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Maryam Baradaran Binazir,1 Mohammad Barzegar,2 Fariba Heidari3 1Community and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; 2Medical Education Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; 3Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranCorrespondence: Maryam Baradaran Binazir Email maryam_baradaran@hotmail.comPurpose: To assess the validity and reliability of the Persian Outpatient Clinical Teaching Evaluation (OCTE) questionnaire, in order to evaluate clinical teaching for undergraduate medical students.Methods: This was a methodological study conducted in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2018. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, ten academic staff who had received master’s degrees in medical education were chosen by convenience sampling. The first draft of the Persian questionnaire was derived from the Ministry of Health’s clinical teaching standards booklet. The questionnaire consisted of just 15 obligatory items in the first draft of the questionnaire. Subsequently, the questionnaire was modified to be used in teaching outpatient clinics. Content validity indices were calculated. Subsequently, the modified questionnaires were given to 92 academic staff in Imam-Reza Hospital’s outpatient clinics. We applied principle component analysis (PCA) and Varimax rotation for exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In order to confirm the EFA, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used. Cronbach’s alpha method, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and test–retest reliability were used to assess the reliability.Results: The overall content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and impact score (IS) were 0.78, 0.79, and 3.26, respectively. Out of 92 academic staff, 85 participated. The Keizer-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy for data was 0.726 (p-value=0.0001). After the EFA, the 10-item questionnaire loaded on three factors. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was established by Cronbach’s alpha of 0.89 and the ICC was 0.94. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation with a 2-week retest interval.Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the Persian clinical teaching questionnaire had optimal psychometric properties. Thus, application of this questionnaire at outpatient settings can be helpful.Keywords: validity, reliability, education, medical, undergraduate, evaluation

Rosa damascena Mill. Essential Oil (EO) was encapsulated in nanoliposomes to overcome its low stability and limited solubility. Preparation of EO-Loaded Nanoliposomes (EO-LNLs) was optimized based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Face-centred (CCF) design. Different concentrations of EO (500, 1,000, and 1,500 ppm) and lecithin (0.5, 1.25, and 2% w/v) were applied for preparing nanoliposomes. The produced nanoliposomes had a particle size of 82-124 nm, a zeta potential of -55 to -30 mV, and a Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.270-0.342. The nanoliposomes prepared with 1.56% lecithin and 500 ppm of EO had the best properties with the encapsulation efficiency of 84.02±2.23%. The results obtained from different instrumental methods (DSC, FT-IR, and TEM) verified the encapsulation of EO in nanoliposomes. According to the antioxidant activity evaluations, free EO had higher radical scavenging activity and lower EC50 than encapsulated EO. The highest in vitro release of EO from nanoliposomes occurred at pH= 3. During the storage of nanoliposomes for seven weeks at 4°C, their particle size was increased by 7.0%. Finally, Rosa damascena Mill. EO was successfully encapsulated in nanoliposomes and, therefore, its use as a natural preservative in different products such as foodstuffs, medicines, and cosmetics can be suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"n 800x600 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} Background: Numerous evidences indicate that various environmental stresses during pregnancy affect physiological behavior of the offspring. This experimental study was designed to investigate the effect of noise stress during prenatal period of rats on spatial learning and memory and plasma corticostrone level in postnatal life."n"nMethods: Three groups of pregnant rats were given daily noise stress with durations of two and/ or four hours in last week of pregnancy period. The fourth group was left unstressed. The male offspring from the unstressed and different stressed groups were assigned as controls and stressed groups. The animals were introduced to a spatial task in Morris water maze 4 trials/day for five consecutive days. The probe test was performed on the 5th day of the experiment. The delay in findings and the distance passed to locate the target platform were assessed as the spatial learning. "n"nResults: Our results showed that prenatal exposure to noise stress for two and/ or four hours a day, leads to impaired acquisition of spatial learning in the postnatal animals. The plasma level of corticostrone in the two stressed groups of rats markedly matched with their behavioral function. Prenatal exposure to 1- hour noise stress revealed no effects on the offsprings' behavior and plasma corticostrone level."n"nConclusion: Based on our study results, it seems that applied range of stress which is executed through the noise stress could increase the plasma corticostrone level and could decrease spatial learning and memory of adult male offspring.

Fish parasites from Valasht Lake and Chalus River were studied in spring 2005 and summer 2006. Fish specimens were caught by hand net and transported to local laboratory alive. We found three protozoa species, Trichodina trutta and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis on Oncorhynchus mykiss; and Chilodonella hexastica on the skin of O. mykiss and Leuciscus cephalus. We also separated metazoan parasites from the fish in the two sampling sites that included Gyrodactylus derjavini infecting skin and gill of O. mykiss, G. sp 1 infecting Alburnoides bipunctatus, G. sp2 from Barbus capito and G. sp3 from Capoeta capoeta gracilis and Tetraonchus menonteron that infested the gills of Esox lucius. Other parasites which we found were Myxobolus saidovi from the gills of C. c. gracilis, Bothriocephalus gowkongensis from intestine of Barbus capito, Raphidascaris acus from intestine of E. lucius and finally Argulus foliaceus from skin of Chalcalburnus chalco ides. This is a first time report of a new host, B. capito for Bothriocephalus gowkongensis and a new locality Chalus River for Myxobolus saidovi parasites. Furthermore, with the exception of Tetraonchus menonteron which have been reported before, the rest of the parasites of the fishes from Valasht Lake are reported for the first time.

Background and Objectives: The presence of impacted teeth is a common phenomenon and is considerably prevalent in different societies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and position of impacted third molars in Rafsanjan, Iran in 2019-2020. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional retrospective study, 1200 panoramic radiographs were examined. The tooth position and angle of impaction was recorded and determined by two specialists. Independent t-test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results: C vertical position with 1382 teeth (63.33%) and horizontal class II position in the mandible with 767 teeth (59.54%) were the most common. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the position of the mandibular third molars and the presence of lesion (p=0.001). Conclusion: This study showed a relatively high frequency of impacted teeth in patients in Rafsanjan city. Therefore, given the occurrence of common complications such as caries and periodontal diseases caused by impacted teeth, accurate screening, timely diagnosis, and proper treatment are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of antioxidants is a common way for retarding oxidation. Due to adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants on health, the use of natural and safe antioxidants is considered essential. Pistachio green hull is a waste product and low-cost source of phenolic compounds. The use of phenolic compounds in food formulations has some limitations. In this study, the encapsulation of Pistachio Green Hull (PGH) phenolic compounds was carried out by spray-dryer using Maltodextrin (MD) as a wall material. For this purpose, the effective factors including the inlet temperature, dilution factor, wall:core ratio, and rate of feeding were optimized. MD, PGH extract powder, and encapsulated phenolic compounds produced under optimum conditions (ME) were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), FTIR, X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Under optimum conditions, the amount of phenolic compounds and the encapsulation efficiency were 32.1 mg GAE g-1 dp and 81%, respectively. DSC results showed that the microencapsulation had improved thermal stability of phenolic compounds. The DPPH test results indicated that the antioxidant activity of the free PGH extract was 10% higher than encapsulated one (ME). Storage stability results indicated that the amount of phenolic compounds of PGH extracts and ME after 60 days storage decreased by more than 29 and 4%, respectively. The microcapsules obtained can be used in the production of functional foods and pharmaceutical products, due to their antioxidant content and presence of phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, bonded composite patch repair, because of its significant advantages over traditional methods, has been highly accepted in several industries, particularly in aerospace applications. In this paper, a multi-scale finite element algorithm is proposed to simulate crack growth of repaired plates under fatigue load by considering the effects of composite micro-scale properties. The algorithm is verified through conducting an experimental set up and the proposed model is in reasonable agreement with experiments. The influences of different fiber volume fractions (VF), number of layers and fiber orientation of composite patch on the fatigue responses of adhesively bonded patch are investigated. For this purpose, Python scripts are written to automatically increase the size of the crack in ABAQUS. In this study, glass–epoxy and boron–epoxy patches are selected with volume fraction 0.1 to 0.7, the numbers of layers of 4, 8 and 16 as well as 5 different fiber orientation lay-ups. The maximum enhancement of fatigue life experimented by the variation of volume fraction is 133% in the mentioned range. Also, increment in the number of cycles by about 287% and 172% were seen per different number of layers and fiber orientation, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aril Browning (AB) is a physiological disorder in pomegranate fruit that critically decreases fruit quality and market acceptability. This experiment was carried out in order to explore the effective pomegranate fruit quality traits associated with the AB disorder and select the suitable resistant cultivar and genotypes. Pomegranate physicochemical fruit quality attributes were assessed on 238 mature pomegranate genotypes and their correlations with the AB disorder were monitored. About 14.7% of the studied genotypes showed resistance to the AB disorder, but 68.14% showed moderate to severely susceptibility to the incidence. The intensity of the AB disorder symptoms in pomegranate genotypes was strongly correlated with physico-chemical fruit attributes. There was a negative significant correlation between the intensity of AB disorder and fruit size, fruit volume, fruit acidity, and total soluble solids (TSS) to titratable acidity (TA) content.. Among the studied fruit traits, stepwise regression analysis showed that fruit acidity (pH), aril color, fruit volume, and TA content were efficient traits for screening of pomegranate genotypes in relation to the AB disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the combined effects of various experimental parameters (solvent concentration, extraction temperature, pH, extraction time, and light conditions) on the recovery of phytochemical compounds from the jujube (Ziziphus jujuba var vulgaris) fruit were investigated in a batch system using a 25 full-factorial design. The independent variables were coded at two levels and their actual values were selected based on the results of single-factor experiments. Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Monomeric Anthocyanin Content (TMAC), and vitamin C content values were used for the determination of phytochemical compound content in jujube extract. The results showed that pH, extraction temperature, and solvent concentration were the most significant (P< 0.05) factors affecting the TPC, TMAC, and vitamin C content. The optimal extraction conditions of phytochemical compounds were found to be as follows: ethanol concentration of 60%, pH of 3, extraction time of 180 min, extraction temperature of 25°C, and absence of light. In the optimized conditions, the maximum experimental values for TPC, TMAC, and vitamin C content were 164.51 mg gallic-acid equivalents per gram of dry weight (mg GAE g-1 DW), 52.94 mg cy-3-glu 100 g-1 DW, and 137.12 mg LAA 100 g-1 DW, respectively. The high content of phytochemical compounds in the jujube extract indicates that jujube extract might be considered as a potential source of nutraceuticals in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated partial replacement of nitrite by Pomegranate Peel (PPE) and Pistachio Green Hull Extracts (PGHE) in cooked sausages and their effects on oxidative, microbial, and physicochemical properties of the samples. To this end, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and 1,250 ppm of the two extracts and 100, 80, 60, 40, and 0 ppm of nitrite were added to the sausages and the peroxide and TBARS values, microbial tests, sensory evaluation, and color factors were measured during 30 days storage at 4ºC. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of both treatments were as well as the control, or sometimes better than it. PGHE treatments had better color factors compared to PPE treatments. Sensory scores of PPE3 and PGHE3 (containing 60 ppm nitrite and 750 ppm of extracts) were not significantly different compared to the control. Thus, reduction of nitrite up to 50% and replacement of it by PPE or PGHE do not cause great changes in quality parameters of sausage and improve its functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social structure of water resources is one of the cultural potential dimensions of rural communities in Iran which plays a significant role in conventional management of water resources. The main objective of this research is to identify social structure associated with water resources management in the Gezir plain of Bandar lengeh. In the present study, Anthropology methods, direct and participatory observation and interviews with water resource users of Gazir village were collected. Economic, social, environmental constraints, especially water resources, as well as the common needs of indigenous people in the Gazir plain have led to formation of a social structure indirect to adapt the water scarcity, and farmers have exploited the water resources collectively through social structures as well as physical structures commensurate with their needs. The most important social roles currently affect the management of water resources in the plain are: Landowner, Kadkhoda, kharras,Gaboun, Gharises and Bazeyare Aids, beliefs, values and norms are another part of cultural potential of the plain of Gezir to adapt to the conditions of nature which has been created by farmers in the context of the social structure. In fact, self-organization and existence of aids in water management is one of the basic principles in the Gezir plain. Generally speaking, despite the elimination of large landowners after land reform, spontaneous co-operation and assistance in water management in form of social structure is one of the basic principles in the plain. Nowadays, therefore, it can be argued that using experiences of indigenous peoples of the plain in social structure, as the main agents of water resources management, due to their adaptation to the ecological conditions of the region, it is the most appropriate methods of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]