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Today, increasing dyes pollution is of great importance for life. Leaving the dyes used in industries such as textiles without being discharged pollutes other water sources. In order to prevent this, different methods are used in the literature. In this study, SrAl2B2O7, a borate metal, was used to remove methyl blue (MB), an anionic dye, by batch adsorption method. Strontium aluminoborate (SrAl2B2O7) was prepared using a solution combustion method at 950 °C for 4 h in air. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The particle morphology of the adsorbent was investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). By using N2 adsorption–desorption, the Brunnauer, Emmet, and Teller (BET) specific surface area was found to be 1.9578 m2 g−1. The surface charge of the dye-adsorbed SrAl2B2O7 was determined based on zeta-potential measurements. Langmuir (R2=0.9897), Freundlich (R2=0.985), Dubinin & Radushkevic (R2=0.976), Scatchard (R2=0.881), Temkin & Pyzhev (R2=0.978) isotherms were calculated in the study. SrAl2B2O7 showed good adsorption performance for methyl blue (MB) with maximum adsorption capacities of 29.069 mg g−1 (Langmuir). Adsorption processes were also studied in detail. Thermodynamic and kinetic models; pseudo-first-order (R2=0.415), pseudo-second-order (R2=0.999), Elovich (R2=0.968) showed that adsorption using SrAl2B2O7 in MB removal is endothermic and pseudo-second order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn the study, the removal of dye (methyl blue) from aqueous solutions by batch/agitation adsorption method was investigated using Pinus brutia (PB). For this purpose, first, PB wood was collected and made into wood chips (PB), and then Pinus brutia biochar (PBB) was made. The PBB was modified to gain nano-magnetic properties. The biochar structure was characterized by FT-IR. PBB and nM-PBB were used for the removal of MB dye. The adsorbent amount, temperature, pH, time and dye concentration were investigated in the adsorption process with adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics to estimate their MB removal efficiency. Sorption equilibrium for MB dye was reached by nM-PBB within 60 min and adsorption efficiency up to 99.007% was reached. While the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 107.527 mg/g (nM-PBB), showed homogeneous physiochemical adsorption. The efficiency was found to be a spontaneous endothermic reaction. It can be suggested that nM-PBB can be used to remove MB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyes are frequently used in industries such as textile, leather, paper and printing, to water sources causes harmful effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, it is crucial to effectively remove colored contaminants from water in order to protect the environment and public health, maintain biodiversity and preserve the esthetic aspects of water resources. In this study, wood chips obtained from Pinus brutia (PB) tree grown in many parts of the world were turned into biochar and then modified and used for the removal of malachite green, a cationic dye. For this purpose, biochar (PBB) was made by collecting PB wood and turning it into chips (PB). Later, PBB was modified to gain nano-magnetic properties. The structure of the obtained PBB and nM-PBB adsorbents was characterized by FT-IR. pH (2–9), temperature (25 °C–55 °C), time change (15 min-240 min), adsorbent amount change (0.05 g–0.45g) and MG concentration (25 mg/L–250 mg/L) were investigated in MG removal of PBB and nM-PBB. The process was found to be pseudo-second-order and spontaneous endothermic reaction. PBB and nM-PBB were found to be suitable for Langmuir isotherm in MG removal (qmax=13.004 mg/g for PBB, qmax=18.215 mg/g for nM-PBB). Various adsorbents are used to remove different substances from water. The use of pinus brutia tree, which is a biochar product, in the removal of malachite green dyes from aqueous solutions has not been found in the literature. The findings revealed that Pinus brutia could be used to extract malachite green, a cationic dyestuff. Pinus brutia is a widely distributed, easy-to-access, low-cost species with many uses. Our study, in which Pinus brutian is used as an adsorbent, will contribute to the literature in this respect, and its use in the removal of different anionic and cationic dyes will be discussed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the importance of materials produced by natural means or by synthesis is increasing in the prevention of increasing water pollution. Sophora Japonica fruit seeds (SJfs) were pyrolyzed at 450 °C to produce SJfs-biochar (SJfsB) in this study. Iron nanoparticles were immobilized to the SJfsB structure to form a more active biosorbent matrix. SJfsB and the resulting novel biosorbent (nanomagnetic-Sophora Japonica fruit seeds biochar (nM-SJfsB) were used to remove malachite green (MG) from an aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy were used to elucidate the details of the biosorbent properties. The effect on removal was investigated using various parameters. A combined strategy was used to define the adsorption parameters such as adsorbent amount, time, initial dye concentration, pH, and temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity determined by the Langmuir model was 51.020 mg/g for SJfsB-MG and 101.010 mg/g was found for nM-SJfsB-MG. The pseudo second order equation made the equilibrium data suitable. After regeneration, nM-SJfsB can be used for re-adsorption studies and reused for multiple cycles in adsorption and desorption applications without discharging nano-iron particles into aqueous medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sr2Mg(BO3)2 was prepared by a solution combustion method at 900 °C for 6 hour in air. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The XRD pattern of Sr2Mg(BO3)2 is in agreement with the ICDD File No: 01-076-9795. The particle morphology of the adsorbent was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The average size of particles is about 3–10 µm. The Congo red dye was removed from aqueous solution using Sr2Mg(BO3)2. The effect of time, initial concentration, pH, temperature and dosage on adsorption were investigated. The Freundlich model fitted according to equilibrium data and maximum adsorption capacity is 886.952 mg/g. According to theories of pseudo-second-order kinetics, the removal procedure involves chemical adsorption. According to the thermodynamic data, negative ΔG values indicated that adsorption of Sr2Mg(BO3)2 occurred spontaneously and negative ΔH values, the adsorption process was exothermic. Sr2Mg(BO3)2 is a useable material for Congo red dye removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemp oil is an oil used for different purposes around the world. In this study, hemp oil with different properties was microencapsulated by complex coacervation method in an experiment set formed with gelatin (GE) and sodium alginate (ALG). Stirring speed, temperature and surfactant concentration were chosen as input factors and the relationship between percent encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was investigated. The obtained results were optimized to maximize and the release properties in hexane medium were investigated. In the results obtained, the p value of the lack-of-fit was found to be 0.060. Since p>0.050, the data matches the model created. Maximize optimized results were calculated as 63.491% at 1460.310 rpm stirring speed, 56.897 ℃ temperature and 0.827% w/v surfactant concentration, and it was found to be 62.780% in the experiment. Obtained microcapsules were characterized by FT-IR, optical microscope and SEM devices. When the optical microscope images were examined, it was determined that the microcapsules were smooth and round in shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the removal of biochar (EAL) obtained from oleaster seeds (elaeagnus angustifolia L.) and crystal violet (CRV) dye, which is a cationic dye, widely used in the industry, was carried out with different parameters. Adsorption values and thermodynamic parameters accordance with the isotherms and kinetics were evaluated with the help of temperature, concentration change, amount of adsorbent, pH and time changes. Temperature, pH, time, amount of adsorbent and concentration parameters on EAL-KRV adsorption were investigated according to the shake/batch adsorption method. Obtained results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity qmax of EAL-CRV was 10.537 mg/g. It was found that the process proceeds over the pseudo-second order, is endothermic, and conforms to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Obtained negative ΔG° values led to the conclusion that EAL is suitable for CRV removal. When EAL was evaluated together with similar adsorbents used for CRV removal in the literature, the maximum adsorption capacity value of EAL was found close to some studies. When all the results were evaluated, it was concluded that EAL can be used in the removal of CRV dye from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds found in plants have an unstable structure and can easily exhibit degradation reactions in external environmental factors. It is important to protect these active ingredients from environmental conditions. The encapsulation process emerges as an effective solution to this situation. In this study, microencapsulation studies of quinoa plant extract, which is known to have useful active ingredients, were carried out. Microcapsules loaded with quinoa extract (QE) were prepared by the complex coacervation method using two natural polymers, gelatin, and gum Arabic, as wall material. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the conditions for encapsulation efficiency. The encapsulation efficiency of the microencapsulated quinoa extract (MQE) was investigated in terms of three variables: stirring speed, core material amount, and surfactant concentration. The highest efficiency obtained as a result of experiments was found at 70.895%. Morphological analysis images of the microcapsules confirmed the capsule structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the interaction between gelatin and gum Arabic and similarities in the quinoa extract and microcapsule bands showed that the extract was encapsulated. Thermogravimetric analysis results also proved the thermal stability of microcapsules. The microcapsules obtained with the experimental design formulation were observed to have general sizes of ∼4–120µ. Quinoa extract containing phenolic compounds was microencapsulated. The effects of three different variables (mixing speed, core material amount, and surfactant concentration) on encapsulation efficiency were investigated. The highest encapsulation efficiency was obtained at 1500 rpm, 5.00 g core material amount, and 0.5% surfactant concentration, and the yield was achieved at 70.895%. Microcapsules were prepared under optimum conditions in the reaction surface methodology and the obtained microcapsules were characterized morphologically and chemically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batch sorption experiments were performed to investigate the potential of Bauhinia variagata fruit (BVf) and nano-magnetic Bauhinia variagata fruit (nM-BVf) to remove methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG). Equilibrium studies have been carried out using various experimental parameters such as the amount of biosorbent, initial solution concentration, contact time, pH, and temperature. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Scatchard, D-R and Temkin adsorption models were applied for the experimental information of MB and MG. The Freundlich model fits better than the Langmuir model. Freundlich model confirmed the magnificent dye sorption ability; 19.3 mg/g for BVf/MB, 21.2 mg/g for nM-BVf/MB, 19.7 mg/g for BVf/MG, and 30.1 mg/g for nM-BVf/MG. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model displayed a more suitable behavior to the experimental result for the removal of MG and MB. Thermodynamic parameters such as changes in Gibbs free energy (ΔGo), enthalpy (ΔHo), and entropy (ΔSo) were investigated and the fine details in the adsorption system were completed. The conclusion from this study is that the prepared nano biosorbent can be efficient for the removal of cationic dyes from wastewater. Novelty statement This novel biodegradable biosorbent (nanomagnetic-Bauhinia variagata fruits (nM-Vf)) has many different functional groups to bind methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution. The method to introducing magnetic form is well defined and provided an astronomically enormous capacity for the sorption of the dyes. It has a great capacity to adsorb dyes compared to other biosorbents applied by a different researcher. This nano-magnetic form of the biosorbent can be easily applied to wastewater system and has a lower price. Since it is a starter and a new biosorbent applied in the literature, it can be cited by a sizable number of researchers when published. The young researcher is trying to develop a new magnetic biosorbent for seperation techniques. Hence, this new biosorbent can be referenced by them as it is to prepare and apply for laboratory work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, high efficiency vitamin E microencapsulation was aimed with the complex coacervation method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the microencapsulation efficiency of vitamin E. The microencapsulation efficiency of microencapsulated vitamin E was investigated in terms of two variables, including the amount of core material and surfactant concentration (SDS). According to the RSM results, the experimental condition with the highest efficiency (93.42%) was found in 4.00 g of core material and 0.50% surfactant in the experiment set. Morphological and chemical analyzes of microcapsules were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our study, encapsulation was performed with complex coacervation method in an experimental set created with Karabas herb oil response surface methodology (RSM). The experiment set was created by entering three independent variables (core material amount, surfactant concentration, stirring speed) in RSM. The encapsulation efficiency (EV%) was calculated from the produced samples. The experimental efficiencies found were analyzed by entering RSM as a response response. The model reached as a result of RSM analysis was significant (p <0,05), R² value was 99,15%, and lack-of-fit p value was found as 0,217 (p>0,05). The collected data indicated that three independent variables entered in RSM affect the response response EV%. Samples produced from the experimental set were characterized under optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The vast majority of the images obtained were observed in micron (10-6) and a small amount of nano (10-9) in size. It is believed that the study will be an important step in the encapsulation of karabaş herb oil, which has a wide range of economic value, and different application areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to identify the yeasts in packaged and unpackaged butters and screen antiyeast activity of spices, including marjoram ( Origanum majorana L.), summer savory ( Satureja hortensis L.), and black cumin ( Nigella sativa L.) against the most dominant yeast species in the packaged and unpackaged butters. Mean total yeast populations were 5.40 log CFU/g in unpackaged butter samples and 2.22 log CFU/g in packaged butter samples, indicating better hygienic quality of packaged samples. Forty-nine yeast species were isolated and identified from butter samples with the most prevalent isolates belonging to genera Candida- C. kefyr, C. zeylanoides, and C. lambica-and with moderate number of isolates belonging to genera Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, and Zygosaccharomyces. Black cumin exhibited the highest antiyeast activity against C. zeylanoides and C. lambica species, even inhibited these species, while summer savory inhibited C. kefyr. The results of this study revealed clear antimicrobial potential of black cumin against the yeast species isolated from butters. Marjoram, summer savory, and black cumin could be used as natural antimicrobial agents against spoilage yeasts in food preservation, especially in butter. Yeasts are known to play an important role in the dairy industry for several reasons. They play an essential role in the preparation of certain fermented products and in the ripening of certain cheeses. Yeasts also can be used to ferment dairy products. However, yeasts are also known to cause spoilage of dairy and other food products. Spices have generally been considered as nonnutritive substances and their possible benefit to human health has recently been considered. In addition, spices could perform different antimicrobial activities on pathogenic and food spoilage yeasts. For this purpose, this study was designed to cover the following items: (1) enumeration of the yeast populations in packaged and unpackaged butter samples; (2) isolation and identification of the yeast species to characterize the yeasts of the butter samples; (3) screening of antiyeast activity of these spices against the most dominant yeast species, Candida kefyr, C. zeylanoides, and C. lambica, in the packaged and unpackaged butter samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Recently, flower extracts have been suggested to be used as coloring agents. [•] Natural colorants red tulip flower extract are more desirable than artificial ones. [•] The studied tulip flowers had desirable bioactive characteristics. [•] The orange red, pink and violet extracts had no cytotoxic activity against MCF-7. [•] Red, pink and violet tulip flowers can be potentially used as coloring agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the present study, inhibitory effects of the hydrosols of thyme, black cumin, sage, rosemary and bay leaf were investigated against Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated to apple and carrots (at the ratio of 5.81 and 5.81 log cfu/g for S. Typhimurium, and 5.90 and 5.70 log cfu/g for E. coli O157:H7 on to apple and carrot, respectively). After the inoculation of S. Typhimurium or E. coli O157:H7, shredded apple and carrot samples were washed with the hydrosols and sterile tap water (as control) for 0, 20, 40 and 60min. While the sterile tap water was ineffective in reducing (P >0.05) S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7, 20min hydrosol treatment caused a significant (P <0.05) reduction compared to the control group. On the other hand, thyme and rosemary hydrosol treatments for 20min produced a reduction of 1.42 and 1.33 log cfu/g respectively in the E. coli O157:H7 population on apples. Additional reductions were not always observed with increasing treatment time. Moreover, thyme hydrosol showed the highest antibacterial effect on both S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 counts. Inhibitory effect of thyme hydrosol on S. Typhimurium was higher than that for E. coli O157:H7. Bay leaf hydrosol treatments for 60min reduced significantly (P <0.05) E. coli O157:H7 population on apple and carrot samples. In conclusion, it was shown that plant hydrosols, especially thyme hydrosol, could be used as a convenient sanitizing agent during the washing of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]