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Introduction: Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are at high risk of developing malignancies, so prevention and adherence to cancer screening may improve detection. The aim of this study was to assess compliance with medical recommendations, especially primary and secondary prevention of cancer. Methods: This one-center cross-sectional study was carried out between June and December 2021 amongst patients at the Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, IBD Division, National Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior Affairs and Administrations, or the outpatient clinic. Patients with IBD were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire, which included 42 questions concerning lifestyle, cancer risk factors, cancer history, and checkups. Statistical methods: The results of the qualitative variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. We used Fisher’s exact test and the Chi-squared test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS statistical package. Results: A total of 313 patients were enrolled in the study: 145 women and 168 men. In the group, 182 had Crohn’s disease (CD), 120 had ulcerative colitis (UC), and 11 with IBDU (unclassified IBD). Most participants had a disease duration of over 8 years and received biological treatment, corticoids, and/or immunosuppressive therapy. Amongst respondents, 17% (31) of patients with CD and 25.8% (31) with UC were overweight, and 10.5% (19) with CD and 15.8% (19) with UC were obese (p = 0.017). We found that 16.3% of all respondents were smokers (79.6% (144) with CD, 90.8% (109) with UC, and 72.7% (8) with IBDU; p = 0.053), and 33.9% declared that they consumed alcohol (39.4% (71) with CD, 26.9% (32) with UC, and 18.2% (2) with IBDU; p = 0.045). A total of 25.4% of patients were exposed to UV radiation, but only 18.8% used sunblock. In addition, 58.8% (67) of patients with CD and 35.8% (19) with UC receiving immunosuppressants had regular laboratory tests (p = 0.02). Furthermore, 41.4% (46) of patients with UC, 27.1% (49) of patients with CD, and 70.0% (7) of patients with IBDU declared not to perform any dermatological control (p = 0.013). A total of 77% of patients had abdominal ultrasound. Out of 52.9% of patients for whom colonoscopy was recommended, only 27.3% had it performed (16.9% (30) with CD vs. 43.1% (50) with UC p < 0.001). Most examinations were ordered by gastroenterologists. Female patients had regular breast control (CD, 78.6% (66); UC, 91.2% (52); IBDU, 50% (2); p = 0.034), and 93.8% (76) had gynecological examinations. Additionally, 80.2% of patients knew about HPV, but most declared not to be vaccinated. A total of 17.9% of patients had urological control, but most had no important pathology detected. Conclusions: According to our study, many patients are still exposed to risk factors, such as obesity, smoking, and low physical activity, that are modifiable. Laboratory tests in patients with immunosuppressive treatment should be performed regularly. Systematic control, especially dermatological checkups, should be recommended. Additionally, not only gastrologists but also other specialists and GPs should remind patients about regular checkups. Primary prevention, such as HPV vaccinations, should be recommended to all patients.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the links between a company’s position in a corporate network with its financial performance and strategic risk in the context of the largest Central European stock market.Design/methodology/approachThis study integrates the theory of social network analysis (SNA) with corporate governance theory with a special focus on resource dependence theory. Using the framework of network social analysis, the authors use network measures of social capital and embeddedness.FindingsThe results of studying companies listed on the Polish stock exchange indicate that a company’s corporate network position has a significant negative impact on strategic risk while having no influence on its financial performance. The research also highlights the importance of a firm’s corporate governance model for both performance and strategic risk.Research limitations/implicationsThe data collected, and SNA measures used made it possible to conduct a cross-sectional study. Compared to longitudinal studies, this type of study has a couple of disadvantages addressed in the paper. In the future, the dependencies observed in this study should be tested using longer-term data.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first paper integrating the corporate personal and capital networks to test risk and performance dependencies in the context of Poland’s corporate governance model. The findings and conclusions can also be applied to analyzing Central and Eastern Europe stock markets.

Tymczasowe aresztowanie w polskiej procedurze karnej jest znane od wielu lat. Jego stosowanie bywało kwestionowane głównie w związku ze zbyt swobodnym stosowaniem tej instytucji przez sądy, obecnie jednak niepokój związany z funkcjonowaniem tego środka wzbudzają wątpliwości co do konstytucyjności przepisu 257 § 3 kodeksu postępowania karnego. Zgodnie z jego treścią prokurator może nadrzędnie i skutecznie sprzeciwić się decyzji sądu co do zamiany środka zapobiegawczego w postaci tymczasowego aresztowania na poręczenie majątkowe, co narusza szereg postanowień konstytucyjnych.

Modern Mexico is a country that has long ceased to perform its basic competences. This is particularly evident in the area of human rights protection. Decades of action by organized crime groups have led to the establishment of their power in occupied territories and, consequently, to their impunity. The social response to the crime groups’ activities was the creation of areas belonging to a “warlord” in which warlords exercise their own power, unlimited by law. In this context, several questions arise about what is currently the constitutional form of power and what form of power actually exists in Mexico, including how this power is exercised and, finally, what the current practice of human rights protection is. The answers to these questions can be found in the present article.

The use of new technologies covers more and more areas of social life, including securing and protecting property, especially real estate. For these purposes cameras mounted on drones may be used, allowing the possibility to record vidoes containing an overview of the monitored property (real estate). However, this type of property protection may also be connected with the violation of rights of neighboring property owners which are monitored indirectly. These issues are presented in this paper, where the author discusses, inter alia, what risks are associated with the implementation of neighborhood video surveillance done with drones and its consequences. Based on the indicated research area, the author wonders in particular on the provisions of the constitutional right to privacy and personal rights defined in the private law legislation, including its international dimension connected with ECHR and GDPR. The presentation containes observations made from the point of view of the Polish law, where—as in many other legal jurisdictions—these issues have not yet been resolved legislatively, and where the search for an optimal model for resolving similar problems is still underway. For this reason, the author tries to outline the potential area of normative impact of the phenomenon of real estate monitoring by drones, which may become helpful in the forthcoming legislative projects concerning the normalization of this phenomenon.

An instrumental obligation of taxpayers of inheritance and donation tax is to submit a tax return on the acquisition of goods or property rights SD-3 on time. This obligation does not raise any doubts in the case of the acquisition of taxable property or property rights, but in the case of invoking the acquisition, it is the subject of doctrinal and juridical disputes. Also the „reference” itself, which is part of the hypothesis of art. 6 sec. 4 of the AJDP, there is no established, universally accepted understanding ensuring uniformity of interpretation. The current jurisprudence confirms the persistence of discrepancies in the operational interpretation of the term indicated above, which affects the heterogeneity of court decisions. The negative effect is interpretative relativism depending on the actual circumstances. The consequence may be a violation of the constitutional principle of equality of taxpayers in terms of their obligations and tax burdens. The main goal of this study is to make findings regarding the status of the SD-3 declaration in inheritance and donation tax and the interpretation of the effects of its submission after the deadline. Moreover, the subject is the maturity of the tax return in the event of a tax obligation in accordance with art. 6 sec. 4 of the AJDP. Instrumentalnym obowiązkiem podatników podatku od spadków i darowizn jest złożenie w terminie zeznania podatkowego o nabyciu rzeczy lub praw majątkowych SD-3. Obowiązek ten nie budzi wątpliwości w sytuacji nabycia rzeczy lub praw majątkowych podlegających opodatkowaniu, lecz w przypadku powołania się na nabycie stanowi przedmiot sporów doktrynalnych i jurydycznych. Również samo „powołanie się”, które stanowi element hipotezy art. 6 ust. 4 u.p.s.d., nie ma utrwalonego, powszechnie akceptowalnego rozumienia, zapewniającego jednolitość wykładni. Bieżące orzecznictwo potwierdza utrzymywanie się rozbieżności wykładni operatywnej wskazanego pojęcia, co rzutuje na niejednolitość rozstrzygnięć sądowych. Efektem negatywnym jest relatywizm interpretacyjny uzależniony od okoliczności faktycznych. Konsekwencją może być naruszenie konstytucyjnej zasady równości podatników w zakresie ich obowiązków i obciążeń podatkowych. Zasadniczym celem niniejszego opracowania jest dokonanie ustaleń dotyczących statusu zeznania SD-3 w podatku od spadków i darowizn oraz interpretacji skutków jego złożenia po terminie. Przedmiotem jest nadto wymagalność zeznania w sytuacji powstania obowiązku podatkowego zgodnie z art. 6 ust. 4 u.p.s.d.

Article 57 of the Polish Constitution outlines one of the fundamental political human and civil freedoms: freedom of assembly. Currently, in Poland, this freedom has been affected by amendments to the provisions regulating it, contained in the Law on Assemblies. The introduced changes, due to their nature, understandably give rise doubts of theoretical, legal, and practical nature. And it is against the background of the constitutional regulation of the meaning and role of freedom of assembly that the reflections in this paper are presented.

This article explicates the intertwined economic and political goals behind the imposition of countersanctions through an analysis of their premises and outcomes for Russia’s domestic economy. The evidence supports the argument that retaliation was designed to benefit the Russian domestic food industry, reorient trade relations, and bolster domestic public support for this sector while politically penalizing sanctioning countries. An important contribution of this article is to demonstrate how sanctions imposed on nondemocratic target countries, which play an important role in international affairs, is like a tit-for-tat game, which may have additional effects and also unintended political, economic, and social consequences not yet observed.

This chapter presents the results of empirical research on the influence of individual consumer characteristics: age, education, gender, income or lifestyle on the perception of the value of luxury. It also refers to the relationship between status- and demonstration-oriented consumption and imitative and snobbish inclinations. The analysis of the author’s research is preceded by a synthetic presentation of the results of foreign research conducted in this area.

The first part of this chapter discusses the relationship between values, attitudes, preferences of individuals and their consumer choices in reference to luxury. It is shown how the luxury has been analysed so far, which of the threads were exploited and what research methods were used. The second part presents the mixed methodology of the author’s own empirical research presented in the remaining part of this book. Both quantitative method (in the form of an international consumers e-survey) and qualitative methods (interviews, focus groups and participatory observation) were described and justified in detail.

This chapter contains the quantitative and qualitative research results on how consumers perceive the contribution of companies (suppliers, producers, brand owners, distributors) to the creation of value propositions for luxury goods. The results are presented for luxury fashion, jewellery and cars. Consumer perception of companies’ contribution to creation of this value was compared with the opinions of companies’ representatives on the same issue. The last part of the chapter discusses the role of retailers in communicating the value propositions of luxury brands.

This chapter attempts to define luxury and show how and why its meaning and perception evolved over time. An attempt to define luxury shows what an ambiguous, subjective and changeable concept we are dealing with. In addition to analyzing traditional and emerging features of luxury the history of the development of the luxury goods market is also presented. The description of the successive stages of development of the luxury market as a business and the changing approach to luxury (in terms of the types of goods considered to be luxurious and their availability) reflects a gradual shift from goods available to the few anointed with power to their mass dissemination.

This chapter presents the analysis of luxury supply; its geographical and product structure as well as its global production and sales dynamics. Business models, their connection with the capital-ownership system and the evolution of competitive strategies were also discussed. The starting point for a detailed luxury businesses models evolution is so called DNA of luxury strategy. It is shown here to what the extent modern business strategies adhere or divert from these principles. The chapter’s summary attempts to determine the future directions of development of enterprises creating the supply of luxury.

This chapter presents the empirical research results on perceptions of luxury among consumers in different countries. The source of this diversity is often seen in the features of national culture. The chapter begins with a critical commentary of the research searching for differences in consumers value perception of luxury (CLVP) solely in national cultures. The analysis of the author’s research on the CLVP market diversity is preceded by a synthetic presentation of the results of foreign research conducted in this area.

Skuteczność sankcji gospodarczych jest uzależniona od ich przestrzegania przez przedsiębiorstwa, sprowadzone do roli narzędzi w politycznej walce państw. Zaangażowanie w tę rozgrywkę zależy od postrzegania przez nie słuszności i nieuchronności sankcji, wpływu sankcji na ich dotychczasową i przyszłą strategię oraz pozycję konkurencyjną, a także możliwości zastosowania strategii minimalizujących potencjalny negatywny wpływ sankcji na ich działalność gospodarczą. W artykule dokonano teoretycznej i empirycznej kategoryzacji strategii adaptacyjnych przedsiębiorstw dotkniętych sankcjami, przeanalizowano przesłanki wyboru określonych typów tych strategii oraz przedyskutowano wpływ poszczególnych strategii adaptacyjnych przedsiębiorstw na polityczną skuteczność sankcji. Podstawę analizy stanowią ustalenia teorii instytucjonalnej, teorii racjonalnego wyboru politycznego i teorii zależności zasobowej oraz dane zebrane od ponad 1000 europejskich przedsiębiorstw dotkniętych sankcjami unijnymi lub rosyjskimi, nałożonymi w 2014 r. i wciąż utrzymywanymi w mocy. Wyniki badania pokazują, że choć administracyjne utrudnienia na rynku objętym sankcjami sprzyjają działaniom zbieżnym z celami sankcji, to istniejące już duże zaangażowanie przedsiębiorstw (w postaci inwestycji lub wielkości sprzedaży) na takim rynku skłania je do działań obniżających skuteczność sankcji. Najbardziej destrukcyjny wpływ – z punktu widzenia makroekonomicznego i politycznego (choć korzystny dla samych przedsiębiorstw) – mają strategie obejścia legalnego transferu produkcji do kraju objętego sankcjami.

Objective: to investigate whether Millennials are internally consistent and distinguished cohort in terms of the perception of luxury Methodology: mixed: the international e-survey results, conducted in 5 different countries (Poland, Portugal, Turkey, Germany and Saudi Arabia, 1193 responses) and 4 FGI, conducted in the groups of younger and older Millennials in Poland and Portugal. Findings: Millennials demonstrate strong country–specific differences in evaluating luxury value drivers; from avowed hedonic status-seekers (mainly Saudi Arabians), through moderately enthusiastic luxury products admirers (Portuguese, Turkish, Polish) to stand-outs, individualists who contest the overall CVPL as represented mostly by Germans. The evaluation of luxury is not cohort specific but rather a matter of the family and material status strengthened by socio-cultural pressure. Value Added: Global consumption behavioral patterns regarding luxury are permeated by local cultural influences, but are not global cohorts’ specific, due to their internal cultural, age, income and family status diversity. Recommendations: Communication strategies in a luxury sector should be adjusted more to the country-specific and less to the specific needs of global cohorts.

(1) Background: Social distancing rules have been widely introduced in the fight against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. So far, the effectiveness of these methods has not been assessed in the group of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. (2) Methods: The study included 473 patients with IBD who made 1180 hospital visits from 1 May to 30 September 2020. During each visit, the patients completed a five-step, progressive scale that was developed to assess the degree of social isolation. In parallel, other demographic data were collected and the concentrations of anti-severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG and IgM+IgA antibodies were measured using the ELISA method. (3) Results: The study found a significant correlation between the degree of social distancing and the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the groups with the lowest degree of isolation (3 to 5). (4) Conclusions: Maintaining social distancing is an effective method for reducing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus among IBD patients.

The literature on sanctions often neglects the role of domestic firms in sender states, although sanctions only have a real economic effect when senders’ firms reduce their activities on the target's market. In contrast, sanctions avoidance and increasing investments in the target country (the observed behaviour of many companies facing the EU sanctions against Russia imposed in 2014) mitigate the impact of these restrictive measures. While sanctions increase the political risk for companies, they also offer economic opportunities—and previous studies could not settle the debate on which factor prevails. By evaluating responses from British, French, German, Italian and Polish enterprises to an online survey distributed in 2017, we analyse at the firm level how sanction-torn companies adjust to new political orders and what drives their strategic decisions. We find evidence that resource dependency induces strategies that challenge sanction policies: in particular, non-fungible assets in the target country incentivise companies to further increase their engagement. These defiance strategies diminish the real economic effect of sanctions and generate a new economic equilibrium, which has negative long-term implications on the choice set of policymakers to further pursue the imposition of sanctions and which even outlasts the lifting of these restrictive measures.

The probability of sanctions’ effectiveness increases not only due to their severity for the target country’s economy but is also a function of adherence to their principles by enterprises from senders’ countries. Sanctions avoidance and increasing investments in the target country (the observed behavior of many companies facing the European Union (EU) sanctions against Russia which were imposed in 2014) mitigate the impact of these restrictive measures. In this chapter we show (by analyzing adaptation strategies of EU enterprises affected by sanctions imposed on Russia by EU) how particular types of strategies affect the effectiveness of sanctions and what factors determine the choice of their respective behavior. We draw our conclusions from the online survey of more than 1,000 responses from British, French, German, Italian, and Polish enterprises. We find that while administrative burdens make conformance to sanctions more likely, market dependency and non-tangible assets in the target country induce strategies that challenge sanction policies. We conclude that the EU–Russian sanctions dispute incentivizes European companies to increase their engagement in Russia. These so-called defiance strategies diminish the real economic effect of the sanctions and generate a new equilibrium which outlasts the lifting of these restrictive measures and has negative long-term political implications. published

The aim of this chapter is to discuss the grounds for country differences in the customers' attitudes towards luxury goods. The basis for this discussion are the Social Identity, Communication Accommodation, Expectancy-Value Theory, Theory of Reasoned Action and Expectation Confirmation Theory, attitudes, and attitude formation. We compare other empirical research on consumers' value perception (CVP) in the luxury sector and the results of our own international e-survey conducted in 5 countries (Germany, Poland, Portugal, Saudi Arabia and Turkey). By comparing opposite market segments, i.e., the stand-outs and the prestige-seekers as well as groups of luxury lovers with luxury opponents we look for grounds of divergent attitudes towards luxury goods. We found that culture, as a very complex phenomenon, shapes the attitudes not only at the national level, but is also reflected in the level of education across countries. That is why a combination of market segments combined with belief systems and levels of education may be a more accurate indicator of consumer attitudes.

The problems of the judiciary, in some countries, seem to haverecently become an important dilemma of constitutional law. One such issue is the issue of retired judges, who at the end of their judicial careers still remain judges, but in a retired state. This raises a wide range of issues, including the proper conduct and behaviour of such judges. Under the rules of many countries in force in this area, such judges are still subject to what is termed disciplinary responsibility and may be held liable for offences committed outside the service, as well as for those committed in the course of the service. The author looks at these solutions and tries to present a model of retired judges’ liability.

The aim of the chapter is to show the relationship between reverse logistics operations in retail and the value they can create (or depreciate) for luxury fashion consumers. The content of the chapter is an attempt to answer the questions: in what way reverse logistics operations create or destroy the value of luxury fashion goods and which of the operations constitute an undeveloped niche to create additional value. Chapter starts with a discussion about challenges in capturing and measuring the value for consumers in luxury fashion sector followed by a description of excess inventory operations in this industry. The main part elaborates on relations between the reverse logistics operations in luxury fashion retail and their value creation possibilities. In the conclusions section, the new areas and possibilities of value creation for consumers are brought up together with drawing attention on the dangers stemming from the cost - efficient optimization of excess stock management.

This paper presents an analysis of the business cultures of four post-socialist Polish enterprises. Western capitalist orthodoxy emphasises the development and management of an 'appropriate' organisational culture as a key component of organisational effectiveness. Within an East European context it is likewise suggested that the development of appropriate market behaviours is necessary if transforming economies are not to hit a ceiling of recovery. However, what constitutes an 'appropriate' organisational culture within an East European context is open to speculation and debate, particularly if it accepted that there is no dominant model of capitalist work organisation which might represent a template for transforming economies. This paper draws on empirical case study material to appraise the business cultures of four post socialist Polish enterprises. Findings suggest that ownership, turnover of human capital and management philosophy and ideology represent key factors in the development of market oriented behaviours. However, findings also reinforce the strength and endurance of the socialist culture.

The aim of this paper is to examine economic and political grounds and consequences of near-reshoring and reshoring activities in Polish apparel and footwear sector. As the consumers and companies perspective is taken, the applied method is a combination of surveys conducted amongst Polish apparel and footwear companies and consumers together with some statistical analysis about the evolution of this sector in Poland and anecdotal evidence about reshoring and near reshoring activities. The paper contributes to literature by taking both a value-driven and a political economy perspective and enhances the understanding as to how reshoring and near-reshoring can both reshape business models and serve as smart tools of a new protectionism at the level of the national or regional economy.

The aim of this paper is twofold: to highlight the need of combining economic and political perspectives in analyzing sanctions outcomes, and to list and elaborate on challenges connected with uniting these two standpoints and creating cohesive and valid measurement methods. We not only credit this fusion as useful, but necessary to evaluate sanctions’ efficiency and effectiveness. We display these challenges in sanctions’ assessment and measurement by systematizing what we already know about the sanction effectiveness in political science and economics literature and by demonstrating strengths and weaknesses of some already published effectiveness evaluations. The paper is the part of the larger research project that we recently embarked upon with aim to analyze the onset, economic impact and effectiveness of sanctions imposed by the European Union Cel tego artykułu jest dwojaki. Pierwszy, to podkreślenie konieczności połączenia perspektywy ekonomicznej i politycznej w ocenie skutków sankcji. Drugi, to diagnoza i analiza wyzwań związanych z połączeniem tych perspektyw w taki sposób, aby stworzyć spójny oraz rzetelny merytorycznie i metodycznie sposób pomiaru tego zjawiska. Połączenie perspektywy ekonomicznej i politologicznej uznajemy nie tyle za pożyteczne, co niezbędne do prawidłowej oceny efektywności i skuteczności sankcji. Wyzwania związane z integrowaniem perspektyw i wypracowaniem narzędzi pomiaru prezentujemy przez pryzmat krytycznej analizy dotychczasowych badań dotyczących oceny skuteczności i efektywności sankcji, ukazując każdorazowo mocne i słabe strony zastosowanego podejścia. Artykuł jest częścią większego projektu dotyczącego przesłanek, ekonomicznego wpływu i skuteczności sankcji nakładanych przez Unię Europejską.

Introduction. Transplant recipients have a significantly greater incidence of cancer, compared with the general population, who are referred to immunosuppressive therapy as an additional malignancy risk factor. Therefore, there is a need to search for an easy in clinical practice neoplasm predictor, especially for this group of patients. Materials and methods. A group of 74 (43M and 31F; aged 46.8 ± 12 years) kidney transplant recipients was investigated in a three-year follow-up study. During the time of observation, 7 patients were diagnosed with neoplasm (7.4 ± 1.5 years after transplantation). A serum level of IL2 (ELISA test) and mRNA level of IL1beta, IL10 and TNFalfa in peripheral mononuclear blood cells – PBMCs (QRT – PCR method) were measured in every year of observation. [i]Analysis of variances and t-Student test were used in groups mean comparison[/i]: N – patients developing malignant neoplasm group (24 probes); M – set of probes from patients with malignancies at the moment of diagnosis (11 probes); P – set of probes from patients before developing malignant neoplasm (10 probes); C – control group of healthy transplant recipients (31 probes). Results. Among the analyzed agents, only serum IL2 level differed between the analyzed groups, with higher values in the M compared with the P group (p

W artykule przedstawiono zależności między kulturą narodową rynków, na których funkcjonują i z których pochodzą zinternacjonalizowane podmioty a charakterem i efektami ich działalności. Opracowanie ma charakter analizy teoretycznej. Rozważania oparto jednak na opublikowanych wynikach badań dotyczących zachowań organizacyjnych przedsiębiorstw transnarodowych.