Search

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From an ethical point of view, there is an important distinction between two types of prenatal screening. The first of these targets maternal or foetal conditions (e.g., infectious diseases, blood group sensitization) where early detection allows for interventions that improve the chances of a healthy pregnancy outcome. The second screens for foetal conditions such as Down syndrome, where a timely diagnosis in most cases only allows for a choice between preparation for a child with special needs or termination of the pregnancy. Whereas the former makes an easy fit with the prevention aim of most other population screening programmes, the latter does not. In order to steer clear from a possible eugenic reading of its aim, a wide international consensus has emerged for the view that prenatal screening of this type should have the atypical aim of helping women (couples) to make autonomous reproductive choices, rather than reducing the birth prevalence of the relevant disorders. However, keeping these types of prenatal screening apart may become increasingly difficult given the development of tests, such as the Non‐Invasive Prenatal Test, which cannot only be used for both types of screening but may also lead to interconnected findings on both sides of the divide. This makes it an urgent question: What the aim or aims of this new hybrid screening should be? As neither ‘prevention’ nor ‘autonomy’ will do, we argue for a normative framework that gives both aims their due, while recognizing the tensions between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aimed to establish a comprehensive human erythrocyte antigen (HEA) frequency data set for Koreans. It also sought to develop a mobile app that facilitates the calculation of the frequencies of specific antigen-negative red blood cell units and the average number of units required for antigen typing. Methods Human erythrocyte antigen frequencies were compiled from large-scale blood donor data and 5 previous papers. Based on the collected data, we developed a mobile calculator app for HEA frequency and evaluated its usability. Results Human erythrocyte antigen frequency data for 20 blood group systems, including the ABO, Rh, MNS, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego systems, were established. The app was designed to enable users to select the desired phenotype from a drop-down menu and display the calculated frequency at the bottom. The number of units required for antigen typing to find 1 compatible red blood cell unit was also displayed. Five users participated in app evaluation and rated the functionality and information categories highly. In quizzes prompting users to calculate frequencies using the app, all participants provided correct answers, confirming the app's user-friendly functionality. Conclusions This app, which encompasses comprehensive HEA frequency data, is expected to find multiple uses in transfusion medicine, including optimizing blood bank workflow and defining rare blood groups in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We report a rare case of acute hemolytic reactions caused by immunoglobulin (Ig)M anti-M antibody and present a literature review. Case Report A 61-year-old male patient who underwent blood transfusion developed fever, chills, soy sauce–colored urine, and changes in laboratory test results, including persistently decreased hemoglobin levels, neutrophilia, elevated lactate dehydrogenase level, acute kidney injury, mild acute liver injury, and activation of the coagulation system, indicating acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR). Antibody screening and major crossmatching results indicated weak positive at 37°C for both posttransfusion and pretransfusion sample. Subsequent serological examinations indicated the presence of IgM anti-M antibodies in plasma but the direct antiglobulin and elution tests were negative. Antibody hemolytic activity assay confirmed AHTR caused by anti-M. The transfused red blood cells were MM and the patient is NN. These signs and symptoms disappeared rapidly and required no additional interventions before discharge. Conclusion The accurate diagnosis of anti-M antibody–mediated acute hemolysis is essential for guiding treatment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood gas analysis is a great support to the diagnostic process of critically ill patients. Its correct application to the medicine of dairy cows depends on the availability of specific reference intervals that are still difficult to find in the literature. They may vary according to the type of blood sampled, the animals' age and production stage, and climatic conditions. This study aimed at calculating the reference limits for some blood gas parameters in the blood collected from the coccygeal vessels of multiparous Holstein dairy cows. This site of sampling implies the risk of withdrawing blood of unknown origin (venous, arterial, or mixed), but it has a high practical interest for easy and quick performance and minimal animal restraint required. Data from 379 cows were used, and reference limits were produced for pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate concentration, total carbon dioxide concentration, oxygen saturation (sO 2), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), base excess, glucose, Na, K, and ionized calcium (iCa). The effects of stage of lactation (5–60 vs. >60 DIM) and season of sampling (cold vs. hot) were investigated, and specific reference limits were produced for each variable and each level of the factors whenever a significant effect was detected. The pH, sO 2 , K, and iCa were not influenced by season or stage of lactation. All the other blood gas parameters were significantly affected by season of sampling, and Hb, Hct, glucose, and Na were also affected by stage of lactation. Reference limits provided in this study are specific to the site of sampling (coccygeal vessels) and the animal category considered. Further studies are needed to produce reference intervals for other blood gas parameters, cow categories, and blood types. The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To access the frequency of depression and anxiety among the various blood groups of medical and physiotherapy students. Method: A cross-sectional study on 215 MBBS and DPT students was conducted at Aziz Fatimah Medical and Dental College (AFMDC) from November 2022-May 2023. Google Form containing sections for relevant information concerning participants and fourteen items- Hospital anxiety and depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire for evaluation of anxiety and depression, was administered among the MBBS and DPT students through social media. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Mean ±SD was calculated for continuous variables like HADS score and age. Frequency and percentage were calculated for categorical variables such as blood groups, anxiety and depression. ANOVA was used to compare HADS score among various blood groups. P-value ≤0.05 was taken statistically significant. Result: Mild anxiety was found in A>O>B>AB, while severe anxiety was found in B>A>AB>O. Mild depression was found in A>B>O>AB, while severe depression was found in A>O>B>AB. However, on ANOVA, when comparing anxiety and depression scores with blood groups, they were found to be higher in blood Group-A. Rhesus factor positive blood groups have severe anxiety and mild depression while Rhesus factor negative blood groups have mild anxiety and severe depression. Conclusion: Severe anxiety was common in blood Group-B while severe depression was common in people with blood Group-A. While mild anxiety and mild depression was found in blood Group-A, however, sever anxiety was common in positive Rhesus factor blood types while severe depression was found in negative Rhesus factor blood types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the effect of educational interventions on knowledge and approach of Allied Health Sciences Students regarding blood groups and blood donation. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Child Health Sciences, The Children's Hospital, Lahore from October 2022-January 2023. A self-designed questionnaire was used to assess the baseline knowledge of students followed by educational interventions in the form of small group discussions, video lectures and practical demonstrations. Post-interventions assessment was done using the same questionnaire 30 days later. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS-23 software. A p-Value <0.05 was considered significant. The reliability of the questionnaire was checked after the pilot study by using the SPSS-23 software and calculated Cronbach's Alpha was 0.82. Results: Of the 99 participants, there were 13 males and 86 females with mean age of 21.41±1.478 years. Pre-interventions, majority participants had moderate knowledge (81.8%). Medical Lab technologists showed better baseline knowledge than the rest. Post-interventions, the level of knowledge among students increased to 94.9%. Pre-interventions, knowledge about blood groups and donation ranged from 14.1-79% and 25.5-77.8% correct responses respectively while post-interventions it went up to 92-100% for both aspects. The willingness to donate blood in future raised from 46.4% to 92.9%. Conclusions: Educational interventions were effective in improving the knowledge of Allied Health Sciences students about blood groups and blood donation. The enlightenment strategies positively influenced students towards the active participation in blood donation campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of an interactive transfusion dashboard to monitor key performance indicators in a healthcare system. The dashboard, created using Microsoft PowerBI software, allows for the assessment of transfusion guideline compliance and provides insight into transfusion appropriateness. Data extracted from EPIC Clarity and blood bank software is used to customize KPIs, track transfusions by provider specialty department, and filter patient transfusion data for further analysis. The dashboard aims to enhance Patient Blood Management modalities and can be modified based on feedback from service line chiefs. [Extracted from the article]

With increasing life expectancy and prevalence of thalassaemia, it has led to a greater need for safe blood, yet the current supply from voluntary donors is insufficient to meet this demand. Thalassaemia recipients face a significant risk of alloimmunization because of repeated exposure to foreign red cell antigens. Study aims to determine high prevalent Rh antigen negative donors in western India donor population along with what percentage of these donors are willing to become dedicated voluntary donors for thalassaemia patients. Study also aims to examine factors influencing their willingness and challenges faced in mobilizing dedicated donors. 700 whole blood donors from western India, following screening for inclusion & exclusion criteria as per Drugs and Cosmetic Act (DCA) 2020 amendment guidelines & were sero-negative for transfusion transmitted infections were enrolled for the study. Red cell phenotyping was performed using Conventional Tube Technique (CTT) for "D", "C", "E", "c", "e" and "K" antigen using known antisera. Donors that were "C" AND/OR "e" antigen negative were contacted telephonically and were counseled and motivated for becoming voluntary blood donors. Statistical analysis assessed correlation between donation frequency, donor's occupation and education. Among 700 donors, 96.6% (n = 676) were males and 3.4% (n = 24) were females. The most predominant blood group was B > O > A > AB. Rh(D) antigen was present in 91.44% (n = 640) and absent in 8.6% (n = 60). Prevalence of other Rh antigens is as follows: "e" (99%) > "C" (85.4%) > "c" (59.1%) > "E" (18.0%). Only 1.15% had "K" antigen positive. The commonest Rh phenotype R 1 R 1 (DCe/DCe) was expressed by 40.57% (n = 283), and the least common r″r (cE/ce), r″r″ (cE/cE) and r′r′ (Ce/Ce) was found in 0.14% (n = 1), respectively. 'C' negative, 'e' negative, 'C' and 'e' antigen negative donors constituted 14.8% (n = 104) with 93.2% (n = 97) C-antigen negative, 1.92% (n = 2) e-antigen negative and 4.8% (n = 5) both "C" and "e" antigen negative donors. The commonest phenotypes among C-antigen and e-antigen negative donors were rr (50%) and R z R 2 (1.94%) respectively. Likewise, the most common phenotype amongst both C- and e-antigens negative donors was R 2 R 2 (3.84%). 61.5% of the donors agreed to enroll for voluntary blood donation following telephonic invitation, while 6.8% of them refused permanently. Approximately, 3.9% of the blood donors were willing to donate blood only when needed and 27.8% of them could not be contacted. Creating a database of voluntary donors with known phenotype, especially who lack very common antigens like "C" and "e" and are willing to become dedicated, regular voluntary donors for thalassemic patients can ensure timely administration of safe blood. One of the major challenges for this noble initiative was lack of awareness which can be circumvent effectively with proper counseling efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prevalence of high titers for IgM anti-A was 12.2% and IgG anti-A was 2.5%, with lower prevalence for anti-B antibodies. • Among blood donors, 14.1% of those with O blood groups were classified as Dangerous O, while 3.52% and 10.5% of donors with A and B blood groups, respectively, exhibited high titers. • Significant associations were found between high titers and factors like female gender, vegetarian diet, age under 30 years, and O blood group. Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) pose significant risks in transfused patients, with anti-A and anti-B antibodies in donor plasma being potential contributing factors. Despite advancements in component preparation, HTRs remain a concern, particularly with apheresis-derived platelets. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of high anti-A and anti-B titers among A, B, and O blood group donors and to explore factors associated with high titers. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over 18 months, enrolling 978 participants from a tertiary care teaching hospital in Western India. Anti-A and anti-B titers were determined using the Conventional Tube Technique (CTT). Statistical analysis assessed correlations between high titers and demographic factors. The majority of participants were young males (98.8%). Prevalence of high titers for IgM anti-A was 12.2% and IgG anti-A was 2.5%. For anti-B, IgM titers were 2.3% and IgG titers were 0.2%. The prevalence of dangerous O was found to be 14.1%, while 3.52% and 10.5% of A and B blood group donors were found to have high titers, respectively. Factors associated with high titers included female gender, vegetarian diet, age <30 years, and O blood group. The study sheds additional light and provides supplementary information regarding the prevalence and correlation of high anti-A and anti-B titers among O, A and B blood donors. Understanding these factors is crucial for optimizing transfusion safety protocols, including selective screening of platelet units and tailored transfusion strategies based on donor characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to identify the blood transfusion rates for several surgical procedures in a single district general hospital and assess the value of preoperative blood type and antibody screen across all relevant surgical procedures. We hypothesized that there was an overuse of blood type and antibody screen in our general surgical population. Methods: A database containing transfusions of patients who underwent elective‐ or emergency surgery from January 2015 to September 2020 was matched to a database of preoperative type‐and‐screen performed in the same period. Registered procedures where the incidence of transfusion is deemed low were excluded. The included procedures were assessed for the intraoperative usefulness of type‐ and‐screen testing. Results: In the included 68.892 surgeries, 36.134 (52.0%) blood samples were preoperatively tested for the blood type and screened for antibodies according to the hospital's routine. Overall 3.517 (5.1%) of surgeries had patients that received a transfusion in the perioperative period and 1.2% (n = 850) during the surgery. Conclusion: Most surgeries had a very low incidence of transfusion. Despite this, type‐and‐screen tests were widely used. This suggests the need for a more focused pre‐surgery type‐and‐screen approach, and a more data driven approach to local guidelines in collaboration with surgical specialties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. It can lead to various clinical reactions, ranging from no symptoms at all to noticeable skin lesions and severe itching within the same household. We aimed to investigate the potential role of blood groups in the emergence of disease symptoms by comparing the scabies patients with asymptomatic co-residents. This study comprised 102 patients infected with scabies from index cases and 111 asymptomatic co-residents. The index cases where symptoms first appeared were excluded. Among patients with scabies, 34 individuals (33.3%) had type A blood group, 12 (11.8%) had type B, 27 (26.5%) had type AB, and 29 (28.4%) had type O. Of these patients, 101 (99%) were Rh+, while 1 (1%) was Rh-. In asymptomatic contacts, 61 individuals (55%) had type A, 9 (8.1%) had type B, 1 (0.9%) had type AB, and 40 (36%) had type O blood group. Of these, 102 (91.9%) were Rh+, and 9 (8.1%) were Rh-. A significant difference was observed between the two groups concerning the frequency of ABO, Rh, and ABO*Rh blood groups (p < 0.05). The prevalence of B + and AB + blood groups was higher in scabies patients compared to asymptomatic contacts. The study results showed a significant association between the emergence of scabies symptoms with blood groups. Our results highlight the importance of more research into the roles of blood group antigens in normal skin epithelium and their involvement in the etiopathogenesis of scabies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite saving a vast number of lives through blood transfusions, transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) still threaten the lives of people needing blood transfusion. Hence, screening blood donors and reviewing the prevalence of TTIs amongst blood donors might show the impact of these infections among our people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence rates of transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors in Makkah as foundation for providing harmless blood transfusion in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out at the Central Blood Bank in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia, from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023. A total of 13,706 samples were collected and screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibodies (HBsAbs), hepatitis B core antibodies (HBcAbs), antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), antibodies to HIV 1 and 2 (HIV I/II Ab), antibodies to HTLV 1 and 2 (HTLV I/II Ab), Malarial antibodies, and antibodies to VDRL. Results: A total of 13,706 blood units were received and tested. Out of the total, 52% were non-Saudi donors and 47.9% were Saudi donors; 28.4% were aged 18 - 28 years, 42.8% were aged 29 - 39 years, 24.4% were aged 40 - 50 years, and 4.4% were aged 51 - 60 years. The majority was O+ blood group (42.7%), followed by A+ (26.2%), B+ (18.7%), AB+ (4.6%), O- (3.8%), A- (2.1%), B- (1.5%), and AB- (0.4%). While 42.6% of the blood units donated were from voluntary donors, 57.4% were donated by replacement donors. Sixty-one samples (0.4%) tested positive for HBsAg, 824 samples (6%) for HBcAb, 43 samples (0.3%) for HCV antibodies, 754 samples (5.5%) for HBsAb, and 44 samples (0.3%) for HIV I/II Ag/Ab combinations. Further, 44 samples (0.3%) were positive for HTLV I/II antibodies, 83 samples (0.6%) for VDRL antibodies, and only 3 samples (nearly 0%) for malaria antibodies. Forty-three samples (0.3%) were positive for NAT-HBV, 7 samples (0.1%) were positive for NAT-HCV, and 6 samples (0.1%) were positive for NAT-HIV. The analysis revealed a statistically significant and strong correlation between HBsAgs and NAT-HBV (r = 0.819, p < 0.0001). In contrast, while there was a statistically significant association between HBsAgs and HBcAbs, the correlation was weak (r = 0.191, p < 0.0001). Additionally, there was an association between HBsAbs and HBsAgs, but the Spearman correlation indicated a very weak relationship (r = 0.042, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Prevalence rates of transfusion-transmitted infections showed a steady decline in 2023, and these rates were much lower in Makkah than in other parts of the country or in neighboring countries. The importance of using NAT in the screening of blood donors was indicated in this study. These findings could contribute to improving the understanding of TTIs epidemiology and supporting health authorities in controlling blood-borne pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: High rate of alloimmunization in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients poses a significant challenge in finding compatible blood unit. Accurate determination of the blood group genotype of them can help reduce the alloimmunization risk. Tetra ARMS PCR is a novel method that has been utilized recently to investigate SNPs in diseases in a fast and reliable way. Methods: Our study included 104 SCD and sickle thalassemia (Sβ) patients referred to Baghaei-2-Hospital of Ahvaz in 2019 using a nonrandom sampling method. Blood samples were collected for serological and molecular tests. Rh genotyping was performed using Tetra ARMS PCR and compared with the serological results. Results: Based on the Tetra ARMS PCR method, out of 104 patients, 7 (6.7%) were d/d, 40 (38.5%) were D/d, 57 (54.8%) were D/D, 25 (24%) were C/C, 59 (56.7%) were C/c, 20 (19.3%) were c/c, 4 (3.8%) were E/E, 25 (24%) were E/e, and patients 75 (72.2%) were e/e. There were discrepancies in the serological and molecular results for 11 patients. Conclusion: Use of Tetra ARMS PCR in combination with serological methods for determining the Rh blood group system in donors and transfusion-dependent patients represents a remarkable transformation in the field of immunohematology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Materials and Methods Results Conclusion Reduced or absent H antigens on red cells with the (para‐)Bombay phenotype can arise from FUT1 gene mutations, impacting the structure and function of 1,2‐L‐fucosyltransferase 1 (1,2‐L‐FucT1). Here, we identified the novel mutations in one patient displaying the para‐Bombay phenotype and examined the potential molecular mechanisms underlying this phenotype.ABH antigens and antibodies were detected in patient's blood and saliva using serological methods. The genotypes of ABO, FUT1, and FUT2 were imputed using the genetic variations discovered in the whole exome sequencing data. Three‐dimensional (3D) models of FUT1 variants were built using Deepmind's AlphaFold2 and HDOCK, and the possible effects of the variants were predicted to evaluate using DynaMut2 and Polyphen‐2.Serological analysis confirmed the para‐Bombay B phenotype producing anti‐HI and exhibiting normal genotypes ABO*B.01/O.01.02 and FUT2*01.09/01.09. Remarkably, the phenotype is caused by a compound heterozygous genotype: one allele containing the novel c.–35A>T mutation and the known c.725T>G mutation (p.Leu242Arg) of FUT1, and the other allele containing the c.–35A>T mutation. From the computerized stimulation analysis, p.Arg242 of the FUT1 variant may be detrimental, destabilizing, and probably damaging to 1,2‐L‐FucT1, although not altering the 3D structure of the entire enzyme. The c.–35A>T promoter DNA left at the binding interface of both ZID and c‐Rel transcription factors may enable regulation of 1,2‐L‐FucT1 function at gene promoters.We identified the two novel variants, c.–35A>T and c.[−35A>T, 725T>G], in the FUT1 causing the para‐Bombay phenotype. This finding may clarify the molecular mechanisms and enhance blood transfusion safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusions Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a devastating disease of the coagulation system. We examined the association between ABO blood type and short‐term mortality in patients with infection‐associated DIC.The study cohort was drawn from the Danish Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DANDIC) cohort. Our subcohort was restricted to patients with infection‐associated DIC. All‐cause 30‐day and 90‐day mortality were computed by Kaplan–Meier estimates and odds ratios between ABO blood types were examined using logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, and location of infection. Blood type O was used as a reference.The DANDIC cohort included 3023 patients with DIC. Among these, 1853 (61%) had infection‐associated DIC. Data on ABO blood type were unavailable in 34 patients (1.8%), who were excluded. The median age was 68 years and 58.2% were males. The 30‐day mortality ranged between 38.6% and 42.5% and the 30‐day mortality odds ratios were 1.15 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.92–1.42) for blood type A; 0.84 (95% CI, 0.49–1.43) for AB; and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.67–1.33) for B compared to blood type O.We found no clinically meaningful difference in short‐term mortality between the various ABO blood types in patients with infection‐associated DIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biallelic variants in phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class G (PIGG) cause hypotonia, intellectual disability, seizures, and cerebellar features. We present 8 patients from 6 families with a childhood‐onset motor neuropathy and neurophysiology demonstrating variable motor conduction block and temporal dispersion. All individuals had a childhood onset tremor, 5 of 8 had cerebellar involvement, and 6 of 8 had childhood febrile seizures. All individuals have biallelic PIGG variants, including the previously reported pathogenic variant Trp505*, plus 6 novel variants. Null enzyme activity is demonstrated via PIGO/PIGG double knockout system for Val339Gly and Gly19Glu, and residual activity for Trp505* due to read‐through. Emm negative blood group status was confirmed in 1 family. PIGG should be considered in unsolved motor neuropathy. ANN NEUROL 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusion Alpha‐gal syndrome is a novel food allergy to the oligosaccharide galactose‐α‐1,3‐galactose (alpha‐gal) present in mammalian meat. Tick bites are considered an important route of sensitization to alpha‐gal. Data on alpha‐gal sensitization in the general population is scant. We utilized a unique data source of repeated population‐based health examination studies to assess prevalence, time trends, risk factors, and characteristics of alpha‐gal sensitization.Alpha‐gal sensitization was assessed in >11.000 adults from four health examination studies of randomly invited residents in the Copenhagen region conducted in 1990–1991, 2011–2012, 2012–2015, and 2016–2017. Alpha‐gal sensitization was defined as serum specific IgE (sIgE) to alpha‐gal ≥0.1 kUA/L; ≥0.35 kUA/L; ≥0.7 kUA/L; ≥3.5 kUA/L. The population was characterized according to genetically determined ABO blood group, aeroallergen sensitization, and pets at home.The prevalence of sIgE to alpha‐gal ≥0.1 kUA/L was 1.3% in 1990–1991, 3.7% in 2012–2015 and 3.2% in 2016–2017. Of those sensitized to alpha‐gal >97% reported to consume red meat at least once a week, even for sIgE to alpha‐gal ≥3.5 kUA/L. Male sex, older age, aeroallergen sensitization, cat at home, and blood group A were associated with increased odds of alpha‐gal sensitization. The known protective effect of blood group B was confirmed.In this general adult population, the prevalence of alpha‐gal sensitization had doubled from 1990–1991 to 2016–2017. This could potentially be due to increased tick exposure and an increased atopic predisposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The highly contagious novel COVID-19 virus has demonstrated a great challenge for healthcare workers (HCWs) worldwide. One of these challenges is the availability of vaccines in some countries or societies, especially in the early stages of the pandemic. Objectives: This study aims to determine the level of natural immunity against COVID-19 infection among HCWs exposed to COVID-19 at the early stages of the pandemic and build a model to determine the groups that can benefit more from the scarce vaccination resources. Methods: This study took place between January and March 2021, after the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, before spreading the variants of concern, such as the UK variant (Alpha B.1.1.7), and before starting the vaccine campaigns. This cross-sectional study collected serum samples from 251 vulnerable HCWs. The samples were tested for IgG antibodies against COVID-19 using commercial kits. The demographics and clinical characteristics of the participants were recorded using face-to-face interviews. Results: COVID-19 IgG antibodies were detected in more than 40% of HCWs before vaccination. Those HCWs should have less priority than those without COVID-19 IgG. The seroprevalence of COVID-19 was higher in male HCWs and among nurses. There was no association between the participants' immunity and smoking status or different blood groups. Most HCWs reported being infected with the virus during the first wave, mainly at the end of 2020. A limited number of HCWs reported infections between January 2021 and March 2021. All HCWs eventually received the COVID-19 vaccine, ignoring being previously infected. Conclusion: The reported results emphasize the value of using immunity tests to prioritize the groups that may benefit the most from the limited vaccines, especially in developing countries with scarce resources where those with COVID-19 IgG antibodies should have less priority for the COVID-19 vaccine. The present results indicate that up to 40% of the delivered vaccines to HCWs who had COVID-19 antibodies could be prioritized more wisely in future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Materials and Methods Results Conclusion The available information on blood groups in the Chilean population is derived from studies on aboriginal cohorts and routine serological test results. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of genotypes, phenotypes and blood group alleles in donors from northern, central and southern Chile using molecular methods.Overall, 850 samples from donors in northern, central and southern Chile were genotyped. Allelic, genotypic and antigenic frequencies were calculated and compared among regions. Of these, 602 samples were analysed by haemagglutination, and discrepancies found between phenotypes and genotypes were investigated. The immunogenic potential of antigens was calculated by the Giblett equation, using the antigenic frequencies of donors from Santiago and the alloantibody frequencies of patients from the same region.Alleles of low prevalence, variant alleles and those responsible for the absence of high‐prevalence antigens were found. Significant differences were observed between the antigenic frequencies of the three regions. Discrepancies between serologic and molecular results were mostly attributed to the molecular background affecting antigen expression. In the calculation of the immunogenic potential of antigens, the highest value was attributed to the Dia antigen.These findings represent the first molecular characterization of blood group antigens in Chileans. Our results highlight the necessity of using molecular tools to explore the genotypes underlying variant phenotypes, low‐frequency antigens and antigens lacking specific antisera that cannot be detected by haemagglutination. Additionally, they emphasize the importance of understanding the distribution of blood groups among different populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypothesis/Objectives Animals Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Importance Feline blood transfusion is required for the treatment of various illnesses in cats, and the safety of donor cats is vital. Donor adverse reactions can include cardiorespiratory, venepuncture‐related, and behavioral abnormalities.To describe a large number of feline blood donation events and document use of sedation and anxiolysis, record volume of blood collected and describe the frequency, type, and risk factors for, adverse reactions.The study included 7812 individual cats and 29 201 donation events at a blood banking center over 5 years.Retrospective analysis of donation event records with signalment, donation volume, sedation status, donation number, and adverse reactions (acute and caregiver reported) recorded. Risk factors for adverse reactions were examined by stratifying data according to groups exposed to relevant predictors and calculating odds ratios with 95% and 99% confidence intervals (CIs).Adverse reactions were uncommon (0.29%, 2.88/1000 donor events) and most commonly were cardiorespiratory (0.08%, 0.75/1000 donor events) or behavioral (0.06%, 0.62/1000 donor events). The only risk factor significantly associated with adverse reactions was conscious donation, with conscious donors 4.4 times more likely to have an adverse reaction (95% CI, 2.5‐7.9, P ≤ .0001).Feline blood donation is associated with a low rate of adverse reactions. Sedation should be considered to reduce adverse reactions, and the environment and interactions optimized to reduce donor stress. Caregiver education on care postdonation could reduce behavioral adverse reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria is one of the world's most lethal vector-borne diseases, causing significant health burdens in endemic countries. Several studies on the prevalence of malaria among pregnant women in Ghana have been conducted in various parts of the country, yielding evidence pointing to intra- and inter-regional variations. The current study assessed the prevalence, risk factors, and sociodemographic predictors of malaria among pregnant women in the Bono East Region of Ghana. Methods: This multicentre hospital-based study employed a mixed-method cross-sectional design. A multistage sampling technique was used to select seven health facilities and recruited 1452 pregnant women who attended ANC at seven selected health facilities. Haematological examination, a structured closed-ended questionnaire, in-depth interviews (IDIs), and focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to obtain relevant data. Quantitative data were analysed with STATA 14 (StataCorp, College Station, USA). Likewise, the four-step thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. A significant level was set at (p < 0.05) at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The ages of the pregnant women at enrolment ranged between 17 and 40 years, with a mean (SD) of 28.8 ± 3.73 (95% C.I: 28.63–29.02). The overall prevalence of malaria infection among pregnant women was 10.8% (95% CI: 9.32–12.56). Presence of farm or domestic animals, living close to drainage tunnels, living near overgrown vegetation, not married, not having formal education, living in extended-type households, living in compound-type households, mud and thatch households, mud and iron sheet households, primigravidae, multiparity, first-time pregnant women, second-time, third-time, fourth-time, and fifth-time ANC visits, blood groups A, B, and AB were independent factors or predictors significantly associated with increased risk of malaria. Conclusion: The current study revealed an approximately 10.8% prevalence of malaria among pregnant women. The prevalence revealed, was, however, higher than the national prevalence of 8.6%. The high prevalence of malaria, associated risk factors, and sociodemographic and maternal predictors highlight the need to strengthen screening for malaria, administer treatments, monitor maternal and foetal health, and provide education and counselling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The relationship between blood type and fingerprint designs has been a subject of research in medical fields. Studies have explored potential correlations between blood groups and dermatoglyphic patterns, aiming to identify any associations that could aid in distinguishing individuals based on their blood type and fingerprint characteristics. Further investigation into this relationship may provide insights into u. Methods: 224 people, consisting of 86 males and 138 females, were included in the study. The study examined the fingerprint patterns (loops, whorls, arches, composites) and blood types (O+, O-, A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, etc.) of 224 people (86 male, 138 female) in order to evaluate possible relationships. Chi-square tests were employed to ascertain the statistical significance. Results: A chi-square test indicated that there is no statistically significant correlation between fingerprint patterns and blood groups (p-value = 0.9648). The findings indicated that the O+ blood group was the most common (38.4%), while the female participants constituted a more significant proportion of the study population (61.6%). The prevalence of loops as a fingerprint pattern was highest among both males (52.3%) and females (53.6%), followed by whorls, arches, and composites. Remarkably, the distribution of fingerprint patterns showed a significant level of resemblance between boys and girls, with no category above a 3% discrepancy. Conclusion: This suggests that fingerprints are distributed in the same way among different genders and blood types. This study discovered no correlation between fingerprint patterns and blood types in both males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from the literature suggest a slight increase in cardiovascular risk for people with non-O blood types. The purpose of the study was to evaluate if there is an association between advanced cardiac conduction disorders and blood groups. In this retrospective study, a group of patients with atrio-ventricular conduction disorders or sinus node disease, having an indication for permanent cardiostimulation, was analyzed and compared with a control group consisting of patients who underwent coronary angiography or elective peripheral angiography. The blood group was determined in all patients. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used. Six hundred forty patients, mean age 72±11y, 55.3% men, were included: 320 patients with advanced atrio-ventricular conduction disorders or sinus node dysfunction in the study group and 320 patients in the control group. Blood type A had the highest prevalence (46.8%), followed by blood types O (28.95%), B (16.74%) and AB (7.51%). In the group with heart rhythm disorders, patients with blood type A had an increased risk of atrio-ventricular block (OR 1.38, p= 0.02), but not with sinus node disease (OR 1.02, p= 0.98). Blood type O had a protective role both for atrio-ventricular block and for sinus node dysfunction (OR 0.65, p= 0.01). Blood type A proved to be an independent predictor for atrio-ventricular conduction disorders in patients with severe heart rhythm disorders with indication for permanent cardiostimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study investigated how non-O blood groups relate to thrombus burden (TB) and prognosis in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, aiming to shed light on their association with thrombotic complications in cardiovascular diseases. Methods: Retrospectively, 1,180 STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention were included. The study population was divided into groups according to TB status and the groups were compared in terms of basic clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters and ABO blood group types. In addition, short-term (30 days) and long-term (12 months) clinical outcomes were assessed to evaluate the prognostic implications. Results: The analysis revealed a significant association between non-O blood groups and increased TB in STEMI patients (p = 0.001). Non-O blood group was independently associated with high TB (OR: 1.726, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.279–2.330, p < 0.001). Additionally, patients with non-O blood groups had higher short and long-term mortality rates (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.480, 95% CI: 1.361–4.520, p = 0.003; HR: 2.347, 95% CI: 1.433–3.844, p = 0.001; respectively). Conclusions: This study emphasizes the significance of the ABO blood group system in STEMI outcomes, associating non-O blood groups with higher TB and poorer clinical outcomes. While proposing personalized treatment strategies based on blood group status to improve reperfusion interventions and outcomes, additional trials are needed to comprehensively evaluate their impact. Highlights: Non-O blood groups in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients are linked to higher thrombus burden, suggesting implications for reperfusion interventions. Non-O blood group patients have higher mortality rates, stressing blood group's importance in STEMI care. Non-O blood group independently predicts high thrombus burden, highlighting its role in STEMI outcomes. This study underscores customizing treatment based on blood group for better outcomes in reperfusion interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The psychological disorders like depression, anxiety, and stress seem significantly more prevalent in medical students than in general people nowadays. The medical courses with tedious academic activities raise this mental distress among them. In addition, demographic and biological factors have a citable impact on mental illness. Thus, to analyze these health issues, many studies have been done based on the DASS- Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, where DASS21 comprises 21 questionnaires. Objectives To highlight the correlation between demographic features and DASS21 attributes. Determining the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress in medical students, and observing the percentage-wise relation between preferred features - BMI, Blood Pressure, and Blood Group - and DASS21 attributes. Methods An online survey was conducted on Uttara Adhunik Medical College undergraduate students in November 2023. Students' demographic data, biological factors information, and responses from DASS21 questionnaires were taken in this survey. Further analysis of results and visual observation has been done through online and offline spreadsheets. Result Following the correlation coefficient test, students' age and blood pressure negatively relate to DASS attributes; however, BMI is correlated positively with depression, anxiety, and stress. The severe prevalence rate of depression- 59%, anxiety- 72%, and stress- 53%, where females are more affected. The students who belong to the O and B blood groups as well as the overweight and obese students are more affected although most of them are healthier; nevertheless, depressed, anxious, and stressed students are mostly normotensive. Conclusion The present study highlights that most of the undergraduate medical students of UAMC, especially females are suffering from depression, anxiety, and stress issues. These psychological disorders are highly associated with their BMI, Blood Pressure, and Blood Groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Polycythemia, also known as erythrocytosis, is an abnormal accumulation of red blood cells, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin that can lead to debilitating symptoms and significant mortality. Polycythemia is estimated to affect 22 people per 100,000. The epidemiology of polycythemia in Iraq is limited. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and incidence of polycythemia in Babylon City, Iraq, from 2018 to 2022 and to identify populations at high risk. Materials and Methods Due to the relative scarcity of epidemiological studies on polycythemia in Iraq, this study was conducted to identify some epidemiological features of polycythemia patients in Babylon province. A study conducted at the Babylon Central Blood Bank included 220 polycythemia patients. This data was obtained by reviewing all patient documents and the registration book from 2018 to 2022. Participants completed a questionnaire with information about their Sex, age, place of residence, smoking habits, and blood group. Statistics were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 and Prism software. Results were presented in numbers and percentages and analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results Results indicated that polycythemia increased between 2018 and 2020, with the highest numbers in 2018 and decreasing in 2022. There was a higher frequency in the age group of (41-50) years, and it was more common in males with polycythemia (92.72%) who were smokers (79.09%). Most polycythemia patients had the B blood group (38.2%), while the AB blood group had the lowest percentage (5.5%), and most cases were Rh-positive (91.8%). Conclusion this study provided an overview of the epidemiology of polycythemia in Babylon, Iraq. The findings indicate that polycythemia was more prevalent in men of middle age and with blood group B+. Therefore, further research is needed to examine the relevance of the ABO blood group to polycythemia severity and susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the distribution pattern of blood groups among blood donors at a tertiary care hospital in North Karnataka. The analysis includes gender, age distribution, ABO blood groups, and Rh phenotypes. Understanding these patterns can help in better blood bank management and meet the needs of patients more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) is caused by maternal alloantibody‐mediated destruction of fetal/neonatal red blood cells (RBCs). While the pathophysiology has been well‐characterized, the clinical and laboratory monitoring practices are inconsistent. Methods: We surveyed 103 US institutions to characterize laboratory testing practices for individuals with fetuses at risk of HDFN. Questions included antibody testing and titration methodologies, the use of critical titers, paternal and cell‐free fetal DNA testing, and result reporting and documentation practices. Results: The response rate was 44% (45/103). Most respondents (96%, 43/45) assess maternal antibody titers, primarily using conventional tube‐based methods only (79%, 34/43). Among respondents, 51% (23/45) rescreen all individuals for antibodies in the third trimester, and 60% (27/45) perform paternal RBC antigen testing. A minority (27%, 12/45) utilize cell‐free fetal DNA (cffDNA) testing to predict fetal antigen status. Maternal antibody titers are performed even when the fetus is not considered to be at risk of HDFN based on cffDNA or paternal RBC antigen testing at 23% (10/43) of sites that assess titers. Discussion: There is heterogeneity across US institutions regarding the testing, monitoring, and reporting practices for pregnant individuals with fetuses at risk of HDFN, including the use of antibody titers in screening and monitoring programs, the use of paternal RBC antigen testing and cffDNA, and documentation of fetal antigen results. Standardization of laboratory testing protocols and closer collaboration between the blood bank and transfusion medicine service and the obstetric/maternal‐fetal medicine service are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of adjusting performance parameters in evaluating diagnostic methods to account for sample size. Existing performance parameters like accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity may be misleading when sample size is not considered. Adjusted performance parameters, which incorporate the estimated performance and uncertainty, provide a more reliable evaluation of a method's performance, especially in studies with small sample sizes. The proposed adjustment allows for a better comparison of different methods and a more realistic assessment of method performance, particularly in cases of 100% accuracy. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Balanced plasma/red blood cell transfusions have shown survival benefit in emergency scenarios. To improve plasma availability, we implemented 5‐day group A thawed plasma at our pediatric hospital in February 2021. Study Design and Methods: We maintain thawed group A plasma units (5‐day shelf‐life) ready for immediate issue in the blood bank (since February 2021) and trauma code room (since August 2022). Group A plasma (un‐titered) is issued for patients with unknown blood type during emergencies. We retrospectively reviewed records and laboratory results of recipients to assess safety and identify possible adverse events related to incompatible plasma. Results: Between February 2021 and December 2023, 173 emergency plasma requests occurred for 161 patients. Ninety‐one occurred with massive transfusion protocol activations. Thirty‐six patients (22.4%) were blood group B or AB, and 23 received incompatible plasma (age 0–21.3 years, weight 0.74–149.8 kg, incompatible plasma dose 4.0–428.4 mL/kg). These patients did not have any differences in survival outcomes or hospital lengths of stay (LOS) compared with compatible plasma recipients, mirroring the adult experience. None experienced adverse events related to group A plasma. No transfusion reactions were reported. No increase in wastage/outdate occurred upon thawed plasma implementation (2020 versus 2021 to 2023, 7.73% [133/1721] vs. 8.58% [497/5792], p =.284). Conclusions: We implemented 5‐day group A thawed plasma. Units are rapidly available from the blood bank and trauma code room without increased wastage. We did not identify any transfusion‐associated adverse events in pediatric recipients of incompatible group A plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Recently, third‐generation long‐read sequencing technology has been increasingly applied to the detection of various blood group systems. Because of its long read length and use of single‐molecule sequencing, it is capable of obtaining the sequences of blood group genes in their entirety as well as of distinguishing haplotypes. Therefore, here, we collected ABO blood group samples that were difficult to classify serologically and analysed the sequences of the coding regions of the ABO genes as well as the sequences upstream and downstream of the coding regions. Materials and Methods: Samples with ABO antigen typing and reverse serum typing discrepancies were screened in a total of 21 patients. All samples were subjected to serological testing and preliminary ABO genotyping (polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers [PCR‐SSP]), followed by single‐molecule real‐time (SMRT) sequencing to obtain complete ABO gene sequences. PCR sequence‐based typing (PCR‐SBT) was performed to validate the results. Results: Of the 21 samples, 15 had common ABO types, and 6 had rare ABO subtypes. One new allele, ABO*B.NEW (c.861C>T), and one allelic base recombination event was identified. Forty‐two haplotype sequences were obtained via SMRT sequencing with intronic single‐nucleotide variants (SNVs) specific to the ABO allele, and all of the exon region sequences were consistent with the PCR‐SBT results. Conclusion: SMRT sequencing is capable of accurately obtaining complete ABO gene sequences, distinguishing haplotypes and identifying allelic recombination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Saudi Medical Journal is the property of Saudi Medical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Neonatal and pediatric diseases are complex and can cause high mortality in kittens, associated with bacterial infections, blood type mismatches, congenital defects, viral and parasitic diseases, and poor care, among others. This study aimed to identify the leading causes of death and prevalence of congenital malformations by performing necropsies on 68 stray kittens under two months old. Results showed that respiratory lesions were the leading cause of death in the youngest kittens, while older kittens primarily suffered from gastrointestinal problems. Infectious diseases were common in all age groups, and 40% of the kittens had congenital malformations, with the most common being megaesophagus, cardiovascular anomalies, and bone and kidney defects. The findings highlight the importance of good hygiene in preventing infections and emphasize the need for better care and preventive measures to enhance kitten survival rates. Neonatal and pediatric mortality in kittens could be associated with bacterial infections, complications from inadequate management, congenital malformations, neonatal isoerythrolysis, parasitic diseases, and viral diseases. The complexity of causes, coupled with kittens' physiological and immunological immaturity, complicates the diagnosis and treatment of disease, highlighting the necessity for preventive measures. This study aimed to identify the leading causes of death and the occurrence of congenital malformations in stray kittens. Necropsies were performed on 68 kittens, all aged under two months. Results indicated that respiratory lesions were the leading cause of death in the youngest group, while gastrointestinal problems were more prevalent in older groups. Infectious causes were predominant across all age groups. Congenital malformations were observed in 40% of the animals, with megaesophagus, cardiovascular anomalies, bone defects, and kidney defects being the most prevalent. The findings underscore the critical importance of hygiene in preventing infections and related complications. Promoting sterilization and sanitary control in stray cats is essential to reduce overpopulation and improve living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blood, which is divided into groups A, B, O, and AB, is a vital organ. Furthermore, the body needs cholesterol as a lipid, and the amount of cholesterol is a sign of health. A cholesterol level of 200–239 mg/dl is considered healthy. If it is very high, though, cholesterol can accumulate in the blood vessels and obstruct blood flow. This research built an Arduino Uno-based system to counterbalance the technical improvements in the use of LDR and Photodiode sensors that monitor blood type and cholesterol automatically without injections and send notifications to Telegram. This study sheds light on a significant advancement in medical sensor technology. The created device can check blood type and cholesterol levels with high accuracy and greater user convenience than prior technologies that required invasive procedures. The selection of LDR and photodiode sensors was based on their capacity to identify differences in blood samples and their sensitivity to light fluctuations. Medical teams can more effectively monitor patient symptoms thanks to the system's real-time notifications to the Telegram app. Programming and sensor integration are made flexible and simple by using an Arduino Uno in this setup. The primary conclusions of this study demonstrate that this technology can offer a useful non-invasive method for assessing one's health, increasing diagnostic precision and efficiency. The primary output of this research is the creation of a prototype for medical applications that integrates digital communication and sensor technologies, potentially lowering patient risks and expenses. Additionally, this finding opens the door for the advancement of non-invasive diagnostic tools that are more convenient and safer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria is a disease transmitted by vectors and caused by unicellular Plasmodium parasites. Malaria pathogenesis is associated with the ABO phenotype. However, there is little information on the frequency of malaria disease and its relationship with the ABO blood group in the study area. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of malaria infection and its association with the ABO blood group at Woldia Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Method: An institutional‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted from December 3, 2022, to February 30, 2023. Convenient sampling was used for selecting the study participants. To identify malaria parasites, thick and thin blood films were made. Additionally, blood was drawn to identify the ABO blood group type. Before being analyzed with SPSS software Version 27, the data was coded and entered into EpiData Version 3.1. To ascertain the variable's association, a logistic regression was done. Results: Out of 192 patients that attended Woldia Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, 16 (8.3%) were found to be infected with Plasmodium parasites using microscopy. Among them, 9 (4.7%), 5 (2.6%), and 2 (1.0%) had Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, or mixed infections, respectively. As a result, 30.7%, 25.5%, 24.5%, and 19.3% of the participants had blood types A, B, AB, and O, respectively (AOR = 2.359, 95% CI: 1.03–12.289, p = 0.03). Conclusion and Recommendation: The total number of microscopically confirmed malaria parasites was 8.3%. P. falciparum was dominant over P. vivax. Individuals with blood group O were less likely to get severe malaria than those with other blood groups. Based on the findings of this study, we recommend that additional studies investigate the probable relationship between the ABO blood group phenotype and malaria infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction Methods Results Conclusion Trial Registration The entity entitled bleeding disorder of unknown cause (BDUC) qualifies individuals displaying a mild haemorrhagic profile but normal routine coagulation tests. This study was designed to evaluate whether collagen‐binding assay for von Willebrand Factor (VWF) measurement (VWF:CB) could allow to diagnose VW disease in such patients.A large screening was conducted prospectively in two University Hospitals, using the bleeding assessment tool (BAT) recommended by the International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis. Patients with an abnormal BAT were confirmed to have a normal complete hemostatic evaluation. A large range of VWF assays was then carried out on a new blood sample for the 68 individuals (91% women) thus identified. Of note, five VWF:CB using different types of collagen were performed, as well as a comprehensive sequencing of the VWF gene.Of this cohort, only 3 individuals (all blood group O), had a VWF:CB between 40 and 50 IU/dL. No unknown anomaly of the VWF gene was disclosed. Of note, 54% of these patients had unexplained abnormal occlusion times on PFA‐200.This study identified 68 cases of BDUC, after screening of a large population, indicating a low incidence. Only 3 cases were potentially confirmed as displaying moderate von Willebrand disease. VWF:CB tests were globally normal in the 65 other patients of the cohort.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT0279220. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) cause hundreds of millions of cases of infectious diarrhea annually, predominantly in children from low-middle income regions. Notably, in children, as well as volunteers challenged with ETEC, diarrheal severity is significantly increased in blood group A (bgA) individuals. EtpA, is a secreted glycoprotein adhesin that functions as a blood group A lectin to promote critical interactions between ETEC and blood group A glycans on intestinal epithelia for effective bacterial adhesion and toxin delivery. EtpA is highly immunogenic resulting in robust antibody responses following natural infection and experimental challenge of volunteers with ETEC. To understand how EtpA directs ETEC-blood group A interactions and stimulates adaptive immunity, we mutated EtpA, mapped its glycosylation by mass-spectrometry (MS), isolated polyclonal (pAbs) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from vaccinated mice and ETEC-infected volunteers, and determined structures of antibody-EtpA complexes by cryo-electron microscopy. Both bgA and mAbs that inhibited EtpA-bgA interactions and ETEC adhesion, bound to the C-terminal repeat domain highlighting this region as crucial for ETEC pathogen-host interaction. MS analysis uncovered extensive and heterogeneous N-linked glycosylation of EtpA and cryo-EM structures revealed that mAbs directly engage these unique glycan containing epitopes. Finally, electron microscopy-based polyclonal epitope mapping revealed antibodies targeting numerous distinct epitopes on N and C-terminal domains, suggesting that EtpA vaccination generates responses against neutralizing and decoy regions of the molecule. Collectively, we anticipate that these data will inform our general understanding of pathogen-host glycan interactions and adaptive immunity relevant to rational vaccine subunit design. Author summary: Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), a leading cause of diarrhea disproportionately affecting young children in low-income regions, are a priority for vaccine development. Individuals possessing A blood-type are more susceptible to severe cholera-like disease. EtpA, a secreted, immunogenic, blood group A binding protein, is a current vaccine target antigen. Here, we determined the structure of EtpA in complex with protective as well as non-protective monoclonal antibodies targeting two different domains of the protein, pinpointing key regions involved in blood-group A antigen recognition and uncovering the mechanism of antibody-based protection. In addition, we show through mass-spectrometry that EtpA is extensively and heterogeneously glycosylated at surface-exposed asparagine residues by a promiscuous and low-fidelity glycosyltransferase, EtpC, and that this unique form of bacterial glycosylation is critical for to development of protective immune responses. Lastly, polyclonal antibodies from vaccinated mice as well as monoclonal antibodies obtained from ETEC-infected volunteers revealed that the highly antigenic surface of EtpA exhibits both protective and non-protective epitopes. These results greatly expand our understanding of ETEC pathogenesis, and the immune responses elicited by these common infections, providing valuable information to aid in the rational design and testing of subunit vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Discussion Deep learning methods are revolutionizing natural science. In this study, we aim to apply such techniques to develop blood type prediction models based on cheap to analyze and easily scalable screening array genotyping platforms.Combining existing blood types from blood banks and imputed screening array genotypes for ~111,000 Danish and 1168 Finnish blood donors, we used deep learning techniques to train and validate blood type prediction models for 36 antigens in 15 blood group systems. To account for missing genotypes a denoising autoencoder initial step was utilized, followed by a convolutional neural network blood type classifier.Two thirds of the trained blood type prediction models demonstrated an F1‐accuracy above 99%. Models for antigens with low or high frequencies like, for example, Cw, low training cohorts like, for example, Cob, or very complicated genetic underpinning like, for example, RhD, proved to be more challenging for high accuracy (>99%) DL modeling. However, in the Danish cohort only 4 out of 36 models (Cob, Cw, D‐weak, Kpa) failed to achieve a prediction F1‐accuracy above 97%. This high predictive performance was replicated in the Finnish cohort.High accuracy in a variety of blood groups proves viability of deep learning‐based blood type prediction using array chip genotypes, even in blood groups with nontrivial genetic underpinnings. These techniques are suitable for aiding in identifying blood donors with rare blood types by greatly narrowing down the potential pool of candidate donors before clinical grade confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Infectious outbreaks due to recombinant NoV genotype called GII.P16-GII.2 have been frequently reported since 2016. In this study, we expressed the major capsid protein VP1 from three GII.2 NoV strains using the recombinant baculovirus expression system. The assembly, histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-binding patterns, and cross-blocking abilities of VP1 proteins were investigated. All the three NoV VP1 proteins successfully assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). The HBGA-binding assay demonstrated a temporal binding pattern. The latest isolate bound to saliva samples of all blood types. Sequence alignment suggested that the observed gain in HBGA-binding ability was attributed to a limited number of amino acid mutations. Using chimeric VP1 proteins, we demonstrated that synergistic effects resulted in enhanced binding ability. Bile salts increased GII.2 VLP avidity for HBGAs except GII.2-2011/M1. In vitro blockade assay of salivary HBGA-VLP binding demonstrated the presence of cross-blocking effects among different strains. This study provides insight into the evolutionary binding characteristics and cross-blocking effects of GII.2 NoVs to facilitate the development of measures to control this type of viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open microfluidic systems offer significant advantages, including the elimination of external pumps and facilitating fluid access at any point along the channel. However, their deployment in harsh environments is commonly compromised due to the delicate nature of hydrophilic chemical coatings and the vulnerability of open microchannels to clogging and contamination. Here, a bioinspired, demand-responsive mode-switchable strategy is proposed to enhance the mechanical durability of open microfluidic systems. Specifically, under harsh conditions or when long-term storage is necessary, this strategy allows the open microfluidic device to transition to a protective mode simply through releasing the strain, thereby preserving the integrity of the structure and hydrophilic coatings. The stretched open microfluidic mode enables spontaneous liquid spreading along a hydrophilic microchannel scribed by femtosecond laser. This mode-switchable strategy provides the open microfluidic device with robustness to maintain spontaneous liquid flow, even under severe testing conditions such as 2000 cycles of cotton swab rubbing, sand impact, sandpaper abrasion, tape peeling, twisting, and finger rubbing. A proof-of-concept application involving blood type analysis on this mode-switchable open microfluidic device showcases its superior mechanical durability under severe environmental conditions. The proposed strategy paves the way for the broader use of open microfluidic devices in various practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate the relationship between preoperative low serum albumin and perioperative blood transfusion in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Methods: We enrolled 2,772 TJA patients from our hospital between January 1, 2017, and January 1, 2022. Clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records, including patient ID, sex, BMI (Body Mass Index), age, and diagnoses. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to establish thresholds for serum albumin levels categorization. Propensity score matching (PSM) was developed with preoperative serum albumin as the dependent variable and perioperative blood transfusion-related factors as covariates, including BMI grade, age grade, sex, diagnosis, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, cerebral infarction, major surgeries within the last 12 months, renal failure, cancer, depression, corticosteroid use, smoking, drinking, and blood type. The low serum albumin group was matched with the normal albumin group at a 1:2 ratio, employing a caliper value of 0.2. Binary logistic regression was employed to analyze the outcomes. Results: An under the curve of 0.601 was discovered, indicating a cutoff value of 37.3 g/L. Following PSM, 892 cases were successfully paired in the low serum (< 37.3 g/L) albumin group, and 1,401 cases were matched in the normal serum albumin (≥ 37.3 g/L) group. Binary logistic regression in TJA patients showed that the albumin OR was 0.911 with 95%CI 0.888–0.935, P < 0.001. Relative to the preoperative normal serum albumin group, TJA patients in the low serum albumin group experienced a 1.83-fold increase in perioperative blood transfusion rates (95% CI 1.50–2.23, P < 0.001). Compared to the normal serum albumin group, perioperative blood transfusion rates for TJA patients with serum albumin levels of 30–37.3 g/L, 25–30 g/L, and ≤ 25 g/L increased by 1.63 (95% CI 1.37–1.99, P < 0.001), 5.4 (95% CI 3.08–9.50, P < 0.001), and 6.43 times (95% CI 1.80-22.96, P = 0.004), respectively. Conclusion: In TJA patients, preoperative low serum albumin levels have been found to be associated with an increased risk of perioperative blood transfusion. Furthermore, it has been observed that the lower the preoperative serum albumin level is, the higher the risk of perioperative blood transfusion. Trial registration: 28/12/2021, Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCRT2100054844. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: India ink has been a popular choice for a tattooing agent in preoperative endoscopic localization but often results in unfavorable effects. Subsequently, autologous blood tattooing has arisen as an alternative option. Due to the limited availability of comparative studies on the matter, we conducted a study to compare the perioperative outcomes associated with India ink tattooing versus autologous blood tattooing. Methods: A total of 96 patients who underwent minimally invasive surgical procedures for left-sided colonic neoplasm following preoperative endoscopic localization were included in the study. These patients were categorized into two groups: 36 patients who received India ink tattooing and 60 patients who underwent autologous blood tattooing. The perioperative outcomes including procedure-related outcomes and postoperative outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: There was no significant difference in visibility and spillage of tattooing agent between India ink group and autologous blood group. However, India ink group showed a higher incidence of post-tattooing fever, higher level of postoperative C-reactive protein level, longer time to first flatus, resumption of surgical soft diet, and duration of hospital stay, and a higher occurrence of postoperative complications including ileus and surgical site infection compared with the autologous blood group. In the multivariate analysis, India ink tattooing was significantly associated with the occurrence of postoperative complications. In the subgroup analysis involving patients with intraperitoneal spillage, the autologous blood group demonstrated significantly favorable perioperative outcomes compared with India ink group. Conclusions: Autologous blood tattooing demonstrated comparable visibility and enhanced safety, establishing it as a potential alternative to India ink for preoperative endoscopic localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pathogenic variants in the XK gene are associated with dysfunction or loss of XK protein leading to McLeod syndrome (MLS), a rare X-linked neuroacanthocytosis syndrome with multisystemic manifestation. Here we present clinical, genetic and immunological data on a patient originally admitted to our clinic for presumed post-COVID-19 syndrome, where thorough clinical work-up revealed a novel frameshift deletion in XK causal for the underlying phenotype. We additionally review the clinicogenetic spectrum of reported McLeod cases in the literature. Methods: We performed in-depth clinical characterization and flow cytometry of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a patient where multi-gene panel sequencing identified a novel hemizygous frameshift deletion in XK. Additionally, Kell (K) and Cellano (k) antigen expression was analysed by Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting (FACS). KEL gene expression was examined by RNA sequencing. Results: A novel hemizygous frameshift deletion in the XK gene resulting in premature termination of the amino acid chain was identified in a 46-year old male presenting with decrease in physical performance and persisting fatigue after COVID-19 infection. Examinations showed raised creatine kinase (CK) levels, neuropathy and clinical features of myopathy. FACS revealed the K-k+ blood type and reduced Cellano density. CSF flow cytometry showed elevation of activated T Cells. Conclusion: In-depth clinical, genetic, immunological and ribonucleic acid (RNA) expression data revealed axonal neuropathy, myopathy and raised levels of activated CSF-T-lymphocytes in a patient with a previously unpublished frameshift deletion in the XK gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between blood groups and clinicopathological factors that could affect the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Material and Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were obtained from a prospectively maintained database. The association between blood groups and clinicopathologic characteristics including sex, age, tumor location, tumor size, tumor stage, metastatic lymph node ratio (MLR), lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion were analyzed. Results: The study included 91 female and 221 male patients. The blood group distribution was A>O>B>AB both in the patients and healthy donors. Non-O blood types were more common in cancer patients than in healthy donors (p= 0.038). However, there was no significant association between sex, age, tumor location, tumor stage, lymph node status, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural involvement and blood groups. ≥7 lymph node involvement and MLR of >0.6 were significantly more common in patients with blood group A than in those with non-A blood groups (p= 0.034 and p= 0.018; respectively). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that blood group A patients are associated with higher MLR and N3 involvement, so it is possible that these patients with gastric cancer have a poorer prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Immunoglobulin (Ig)Y, a specific type of Ig found in chicken eggs, has potential use in the diagnosis of human and animal diseases. This study assessed the feasibility of using spent laying hens to produce IgY. In addition, the effects of antigen injection on egg and antibody production in new and spent laying hens were compared. Materials and Methods: Hens were intramuscularly injected with three booster shots of antigens. IgY was extracted from egg yolks using polyethylene glycol 6000 precipitation followed by dialysis. Results: Spent laying hens (83 weeks) consistently showed lower egg production than new laying hens (27 weeks) throughout the study. Post-immunization, a further decline in egg production was observed in spent laying hens, and egg production stopped after the second antigen injection. Eggs from spent laying hens were less dense than eggs from new hens. Despite lower IgY levels in eggs from spent laying hens, the heavy-to-light chain ratio remained consistent in both groups. Notably, IgY from spent and new laying hens demonstrated effective hemagglutination against cat erythrocytes in the A blood group. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the potential of using spent laying hens to produce IgY, with significant implications for future research, immunotherapy, and diagnostic applications, despite the observed reduction in egg production compared with new laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: The leukocytes have been reported to contain blood group specific antigens, that are clinically relevant, however visualisation of A and B group antigens on leukocytes is a big issue. In cases of ABO discrepancies weak blood group antigens on nuclear cells have been demonstrated by using expensive techniques. Thus, the development of the method of the detection of weak blood group antigens on leukocytes available for any laboratory technician is hardly essential. The study aimed to reveal and analyse A and B blood group specific adsorbing antigens on leukocytes and erythrocytes and to develop a method for visualisation of weak blood group antigens on leukocytes. Methods: Polyclonal and monoclonal anti-A and anti-B antibodies, received from international laboratories according to the program of Workshop IV, held in Paris, 2000, were used for the study. Mixed agglutination reaction was performed as the method for visualisation of weak blood group antigens on leukocytes as nuclear cells. Results: Polyclonal sera from O blood group persons without weak blood group antigens in contrast to monoclonal antibodies demonstrated the ability to reveal weak blood group specific antigens on leukocytes by the method of mixed agglutination reaction. However, the test erythrocytes from the persons with increased levels of platelets and erythrocyte sedimentation rate did not allow to visualise weak antigen expression on the studied leukocytes in contrast to the persons with normal levels of platelets and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, that successfully formed mixed agglutinates with weak blood group antigens on leukocytes in mixed agglutination reaction. The leukocytes suspended in 0.9 % saline (as a diluent) incubated with the mixture of the serum with 0.9 % saline (1:2) led to the formation of specific agglutinates with test erythrocytes. The experiments with different temperature regimes and time of incubation demonstrated the usefulness of the studied method in specific leukocytes antigen visualisation during prolonged incubation at 4 °C. The persons with weak group A and B antigens, revealed on the leukocytes by the studied method, demonstrated decreased level of erythrocytes, platelets, titre of corresponding warm agglutinating antibodies (less than 1:8) and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Conclusion: The mixed agglutination reaction with prolonged incubation at 4 °C and the use of the selected polyclonal sera and test erythrocytes from the donors with normal values of platelets and erythrocyte sedimentation rate may be used for weak blood group antigens detection on leukocytes. The donors of the sera and test erythrocytes used in mixed agglutination reaction should be investigated on common blood analysis, agglutinating titre of corresponding warm group specific antibodies and presence of weak blood group antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transfusion of red blood cells (RBC) is an important component of treatment for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Patients receiving frequent transfusions are more likely to develop alloimmunization, an immune reaction to minor RBC antigens that increases the risk of complications including delayed hemolysis. Phenotypic matching is believed to reduce alloimmunization although rigorous evidence is lacking. This study examines the association of alloimmunization with clinical and economic outcomes and may give insight into the potential benefit of phenotypic matching in MDS. Study Design and Methods: This study used data from 1054 hospitals included in the Premier hospital chargemaster dataset. Alloimmunized MDS patients (January 2015 to June 2019) were indirectly identified by ICD‐10 codes (antiglobulin crossmatch and RBC antibody identification). The primary objective was assessment of the association between incremental cost per patient encounter and alloimmunization in MDS patients. Secondary objectives were assessment of the association of length of stay, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and inpatient mortality for alloimmunized versus non‐alloimmunized MDS patients. Results: Worse clinical and economic outcomes were observed for the alloimmunized group. Higher costs (14%), more ICU admissions (38%), longer hospital (21%) and ICU stays (55%), and greater mortality (30%) were observed among alloimmunized MDS patients compared to non‐alloimmunized (p <.0001 for all comparisons). Discussion: Alloimmunization may be associated with higher costs and greater risk of ICU admission and death in patients with MDS. While further mechanistic research is needed, it seems that MDS patients may benefit substantially from practices that limit risk of alloimmunization, including providing prophylactic antigen matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Er blood group system was recently shown to be defined by PIEZO1. The system consists of high prevalence antigens Era, Er3, ERSA, and ERAMA; and low prevalence antigen Erb. Era/Erb are antithetical with Er(a−b+) defined by the ER*B allele [c.7180G>A p.(Gly2394Ser)]. A nonsense variant c.5289C>G p.(Tyr1763*) is associated with a predicted Ernull phenotype, and a missense variant c.7174G>A p.(Glu2392Lys) in close proximity to p.2394 causes loss of both Era and Erb expression. Study Design and Methods: We investigated PIEZO1 in four Er(a−) individuals who presented with anti‐Era. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and Sanger sequencing were performed. The location and structural differences of predicted protein changes were visualized using the predicted 3‐D structure of Piezo1 created using AlphaFold2. Results: One individual was homozygous for the reported ER*B. A second had a novel heterozygous nonsense variant c.3331C>T p.(Gln1111*), but a second allelic variant was not found. In the remaining two individuals, two different heterozygous novel missense variants, c.7184C>T p.(Ala2395Val) or c.7195G>A p.(Gly2399Ser), were in trans to the reported c.7180G>A variant, ER*B. AlphaFold2 protein modeling showed that each of the missense variants is predicted to encode an altered structural conformation near Era and Erb. Conclusions: Investigation of archived samples resulted in the identification of three novel PIEZO1 alleles including a predicted Ernull and two missense variants. Structural modeling suggests that the missense changes potentially alter Era/Erb epitope expression with p.2399Ser resulting in a small increase in the negative electrostatic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the successful establishment of a local rare blood registry in Brazil, focusing on the efforts of HEMOCE, a public blood center. By implementing a strategic screening panel and engaging donors, HEMOCE has identified over 500 rare donors since 2013, contributing significantly to the Brazilian Rare Blood Donors registry. The program's success is attributed to cost-effective screening methods, donor education, and a dedicated donor search team, making it a valuable model for other centers aiming to develop or improve their rare blood donor registries. [Extracted from the article]