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Jusqu’à présent, le stress en contexte d’interrogatoire policier demeure peu exploré par les chercheurs. Les quelques études empiriques ayant abordé le rôle du stress dans l’interrogatoire se sont principalement penchées sur les fausses confessions induites par le stress (Forrest et al., 2002 ; Geven et al., 2020 ; Guyll et al., 2013 ; Morgan III et al., 2020). Pour ce qui est des facteurs de stress liés à l’interrogatoire, ils sont abordés indirectement dans la littérature et ils sont peu approfondis. Ce mémoire a deux objectifs. Premièrement, déterminer l’impact associé au stress apparent sur la décision des suspects de divulguer des informations pertinentes à l’enquête et d’avouer leur crime. Deuxièmement, déterminer les facteurs qui influencent le stress apparent des suspects. Dans ce but, ce mémoire est basé sur 130 interrogatoires policiers impliquant des individus reconnus coupables pour des délits relatifs à l’exploitation sexuelle d’enfants en ligne. Les résultats indiquent que la décision du suspect de confesser les faits qui lui sont reprochés ou de divulguer de l’information pertinente pour l’enquête n’est pas influencée par son stress apparent. En outre, on constate que peu de facteurs semblent influencer le stress apparent du suspect. Les analyses bivariées révèlent que les stratégies d’interrogatoire l’influencent principalement. Quant à elles, les analyses multivariées mettent en évidence que l’âge du suspect, rappeler les bienfaits de la coopération et mentionner vouloir être honnête ou authentique diminuent le stress apparent du suspect. Inversement, le nombre d’opportunités d’empathie est associé à une augmentation de celui-ci. Bref, il est important de poursuivre la recherche sur le stress en contexte d’interrogatoire policier afin de mieux saisir son effet lors de l’interrogatoire., To date, stress in the context of police interrogation remains sparsely explored by researchers. The few empirical studies that have investigated the role of stress during police interrogation have primarily focused on stress-induced false confession (Forrest et al., 2002 ; Geven et al., 2020 ; Guyll et al., 2013 ; Morgan III et al., 2020). As for the interrogation-related stressors, they are indirectly addressed in the literature and are poorly elaborated. This thesis has two objectives. First, determine the impact associated with apparent stress on the decision of the suspects to disclose information relevant to the investigation and to confess his crime. Second, determine the factors that influence the suspects’ apparent stress. To this end, this thesis is based on 130 police interrogations involving individuals convicted of offenses relating to online sexual exploitation of children. The results indicate that the suspect’s decision to confess the alleged facts or to disclose information relevant to the investigation is not influenced by his apparent stress. Furthermore, few factors seem to influence the apparent stress of the suspect. Bivariate analysis reveal that interrogation strategies mainly influence it. As for them, the multivariate analysis shows that the suspect’s age, recalling the benefits of cooperation and mentioning the desire to be honest or authentic reduce the suspect’s apparent stress. Conversely, the number of empathy opportunities is associated with an increased of it. In short, it is important to continue the research on stress in the context of police interrogation to better understand its effect during interrogation.

This thesis has two objectives. The first objective is to better understand the value of energy efficiency in buildings and its relationship to secondary market real estate prices. The second objective is to understand the cost of the implied insurance included in fixed rate mortgage (FRM) and borne by the borrower. My observations show that most research in energy efficiency ignore or make implicit assumptions about certain parameters, energy source, future energy prices and discount rates, which may have considerable impact on the energy efficiency value. In the first chapter, I develop a tool that can estimate the value of a given energy efficient investment by taking into account these parameters, the present value of a unit of energy (PVU). The PVU fluctuates throughout time and is very sensitive to the economic scenario considered (expected regulation, expected demand, and the consequent energy price path). Then, I use this tool to test the relationship between energy efficiency and real estate prices. I find that even with evidence of the tool’s informational content and explicit assumption on parameters that should impact the value of energy efficiency, real estate prices are not following the expected relationship. This suggests that either energy efficient buildings bear a potential abnormal return investment possibility or that real estate investors use energy price forecasts that are not in line with authority’s ones. In the second chapter, this thesis investigates mortgage financing. First, I determine the implicit insurance cost of fixed rate mortgage (FRM) in comparison with adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM). In this chapter, I develop a method, based on the parameterization of previous case studies with formal assumptions, in order to compute the cost of FRM. I look at the properties of the risk hedged from the household perspective. This chapter brings forth three innovations. First, this is the first research to look at the FRM cost relative to ARM in Switzerland. Secondly, this thesis is the first research that defines and explore the risk hedged. Thirdly, I develop an alternative to the conventional interest rate spread, often used to assess the cost of FRM. In addition, I characterise the risk in terms of distribution and dependence.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Areas/Paper type – 08. Integration of renewable energy in the built environment, Methodology Background – Today’s simulation technology in engineering and architecture are very impressive. As a result technology developers have a good idea of the resulting energy consumption of a building. They even have an idea of the distribution of the possible output. At CISBAT 2011, some authors presented innovative technologies with detailed impact on energy consumption (energy quantity, type, time of consumption) but very limited value conclusion. When asked why with such data quality they did not have more information about value. They answered with a question. Do you know of a paper that describes the methodology to achieve such valuation? Purpose – This paper intends to present a simple method that allows energy efficient technology to better assess the value of the energy savings. This value can be compared to the cost underlying this improved efficiency. Approach / Methodology / Design – Index are easy to build and duplicate. For example, anybody could compute most of the stock market indices. While it is quite easy, it is time-consuming and it is convenient to use one publicly available in spite of the fact that it may not be the perfect one for the purpose it is used to. This paper applies typical methodology in investment valuation derived from the discounted cash flow (DCF).The proposed index is built using national and international agency forecast for future energy price. It also uses national real estate industry income return to obtain present value of energy efficiency. Results – Proposed index computation are given for different maturity, different years, different forecast sources (US Energy Information Administration and UK department of Energy and Climate Change) and different geographic space (UK and US). The same methodology can be used for other and more specific countries given available data. Limitations / implications – While the method presented here is not perfect, it is better than a method that does not account for discount rate, energy mix and price forecast. Application to a specific project makes the assumption that local price growth and expected return are similar to the one on the country level. Practical implications – New technology both distributed production and energy saving can use presented index to assess the economic value of the technology. Originality / Value – While a simple approach, it appears that such index for future energy value does not exist yet. This paper intends to answer this need.

Energy efficiency is one of the more economically sounds way to sustainability. Real Estate accounts for 30% of energy consumption in most developed countries. It also accounts for more than 30% of GHG emission. In the last several years many research have been looking to energy efficiency technology. Very few of them include the future energy price forecast in their valuation. Very few of them include the fact that different energy source savings may have different value. This paper demonstrates that one euro of annual energy savings in different source has a very different value when we account for expected future cost. It also underlines the fact that energy source prices are more or less volatile depending on sources. This should imply different discount rate for investment in technology that involves savings of those energy sources with high prices volatility. Following this demonstration the paper support the idea that whoever assesses the value of energy efficiency have to make assumption on energy source saved, future energy prices, appropriate discount rate and maturity of the investment. When researchers and professionals omit to do those assumptions explicitly they do it implicitly. Hedonic models have been widely used by researcher to assess the value of buildings properties. We use forecast at the moment of the transaction to underline the integration of energy efficiency value in building valuation with hedonic models. We use a US database to investigate the relationship between building energy consumption and building value. We also investigate this relationship with rent. Results suggest that the energy consumption that impacts the rent value is different from those who impact transaction price. It appears that overall energy cost impact the rent value, but not the transaction price. In conclusion, the economic sustainability assessment of an energy savings investment must take into account energy sources and future price.

Les propriétaires immobiliers du canton de Vaud font très peu appel aux subventions du Programme Bâtiments qui encourage les rénovations énergétiques. L’étude «Analyse des barrières à l'assainissement énergétique des bâtiments dans le canton de Vaud» mandatée par le Canton de Vaud a permis d’identifier certaines causes et propose des mesures pour remédier à cet état de fait. Parmi les facteurs pouvant expliquer le phénomène, l’étude a identifié des facteurs juridiques comme l’application du droit bail dans le canton, structurels comme le faible taux de maisons individuelles occupées en résidence principale, économiques et financiers comme l’absence de soutien cantonal aux audits énergétiques ou encore certains facteurs socio-culturels.

This project is an exploration of a research question in the environmental and economic domains. This project’s intent is to explore a multi-objective optimization of the placement and installation of solar panels by analyzing the quantum of their energy production and the economic value of this energy for the grid. This is an idea that has received a considerable amount of attention in the literature. We build on this research by widening the scope of previous studies and incorporating other factors such as the stochastic aspects of weather and performance, price dynamics, terrain and urban influence, among others. In this report we do some observations about different parameters that have an influence on the production of the panel first and then on the economic part. The work focus on the following parameters: - The orientation of the panel in terms of tilt (vertical angle from horizontal position) and orientation (horizontal angle from North) obviously has a critical influence of the amount of production; what will be the optimal angles such that the production is optimized? - The location may have an influence on the production but in witch way; does close location in term of weather will produce at the same efficiency? - The technology may have a small impact on the production; what will be the main difference between a given technology and another? - The set-up of the panel will change the production as well and it is said to be really relevant in term of production; what will be the difference between a panel close to the roof to another free standing and ventilated? After having analyzed all those parameters in term of production, we investigate the relevance of our observations in term of financial yield. In order to answer those questions, we proceed with the approach: 1. Description of the technical aspects of energy production of a PV panel submitted to solar radiation a. Calculation of the raw irradiance on a tilted plane b. Calculation of panel efficiency itself for some given situations 6 EPFL 2. Description of the economic aspects of energy production and pricing 3. Optimization of the PV panel production through optimization of Tilt and Orientation angles 4. Optimization of the PV panel financial yield through the study of the effective cost of the installation for different economic scenarios. 5. Presentation analysis of the results and discussion