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Weaving together Anglo-American folklore, the Indian captivity narrative genre, and science fiction and fantasy with Midwest settings, Attebery explores the lasting influence of the pastoral chronotope of the "middle landscape" and its entanglement with colonialism and empire. Scholar Guest of Honor Address, Mythcon 53. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the character of Ḥanan bisha, examining how he is depicted and treated within Babylonian Talmud narratives. It explores Ḥanan's interactions with legal penalties and situates him as a unique figure within Talmudic adjudication stories. It also mentions Ḥanan's portrayal with perspectives from Anglo-American legal paradigms, particularly focusing on themes of moral education through legal frameworks.

In keeping with a long tradition, nineteenth-century poems and poetic anthologies across Anglo-American and European cultures privileged flower tropes. Within Spain a plethora of periodicals and anthologies from 1845 onward bore titles allusive to flowers and gardens, while a number of Spanish women published under floral pseudonyms or represented themselves and each other as flowers. Floral symbolism, however, not only gave female authors license to write within sanctioned codes that identified femininity with nature rather than culture. Importantly, their reworking of floristic imagery allowed them to refashion conventional, socio-cultural parameters, express their subjectivity, affirm creative agency and denounce socio-political ills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foreign Literature Studies is the property of Foreign Literature Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lord Sempill (1893–1965) was the subject of extended investigation by the British Security Service (MI5) between World War I and II. A distinguished aviator, he was suspected of disclosing classified information to the Japanese over the years 1923 to 1925 and 1939 to 1941. MI5's investigation was inconclusive. But with the progressive release of agency materials from the late 1990s, Sempill attracted high-profile interest from historians and media alike. In 2012, he was labeled "the traitor of Pearl Harbor," a canard with implications for the integrity of the early Atlantic alliance. This fresh study of a major early-modern counterespionage case reassesses Sempill in relation to his professional and political milieu and explores his Japanese connections as Tokyo moved from guarded friendship to challenge and aggression in the climacteric year 1941. Notwithstanding his admission of a technical breach of the Official Secrets Act in 1925, the evidence overall does not support the prevailing view of Sempill as a spy who betrayed British and American interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning with a brief discussion of the lack of serious revaluations of Roth's work amidst the scandal surrounding Roth's biographer Blake Bailey, this essay considers the overlooked importance of Roth's early satiric novel, When She Was Good (1967). The novel may be said to mark Roth's lasting challenge to the Anglo-American tradition of the heroine distinguished above all by her virtuous character. Roth implicitly alludes to earlier saintly heroines in his portrait of Lucy Nelson, who, as she comes of age, ultimately embodies the apotheosis of what Harold Bloom has called "the heroine of the Protestant will." Roth's representation of the American middle class Protestant value system, with its imperial conviction of its own righteousness and its blind sentimentalization of the women who carried its banner, freed Roth to write his next novel, Portnoy's Complaint (1969). It was as if exorcising the demonically virtuous shiksa Lucy Nelson was necessary before he could speak in his own voice. In When She Was Good, Roth explores a psychology of personal grievance that resonates eerily on both sides of the political spectrum today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grammatical pattern of explicit objective modal expressions and its three subtypes (i.e., explicit objective expressions of probability, usuality and obligation) are investigated in this paper. By implementing a collostructional analysis, specifically collexeme analysis and multiple distinctive collexeme analysis, we aim at uncovering how, with respect to different genres in COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English), modal expressions are significantly attracted or repelled by the grammatical pattern, and how these expressions are diachronically associated with the grammatical pattern in different time periods of COCA and COHA (Corpus of Historical American English). The genre-related findings demonstrate that explicit objective modal expressions of probability and obligation are attracted by formal genres while repelled by informal ones, whereas those of usuality are repelled by both formal academic and informal spoken genres. The diachronic findings demonstrate that modal expressions that denote low values of probability and obligation have undergone a path of gradual change from repulsion to attraction because of an accumulation of negotiability and politeness by language users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this chapter, titled 'Tracing enregisterment processes of American English: Aims and methodology' (pp. 111-65), Paulsen starts by justifying the choice of newspapers for the study of enregisterment (section 3.1). Another form which Paulsen reports to have been closely tied to the value of nationality is the word I baggage i rather than I luggage i , as the former was regarded as the American form (p. 384). As regards lexical forms, Paulsen reports that I baggage i had become linked to American nationality and the authentic American towards the end of the nineteenth century and had thus acquired positive evaluations. [Extracted from the article]

This paper investigates the speech act of making threats among native speakers of Jordanian Arabic (JA) and American English (AE). It explores new threat strategies used by Jordanian and American speakers and their pragmatic functions to construct an analytical framework for analyzing this act across cultures. The data for this study were collected using an open-ended questionnaire. This questionnaire consists of ten imaginary situations drawn from real life. The data were analyzed using chi-square tests (value <0.05) to determine whether the difference between the two groups for each threat strategy was statistically significant. The subjects of Jordanian Arabic included 40 male participants and 40 female participants from three universities in Irbid district while the American subjects included 15 male participants and 15 female participants from the University of Illinois in the United States. Five threat strategies were identified. Four of which were shared between the two groups: Telling Authority, Committing Harm, Introducing Options and Warning. However, Promise of Vague Consequence was confined to JA speakers. The study also found that JA speakers tended to be less direct than their AE counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use a relatively new source of data, the Movie Corpus, to explore the common stereotype that politeness standards keep falling. In this data, which contains transcripts of movies from 1930 to 2019, we trace a range of elements that have relatively clear default politeness or impoliteness values (e.g. please , could you and a range of title nouns versus swear words). And we introduce a terminological distinction between conduct politeness and etiquette politeness. The results suggest a complex picture of some "polite" expressions that are indeed declining (e.g. title nouns, would you (please)) while others are rising (e.g. can you (please)). Many "impolite" swear words have increased considerably over the last five decades. We carefully discuss the reliability of these results, which fully depend on the composition of the corpus and its consistency over time as well as on the reliability of the chosen elements as im/politeness indicators. We compare the results for American/Canadian and for British/Irish movies (following the distinction of the Movie Corpus), and we discuss the extent to which movies can be taken as indicators of language change in general. • The Movie Corpus is used to track changing levels of politeness from 1930 to 2019. • A distinction between conduct politeness and etiquette politeness is proposed. • Some "polite" expressions, such as title nouns, have decreased in frequency. • Some "impolite" expressions, such as swear words, have increased in frequency. • The composition and metainformation reliability of the Movie Corpus is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study adopts an onomasiological, alternation-based approach to the exploration of grammatical variation across World Englishes, using data sourced from the 1.9 billion-word Global Web-based English corpus. The macro-orientation of the study, which investigates a set of ten alternations known to be susceptible to diachronic change, facilitates identification of a number of general trends, including the typical advancement of the Inner Circle varieties and of the South-East Asian varieties, the hypercentrality of American English, and the epicentrality of Indian English in South Asia. Possible explanatory factors include colloquialisation, grammatical simplicity/complexity, developmental status, and areal proximity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Print-by-subscription schemes proliferated in eighteenth-century British North America, but how exactly did they work? This article argues that authors and publishers relied upon networks of ministers, merchants, and printers and postmasters, as well as newspaper advertisements, to sell to readers in small-town New England during the Seven Years' War. While print by subscription networks demonstrate the interconnectedness of the North American British colonies during the Seven Years' War, the books themselves speak to the subjects that intrigued colonial readers. Ultimately, print by subscription helped to create a marketplace for American books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of the nineteenth century, scientific and technological developments in surgery permitted safer procedures to be carried out. Theoretically, therefore, children whose lives would otherwise have been blighted by disease could be saved by timely operative interference. The reality was more complicated, however, as this article shows. Through an exploration of British and American surgical textbooks and an in-depth analysis of the child surgical patient base at one London general hospital, the tensions between the possibilities and the actualities of surgery on children can be examined for the first time. Hearing the child's voice through case notes allows both a restoration of these complex patients to the history of medicine and a questioning of the wider application of science and technology to working-class bodies, situations, and environments which resist such treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the use of high-frequency cognitive verbs -- think and believe -- in Turkish L2 learners ' interlanguage, both in terms of their verb senses and complementation patterns. In line with this purpose, a Sentence Production Task consisting of context-independent items and a Sentence Completion Task consisting of context-dependent items were developed by using the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). These tasks were applied to 182 students at four different vocabulary levels. The findings indicated that the learners showed a strong tendency to use verb think in the verb sense of expressing a personal opinion and in the complementation pattern of [zero that-CL]. Along with these results, the acceptability levels of learners 'productions with the verbs think and believe showed differences. The learners had problems with the use of believe more than they had with the verb think. The findings have pedagogical implications by shedding light on the learner preferences for verb complementation patterns and senses. The findings also provide an insight into the learners' performance on the syntactic and semantic properties of the cognitive verbs through context-dependent and independent tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education (INUJFE) is the property of Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The original meaning of words or phrases is often in dispute in Founding Era legislation, especially the US Constitution. The Corpus of Founding Era American English (cofea) accurately provides evidence for the meaning of contested terms during the Founding Era. cofea consists of 126,394 texts and over 136 million words. This corpus has been and is being used by legal researchers and interpreters in scholarly research as well as various courts, including the Supreme Court. This paper describes the motivation for the creation of cofea and describes the process of designing and collecting the corpus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From grassroots activism to armed combatants, Palestinian females have been active in combating Israel's occupation of Palestine since the early twentieth century. During the second Palestinian Intifada, however, western news media coverage of female-perpetrated 'suicide bombings' sensationalized these previously unseen acts. Utilizing Herjeet Marway's 'scandalous subwomen' societal reaction as a framework, this article engages in a multimodal analysis of the largely unexplored UK and US broadcast news coverage of female-perpetrated Palestinian 'suicide bombings'. Via a postcolonial perspective, it addresses this framework's focus upon 'exclusion': the projection that Palestinian female suicide bombers' political participation is subject to male influence. This article finds that exclusionary male figures, as well as Saudi Arabia, are framed by UK and US broadcast news media to afford Palestinian female suicide bombers a lack of political agency. Palestinian female 'suicide bombers', as a result, become victimized figures via the UK and US broadcast news media's orientalist 'perceived reality' which fails to recognize these female actors' agential will or their ability to freely participate in political acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Who as a restrictive relativizer in English is an old change from above. In urban dialects, it still acts as a prestige form, whereas it is infrequent or negligible in rural British and American varieties. We compare earlier findings from Toronto, the largest city in the province of Ontario (D'Arcy & Tagliamonte, 2010), with a range of communities from the Ontario Dialects Project (Tagliamonte, 2003–present). While none of the rural locations has as much who as Toronto, there is a substantial range. Regions along the major highways to the north and east of the city have more who , while the smaller towns in less accessible locations have less, consistent with a Cascade Model effect (Labov, 2003). Nonetheless, who shows evidence of diffusion, increasing in apparent time in recent decades. We suggest that this reflects overt pressure from above, consistent with the enduring role that prestige plays in English relativizer variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea is common in American and British literature though the two countries have different tea culture. In recent years, literature-inspired tea creative products have gained popularity in America and Britain. Writers and their works provide insights for tea products in terms of tea ingredients and tea accessories. By analyzing the characteristics, advantages and tendency of literature-inspired tea creative products, this study tries to shed light on Chinese tea creative products. It maintains that literature-inspired tea creative products can improve the dissemination of both Chinese tea culture and Chinese literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to open a conversation about Australian universities and Atlantic slavery. To an extent previously unexamined, Australian universities benefited financially, administratively and intellectually from the proceeds and legacies of slavery in the Caribbean and the American South. The research follows the examples of American and British universities' examinations of their historical links to slavery, and builds upon recent scholarship that has emphasised the significance to the growth of Australian settler colonialism of the large-scale compensation paid to slave-owners following emancipation in the British Empire in 1833. The article reports on the findings of a survey of around 1,200 benefactions to the six oldest Australian universities from 1850 to 1939; it also examines the family and financial links to slavery of educators and key administrators in Australian universities' early histories. The Dixson family of tobacconists, donors to several universities, is considered as an extended case study. The significance of universities' connections to slavery in the Australian context has to be understood in terms of imperial transformations and expansions of settler colonialism, and to be thought and told in relation to universities' Indigenous histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship on critical pedagogy is mostly written from within the democratic and neoliberal North American and British contexts (Giroux 2003, 2004, 2010; McCusker 2017; Mehta 2019). Geraldine McCusker (2017, 447) eloquently sums up the aim of this scholarship as "to establish a schooling system that emancipated those oppressed and disempowered. Critical pedagogues aim to provide space for critical engagement with divergent perspectives in order to support students from disenfranchised populations to understand the impact of capitalism, gender, race and homophobia on their lives." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED3) incorporates a new approach to the pronunciation sections of combining form and affix entries. Headword-level pronunciations are replaced by statements pertaining to typical stress patterns and vowel reduction, while thousands of lemmas contained within these entries receive British and American pronunciations for the first time. Accounting for the four different structures of current OED combining form and affix entries, the integration of pronunciation information is tailored to supply the user with an appropriate and useful level of information in each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of speech acts and their functions are basic components of pragmatics and the request speech act plays a crucial part in everyday interactions. This study aimed to investigate whether native speakers of English make any differences utilizing the request expressions “would you like” and “would you mind”, their collocations in both spoken and academic contexts and the functional differences caused by the co-text. To this end, the data was retrieved from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The results revealed that such expressions in the spoken corpus were used more frequently in the transactional context with equal status and as interactional-oriented. However, in the academic corpus, the same expressions were used more frequently in the pedagogical context with the high-low status and as both interactional-oriented and taskoriented. The expression "would you like" was mostly used to give information, whereas "would you mind" was usually used to request an action. These expressions were not used for the purpose of imposition in any of the two contexts. The study revealed that the collocations didn't affect the function of such requests. In fact, it was the collocating words that changed due to the pragmatic functions and the objectives of the speakers. The findings might contribute to understanding of the variations which matter between the request expressions. Teachers and learners might gain insights into how and when they are used and which collocations are more frequent so as to focus more carefully on them and make informed and proper decisions within pedagogical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper compares the associative system of early-learned verbs and body parts in Hebrew with previously published data on American English (Maouene, Josita, Shohei Hidaka & Linda B. Smith. 2008. Body parts and early-learned verbs. Cognitive Science 32(7). 1200–1216). Following the methodology of the former study, 51 Hebrew-speaking college students gave the first body part that came to mind for each of 103 early-learned Hebrew verbs, 81 of which were translational equivalents. Rate of convergence and divergence and underlying patterns were used to make inferences about the constraints at work. Overall convergence (92.3% of the Hebrew data and 93.7% of the English data) reveal similar entropy levels, comparable semantic field shapes of verbs organized by body parts and similar general cluster patterns of verbs by body parts. Most divergence lies in the infrequent responses (offered fewer than 1% of the time) which arise around body parts that are internal, very detailed, very general categorically, used in figurative language, uniquely provided and tend to be subject to cultural taboos. This is a new contribution, as previous work has not quantified the relative proportion of convergent to divergent associations. We discuss how these findings support neural and developmental continuity and stability in the verbal system with respect to the categorization of verbs by body parts cross-culturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores distinct usages of the response particle right in American versus British English conversation. The analysis shows that, in American English, right conveys the speaker's knowing stance and, in certain environments, the speaker's claim of primary knowledge. In contrast, in British English, right registers provided information as previously unknown, informative, and relevant to the current speaker's ongoing project. The analysis draws on large corpora of audio- and video-recorded ordinary and institutional interactions in British and American English. We use the methodology of Conversation Analysis to examine sequential environments in which right is used, its interactional import, and prosodic realizations. • The response particle right is used differently in US versus UK English interaction. • In US English, right coneys a knowing stance and sometimes epistemic authority. • In UK English, right registers information as previously unknown but informative. • Implications of these findings are discussed. • The study employs Conversation Analysis to examine diverse data corpora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of wearing a face mask on the production and perception of coarticulatory vowel nasalization. Speakers produced monosyllabic American English words with oral and nasal codas (i.e., CVC and CVN) in face-masked and un-face-masked conditions to a real human interlocutor. The vowel was either tense or lax. Acoustic analyses indicate that speakers produced greater coarticulatory vowel nasality in CVN items when wearing a face mask, particularly, when the vowel is lax, suggesting targeted enhancement of the oral-nasalized contrast in this condition. This enhancement is not observed for tense vowels. In a perception study, participants heard CV syllables excised from the recorded words and performed coda identifications. For lax vowels, listeners were more accurate at identifying the coda in the face-masked condition, indicating that they benefited from the speakers' production adjustments. Overall, the results indicate that speakers adapt their speech in specific contexts when wearing a face mask, and these speaker adjustments have an influence on listeners' abilities to identify words in the speech signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have shown that there is considerable cross-genre variation as regards what linguistic units tend to be coordinated by and. While literate, expository writing favors coordination of phrasal units such as noun phrases, coordinated units are more often clausal (e.g., main or subordinate clauses) in speech-related texts. This difference has been attested in studies that focus exclusively on coordination as well as in macro-level studies of co-variation among a large number of linguistic features. However, this register differentiation has increased over time: studies of Early and Late Modern English point to less pronounced differences among registers than those attested in the present-day language. This study fills a gap in research by considering data on coordination by and from the middle of the 20th century, a period that does not belong fully to either Late Modern or Present-Day English, and the late 20th and early 21st century, and thus ties diachronic and synchronic research on register variation in coordination together. We also examine language from films and television in order to complement historical findings for speech-related language with data on registers that arose in the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeners often experience challenges understanding a person (target) in the presence of competing talkers (maskers). This difficulty reduces with the availability of visual speech information (VSI; lip movements, degree of mouth opening) and during linguistic release from masking (LRM; masking decreases with dissimilar language maskers). We investigate whether and how LRM occurs with VSI. We presented English targets with either Dutch or English maskers in audio-only and audiovisual conditions to 62 American English participants. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was easy at 0 audio-only and −8 dB audiovisual in Experiment 1 and hard at −8 and −16 dB in Experiment 2 to assess the effects of modality on LRM across the same and different SNRs. We found LRM in the audiovisual condition for all SNRs and in audio-only for −8 dB, demonstrating reliable LRM for audiovisual conditions. Results also revealed that LRM is modulated by modality with larger LRM in audio-only indicating that introducing VSI weakens LRM. Furthermore, participants showed higher performance for Dutch maskers compared to English maskers with and without VSI. This establishes that listeners use both VSI and dissimilar language maskers to overcome masking. Our study shows that LRM persists in the audiovisual modality and its strength depends on the modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This annotated transcription makes available for the first time the unpublished 1821 diary of Sierra Leone by the American Methodist missionary Daniel Coker (1780-1846), a valuable resource for scholarship on American-West African interchange in the 1820s. The diary records genealogical information about native African and colonial American figures; the customs and international reputations of West African royalty; the political relations between West African populations and American colonists; the territorial, social, and religious aims of the American Colonization Society (ACS); the medicine, disease patterns, and climate of Sierra Leone as experienced by Americans; and the seizure and relocation of enslaved people in Fourah Bay by British and American privateers. Complementing the recent discovery of the ACS's land treaty for Liberia, Coker provides an intimate glimpse of the major players, colonial aims, and local response surrounding that acquisition. This diary also portrays a rare perspective on America's federal colonial project: that of a Black American community leader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The English language is one of the most spoken in the world. The main goal is to find how American English is originated in British English. This research Is also related about the linguistic differences between British English and American English. The study comes up with several interesting findings. Among these findings is the fact that American English is basically an outcome of Elizabethan English which the English settlers brought with them as they came to the North American Continent in the sixteenth century. Despite the fact that the main effect on American English resulted from British English on that time, there were many other things that has affected in the language, such as American Indian Pidgin English, French, and Spanish and recent immigration of other various peoples like the Italian, Chinese and German to the United States. Moreover, with the passage of time, American English influenced British English and enriched its vocabulary, especially in the case of "Americanism.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noah Webster believed that a pure, regular and better form of the language existed, usually represented by a former variety that is more appropriate. However, he also believed that British English was not a model for American English because it did not follow "the analogy of the language."1 Accordingly, he started a search to find the "true principles" of the English language. At that moment, his writings became more descriptive than prescriptive, but, because he was a successful textbook writer, he could not use the same model when he wrote schoolbooks. Consequently, his language analyses and his educational material became contradictory. Moreover, his earlier works and his later works are also inconsistent. This paper investigates the many inconsistencies found in Webster's writings and tries to interpret them under the light of linguistics historiography. The results show that the contradiction in Webster's work originates from his continued development as a language scholar and from his uncertainties arising from the linguistic practices of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving optimal utilization of multiple combined heat and power (CHP) systems is a complex problem that requires powerful methods for resolution. This paper presents a harmony search (HS) algorithm to address the economic dispatch issue in CHP (CHPED). The recently developed metaheuristic HS algorithm has been successfully employed in a wide range of optimization problems. The method is demonstrated through a test case from existing literature and a new one proposed by the authors. Numerical results indicate that the proposed algorithm can identify superior solutions compared to traditional methods, and that the Harmony Search algorithm can be effectively applied to CHPED-related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the constructional and functional properties of I promise (you) + X and I guarantee (you) + X constructions, whose construal revolves around the speaker's commitment to making a situation happen and/or to vouching for the validity of the embedded clause X. Taking a usage-based perspective, it analyzes 563 spoken tokens of I promise constructions and 398 tokens of I guarantee constructions from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). Three types of construals were identified: commissive, epistemic modal, or both. While the I promise construction can have any of the three, the I guarantee construction never has the commissive construal alone. Working within mental-spaces theory, this paper contends that the speaker's commitment to the occurrence of the focal situation is necessarily involved in the default conceptualization of I promise constructions, but not of the other. The frequency data indicate that the distinctive conceptual structures motivate their functional distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the early decades of the twentieth century, foreign visitors to Albania noticed a lot of particular aspects of life that they found unique and worth publishing. They shared impressions, perceptions, research outcomes, emotional reactions, and facts about the way the Albanians managed their lives from 1921 to 1939. In the writings that constitute the literary corpus of this paper, the reader perceives an objective insight into the political, economic, social, historic, and ethnographic Albanian context while reading texts, diaries, newspaper articles, political reports, and research outcomes of the British and American authors who got to know the Albanian reality of this period. The relation between language and culture becomes especially significant when the mentalities of people encountering each other in a place are so different that respective linguistic means do not satisfy the linguistic gap that derives from the lack of awareness of the social phenomena they reflect. Such was the case when the British and American writers first needed to understand the Albanian social context and then convey it as closely as possible to a more international reader. However, since this reader had very little or no knowledge at all about Albanian life of the early twentieth century, there were also limited linguistic resources to express in English the treasure troves of Albanian social life hidden beneath the bjeshkë.* Most of the time, the writers seem aware of the fact that translating the word or defining it in the context would vanish most of its original meaning, so they chose to keep the Albanian word. One often finds such a word (in italics or boldface) in the middle of a page entirely written in English. They also chose to alter the phonological features of a word in order to create close pronunciation features between Albanian and English. They also sometimes chose to preserve the Albanian spelling of the word, but adapt its morphologic and syntactic features to integrate it into the English sentence structure. Such linguistic adaptions are as varied as the nature of Albanian words, their meaning, and social significance. The article aims to display the wide range of such linguistic reflections of Albanian life in the texts written in the English language, through phonological, spelling, grammatical, and semantic adaptions. It provides examples from authentic texts in English, classifies them according to the nature of the linguistic alterations, and explains the intertwining phenomena to reflect social particularities through language and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated metonymic uses of the anthroponym 'Assad', the acronyms 'ISIL', 'ISIS', 'Daesh' and the toponymic adjective 'European' from a blending theory perspective. The corpus comprised British and American politicians' speeches covering such topics as the activity of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad, the fight against ISIS, and Euromaidan. Analysis of the data revealed that the source domain of a metonymic expression which has certain cognitive salience in an utterance fuses with the target leading to the emergence of a blend. It was also found that the construction of a metonymic blend in proper names often requires activation of world knowledge which forms part of the conceptual structure of the source or target domains of a proper name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the issues of race and identity as regards the Romanian people, known as 'Roumans, ' Roumaninans or Moldo-Wallachians in the nineteenth-century British and American periodicals. Divided into two Principalities and a Province that belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the 'Roumans' became known to the Western readers in the latter half of the nineteenth century when the ideas of unification and desire for progress caught the attention of the Western powers. The analysis of the major periodical articles of the time will attempt to throw light on the matters of identity and the construction of Romanian identity as, largue, Romanianness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The connection between marriage and lotteries emerged with the first British state lotteries and persisted throughout the eighteenth century in British America, despite the well-documented rise of companionate marriage. Drawing extensively on newspapers rather than fiction or prescriptive literature, Keiter reveals a deep current of skepticism about these changing ideals. Lottery analogies and satirical lottery schemes circulated widely, showing a shared set of expectations and concerns in the young nation. These tropes emphasized the continued centrality of wealth to marriage while suggesting that marital happiness remained a gamble with unfavorable odds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1959 Anthony Burgess published Beds in the East, a novel set in Malaya in 1957, the year the Federation of Malaya achieved independence. Towards the end of the book, Burgess introduces a new character, Temple Haynes, a professional linguist from a US university who is studying the phonology of Temiar, the language of one of Malaysia's indigenous ethnic minorities. This paper examines Burgess' depiction of Haynes and his sometimes fractious relationship with the British 'Assistant Protector of Aborigines', Moneypenny (also a speaker of Temiar). It is interesting to examine this fictional representation because it uses material familiar to students of the History of Linguistics to develop a certain picture of imperialism and decolonisation, one that shifts questions about the politics of western intervention onto the US but also worries about the personal investments of British representatives in colonised and decolonising space. Thus Burgess' text offers the reader a dramatic portrait of the practice of linguistic fieldwork as part of a particular vision of Malaya at the 'end of empire'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the temporal labels and other specifications of time affixed to twenty-five words in monolingual dictionaries of English. The selection of works studied includes learners', collegiate, and general-purpose dictionaries, both British and American. In addition, the treatment of the lexemes in the Oxford English Dictionary is noted. The analysis reveals some clear differences between the different types of dictionaries in the overall propensity to furnish temporal labels and other specifications of time. The terminology employed to convey such information varies from one group of dictionaries to another. There is also plenty of variation between the individual volumes inside each group. The target audience of the works examined varies, which explains some of the differences in the treatment of particular lexemes. In general, Osselton's calls for more consistent terminology in the labelling of old words, presented several decades ago, are still valid. The differences between the labels are not always clear, and the explanations in the front matter of the dictionary may be lacking or unhelpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to discover and analyze the problems of speech process between British and American phonological system faced by the students. It particularly examines the impact of language phonotactics on speech errors. Data were collected from random sample of sophomores in SMAN 1 Labuhan Deli using descriptive quantitative method. Data collection in techniques started from recorded, rated, and analyzed. The researchers put the data analysis results grouped into two parts, the frist one is total production of speech errors, then the second id analysis of chosen words in British and American accent which systematically categorized based on IPA and other indicators. According to the results, students were fail to speech smoothly. The data of students' speech errors showed that the highest and lowest percentage happened in correction (193 times (14%) and slip of tongue 110 times (8%), with the mode value 13%. While in phonological systems data samples, either British or American has ryhthm as the indicator with the lowest score. Based on the data, the researchers found the mode value is in score 4. It means that the speech errors indicator, correction, occured by the affect of different rhythm between British and American accent, but the mistake did not really disturb the meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article identifies just so as a newly emerging purpose subordinator. Using data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the Corpus of Historical American English , it traces its development and steady increase in frequency from its first attestation in the mid nineteenth century to the present day. Just so is shown to represent a case of semantic specialization where the purpose meaning wins out over the conditional meaning, thus filling the niche of an informal purpose subordinator and providing an alternative to its multifunctional and semantically ambiguous competitors so that and so. With increasing grammaticalization the just so purpose subordinator also exhibits signs of intersubjectification, being coopted for syntactically independent, interpersonal uses (e.g. just so we're clear) and culminating in the emergence of a new discourse marker in the form of just so you know in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. To account for the emergence of purpose just so , a constructional network approach is adopted, which considers the network links to other purpose subordinators, notably so that and so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the techniques of my previous study have been shown to present several advantages over traditional two-point cross-sectional analysis in many respects, they would still be appropriate to generate findings that are comparable to past diachronic analyses of modal and semi-modal frequencies. One of the purposes of such a comparative analysis is to determine whether past findings about the change in modal and semi-modal frequencies can be triangulated through analyses of the Hansard Corpus (THC) and the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA). Another purpose is to better ground the current study in the existing research on modal and semi-modal frequency change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]