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Summary: During winter, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) faces operational challenges, potentially leading to ice formation in membranes and gas technology. To achieve favorable operational conditions and output voltage, suitable power electronic devices are indispensable. Consequently, the fuel cell module links to the battery through a DC‐DC converter. Addressing the necessity for an efficient battery charger in fuel cell electric vehicle applications, this article introduces a new high step‐up DC‐DC converter. It employs a boosting structure, incorporating a coupled inductor to elevate voltage gain while substantially reducing voltage and current stresses on components, a fitting attribute for PEMFC electric vehicle battery chargers. Additionally, the proposed converter boasts high efficiency and a minimal component count. Moreover, the study meticulously explores various operating modes of the converter, offering comprehensive analyses and operational relationships. To evaluate dynamic behavior and ensure stability, the study employs small signal modeling and devises a controller based on the maximum power point tracking principle. MATLAB simulations validate the converter's performance, while a laboratory‐built prototype (48 V input, 220 V output, 500 W) substantiates its characteristics, aligning with theoretical projections. Finally, a comparative analysis between simulation, experimentation, and theoretical calculations validates the converter's functionality. Ultimately, this work emphasizes the critical role of a well‐designed high‐efficiency DC‐DC converter in the context of PEMFC electric vehicle battery charging during challenging winter conditions. The proposed converter's innovative design, minimal componentry, efficiency, and validated performance through simulation, experimentation, and theory underscore its potential significance in enhancing fuel cell electric vehicle technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the analysis and control strategy of a four-switch boost-buck AC/DC converter utilized in power factor correction applications with a wide output voltage range. Given the increasing importance of electric vehicles and the need for high reliability, this study addresses the internal dynamic stability problem that can arise in the converter system. The analysis begins with a thorough examination of the system's min-phase characteristic. Despite this, internal dynamic stability issues persist, requiring a solution to ensure a higher power factor and reliability. To address this challenge, this paper proposes the utilization of a damping RC circuit instead of reducing the loop gain bandwidth. To demonstrate the internal dynamic behavior of the converter, small-signal modeling is employed. This modeling highlights the importance of mitigating internal dynamic instability to achieve the desired power factor and reliability. This study emphasizes the significance of proper analysis and control strategies for boost-buck AC/DC converters in power factor correction applications. By addressing internal dynamic stability using a damping RC circuit, the converter can achieve a higher power factor and enhanced reliability, ultimately contributing to the development of more efficient and dependable EV systems. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed analysis and control strategy is confirmed through comprehensive simulations. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of using a damping RC circuit to address the internal dynamic stability problem, leading to an improved power factor and enhanced reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To encourage an eco-friendly environment and pollution-free transportation, most of the automobile industries are promoting electric vehicles. However, with the adoption of electric vehicles, various power quality problems are encountered mainly during vehicle battery charging. Thus, this research work focuses on power quality improvement in electric vehicle battery charging stations. In this article, a closed-loop battery current-controlled zeta converter with a PI controller is introduced to achieve quality power to charge electric vehicles. The proposed converter enhances the overall performance of the system by reducing voltage fluctuations, harmonic content, and frequency variations. Besides, this suggested closed-loop battery-controlled zeta converter improves the power factor and overall efficiency of the system. The converter provides a wide range of output with ripple-free current. In the proposed scheme, the vehicle battery current feedback to the PI controller generates the switching pulses, thereby generating the desired duty ratio to operate the converter to maintain a constant current. The entire system is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and various power quality parameters namely voltage and current characteristics, active and reactive power characteristics, frequency, total harmonic distortion (THD), power factor, and efficiency are measured. To validate the usefulness of the proposed scheme, it is compared with conventional buck converter-based charging station and conventional zeta converter-based charging station. From the results, it is found that the proposed closed-loop battery current-controlled zeta converters charging station produce improved power quality characteristics over conventional methods. It achieved a voltage THD of 4.93%, current THD of 1.9%, power factor of 0.96, and efficiency of 91.8%, which are far better than the conventional buck and zeta models.

In this study, a three-phase AC/DC neutral point clamped (NPC) power factor corrected (PFC) multilevel converter for off-board chargers of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is evaluated. The rectifier analysis has been tested by extensive simulations in combination with isolated DC-DC converters. This rectifier provides unity input power factor and efficiency above 96% for DC fast chargers rated at power levels up to 100 kW. The voltage ripple is below 0.5% for 800 Volt DC voltage. The current ripple is below 0.1% for 125 Ampere DC current. When the EV fast charger is evaluated with both isolated DC-DC converters, the NPC rectifier has less than 1% THD. This multilevel converter is highly efficient in terms of capacitor voltage balancing. The system has a simple control structure and does not require an extra PFC circuit. The converter operation and design calculations are presented with simulation studies. The simulation results of the system evaluated for isolated DC-DC converters demonstrate the validity and flexibility of the proposed charging system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates topology for battery charging units (BCU) with simple design and power factor correction. It has a galvanic isolation between the grid and the battery, which is one of the law and standard requirements. The impulse transformer ensures galvanic isolation, which makes the topology suitable for onboard electric vehicles (EV) charging units (OBC). The study also presents a simulation model a simulation model with the help of which a simulation is conducted and a result is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the quadratic buck converter (QBC) is proposed as competitive alternative to implement a battery charger. Since QBC is a high order system, the required control is designed to follow the conventional constant-current constant-voltage protocol by means of three loops. Namely, 1) an inner-loop operating in sliding mode to control the current of the closest inductor to the input port providing the proper stability of the system, 2) a first outer loop designed to regulate the battery voltage providing the reference of the inner loop, and finally 3) a second outer loop to regulate the battery current modifying the reference of the voltage loop. Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are used in both outer loops, one of them synthesized by means of the robust loop shaping M-constrained integral gain optimization (RLS-MIGO) method, and the other designed using classical considerations for cascaded controllers. Both simulation and experimental results are presented validating the theoretical study and confirming the feasibility of the proposed control by means of analogue electronics.

This paper proposes a dynamic characteristics improvement of battery charger for personal mobility devices (PMDs) using a model predictive control (MPC). The battery charger is used to charge a battery of PMDs such as electric scooters, electric bicycles, and electric skateboards and an output voltage of the battery charger is generally controlled by a proportional-integral (PI) controller. The PI controller requires a gain tuning to improve a dynamic characteristic, however, an overshoot of the output voltage can be occurred in transient state when the gain is increased. Therefore, to improve the dynamic characteristic of the battery charger for PMDs, this paper presents the MPC method to control the output voltage of the battery charger for PMDs. The effectiveness of the proposed MPC method is proved by the simulation and experimental results.

In view of the tremendous electrification of transportation sector, development and management of an integrated charging unit has been under research focus for last few decades. Therefore, this paper deals with die development of an integrated battery charging unit in which a modified DC-DC boost converter has been proposed for electric vehicles (EVs). With a nominal number of components (one inductor, one capacitor, one diode and three switches) in proposed converter, charging unit is suitable to charge the batteries in a wide voltage range. A simplified control scheme is also developed to regulate the output DC link voltage of proposed converter which is used to charge a connected battery during plug-in operation. Propulsion system is developed by using a three phase induction machine (as propulsion motor) of vehicle, which has been controlled by using indirect field-oriented scheme to ensure higher performance. Operation of the motor drive has been investigated during propulsion and regeneration operation. Complete system has been developed and investigated by using Matlab/Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A DC–DC converter in an EV charging station is to regulate the DC voltage from the rectifier to the required voltage for battery charging. This ensures that a constant, stable, and safe charging voltage is provided to the battery However, if the EV charging is done only with a DC–DC​ converter, it results in poor Power Quality (PQ), with high levels of harmonic distortion and a low power factor. This can lead to longer charging times, increased energy costs, decreased battery performance and life, and introduce serious PQ issues. To address these issues, the Ferdowsi Converter is proposed is a combination of two interleaved Buck-Boost converters with a common input inductor as a solution with simplified PT control strategy presented, operated in operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is presented, which can achieve nearly unity power factor (PF) over universal input voltage range studied. The converter performs with fewer components, providing a charger input current that is in phase with the mains voltage, reducing the THD to below 5% under steady state and during variations in line and load side.

This paper focuses on the analysis and control strategy of a four-switch boost-buck AC/DC converter utilized in power factor correction applications with a wide output voltage range. Given the increasing importance of electric vehicles and the need for high reliability, this study addresses the internal dynamic stability problem that can arise in the converter system. The analysis begins with a thorough examination of the system’s min-phase characteristic. Despite this, internal dynamic stability issues persist, requiring a solution to ensure a higher power factor and reliability. To address this challenge, this paper proposes the utilization of a damping RC circuit instead of reducing the loop gain bandwidth. To demonstrate the internal dynamic behavior of the converter, small-signal modeling is employed. This modeling highlights the importance of mitigating internal dynamic instability to achieve the desired power factor and reliability. This study emphasizes the significance of proper analysis and control strategies for boost-buck AC/DC converters in power factor correction applications. By addressing internal dynamic stability using a damping RC circuit, the converter can achieve a higher power factor and enhanced reliability, ultimately contributing to the development of more efficient and dependable EV systems. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed analysis and control strategy is confirmed through comprehensive simulations. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of using a damping RC circuit to address the internal dynamic stability problem, leading to an improved power factor and enhanced reliability.

This paper presents a comparison between different Power Factor Correction topologies (PFC), highlighting the main advantages and disadvantages of the implementation requirements for a battery charger. Subsequently, the cascade connection of boost and buck converters is selected, for which a detailed loss analysis is performed, whose results are used to develop an operating strategy that allows the controller to act on a range of combinations of duty cycles to maximize the efficiency of the converters, maintaining adequate levels of voltage and current regulation, efficient regulation of battery recharge, high power factor, and low THDi. Finally, this converter is implemented with the mentioned operating strategy to perform constant power battery recharging, and the experimental results are presented with special emphasis on efficiency, power factor, and THDi, the latter being compared with the IEC 61000-3-2 standard.

Summary: The expected depletion of fossil fuels has brought in an increased demand for electric vehicles with better performance in terms of easiness of control and reliability of operation and hence is a fertile area of research. In the present scenario, motoring, regenerative braking, and charging operations are performed in electric vehicles by separate converters. In this paper, an integrated scheme is developed, wherein the same voltage source inverter is employed to obtain all the three modes of operation, which in turn reduces the number of switching devices. Further, a sensorless control used in the proposed scheme improves the operational reliability. This novel approach adopts a simple switching scheme for voltage source inverter to operate as a dual‐boost DC‐DC converter during the regenerative braking period. This switching scheme enables reconfiguring voltage source inverter to a dual‐boost rectifier in conjunction with a LLC resonant converter in the charging mode. A comparison is also provided between the performance of single switch boost and dual‐boost converters used for braking operation. The performance of a prototype brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive with Li‐ion battery pack is evaluated in motoring, regenerative braking, and battery charging modes. This paper presents a detailed design of the scheme, the simulation of which is done on a MATLAB/SIMULINK platform and validated experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the aim is to evaluate three-phase (3 ϕ ) AC/DC neutral point-clamped (NPC) power factor- corrected (PFC) multilevel converter performance for electric vehicle (EV) fast chargers. Power factor correction for EV fast chargers is very important in terms of efficient power usage and charger compatibility with the grid. Multilevel converters improve charging efficiency, reduce voltage stresses on components, minimize electromagnetic interference, and support high power capabilities. For this reason, multilevel converters with the PFC feature contribute to the reliable and effective operation of the fast-charging infrastructure. Rectifier analysis is tested with extensive simulations using a new modified carrier-based level-shifted pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique. The results obtained are in accordance with international standards. The proposed PWM technique provides low voltage regulation, low total harmonic distortion input current, unit input power factor, and a well-regulated DC bus voltage for the NPC rectifier in fast charging systems, and the system has high efficiency. In addition, the modulation method eliminates the need for an additional PFC circuit. The system demonstrates remarkable success in addressing critical parameters such as capacitor voltage balance. This modified carrier-based PWM is highly successful for NPC rectifiers designed for DC fast chargers, rated for power up to 300 kW. The simulation results of the DC fast charger system demonstrate the validity and flexibility of the proposed carrier-based level-shifted PWM method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single-phase bidirectional DC/DC battery charger with a P&O MPPT current control strategy for a standalone energy management system has been integrated with an interleaved switched capacitor DC/AC inverter with an RMS feedback phase-shifted unipolar sinusoidal PWM control strategy. In the published literature, P&O MPPT control is used to drive a boost converter connected in parallel to a battery charger; this modified strategy combines a P&O MPPT algorithm with current control to drive an interleaving buck-boost battery charger. This battery charger circuit is connected in parallel to a closed loop controlled interleaved inverter that feeds the AC home load. MATLAB/Simulink based simulation circuit was developed and used to validate the successful integration of the interleaved battery charger with the global system. To do this, the system is tested with varying input conditions of irradiance and temperature. The system's response to these variable inputs is monitored and analysed. The simulation results show the proposed method is effective for standalone battery-based PV systems. The system provides a more efficient and faster response compared with both an interleaved and non-interleaved voltage-controlled battery charger circuit that is also integrated with the global system. This battery charger control strategy is also shown to protect the battery from over-charging as well as discharging below 25%, which can improve and protect the long-term battery performance. Compared with novel industry approaches, the proposed system is simpler by nature due to the reduced number of conversions and therefore a reduced number of components which provides economic advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a concept of battery-assisted battery charger with maximum power point tracking for DC energy transducer such as thermoelectric generator and photo voltaic generator, and shows experimental results to prove the concept. The DC energy transducer is connected in series with a battery to increase the voltage. The plus terminal for the DC energy transducer is connected with the input terminal of a DC-DC buck converter, whereas the battery is connected with the output terminal of the converter. Thus, the current is boosted from the input to the output. When the net current to the battery is positive, the system works as a battery charger. To extract the as much power from the DC energy transducer as possible for high charging efficiency, maximum power point tracking is introduced. The converter was designed in 180 nm 3V CMOS with a silicon area of 1.05 mm2. The concept was experimentally proven by varying the reference voltages to control the input voltage. An all-solid-state battery was charged up from 2.2 V to 2.3 V in two hours by the converter with a flexible thermoelectric generator which had an open-circuit voltage of 0.6 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a model predictive control (MPC) technique is applied to a packed-u-cell (PUC)-based dual-output bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) battery charger. The investigated topology is a 5-level PUC-based power factor correction (PFC) rectifier allowing the generation of two levels of DC output voltages. The optimization of the MPC cost function is performed by reducing the errors on the capacitors' voltages (DC output voltages) and the grid (input) current. Moreover, the desired capacitors' voltages and peak value of the input current are considered within the designed cost function to normalize the errors. In addition, an external PI controller is used to generate the amplitude of the grid current reference based on the computed errors on the capacitors' voltages. The presented simulation and experimental results recorded using a 1 kW laboratory prototype demonstrate the high performance of the proposed approach in rectifying the AC source at different levels (dual rectifier), while drawing a sinusoidal current from the grid with low THD (around 4%) and ensuring a unity power factor operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with a grid-connected single-phase battery charger integrated with photovoltaic generators (PVGs). The circuit topology consists of a multilevel architecture based on a Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) rectifier. Its main task is to charge the batteries, primarily from the PVGs, by also assuring to keep their state-of-charge (SOC) balanced. Nevertheless, when the battery SOC overcomes a predefined upper limit, beyond which the charging process could be interrupted, the available PV power can no longer be transferred to the batteries. Therefore, to avoid an undesired curtailment of PV power production, this latter can be supplied to the grid by inverting the system operation. The paper shows how to achieve this result by implementing a dedicated control action based on a multi-step procedure. Numerical investigations are carried out on a 19-level CHB converter implemented in the PLECS environment to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a model-based control scheme for a DC-DC power converter as a battery charger is presented. The proposed DC-DC converter for this task is a high-gain step-down converter based on the switched inductor concept. Thus, the considered topology is able to highly reduced the output voltage on a single stage compared to traditional step-down converters. The proposed control strategy is aimed at fulfilling the requirements of the constant current and constant voltage algorithm widely used for battery charging purposes. Given the structure of the system model, the proposed control scheme results in a multi-loop controller, which is structured by a PI current control loop and a PI voltage control loop. During the constant current stage, the system is required to inject constant current into the battery while the voltage freely increases. Thus, the current control loop maintains the input battery current at a constant reference value. On the other hand, in the constant voltage stage, the battery is regulated to a desired constant value. Hence, in the end, both control loops act on the system to fulfill the objective. An external battery management system is aimed at controlling the transition between both modes, considering the physical thresholds of current and voltage required by the battery to guarantee the successful charging process. Finally, the performance of the proposed control strategy for battery charging is assessed on an experimental setup.

This paper proposes and analyzes a two-stage dc-dc isolated converter for electric vehicle charging applications, where high efficiency over a wide range of battery voltages is required. The proposed conversion circuit comprises a first two-output isolation stage with CLLC resonant structure and a second two-input buck regulator. The transformer of the first stage is designed such that its two output voltages correspond, ideally, to the minimum and maximum expected voltage to be supplied to the battery. Then, the second stage combines the voltages provided by the previous isolation stage to regulate the output voltage of the whole converter. The first stage is always operated at resonance, with the only function of providing isolation and fixed conversion ratios with minimum losses, whereas the second stage allows output voltage regulation over a wide range of battery voltages. Overall, it is shown that the solution features high conversion efficiency over a wide range of output voltages. This paper comprehensively describes the solution, including modeling, analyses, design considerations for the main circuit components (e.g., magnetics, switches), and modulation choices. Experimental results are reported considering a converter module prototype rated $10\,\mathrm{k}\mathrm{W}$, input voltage $800\,\mathrm{V}$, and output range $250\,\mathrm{V}$ to $500\,\mathrm{V}$, employing silicon-carbide and gallium-nitride semiconductors.

In this study, we propose a design method for a 6.6 kW charger using a hybrid switching technique that operates an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) in parallel for the high frequency of IGBT. The proposed circuit is based on a secondary resonant tank (SRT) converter with a resonant tank placed on the secondary side. In the SRT converter, the lower switches can be configured using only IGBTs, because the switching loss is small; however, configuring the upper switches only with IGBTs is difficult owing to the high turn-off current. This disadvantage can be overcome by operating the IGBTs and MOSFETs in parallel. IGBTs and MOSFETs are responsible for the conduction loss and switching loss, respectively. The feasibility of the proposed circuit was verified through the design and experimental results of a prototype with input and output voltages of 600–750 and 450–900 V, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of electric vehicles as a form of transportation has been studied in light of the expanding environmental concerns and ever-tighter emission regulations. Electric car battery charger topologies are crucial for boosting the use of electric automobiles (EVs). The study’s onboard plug-in battery charger for electric cars supports SEPIC, resonant inverter, or LLC topology and is suitable for nearby electric e-bikes with a 48V battery pack. In order to obtain the least amount of grid current ripple, an adaptive DC link voltage technique is also recommended for achieving the appropriate DC link voltage under all voltage conditions. The charger also employs a voltage synchronisation strategy to ensure a seamless mode transition between the grid-connected and freestanding modes. MATLAB/Simulink is used to simulate and validate the on-board charger.

Recently, research on personal mobility devices (PMDs) such as electric motorcycles, electric bikes, electric scooters, and electric wheelchairs has been globally proceeded. However, PMDs have a disadvantage since the required battery voltage is different depending on the type of PMD. Therefore, to charge the battery of a PMD, an individual battery charger should be used depending on type of PMD which reduces industrial usability and availability of PMDs. To solve this problem, a battery charger capable of responding to various battery voltages is required. In this paper, the hardware-simulator development of a battery charger that can respond to the various battery voltages of PMDs is proposed, and it consists of a boost converter, a half-bridge series resonant converter, and a buck converter. Additionally, this paper presents a control strategy for use in the proposed hardware simulator. The effectiveness of the proposed hardware simulator and its control strategy are verified by experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A single-phase bidirectional DC/DC battery charger with a P&O MPPT current control strategy for a standalone energy management system has been integrated with an interleaved switched capacitor DC/AC inverter with an RMS feedback phase-shifted unipolar sinusoidal PWM control strategy. In the published literature, P&O MPPT control is used to drive a boost converter connected in parallel to a battery charger; this modified strategy combines a P&O MPPT algorithm with current control to drive an interleaving buck-boost battery charger. This battery charger circuit is connected in parallel to a closed loop controlled interleaved inverter that feeds the AC home load. MATLAB/Simulink based simulation circuit was developed and used to validate the successful integration of the interleaved battery charger with the global system. To do this, the system is tested with varying input conditions of irradiance and temperature. The system’s response to these variable inputs is monitored and analysed. The simulation results show the proposed method is effective for standalone battery-based PV systems. The system provides a more efficient and faster response compared with both an interleaved and non-interleaved voltage-controlled battery charger circuit that is also integrated with the global system. This battery charger control strategy is also shown to protect the battery from over-charging as well as discharging below 25%, which can improve and protect the long-term battery performance. Compared with novel industry approaches, the proposed system is simpler by nature due to the reduced number of conversions and therefore a reduced number of components which provides economic advantages.

In this paper, a digital battery capacity meter with an integrated battery charger is developed and built. Also, the software used to control and monitor the microcontroller of the device from the PC has been developed, so that the data obtained from measurement can be processed and compared further using one of the available spreadsheet software packages. Due to the widespread use of electrochemical energy sources, whether primary ones or of the battery type, it is extremely important to know and measure their actual capacity. Primary cell capacity measurement helps in selecting the most appropriate solution (with respect to the cost/ capacity ratio) for powering portable or mobile devices. By measuring the capacity of the used battery, its condition and capability of further exploitation can be determined. Measuring capacity can provide verification of the data in the manufacturer's specifications, for example, in order to compare measurements and confirm statements in technical documentation.

A DC-DC boost converter is a vital part of any power harvesting system. Coupled inductors have been utilized to increase and extend the voltage gain of the boost converter. Although the duty cycle impedance matching method can accommodate the efficiency regulation in a boost converter, it suffers from voltage loss during shading. This paper introduces a modified interleaved coupled boost converter Photo-Voltaic (PV) for low power applications with increased voltage gain to solve this issue. The proposed approach facilitates the operating condition of the power harvesting during a heavy overcast by improving the efficiency and output voltage. It responds to a wider range of solar irradiations and extends the solar operational range of the charger/harvester with an improved output current, reliability, and functionality in Continuous Current Mode (CCM). A prototype has been implemented and successfully tested to verify and validate the proposed topology. An efficiency of 87.4% is retained for the harvester during an overcast.

The recent release of the standard USB-PD 3.1 specifies variable output voltages from 5 V to 48 V featuring a step forward towards a universal adaptor but rising new challenges for the converter topologies used up to now. In such applications, a first AC-DC stage is followed by a DC-DC stage. In this paper, emerging WBG technologies are applied to the asymmetrical half-bridge flyback topology, demonstrating the potential of such combination as a wide voltage range DC-DC stage. Its suitability for high-density and high-efficiency USB-PD Extended Power Range (EPR) and battery charger applications is discussed. The impact of different switching technologies, silicon and wide band gap, is analyzed. A general method to dimension the converter is presented and an iterative process is used to evaluate the theoretical efficiency under different conditions and switching devices. Finally, the advantages of the presented converter using Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices are demonstrated in a 240 W DC-DC prototype. It achieves a full load efficiency of 98%, and it is able to deliver an output voltage from 5 V to 48 V with input voltage range from 120 V to 420 V, as well an outstanding power density of 112 W/inch3 uncased.

Electrification of the transportation sector has originated a worldwide demand towards green-based refueling infrastructure modernization. Global researches and efforts have been pondered to promote optimal Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations. The EV power electronic systems can be classified into three main divisions: power charging station configuration (e.g., Level 1 (i.e., slow-speed charger), Level 2 (i.e., fast-speed charger), and Level 3 (i.e., ultra-fast speed charger)), the electric drive system, and the auxiliary EV loads. This paper emphasizes the recent development in Power Factor Correction (PFC) converters in the on-board charger system for short-distance EVs (e.g., e-bikes, e-trikes, e-rickshaw, and golf carts) and long-distance EVs (passenger e-cars, e-trucks, and e-buses). The EV battery voltage mainly ranges between 36 V and 900 V based on the EV application. The on-board battery charger consists of either a single-stage converter (a PFC converter that meets the demands of both the supply-side and the battery-side) or a two-stage converter (a PFC converter that meets the supply-side requirements and a DC-DC converter that meets the battery-side requirements). This paper focuses on the single-phase unidirectional non-isolated PFC converters for on-board battery chargers (i.e., Level 1 and Level 2 charging infrastructure). A comprehensive classification is provided for the PFC converters with two main categories: (1) the fundamental PFC topologies (i.e., Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost, SEPIC, Ćuk, and Zeta converters) and (2) the modified PFC topologies (i.e., improved power quality PFC converters derived from the fundamental topologies). This paper provides a review of up-to-date publications for PFC converters in short-/long-distance EV applications.

In this paper, a soft switching interleaved boost converter (SS-IBC) using auxiliary resonant circuit for electric vehicles (EV) applications is proposed. Several phases of the proposed converter can be connected to make a multiphase interleaved boost converter. The operation of multiphase interleaved boost converter is identical to that of the one phase boost converter. All phases are ideally identical with shifted control signals and are controlled by PWM control strategy of equal switching frequency and duty cycle. The proposed converter can be considered as a cost effective retrofit to the grid integrated battery charging applications. It affords a steady electrical power for the load not only from the utility or classical energy storage systems as batteries, but also from renewable energy systems like photovoltaic (PV), wind or fuel cell systems. An appropriate design example demonstrates the size of the design circuit components and parameters are investigated. Analysis, design, and simulation of the presented converter are verified using PSIM simulation software on an 8.2 kW setup system with a conversion efficiency more than 97% over a wide output power conversion range from rated power to a minimum power of 460 W with complete soft switching operation. The converter performance is also validated experimentally on a downsized hardware rated 1.0 kW and the maximum efficiency is found to be 98.78%.

This article proposes and analyzes a two-stage isolated dc–dc converter for electric vehicle charging applications, where high efficiency over a wide range of battery voltages is required. It employs a first preregulation stage and a second half-bridge LLC stage, integrated with the first. The second stage is always operated at resonance, ensuring high efficiency. The first preregulation stage is responsible for the desired input-to-output voltage conversion ratio and the zero-voltage switching operation of all the switches. This allows low conversion losses even with voltages that may vary over a wide range. The article presents the conversion structure, the converter analysis, the design of the magnetic elements, and demonstrates the converter operation considering an experimental prototype interfacing a ${750\text{-}} \mathrm{V}$ dc-link with an output bus with nominal voltage range ${250} \mathrm{}$ – ${500}\, \mathrm{V}$. The implemented module is rated ${5}\,\text{kW}$ and achieves a peak efficiency of $\boldsymbol{98.0\%}$ at ${3\text{-}} \text{kW}$ output power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the functional link neural network assisted deadbeat predictive current control for an onboard charger (OBC) of an e-rickshaw with multistep charging capability. This control algorithm is presented for wide load operation of OBC since a multistep charging scheme is introduced to reduce the electricity consumption by OBC in the course of the peak load hours. The presented grid-connected OBC topology has two stages interconnected with the dc link capacitor. The first stage is a front-end converter to regulate the voltage at the dc link capacitor. Moreover, it regulates the power quality within the IEEE-519 standard. Furthermore, a dc–dc converter to regulate the charging current is the second stage of the OBC. Keeping this in view, a bidirectional interleaved isolated single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) converter topology is utilized. To analyze the performance of the OBC under distinct operating conditions such as grid voltage variations, an experimental prototype of the bidirectional OBC, is developed. Furthermore, the efficacy of the bidirectional operation of the designed system is analyzed through the vehicle to grid operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article puts forward a solar-based robust proportional-integral-derivative charge controller for charging batteries of different ratings for electric vehicles. The charging circuit is designed using the proposed zero-oscillation incremental conductance maximum power point tracking scheme. This scheme-driven boost power converter is used for impedance matching to operate solar photovoltaic at maximum power point under different climatic conditions. A robust proportional-integral-derivative controlled buck converter works as a battery charger under stochastic environmental conditions, which finds the input from the boost converter. This work aims to obtain zero oscillations around the peak point, reduced system cost, and maintain the desired voltage and current for proper and efficient charging of the battery, thereby reducing losses and enhancing the lifetime of the batteries. The proposed charge controller is designed using Kharitonov's theorem, considering ±20% parametric uncertainty in the parameters of the buck converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji is the property of Gazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)