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CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has emerged as a transformative tool in pharmaceuticals, revolutionizing the understanding and treatment of genetic diseases. This review explores the current landscape and future potential of CRISPRCas9 technology in the pharmaceutical domain. Examining its fundamentals, including the CRISPR-Cas9 system and mechanisms, reveals unparalleled precision in disease modeling, drug discovery and targeted therapies. Challenges like offtarget effects and regulatory complexities are addressed alongside advancements in CRISPR technology beyond Cas9, offering enhanced precision and expanded therapeutic horizons. The significance of CRISPR-Cas9 in shaping the future of pharmaceuticals is evident in its potential applications for rare diseases, complex disorders and its integration with other pharmaceutical approaches, promising groundbreaking therapies. Ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks necessitate responsible innovation while predicting a profound impact on personalized medicine. The future of CRISPR-Cas9 in pharmaceuticals lies in refining delivery methods, addressing ethical concerns and exploring synergies with emerging technologies. This article underscores the ongoing evolution and immense potential of CRISPR-Cas9 in revolutionizing healthcare and therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocatalysis has emerged as a transformative approach in sustainable drug synthesis. This article provides an extensive overview of key enzymes harnessed in biocatalysis and their diverse applications in eco-friendly drug development. Cytochrome P450 enzymes enable the hydroxylation of drug precursors, metabolite generation for toxicity assessment and chiral drug intermediate synthesis. Lipases contribute to asymmetric ester prodrug synthesis and racemic mixture resolution, while proteases are instrumental in peptide bond formation and peptide-based drug synthesis. Transaminases facilitate chiral amine synthesis and amino acid derivative production for drugs. Dehydrogenases allow stereoselective ketone reduction and chiral alcohol production. Aldolases enable enantioselective aldol reactions and key drug intermediate formation. DNA ligases aid in DNA-based drug development and targeted drug delivery. Nitrilases promote nitrile hydrolysis and green amide synthesis. Kinases play roles in prodrug activation and drug target validation. Methyltransferases are vital for small molecule methylation and epigenetic drug discovery. Oxidoreductases enable redox reactions and aldehyde-ketone interconversion. Glycosyltransferases contribute to drug candidate glycosylation and bioconjugation. Biocatalysis offers a sustainable alternative, aligning with pharmaceutical industries’ commitment to environmentally responsible drug discovery and production, as supported by the referenced literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]