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Bedside procedures can be a lifesaver for emergency pediatric trauma patients. The use of ultrasound in emergency pediatric trauma resuscitation may improve patient outcomes. A 15-year-old male patient was brought with the complaint of being stuck between the wall and the support leg of the crane. The patient, who was found to have abrasion and tenderness in the lower abdominal quadrants during emergency trauma examination, was evaluated with a focused assessment with sonography for trauma. The patient was examined with the preliminary diagnosis of bladder rupture. Surgery was planned for the patient, whose diagnosis was confirmed. The use of ultrasound in stable or unstable pediatric abdominal trauma patients can also detect bladder injuries. As a result, it is critical for emergency physicians to improve their ultrasonography abilities.

Abstract The life‐history traits of ectothermic animals can be influenced by many abiotic factors, including climate. As an ectothermic species, we questioned whether the life‐history characteristics of the orange‐tailed skink (Eumeces schneiderii) populations differ between two different environments/climates. Our findings showed that the average body size of lizards living in the Mediterranean climate zone was higher than those in the continental climate zone. However, although Mediterranean population had higher mean values regarding average age, there was no discernible difference between the two climate zone populations. When considering all populations collectively, it has been discovered that the species' maximum lifespan is 18 years. Body size notably increased with age in both populations. Through the utilization of the von Bertalanffy equation, the anticipated growth parameters portrayed a highly accurate connection between age and snout–vent length. In conclusion, lizards living in habitats characterized by milder Mediterranean climates were found to have larger body sizes than continental populations, but both populations were comparable in terms of mean age. This difference can be explained by several factors, including activation time, temperature, precipitation, food abundance, and the presence of predators.

Background: The incidence of late open surgical conversions (OSCs) has recently increased. Vascular surgeons face additional technical challenges in late conversion surgery of failed endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) due to the presence of a previously deployed endograft. Based on our institutional experience, this study aimed to delineate methods to improve late open conversion outcomes, proposing solutions for technical challenges. Methods: All preoperative OSC data on failed EVARs operated in our Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic between January 2017 and January 2024 were evaluated retrospectively. Study endpoints included early (30-day or in-hospital) and late follow-up outcomes. Early outcomes included perioperative mortality and morbidities, intensive care unit (ICU) period, and length of hospital stay (LOS). The main outcome of interest during follow-up was overall survival. Results: Sixteen patients in our hospital, comprising eight elective and eight emergency procedures, underwent OSCs following EVAR. The difference between the 30-day mortality rates for the elective and urgent late conversions was significant (p < 0.001). Of these patients, 15 were male, with a mean age of 70.8 years (range: 62–80). Preoperative cardiac shock status and low hematocrit level (

The possibilities of using organic wastes, such as hazelnut shells (HS), walnut shells (WS), hazelnut skins (HzS), and spent mushroom compost (SMC), as growth medium in cut flower rose cultivation in soilless substrate culture were investigated. The parameters, such as the date of cutting the flower (day), flower stem length (cm), flower stem diameter (mm), flower length (cm), flower diameter (cm), flower color, color of the top and bottom of the leaf, and yield (piece), were examined. In addition, samples taken from the growth medium at the beginning and ending stages of the experiment were analyzed. The first flowers were cut from the HzS +P medium 38 days after planting. The highest yield value (20.6 flower/plant) was obtained from SMC medium. The longest flowers (63.89 ± 0.947 cm) and the thickest stem flowers (5.86 ± 0.136 mm) were cut from the control medium. It was determined that the media also affected the flower and leaf colors. According to the results obtained, SMC and HzS+perlite mediums can be recommended as an alternative to cocopeat in the production of cut roses in soilless substrate culture.

Background: The funnel technique, the hybrid assembly of a thoracic and abdominal aortic endograft, is advantageous for frail patients where efficient oversizing is not possible for infrarenal wide aortic necks over 34 mm. We sought to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the Funnel-endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) technique using 60 mm length thoracic endograft. Methods: This retrospective study included 22 patients, all frail with high comorbidities, who were operated on with the Funnel technique using the 60 mm Lifetech Ankura thoracic endograft, in 7 urgent and 15 elective cases from January 2018. There were no exclusion criteria except having an age 34 mm.

This research was conducted to determine to the effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) doses and propagation season on rooting rates and some root parameters of Rhododendron species, R. ponticum L., R. luteum Sweet, R. ungernii Trautv, and R. caucasicum Pallas. Air layering technique and IBA doses (0, 500 ppm, and 1,500 ppm) were applied to each Rhododendron species in their natural habitat in autumn and spring. In the present investigation, dry root weight (mg), root length (cm), root volume (cm3), and root diameter (mm) were investigated as root quality parameters. The highest rooting efficiency (100%) was obtained from R. caucasicum and R. ungernii species. The rooting efficiencies of R. ponticum (between 6.67% to 66.67%) and R. luteum (between 0% to 53.33%) species were lower than the other two species. The heaviest dry root (266.10 mg), the largest root volume (1.49 cm3), and the thickest root diameter (0.05 cm) were obtained in autumn and 1,500 ppm IBA dose from R. caucasicum species. The longest roots, 349.21 cm, were formed in the R. ungernii species in the spring, during the air layering, in which 500 ppm IBA dose was applied.

Mg alloys have poor formability due to their hexagonal tightly packed (HCP) crystal structure, low active shear system at room temperature, and anisotropic behavior in polycrystalline structure. While this situation hindered the development and commercialization of Mg alloys to some extent in the past, today developments in machining, liquid forming and semi-solid forming technology have removed these obstacles. Semi-solid forming of alloys has been the subject of intense R&D since it was discovered in the 1970s. In the semi-solid forming method, it is aimed to obtain ideal microstructure of the alloy, including excellent fluidity, appropriate flow control, adjustable viscosity and controllable grain morphology, thanks to equiaxed spherical solid particles surrounded by liquid. In this study, it is aimed to achieve the spherical microstructure required for the semi-solid shaping of the extruded AZ31 Mg alloy by heating to semi-solid temperatures and isothermal holding in the semi-solid temperature range. To accomplish this objective, rapid heating in the induction coil and controlled holding in the isothermal temperature range were applied to the alloy. Heating the extruded AZ31 Mg alloy to a semi-solid temperature (565-630°C) and subsequently rapid cooling processes lead to many intermetallic Mg17Al12(γ) compounds with heterogeneous distribution both in the equiaxed primary Mg(α) grains and at the grain boundaries as well as a very little eutectic at the grain boundaries. As the semi-solid temperature value increased, the degree of spheroidization increased. However, it was found that the grain growth reached a maximum at one point and there was no significant change in the shape factor as a result of controlled holding time.

Arazi kullanım/arazi örtüsü haritalarının, gerçek yersel verilerle uyumlu olması doğru ve etkin bir arazi planlamasında çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, TR21 Trakya Bölgesi için kullanılabilecek, güncel, küresel ve bölgesel arazi kullanım/arazi örtüsü haritalarının doğruluk değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. 400 referans nokta, arazi sınıflarına katmanlı rastgele olacak şekilde dağıtılmıştır. Kappa testi ile belirlenen arazi kullanım/arazi örtüsü doğruluk değerleri Copernicus, ESA, Corine düzey 1 ve düzey 2 haritaları için sırasıyla; 0,63, 0,83, 0,80 ve 0,71’dir. Sınıflandırılmış haritaların, bölgede çok fazla yer kaplayan ekilebilir tarım arazileri ve orman alanlarını iyi derecede temsil ettiği bununla birlikte maki/çalılık ve fundalık alanlarda ve mera ve çayır alanlarda doğruluk oranının düşük kaldığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bütün haritalar birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, mekansal planlama çalışmalarında, bölgesel ölçekte ESA verilerinin, yerel çalışmalarda ise Corine düzey 2 verilerinin kullanılması çok faydalı olacaktır.

Şekil bozukluğu, tarımsal etkinlikleri ve kırsal kalkınmayı olumsuz yönde etkileyen en önemli etmenlerden birisidir. Bu araştırmada, Tekirdağ iline ait 346.740 tarım parselinin şekil uygunluğu altı farklı kriterden (kenar uzunluğu, dar açı sayısı, geniş açı sayısı, köşe sayısı, kompaklık ve düzenlilik) oluşan Parsel Şekil İndeksi (PŞİ) yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. PŞİ yöntemi, bir geometriyi diğer klasik şekil yöntemlerinden çok daha kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz etmektedir. Parsellerin şekil uygunluğunun bu yöntemle tespit edilmesi ve sonrasında şekil bozukluğu olan parsellerde yapılacak düzeltmeler özellikle tarımsal mekanizasyonun olumsuz etkilerinin en aza indirilmesini sağlamaktadır. Çalışmada, şekil uygunluk dereceleri “çok bozuk şekilli parseller”, “bozuk şekilli parseller”, “uygun şekilli parseller” ve “ideal şekilli parseller” olmak üzere dört farklı şekilde sınıflandırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; ildeki parsellerin %17,27’sinin çok bozuk şekilli, %35,21’inin bozuk şekilli, %35,54’ünün uygun şekilli ve %11,98’inin ise ideal şekilli geometriye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Üretimi olumsuz etkileyen şekil bozukluğunun il genelinde fazla olmasından dolayı arazi toplulaştırma çalışmalarının ivedilikle yapılması gerekmektedir. PŞİ yöntemi, Türkiye’de planlanan arazi toplulaştırma projeleri öncesi mekânsal yer seçiminde, bölge, havza, köy veya mahalle ölçeğinde büyük fayda sağlayabilir.

This paper aims to present a new neotectonic perspective concordant with the seismic activities in Turkey and surrounding regions. The neotectonic structures have been re-evaluated mainly by using focal mechanism solutions and high-resolution satellite (Google Earth) images. The Southeast Anatolian Wedge explains thrust/blind thrust and asymmetrical folding relationship in SE Turkey, Syria, and Northern Iraq. The neotectonic structures of the Turkish-Iranian Plateau are enlightened by the rhomboidal cell model which creates a base to determine multiple intersection points between the region-wide left- and right-lateral shear zones. The releasing stepover between the North Anatolian Fault Zone and Southeast Anatolian-Zagros Fault Zone plus their connections with the Northeast Anatolian Fault Zone and the East Anatolian Fault Zone are described in a more meaningful way with the Anatolian Diagonal concept. It also clarifies the role of left-lateral shear zone in the west-southwest movement of Anatolian plate and its relationship with the Aegean and Cyprus arcs. A neotectonic region under the influence of NW-SE contraction is determined between the North Anatolian, Eskişehir, and Kırıkkale-Erbaa fault zones in which the Elmadağ-Eldivan and Abdüsselam pinched crustal wedges and the Beypazarı Blind Thrust Zone are developed. A new route for the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone is determined between Bolu and Değirmenlik (Milos) Island in the Aegean Sea via Mudurnu, Bursa, Balıkesir, and İzmir. All main neotectonic structures mentioned in this paper are evaluated by the elastic dislocation modelling and new neotectonic provinces are suggested.

Unibody bifurcated endografts have the advantage of reducing the operative time, avoiding migration and iliac limb dislocation in patient with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). We report our long-term experience in patients who underwent endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) due to infrarenal AAA with Endologix AFX® endograft system. Between January 2013–December 2018, 68 patients with infrarenal AAA had EVAR procedure with Endologix AFX® endograft system. Mean follow-up was 40.4 ± 19.5 months, and all patients had computed tomography periodically, with colored Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) every six months. Mean age was 68.5 ± 7.1 years and, 63 (92.6%) patients were male. Early mortality, renal complications, stent-graft migration and cardiac complications were not seen in early post-operative period. There was no early mortality in the group and no conversion to open repair. In long-term follow-up 12 patients (17.6%) had endoleak (5 with type II, 7 with type III). Overall survival estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis was 94.1% at 1 year, 85.2% at 2 years, 74.1% at 3 years and 54.0% at 5 years. Freedom from second intervention and conversion was 98.4% at 1 year, 95.3% at 2 years, 93.3% at 3 years and 87.4% at 5 years. Endologix AFX® endograft provides a fast, safe and effective endograft for the early period, therefore it seems more suitable for elderly and comorbid patients. This endograft has low reintervention rates however according to our results, aneurysms larger than 6 cm may have more sideway displacement possibility and by this way type III endoleak. Proper patient selection and sufficient overlap are the key issues. Close monitoring is mandatory at the follow-up period.

In this study, the effects of different stratification media (sand, peat, vermiculite and vermicompost) and different temperature degrees (warm + cold) on the germination rate and seedling growth of rosehip seeds were investigated. This study was carried out in the laboratory and greenhouses of Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, by investigating the germination of seeds in 2020, which were stratificated for 28 weeks in 2019. Rosehip seeds were stratificated in sand, peat, vermiculite and vermicompost for 14 weeks at 22oC + cold stratification at 4 oC for 14 weeks, and at the end of the folding period, the seeds were seeded in viols in the greenhouse. There was no emergence in peat and vermicompost, and the emergence rates in sand and vermiculite were 2.5 % and 11.75 %, respectively. When the emerging seedlings reached a size of 5 cm, they were taken into pots. At the end of the vegetation period, in rosehip seedlings, different morphological characteristics were determined including crown size, root collar diameter, stem number, stem length and diameter, shoot number, shoot length and diameter, root length, root dry and wet weight, stem dry and wet weight. At the end of the study, it was concluded that 14-week warm stratification + 14-week cold stratification was insufficient in rosehip (Rosa canina L.) seeds, therefore, only the stratification and temperature were not sufficient for both short-term stratification and long-term stratification.

supply chain is a network of facilities that supply raw materials, transform them into final products, and deliver products to customers through a distribution system. Developed by the Supply Chain Council to provide a reference to supply chain operations, the SCOR model provides a standard definition of management processes, a framework of relationships between standard processes, standard metrics to measure process performance, best-in-class performance management applications, and software features and functions. In this study, a model based on SCOR metrics is introduced to determine the factors affecting supplier selection and evaluate supplier performance. The model was applied to a bicycle producer company and its suppliers. The aim is to determine the factors affecting supplier selection and to evaluate supplier performance. According to the results of the study, the most important factors for supplier selection in the supply chain under consideration can be listed as "flexibility to change in products", "reduction in delivery time" and "flexibility to change in delivery time", respectively. The factors that affect supplier performance the most are determined as “traceability of returned products” and “on time delivery”.

Aim: Hemiarthroplasty is an appropriate treatment option for hip fractures that provides early mobilization, and good functional results. In the available literature, there are few studies that particulary investigate the risk factors affecting the 30-day mortality after hemiarthroplasty in geriatric patients with hip fractures. This study aimed to determine patient-related factors and biochemical predictors, which were easily accessible, inexpensive, and routinely examined in the perioperative period of 30-day mortality in geriatric patients after hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fractures. Methods: We enrolled 169 patients in our study, retrospectively. Age, body mass index, hospitalization time from admission to surgery, total hospitalization time, comorbidities, American Society of Anesthesiologists scores, blood transfusions, anticoagulant medications, albumin and plasma replacements, preoperative and postoperative hemogram, and biochemical tests were analyzed to determine the major predictors of 30-day mortality. Results: The 30-day mortality rate was 14.2%. Multivariate analysis indicated increased age (>80 years of age) (1.095 odds ratio, p = 0.029), American Society of Anesthesiologists score (3.584 odds ratio, p = 0.007), and postoperative creatinine level (2.845 odds ratio, p = 0.001) as the major predictors of 30-day mortality after hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fractures in geriatric patients. Conclusion: Older age (>80 years of age), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists scores (ASA score 3 or 4) and increased postoperative creatinine levels were associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality.

Objective: Despite recommendations from heart failure guidelines on the use of pharmacologic and device therapy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), important inconsistencies in guideline adherence persist in practice. The aim of this study was to assess adherence to guideline-directed medical and device therapy for the treatment of patients with chronic HFrEF (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%). Methods: The Adherence to guideline-directed medical and device Therapy in outpAtients with HFrEF (ATA) study is a prospective, multicenter, observational study conducted in 24 centers from January 2019 to June 2019. Results: The study included 1462 outpatients (male: 70.1%, mean age: 67+-11 years, mean LVEF: 30%+-6%) with chronic HFrEF. Renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and ivabradin were used in 78.2%, 90.2%, 55.4%, and 12.1% of patients, respectively. The proportion of patients receiving target doses of medical treatments was 24.6% for RAS inhibitors, 9.9% for beta-blockers, and 10.5% for MRAs. Among patients who met the criteria for implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), only 16.9% of patients received an ICD (167 of 983) and 34% (95 of 279) of patients underwent CRT (95 of 279). Conclusion: The ATA study shows that most HFrEF outpatients receive RAS inhibitors and beta-blockers but not MRAs or ivabradin when the medical reasons for nonuse, such as drug intolerance or contraindications, are taken into account. In addition, most eligible patients with HFrEF do not receive target doses of pharmacological treatments or guideline-recommended device therapy.

Displacement based earthquake observations are becoming more common and application fields are becoming larger. The determination of the earthquake magnitude in a short time after the earthquake plays an important role both for Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEW) and the estimation of the losses and coordinating the rescue efforts. However, magnitude estimation from the displacement waveforms for the 1999 Chi-Chi (Mw7.6), 1999 Hector Mine (Mw7.1) and 2003 Tokachi-Oki (Mw8.3) earthquake shows that while they are more precise, the earthquake magnitudes were underestimated (Brown et al. 2011; Crowell et al. 2013). There are well known bottlenecks with the velocity measuring seismometers due to the fact that they get saturated nearby large earthquakes or they do not provide sufficient time for early warning when they are away from the earthquake source. Geodetic measurements and accelerometer records provide data from the close vicinity of the earthquake source and enable to determine to static offsets and the earthquake magnitude based on displacements since GNSS receivers operate in a non-inertial reference frame. Nowadays, earthquake early warning systems based on seismogeodetic observations are being established and becoming more common in countries subject to earthquake hazard such as USA and Japan. In this study, earthquake magnitudes were estimated for several recent earthquakes in Turkey only by using the GNSS displacement waveforms. GNSS_based Re-estimation of the earthquake magnitudes for Gökova, Gökçeada and Van earthquakes resulted in the magnitudes of 6.54, 7.21 ve and 7.22 Mw, respectively, corresponding to the original magnitudes of 6.6, 6.9, 7.2. These results show that earthquake magnitudes based on GNSS waveforms provide high precision and their potential for use in earthquake early warning.

Objectives: In this study, we present our early and mid-term experiences following treatment of femoropopliteal lesions via percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in patients over 70 years of age. Patients and methods: This single-center, retrospective study included a total of 41 PTA procedures in 35 patients (23 males, 12 females; median age 74 years; range 70 to 87 years) due to femoropopliteal lesions between August 2015 and April 2018. The technical success rate was evaluated. The Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate the primary patency rate at 12 and 24 months. Results: The mean follow-up was 14.9±8.9 months. The technical success rate was 95.1%. The bailout stenting was required in 12 patients (29.3%). Only four patients (9.8%) required percutaneous reintervention at the end of the follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed primary patency rates as 82.9% and 57.2% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Conclusion: Our study results support the idea that PTA in elderly patients with femoropopliteal lesions is a safe and effective option and can be applied with favorable results in the early and mid-term. In addition, endovascular procedures can be performed by cardiovascular surgeons with high success and low complication rates [Turk J Vasc Surg 2020; 29(3.000): 159-63]

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study based on real-life data was to evaluate the lipid profile and demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) at a tertiary center and to examine the mortality rate. Methods: Information including endpoint data for at least 2 years following the index ACS event was retrieved from hospital records. Patients without sufficient follow-up data were called by phone. Modified Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria were used to identify the presence of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Factors affecting mortality in the 2-year follow-up period were evaluated using Cox regression analysis. Results: A total of 985 ACS patients (215 females) between 21 and 93 years of age were included. The females were older and had a lower smoking rate than the males. In females, the history of obesity and hypertension, the diabetes rate, and the thyroid-stimulating hormone level were higher than those of the males. In 95.6% of the patients, lipid parameters were measured upon hospital admission. No significant difference in dyslipidemia frequency was observed between genders. The frequency of FH was 7.6%. The rate of lipid-lowering drug use was 90% at discharge, and decreased to 50% in the follow-up period. The mortality rate was 3.8% in the in-hospital period and 8.1% during the 2 years of follow-up. Conclusion: The mortality rate in ACS patients was 3.8% in the in-hospital period and 8.1% in the 2-year follow-up period. The frequency of hypercholesterolemia was 89.5% and the rate of lipid-lowering drug use was insufficient. Secondary prevention after ACS was not adequately employed even at a tertiary center. The FH frequency was 7.6% and those with FH were observed to have ACS at a younger age than those without.

Objectives: This study aims to examine the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification of Physical Status as a preoperative risk prediction method for early mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing elective endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Patients and methods: A total of 134 consecutive patients (124 males, 10 females; mean age 69.6±6.9 years; range, 52 to 85 years) with an infrarenal AAA who underwent EVAR between January 2012 and January 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups as Group 1 (low risk; ASA I-II; n=63) and Group 2 (high risk; ASA III-IV; n=71). Early and postoperative one-year mortality and morbidity were evaluated. Results: The overall early mortality rate was 1.4%. None of the patients were converted to open surgery and overall technical success was 100%. Unibody grafts were performed in 33% patients in Group 1 and 59.2% patients in Group 2 (p=0.003). The length of intensive care unit and hospital stay was longer in Group 2, although it did not reach statistical significance. A total of 64% of local/locoregional anesthesia was performed in Group 2 high-risk patients. Conclusion: Regardless of the ASA risk group, EVAR can be performed successfully. The ASA classification may be useful for decision of treatment modality. Patients unfit for open surgery can be managed safely by EVAR [Turk J Vasc Surg 2019; 28(2.000): 101-6]

Merkezi ısıtma ve soğutma sistemlerinin en önemli parçası olan klima santrallerinde soğutucu serpantin üzerinden büyük miktarda su yoğuşmakta ve bu su genellikle en yakın gidere verilmektedir. Uygulamada da bu su, büyük bir atık olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Hâlbuki özellikle %100 dış hava ile çalışan sistemlerdeki bu soğuk su depolanarak evaporatif soğutma da dâhil olmak üzere birçok uygulamada değerlendirilebilir. Bu çalışmada, klima santrallerinde yoğuşan suyun yeniden kullanımına yönelik farklı tasarımlar önerilmiştir. Çalışmada üç farklı sistem üzerinde incelemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Birinci sistemde %100 taze havalı bir klima santralinden elde edilen yoğuşma suyunun, karışım havalı bir klima santralinin serpantininde ön soğutucu olarak kullanılması incelenmiştir. İkinci sistemde ise %100 taze havalı veya karışım havalı klima santralinin soğutucu serpantininde yoğuşan su bir soğutma kuleli chiller cihazında besleme suyu olarak değerlendirilmesi araştırılmıştır. Üçüncü sistemde ise %100 taze havalı veya karışım havalı klima santralinin soğutucu serpantininde yoğuşan suyun hava soğutmalı kondenserli bir chiller cihazında kullanımı incelenmiştir. Yapılan psikrometrik hesaplamalar, %100 taze hava ile çalışan bir klima santralinde yaklaşık 80 kW’lık gizli ısının, tasarlanan bu sistemler aracılığıyla duyulur ısı olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.

Dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinde yaşanan gıda krizleri ve gıda ayaklanmaları, gıdanın değişen mahiyetinin öneminin vurgulamaktadır. Neoliberalizm ile paralellik arz eden tarımın değişen yapısını açıklamak üzere çeşitli yaklaşımlar ortaya atılmıştır. Bu yaklaşımlar arasında gıda rejimi analizi, sadece gıda ile ilgili kavramları açıklamakla kalmaz, bu tarihsel dönüşümü de detaylıca ortaya koymaktadır. Gıda üretim ve tüketimini belirli tarihsel dönemler itibarıyla ele alan gıda rejimi, kapitalist sermaye birikimi çerçevesindeki uluslararası işbölümünü anlamaya yardımcı olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Philip McMichael’ın üçlü gıda rejimi yaklaşımı temel alınmıştır. Gıda rejimi analizi göz önüne alındığında, Türkiye’nin tarımsal ürün ticaretinde yaşadığı dönüşümün dünya ticaretindeki değişim ya da işbölümü çerçevesinde yaşanan dönemsel değişimle de paralel olduğu gözlemlenebilmektedir. 2000’den önce dünyanın en büyük ihracatçısı ülkesinden biri olan Türkiye, bu konumunu kaybetmiş ve ithalatçı konumuna düşmüştür. İhracat boyutunu sadece gıda ile sınırlandırmak tarımsal dış ticaret bilançosunu değerlendirmek için yeterli değildir. Analizi tarımsal hammaddeleri de dikkate alarak yeniden değerlendirmek gerekmektedir. Tarımsal ticarette ikili bir yapı oluşmuş durumdadır. Gıda ve işlenmiş tarım ürünleri ticaretinde fazla verilmektedir. Ancak 1980’lerin ortalarından itibaren, tarımsal hammadde dış ticaretinde açık verilmeye başlanmış ve bu açık günümüze kadar artarak devam etmiştir. Gıda ve işlenmiş ürünlerde verilen fazla tarımsal hammadde de verilen açıkları artık karşılamamakta ve genel bir açık ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Kılıf akımı yüksek gerilim yeraltı kablolu hatlarda arızalara ve elektrik çarpılmalarına neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca kabloda ek ısı meydana getirerek kablonun akım taşıma kapasitesini düşürür. Kılıf akımını düşürmek için farklı önlemler alınabilir. Fakat en uygun önlemin alınabilmesi için öncelikle hatta oluşacak kılıf akımının, hat daha kurulmadan proje aşamasında belirlenmesi gerekir. Bu çalışmada yeni kurulacak olan bir yüksek gerilim yeraltı kablolu hattın kılıf akımı, yapay sinir ağı ile parçacık sürü optimizasyonu, inertia ağırlıklı parçacık sürü optimizasyonu ve genetik algoritma kullanılarak oluşturulan melez yöntemler ile tahmin edilmiştir. Yapay sinir ağı tabanlı melez yöntemlerin eğitimi için PSCAD/EMTDC programında modeli oluşturulan yüksek gerilim yeraltı kablolu hattın benzetimlerinden elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Çalışmalar sonunda melez yöntemlerin yapay sinir ağına göre doğruluk bakımından üstünlük sağladığı görülmüştür. Melez yöntemlerin sonuçları kendi içlerinde karşılaştırıldığında ise inertia ağırlıklı parçacık sürü optimizasyonu ile yapay sinir ağının kullanımı sonucu elde edilen melez yöntem sonuçlarının diğer yöntemlere göre üstün olduğu görülmüştür. Böylece önerilen yöntem ile yüksek gerilim yeraltı kablolu hattın kılıf akımı proje aşamasında tespit edilecek ve kılıf akımının düşürülmesi için en uygun önlemler uygulanarak arızaların ve elektrik çarpmaların önüne geçildiği gibi kablo performansı da artırılacaktır.