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Introduction: Missing anatomy is one of the main causes of endodontic failures, and accurate knowledge of teeth anatomy is a prerequisite for adequate root canal treatment. The aim of the present cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) study was to describe the anatomical characteristics of the mesiobuccal (MB) root canals of maxillary molars and to understand if a correlation exists between the position of the canal orifices and the anatomical features of the root., Methods: For the purposes of the study, a total of 100 CBCT scans of maxillary molars with two MB canals were selected and studied. The features of root canal anatomy of the MB root of the same teeth were analyzed and recorded (root length, confluence, and Vertucci classification). The distance between MB1 and MB2 orifices and the palatal orifice were recorded, as well as the distance between the orifices and the line joining the palatal orifice and the others. A statistical analysis was performed by providing descriptive measures, the measure of the correlation between different parameters, and the influence of some of these measures on the presence of a confluence between MB1 and MB2., Results: It resulted that the most frequent configuration is type II Vertucci. The length measured on the sagittal plane was significantly correlated to the presence of a confluence in the MB root. When the root length was higher than 14.56 mm, the confluence is three times more frequent than when the length is lower (OR = 3.635). The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve for length on the sagittal plane was 0.632 ( P =0.036)., Conclusions: The presence of a confluence between the MB canals of maxillary molars is correlated to the length of the root that could be measured on the sagittal plane and to the distance between the canal orifices. The relative position of the root canal orifices in relation to anatomic landmarks needs to be further explored., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Prof. Stefano Corbella, Prof. Silvio Taschieri, and Prof. Luca Francetti are employed by Università degli Studi di Milano which was not involved in the manuscript writing-editing approval or decision to publish., (Copyright © 2024 Isabella Perondi et al.)

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the number of roots and the anatomy of root canal systems of permanent mandibular premolars using images derived from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans., Methods: Mandibular CBCT scans of a cohort of Caucasians (Italians) were evaluated using a dedicated software. The number of roots and the anatomy of root canal systems (following the classification by Vertucci) were recorded, and the prevalence of each type was calculated., Results: In total, 112 mandibular scans were evaluated accounting for 97 first premolars and 88 second premolars; 94.2% of first premolars and 96.6% of second premolars had one single root. The most common root canal system configuration was type I for both first premolars (79.2%) and second premolars (95.5%). Moreover, a large variability was observed., Conclusions: Based on the results, mandibular premolars show a significant heterogeneity in root canal system anatomy that could complicate non-surgical endodontic treatment., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

The incidence and prevalence of end-stage renal disease increased steadily for 35 years in the population of Italy's Mantua province until the end of 2007, when they started to decrease. We describe the results of providing information and raising awareness among residents of the province's capital, Mantua, and of direct teaching and short training courses in hospital wards for general practitioners over a period of 3 years. During this period there was also more consultation activity for all kidney outpatients, from the first to the last stages of chronic kidney disease. Clinical data collected by the local NHS section (ASL) showed an increase in age and comorbidities (mainly type 2 diabetes) in kidney patients. As a result of the preventive measures, there has been an effective reduction of the yearly incidence and prevalence for all kinds of treatment, with the exception of kidney transplants, which have increased progressively during the last years.

Vascular access (VA) for dialysis is defined as the 'Achilles heel', but also the 'Cinderella' of dialysis, indicating the poor consideration of the problem whether in the surgical environment, or in incomprehensible way in that nephrologic. It can only aspire to the definition 'Fundamental detail'. However, presupposed effective dialysis is a blood flow rate of 300-350 mL/min. Good VA must be easy to prepare, long lasting, free from complications, and aesthetically acceptable and economical. The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) of Cimino and Brescia, from 1966, represents the gold standard and the model of comparison for other systems, more technologically advanced. It must be programmed with an adapted margin (1-2 months) to allow maturation and access certainty for the first puncture, and never carried out sooner than 14 days from the operation. It is known from hemodynamic studies that the good functional flow of the new fistula can already regain 400-500 ml/min in the first week, with cardiological implications like the increase in cardiac throw, in ejection fraction and in the cardiac index. Health workers, patients and dialysis staff must follow a continuous educational program to protect the VA and avoid 'routine and absent-minded management', a basis for its premature failure. The nephrologist must take the responsibility upon himself not to carry out 'medical malpractice'. In the Dialysis Center of Mantova, the VA 'road map' previews all patients (young and old, affections from mono or pluropathology), first the fistula to the wrist, then the cephalic proximal. It follows the basilic vein transposition, the vascular graft to the arm or to the groin, as an alternative to peritoneal dialysis. The permanent central venous catheter (CVCp) is the last choice in patients with reduced life expectancy, heart failure, neoplastic patients with vascular patrimony destroyed by chemotherapy and ischemic lesions produced by the fistula. There were 180 afferent prevailing patients at the Mantova Dialysis Center . The natural fistula rate was 91%, grafts 7% and CVCps 2%. Between 2000 and 31 March 2004 we prepared 367 VAs. Average patient age was 65 yrs, range 20-90 yrs; 59% male and 41% female. Eighty-eight percent of operations were performed by the nephrologist (distal fistula, rescue and cephalic proximal) and 12% by the vascular surgeon (basilic vein transposition, graft in PTFE stretch to the arm and to the groin and permanent catheter in the jugular vein). The fistula with native veins was the better solution, the graft must be prepared after the exhaustion of natural possibilities, and the CVCp, for serious complications (inadequate flow and infections), must be the last alternative.

This work studies the dose distribution through the chest wall in radiation therapy after mammary reconstruction with silicone prostheses. TLD experimental dosimetry has been done on patient with silicone prostheses, on patient without prostheses and on Alderson phantom. Various conditions of treatment have been theorically simulated on a computer. At least authors show the results evaluating the dose distribution through the chest wall, the skin and the local complications.