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The interaction of water with the water oxidizing manganese (Mn) complex of photosystem II is investigated using electron spin-echo envelope modulation spectroscopy. The study reveals that the water binds directly through oxygen and even though two multiline components were detected, only one has a detectable modulation.

This paper was conceived as an extension of the major contribution by Frank Brechling in developing a recipe for explaining the short period behaviour of employment levels in British manufacturing industry [2]. The extension is both theoretical and empirical. On the theoretical side we make more explicit assumptions about the form of the short period production function and so develop a model similar to Brechling's, which can be related to the standard cost-minimizing model of neo-classical employment theory. From this we derive the short term equilibrium demand for labour, which added to an adjustment function, enables us to determine the short term employment level. The basic model is fitted to all industry aggregates, to total manufacturing industry and to fifteen sub-components of all industry covered by the industrial production index. We discuss the light that these estimates throw on the short period production functions, and the speeds of adjustment to equilibrium, paying particular attention to the cross-section results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines optimal relationship between selling costs and output. Impact of selling expenditures on demand curve; Assumption on constant elasticity demand function on establishing results; Importance of distinguishing between different types of selling on analysis of selling cost.

This section presents abstracts of research and articles on labor economics, published in the December 1966 issue of the Journal of Economic Abstracts. The paper A Short-Term Employment Functions in British Manufacturing Industry by R. J. Ball and E. B. Saint Cyr extends the work on the determinants of aggregate employment in manufacturing industry. A model is set up of the short period employment decision, given the level of output to be produced, and the existing capital stock. In the paper Wage Drift of Staff Structure, author J. Bégué investigates the impact of changes in the structure of occupations and remunerations on the total wage bill, and evolves a methods for its calculation. Meanwhile, the study Trends in Concentration of Union Membership 1897-1962 by M. S. Estey provides annual data on the percentage of total American Union Membership accounted for by the ten largest unions, and describes and offers an explanation of their trends. C. E. Ferguson and W. J. Stober discuss a pilot study, covering 433 locals affiliated with 15 international unions, concerning the estimation of their labor union membership in the article, Evaluation of National and Regional Estimates of Labor Union Membership from Reports Filed Under the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959.

This section presents abstracts of research and articles on international economics, published in the December 1966 issue of the Journal of Economic Abstracts. The article American Coal in Western Europe by M. A. Adelman studies the feasibility of exporting U.S. Steam coal to Western Europe. The article Fiscal Policy: Duties and Inducements by A. Bain concerns itself with the structure of Great Britain's tax system and its balance of payments. It concludes that major tax reforms are not the key to improving Great Britain's balance of payments, although some changes would probably be both justifiable and helpful. Authors R. J. Ball, J. R. Eaton and M. D. Steuer investigate the supply of the side of the hypothesis that internal pressure of demand affects export performance. The hypothesis suggests that at relatively high levels of internal demand, other things being equal, the quantity of resources devoted to exports is lower than would have been the case at lower levels of demand. G Basevi's article, The U.S. Tariff Structure: Estimates of Effective Rates of Protection of U.S. Industries and Industrial Labor, presents the theory of tariff structure, and extends this theory by arguing that for the U.S., and even for underdeveloped countries, effective protection should be referred to the share of value added by labor rather than to total value added.

Presents information related to several articles on economics. Relation between unemployment and the rate of change of money wages in Canada; Input-output volume and value predictions for the Netherlands from 1948-1958; Relationship between aggregate consumption to wealth.

Presents an overview of articles related to economics published in the January 1964 issue of the journal 'Review of Economics Studies.' Mechanisms towards adjustment of saving to investment in a growing economy; Impact of credit control on consumer durable spending in Great Britain; Description of points regarding the measurement of capital.