessed using DNA microarray analysis. The microarray data were verified by real-time RT -PCR and Western immunoblotting were possible., See also ADM001736, Proceedings for the Army Science Conference (24th) held on 29 November - 2 December 2004 in Orlando, Florida., The original document contains color images.

Published
2004

25. Toxic Effects of a Whole-Body Inhalation Sarin (GR) Vapor Exposure in the Gottingen Minipig

Author

EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Hulet, S. W., Jakubowski, E. M., Dabisch, P. A., Foster, J. S., Miller, D. B., Benton, B. J., Muse, W. T., Way, R. A., Edwards, J. L., McGuire, J.M., EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Hulet, S. W., Jakubowski, E. M., Dabisch, P. A., Foster, J. S., Miller, D. B., Benton, B. J., Muse, W. T., Way, R. A., Edwards, J. L., and McGuire, J.M.

Abstract

Exposure to nerve agent vapors may result in a diverse array of clinical responses including threshold effects to lethality over a relatively small range of dosages. In order to assess the toxic hazards of such exposures and define chemical defense materiel requirements, it is essential to fill gaps in toxicological databases that define the physiological progression; from the first noticeable effect (miosis) to potentially fatal effects of inhalation exposure. Although there are numerous published works investigating the progression of toxic signs elicited by sarin (GB) exposures, both by accidental exposures and in research applications, never has there been a systematic whole-body inhalation study investigating the effects on multiple systems in real-time. While information gleamed from accidental inhalation exposures provides valuable insights on the short and long term sequalae of the exposure, by their nature they do not provide this information until after the subject has been removed from imminent danger, detoxified, and stabilized. In the past, the logistical problems encountered when performing whole-body inhalation experiments with nerve agents have severely limited the ability to collect data in real-time during the exposure. Therefore, the majority of work encompassing nerve agent studies and real-time data collection involves subcutaneous or intravenous injections as the delivery route. While the data collected from these studies is invaluable for assessing medical treatments and short and long-term effects from the agents, the time course of effects (from first evidence of agent in the systemic circulation, to onset of signs, to progression from mild to moderate to severe signs, to death) and compartmental distribution is vastly different. Additionally, and most importantly, they do not address the most likely route of exposure on the battlefield, i.e., inhalation., The original document contains color images. See also ADM001736, Proceedings for the Army Science Conference (24th) Held on 29 November -2 December 2004 in Orlando, Florida., The original document contains color images.

Published
2004

26. Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure on Pupil Diameter and Cholinesterase Levels in Rats

Author

EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Benton, B. J., Crosier, R. B., Sommerville, D. R., Jakubowski, E. M., Jr., Anthony, J. S., Jr., Scotto, J., Hulet, S. W., Whalley, C. E., Crouse, C. L., Matson, K. L., Miller, D. B., EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Benton, B. J., Crosier, R. B., Sommerville, D. R., Jakubowski, E. M., Jr., Anthony, J. S., Jr., Scotto, J., Hulet, S. W., Whalley, C. E., Crouse, C. L., Matson, K. L., and Miller, D. B.

Abstract

The median effective concentrations (EC sub 50's) for miosis in male and female rats exposed to VX vapor for 10, 60 and 240 min were estimated using whole body vapor exposures conducted in a 750 liter dynamic airflow inhalation chamber. Miosis was defined as at least a 50% reduction in pupil diameter relative to baseline measurements. Results show that the median effective dosages (ECt sub 50) for miosis are approximately an order of magnitude lower than the calculated ECt sub 50 values for both GB and GF at each of the 3 exposure durations. There were significant gender differences in the ECt sub 50 values for male and female rats with female rats being more sensitive to the effects of VX than males. There was significant whole blood AChE depression at the highest concentrations at each of the exposure times. The results of this study have identified several effects of VX vapor that could impact operational readiness and serve as a basis for predictions useful for military Operational Risk Management (ORM) decisions., See also ADM001736, Proceedings for the Army Science Conference (24th) held in Orlando, FL on 29 Nov-2 Dec 2005. The original document contains color images. Prepared in collaboration with Geo-Centers, Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.

Published
2004

28. Inhibitors of Apoptosis Affect DNA Degradation and Repair in Sulfur Mustard (HD)-Exposed Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (HEK)

Author

LINCOLN UNIV PA DEPT OF CHEMISTRY, Bhat, K. R., Dierking, E. L., Benton, B. J., Ray, R., LINCOLN UNIV PA DEPT OF CHEMISTRY, Bhat, K. R., Dierking, E. L., Benton, B. J., and Ray, R.

Abstract

In cultured HEK, we observed that HD (0.3-1.0 mM)-induced DNA damage triggers DNA repair and apoptosis, which may be interdependent. We studied the effects of a general caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD fmk (0.004 mM) and the Fas (CD95) receptor (induces apoptosis on Fas ligand binding) antibody on DNA damage and its repair in HD-exposed HEK. Both Z-VAD-fmk and the CD95 antibody reduced HD-induced DNA degradation possibly by decreasing DNA degradation or enhancing DNA repair or both. These inhibitors may be useful for modulating DNA repair and apoptosis in HD-exposed cells with potential applications in medical management of HD-induced vesication., See also ADM001523.

Published
2003

29. Fluoride Ion Regeneration of Sarin (GB) From Minipig Tissue and Fluids Following Whole-Body GB Vapor Exposure

Author

EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Jakubowski, E. M., Mioduszewski, R. J., Manthei, J. H., Benton, B. J., Anthony, J. S., Durst, H. D., Thomson, S. A., Hulet, S. W., Edwards, J. L., Matson, K. L., EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Jakubowski, E. M., Mioduszewski, R. J., Manthei, J. H., Benton, B. J., Anthony, J. S., Durst, H. D., Thomson, S. A., Hulet, S. W., Edwards, J. L., and Matson, K. L.

Abstract

A method has been developed for the analysis of a Sarin (GB) nerve agent biomarker in the tissue and biological fluids of minipigs that is very sensitive and selective. The GB biomarker was the fluoride ion regenerated GB and was found in minipig samples such as red blood cells, brain, liver, lung, and adipose tissue after whole body inhalation exposure. Regenerated GB in the samples was analyzed by GC-FPD after homogenization, addition of fluoride, pH adjustment and C18 solid-phase extraction. Samples were concentrated by injecting 2-200 uL of extract on a Tenax -TA sorbent tube along with 100 pg of decadeuterated diethyl ethyl phosphonate as the internal standard followed by thermal desorption on to the GC column. The method detection limit was 10.5 pg of agent on column. Highest levels were seen in the lungs (22.8 ng/g) and blood (18.8 ng/g) as expected after an inhalation exposure. Regenerated GB levels in red blood cells were approximately 10 times greater than in the plasma. Outside of the lungs and blood certain sections of the brain had some of the highest level of regenerated GB such as the caudate nucleus (5.46 ng/g). Other significant depots of regenerated GB included saliva (137 ng/g), nasal discharge (72 ng/g), and lachrymal discharge (186 ng/g). Limited amounts of free GB were also isolated from saliva (6.91 ng/g) and nasal discharge (0.65 ng/g)., See also ADM001523., The original document contains color images. Presented at the Joint Service Scientific Conference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research (2002) Held 19-21 Nov 2002 in Hunt Valley, MD.

Published
2003

30. DNA Damage-Induced Apoptosis: Inhibition by Calmodulin Antagonist, Fas Receptor Antibody and Caspase Inhibitors

Author

ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Ray, R., Benton, B. J., Burke, M. E., Rockwood, T., Bhat, K. R., Anderson, D. R., Petrali, J. P., Smith, W. J., Ray, P., Rosenthal, D. S., ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Ray, R., Benton, B. J., Burke, M. E., Rockwood, T., Bhat, K. R., Anderson, D. R., Petrali, J. P., Smith, W. J., Ray, P., and Rosenthal, D. S.

Abstract

Sulfur mustard (HD, bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide) is a vesicant that causes DNA strand breaks and apoptosis in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). HD causes apoptosis via two independent pathways, a Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-mediated mitochondrial pathway and Fas receptor (CD95) pathway. We studied the effects of the exogenously added CaM antagonist W7, the CD95 antibody, the caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO, and the general caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk on NHEK viability loss (Calcein AM fluorescence assay, LDH release assay) due to HD. All protected against HD. Z-VAD-fmk was the most effective. These results provide a logical approach toward developing an anti-apoptotic vesicant countermeasure., See also ADM001523. Prepared in collaboration with Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD. and Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.

Published
2003

31. Inhalation Toxicity of Sarin (GB) Vapor in the Gottingen Minipig: Low-Level Threshold Effects

Author

GEO-CENTERS INC ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Hulet, S. W., Miller, D. B., Crouse, C. L., Matson, K. L., Crosier, R. B., Sommerville, D. R., Benton, B. J., Forster, J. S., Manthei, J. H., Scotto, J. A., GEO-CENTERS INC ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Hulet, S. W., Miller, D. B., Crouse, C. L., Matson, K. L., Crosier, R. B., Sommerville, D. R., Benton, B. J., Forster, J. S., Manthei, J. H., and Scotto, J. A.

Abstract

The goal of these experiments was to determine the lowest sarin (GB) vapor concentration of physiological significance. Gottingen-minipigs were individually exposed to concentrations of GB vapor ranging from 0.03-2.0 mg/cu m for 60 minutes. Pupil constriction was assessed, under dim-light conditions, using an infrared light sensitive video camera and capturing high-resolution images of the eye before, during and after exposure. Pupil area was then quantified automatically off-line using a custom-designed software package. Pupil area was graphed as a function of time. The relationship between the dose-response curve (percent pupil constriction as a function of time) and vapor concentration was investigated., See also ADM001523. Presented at the Joint Service Scientific Conference on Chemical & Biological Defense Research held on 19-21 November 2002. The original document contains color images.

Published
2003

32. Low-Level Cyclo-Sarin (GF) Vapor Exposure in Rats: Effect of Exposure Concentration and Duration on Pupil Size

Author

EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Whalley, C. E., Benton, B. J., Manthei, J. H., Way, R. A., Jakubowski Jr.,, E. M., Burnett, D. C., Gaviola, B. I., Forster, J. S., Crosier, R. B., Sommerville, D. R., EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Whalley, C. E., Benton, B. J., Manthei, J. H., Way, R. A., Jakubowski Jr.,, E. M., Burnett, D. C., Gaviola, B. I., Forster, J. S., Crosier, R. B., and Sommerville, D. R.

Abstract

The probability of cyclo-sarin (GF) vapor-induced miosis (defined as a post-exposure pupil diameter 50% or less of the pre-exposure pupil diameter) was estimated in rats exposed to various combinations of exposure concentration and duration. Groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to GF vapor for a single duration (10, 60 or 240 minutes) in a whole-body dynamic chamber. Pupil diameter was measured by an infrared camem technique. For the six combinations of gender and exposure duration, the effective concentration for miosis in 50% of the exposed population (EC50) and the common probit slope were determined. Contrary to Haber's rule, ECt50 values increased with exposure duration (i.e., the Ct for 50% of the exposed population to show miosis was not constant over time). Female rats were more sensitive to GF vapor toxicity than male rats. Miosis was the only clinical sign noted following GF vapor exposure. Possible depression of blood esterase (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase) activities due to low-level range of GF vapor concentrations was also investigated. GF was regenerated from blood samples of vapor-exposed rats by the addition of fluoride ion at pH 4 and the samples were analyzed by GC-FPD and GC-MS. Levels of regenerated GF in the red blood cell (RBC) fraction of the samples were five to 40 times lower than in plasma. All controls were negative for regenerated GF., See also ADM001523. Proceedings of the 2002 Joint Service Scientific Conference on Chemical & Biological Defense Research, 19-21 November 2002. The original document contains color images.

Published
2003

33. A Non-Intrusive Method of Measuring PCV Blowby Constituents

Author

Susumu Ariga, Benton B Lindamood, Richard Boulard, and Michael E. Crane

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Environmental engineering, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Oxygen, Throttle, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hydrocarbon, Fresh air, chemistry, Carbon dioxide, Thermal, Calibration, Crankcase
Abstract

A technique is presented that has been successfully demonstrated to non-intrusively and quickly sample gases typically found in PCV systems. Color Detection Tubes (CDTs) were used with a simple sampling arrangement to monitor CO{sub 2}, NO{sub x}, O{sub 2}, and H{sub 2}O(g) at the closure line, crankcase, and PCV line. Measurements were accurate and could be made instantaneously. Short Path Thermal Desorbtion Tubes (SPTDTs) were used at the same engine locations for the characterization of fuel- and oil-derived hydrocarbon (HC) fractions and required only 50 cc samples. High engine loads caused pushover of blowby vapors as indicated by increased concentrations of CO{sub 2}, NO{sub x}, H{sub 2}O(g), and fuel HCs in the engines` fresh air inlets during WOT operation. Peak concentrations of blowby vapors were measured in the crankcase under no load and part throttle conditions. Oxygen concentrations always opposed the trends of CO{sub 2}, NO{sub x}, and H{sub 2}O(g). SPTDT data revealed that the PCV system consumes approximately 100-200 times more fuel vapors than oil vapors, on a mass basis; however, PCV-derived oil consumption represented almost 12 percent of total engine oil consumption under no load conditions. 8 refs., 17 figs.

Published
1994
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38. Blow-Out

Author

Wood, Benton B.

Published
1931

46. TOXIC EFFECTS OF A WHOLE-BODY INHALATION SARIN (GB) VAPOR EXPOSURE IN THE GOTTINGEN MINIPIG

Author

Hulet, S. W., primary, Jakubowski, E. M, additional, Dabisch, P. A., additional, Forster, J. S., additional, Miller, D. B., additional, Benton, B. J., additional, Muse, W. T., additional, Way, R. A., additional, Edwards, J. L., additional, McGuire, J. M., additional, Scotto, J. A., additional, Burnett, D. C., additional, Gaviola, B. I., additional, Jarvis, J. R., additional, Evans, R. A., additional, Matson, K. L., additional, Crouse, C. L., additional, Manthei, J. H., additional, Reutter, S. A., additional, Mioduszewski, R. J., additional, and Thomson, S. A., additional

Published
2006
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