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abstract Many scholars avoid the use of the term "Darwinism." It is not ideal, even to refer to Darwin's own complex and fluid thinking about evolution, let alone to modern transformations of his ideas. The addition of the prefix neo- for those modern transformations does not solve the terminological problem. The same argument can be made for Lamarckism and its cognates: they are not ideal or meaningful labels to refer to Lamarck's heterogeneous ideas. Lamarck's name is even less appropriate as a label for modern developments in biology and, particularly, for the idea of the (presumed) inheritance of acquired characters. The dichotomous framing of modern thinking about evolution in terms of "Darwinian" and "Lamarckian" is especially confusing and un-helpful. Historians are obliged to use historical terms like "Lamarckism" or "Darwinism," but philosophers and biologists should try to avoid using these terms and their cognates and learn to use more precise and less ambiguous, confusing, misleading, and emotionally charged words and phrases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Association measures quantify the observed likelihood a term pair co-occurs versus their predicted co-occurrence together if by chance. This is based both on the terms' individual occurrence frequencies, and their mutual co-occurrence frequencies. One application of association scores is estimating semantic relatedness, which is critical for many natural language processing applications, such as clustering of biomedical and clinical documents and the development of biomedical terminologies and ontololgies. In this paper we propose a method of generating association scores between biomedical concepts to estimate semantic relatedness. We use co-occurrence statistics between Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) concepts to account for lexical variation at the synonymous level, and introduce a process of concept expansion that exploits hierarchical information from the UMLS to account for lexical variation at the hyponymous level. State of the art results are achieved on several standard evaluation datasets, and an in depth analysis of hyper-parameters is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a note to support and expand recent work on the etymology of German Meerschweinchen, English guinea pig, and related forms with a body of dated evidence, including new first attestations for English guinea pig and Polish świnka morska. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some ecosystem services (ES) bestow society with obvious tangible benefits such as nourishment from food and water (i.e. final ES), whereas other ES benefit society through complex pathways such as maintaining the resilience of ecosystems and the final ES they provide (i.e. intermediate ES). However, the term ‘intermediate ES’ has remained loosely defined and some authors are now questioning the term’s applicability. To uncover the meaning and origin of the intermediate ES term, we reviewed the literature from 2000 to 2016. We found that the term originated in economics (early 2000s), shifted into ecology in the late 2000s, and its use has grown since. Intermediate ES have been commonly defined as indirect benefits, less commonly as types of ecological components, and occasionally as supporting and regulating ES. We explore these analogies, provide a timeline of the term’s use, and discuss pros and cons of the terminology. We recommend that intermediate ES should be defined in specific (often local) contexts considering social factors such as demand for ES and if the service is a key step along an identifiable pathway toward final ES delivery - considerations we illustrate using coastal temperate forests as a case study. EDITED BY Matthias Schröter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terminology used in pharmacovigilance can cause confusion, because there are similar terms that describe different phenomena (e.g. adverse reactions, adverse drug reactions, and side effects). Incorrect use of terminology can have negative effects on the reporting of adverse drug reactions and on the interpretation of these reports. To explain the most common terms used in pharmacovigilance, this article first describes the pharmacovigilance workflow process in the European Union and, as an example, in Italy. Then, the article reviews common pharmacovigilance terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the first author’s extensive examination of her teaching and her students’ learning in a senior high school Biology classroom at a coeducational K-12 independent college in Victoria, Australia, over a five-year period. Research was guided by the following questions: (1) How can students become more aware of the specific biological terminology that they will need to use to communicate their understanding of biological concepts? (2) How can student familiarity with new biological terminology be enhanced? (3) Which teaching strategies might be most effective across the diverse range of abilities and learning styles within a senior Biology classroom? Three key data-sets ([1] Development of specific teaching procedures; [2] Student responses to using the teaching procedures; [3] Teacher journal entries and reflections) were analysed supported by Korthagen’s ALACT model. Findings support the notion that genuine educational change is linked to teacher change, driven by teachers themselves, drawing new insights into students’ learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periscelis (Periscelis) fugax sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on series of specimens from Portugal and the Czech Republic. It is probably widespread in Europe but has not been previously recognized from the closely related and externally very similar P. (P.) winnertzii Egger, 1862. The new species differs from P. winnertzii not only in structures of the male and female terminalia (illustrated) but also in colour pattern of pedicel and mesonotum. Morphology of the male and female terminalia is studied in detail in both these species and terminology of their structures is discussed and redefi ned. A new modern key to Palaearctic species of Periscelis (s. str.) species is constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is looking to provide a review and few observations on the Romanian multilingual dictionaries of biology and related sciences. This review focuses on the multilingual dictionaries or products published mainly in Romanian, consisting of more than two languages and having the Romanian language as source or target language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Low back pain clinical practice guidelines consistently recommend against the routine ordering of spinal imaging; however, imaging is frequently requested in primary care, without evidence of benefit. Imaging reports frequently identify degenerative features which are likely to be interpreted as `abnormal', despite their high prevalence in symptom-free individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether post-imaging back-related perceptions are influenced by providing prior information about normal findings, and to compare the effect of receiving imaging results with best practice care (without imaging). The impact of introducing novel, `enhanced' reporting strategies was also explored. Methods. This study was a simulated-patient, randomised, multiple-arm experiment. Patient scenarios were presented to volunteer healthy adult participants via an online survey. In the scenarios, `virtual' patients with low back pain were randomised to one of three groups. Group 1 received imaging and was pre-informed about normal findings. Group 2 received imaging (without pre-information). Group 3 received best practice care: quality information without imaging. Group 1 was further divided to receive either a standard report, or an `enhanced' report (containing altered terminology and epidemiological information). The primary outcome was back-related perceptions (BRP), a composite score derived from three numeric rating scale scores exploring perceptions of spinal condition, recovery concerns and planned activity. The secondary outcomes were satisfaction and kinesiophobia. Results. Full data were available from 660 participants (68% female). Analysis of covariance revealed a significant effect of group after controlling for baseline BRP scores (F(2,74)=10.4,p < 0:001,np2=.04). Pairwise comparisons indicated that receiving best practice care resulted in more positive BRPs than receiving imaging results, and receiving prior information about normal findings had no impact. Enhanced reporting strategies also positively impacted BRPs (F(1,275)= 13:06,p < 0.001;np2=.05). Significant relationships between group allocation and both satisfaction (F(2,553)= 7.5,p=0.001,np2= .03) and kinaesiophobia (F(2.553)=3.0,p=0.050,np2 p=.01) were found, with statistically significant pairwise comparisions again in favour of best-practice care. Conclusion. Intervention strategies such as enhanced reporting methods and the provision of quality information (without imaging) have the potential to improve the outcome of patients with recent-onset LBP and should be further considered by primary care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unknown male of Carpathonesticus eriashvilii Marusik, 1987, a species previously known only from Georgia, is described for the first time based on material collected in western and eastern Ukraine. Females of C. eriashvilii and Aituaria pontica (Spassky, 1932) are redescribed in detail. Unique or poorly documented characters in these two species are briefly discussed. New records of C. eriashvilii and A. pontica in western Ukraine are the northeasternmost of their ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread and previously monotypic genus Misumessus Banks, 1904 from North America is found to consist of at least seven species. The type species, M. oblongus (Keyserling, 1880), occurs from Ontario, Canada, to eastern Texas and ranges over most of the eastern and mideastern United States. Misumessus lappi sp. nov. has a midwestern range and is known from central Texas to eastern Colorado. Misumessus dicaprioi sp. nov. is recorded from western North America from California, Utah and western Colorado, south to Arizona, New Mexico, and southwest Texas. Misumessus tamiami sp. nov. occurs in the southern half of peninsular Florida. Misumessus quinteroi sp. nov. is circum-Caribbean, with records from Mexico to Panama, Trinidad, and the Greater and Lesser Antilles. Another Antillean species, M. bishopae sp. nov., is known from Puerto Rico, Dominica, and possibly the Grenadines. Misumessus blackwalli sp. nov. is known from Bermuda from a single male; it is unlikely that this species represents Thomisus pallens Blackwall, 1868, a nomen dubium based on a juvenile female, and the only thomisid previously reported from Bermuda. This name has not been used since the 19th century other than in catalogs and checklists, and since its retention could potentially create a homonym, it is declared a nomen oblitum. The epigynal 'hood' of thomisids is considered misnamed, as it engages the retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA), and is renamed the 'coupling pocket' as in other RTA clade members. A hood is herein considered to be a general term that refers to an epigynal outgrowth partly enclosing a depression that engages a structure on the palpal bulb rather than the palpal tibia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For well over a century, temporality has played little more than a fleeting role in most of our biological sciences, and perhaps especially in genetics. For too long we have tried to build our understanding of genetic processes out of nouns, around entities. Perhaps it is time for a science constructed in and around the dynamics of biological processes, a genetics built not from nouns but from verbs. Perhaps the term gene itself can be revived for the twenty-first century by refiguring it as a verb. Would this be possible? Certainly our commitment to a noun-based science, to entity realism, runs deep, perhaps as deep as our understanding of science itself. Yet this article puts forward the suggestion that alternative linguistic traditions--rooted more in verbs than in nouns--might help us to develop a lexicon more suited to the dynamic interactivity of living systems to which current research in systems biology introduces us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on an article by Evelyn Fox Keller, published within the issue, which calls for the development of a verb-based linguistic framework for biology. Topics discussed include the reasons Keller considers a verb-based language better for biology writing and research than a noun-based one and the author's assertion that Keller's comparison between Chinese and Western languages as used in science is an invalid analogy for encouraging a revision of English scientific language.

The article comments on scientist Evelyn Fox Keller's call for a verb-based scientific language for the field of biology. Topics discussed include the reasons for Keller's call for a change in the language framework used in biology, the author's observations with regards to Keller's attempt to compare Eastern and Western scientific lexicon and the author's assertion that Eastern language tends to focus on relationships, while Western language focuses more on properties.

The phrase 'hot spots and hot moments' first entered the lexicon in 2003, following the publication of the paper 'Biogeochemical hot spots and hot moments at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems' by McClain and others (Ecosystems 6:301-312, 2003). This paper described the potential for rare places and rare events to exert a disproportionate influence on the movement of elements at the scale of landscapes and ecosystems. Here, we examine how the cleverly named hot spot and hot moment concept (hereafter HSHM) has influenced biogeochemistry and ecosystem science over the last 13 years. We specifically examined the extent to which the HSHM concept has: (1) motivated research aimed at understanding how and why biogeochemical behavior varies across spatiotemporal scales; (2) improved our ability to detect HSHM phenomena; and (3) influenced our approaches to restoration and ecosystem management practices. We found that the HSHM concept has provided a highly fertile framework for a substantial volume of research on the spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrient cycling, and in doing so, has improved our understanding of when and where biogeochemical rates are maximized. Despite the high usage of the term, we found limited examples of rigorous statistical or modeling approaches that would allow ecosystem scientists to not only identify, but scale the aggregate impact of HSHM on ecosystem processes. We propose that the phrase 'hot spots and hot moments' includes two implicit assumptions that may actually be limiting progress in applying the concept. First, by differentiating 'hot spots' from 'hot moments,' the phrase separates the spatial and temporal components of biogeochemical behavior. Instead, we argue that the temporal dynamics of a putative hot spot are a fundamental trait that should be used in their description. Second, the adjective 'hot' implicitly suggests that a place or a time must be dichotomously classified as 'hot or not.' We suggest instead that each landscape of interest contains a wide range of biogeochemical process rates that respond to critical drivers, and the gradations of this biogeochemical topography are of greater interest than the maximum peaks. For these reasons, we recommend replacing the HSHM terminology with the more nuanced term ecosystem control points. 'Ecosystem control' suggests that the rate must be of sufficient magnitude or ubiquity to affect dynamics of the ecosystem, while 'points' allows for descriptions that simultaneously incorporate both spatial and temporal dynamics. We further suggest that there are at least four distinct types of ecosystem control points whose influence arises through distinct hydrologic and biogeochemical mechanisms. Our goal is to provide the tools with which researchers can develop testable hypotheses regarding the spatiotemporal dynamics of biogeochemistry that will stimulate advances in more accurately identifying, modeling and scaling biogeochemical heterogeneity to better understand ecosystem processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tagging biomedical entities such as gene, protein, cell, and cell-line is the first step and an important pre-requisite in biomedical literature mining. In this paper, we describe our hybrid named entity tagging approach namely BCC-NER (bidirectional, contextual clues named entity tagger for gene/protein mention recognition). BCC-NER is deployed with three modules. The first module is for text processing which includes basic NLP pre-processing, feature extraction, and feature selection. The second module is for training and model building with bidirectional conditional random fields (CRF) to parse the text in both directions (forward and backward) and integrate the backward and forward trained models using margin-infused relaxed algorithm (MIRA). The third and final module is for post-processing to achieve a better performance, which includes surrounding text features, parenthesis mismatching, and two-tier abbreviation algorithm. The evaluation results on BioCreative II GM test corpus of BCC-NER achieve a precision of 89.95, recall of 84.15 and overall F-score of 86.95, which is higher than the other currently available open source taggers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing growth of literature in biodiversity presents challenges to users who need to discover pertinent information in an efficient and timely manner. In response, text mining techniques offer solutions by facilitating the automated discovery of knowledge from large textual data. An important step in text mining is the recognition of concepts via their linguistic realisation, i.e., terms. However, a given concept may be referred to in text using various synonyms or term variants, making search systems likely to overlook documents mentioning less known variants, which are albeit relevant to a query term. Domain-specific terminological resources, which include term variants, synonyms and related terms, are thus important in supporting semantic search over large textual archives. This article describes the use of text mining methods for the automatic construction of a large-scale biodiversity term inventory. The inventory consists of names of species, amongst which naming variations are prevalent. We apply a number of distributional semantic techniques on all of the titles in the Biodiversity Heritage Library, to compute semantic similarity between species names and support the automated construction of the resource. With the construction of our biodiversity term inventory, we demonstrate that distributional semantic models are able to identify semantically similar names that are not yet recorded in existing taxonomies. Such methods can thus be used to update existing taxonomies semi-automatically by deriving semantically related taxonomic names from a text corpus and allowing expert curators to validate them. We also evaluate our inventory as a means to improve search by facilitating automatic query expansion. Specifically, we developed a visual search interface that suggests semantically related species names, which are available in our inventory but not always in other repositories, to incorporate into the search query. An assessment of the interface by domain experts reveals that our query expansion based on related names is useful for increasing the number of relevant documents retrieved. Its exploitation can benefit both users and developers of search engines and text mining applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents phytosanitary treatments as per the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) standards. Topics discussed include periodic review and amendments, standards to be used by the organization National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO), and presents definitions of terminologies and requirements for quarantining of pests.

Nomenclature of the general and variant anatomy belongs to the most neglected parts of the Latin anatomical nomenclature in Terminologia Anatomica. Although many important small structures are included in Terminologia Anatomica, when describing and teaching particular anatomy of any part of the human body, the general terms are necessary, such as planes, lines and flexion grooves. Moreover, Terminologia Anatomica contains only 149 terms of variant structures, enlisted in the parentheses to differentiate them from constant ones. They are only a rather representative selection and some more should be added, both from the educational and clinical point of view. The authors present some terms, completed with their definitions or explanations concerning the general and variant anatomy to evoke broader discussion on this topic which should issue in incorporation of proposed terms (or their equivalents) into the Terminologia Anatomica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations can provide important information to address existing health inequalities. Finding existing research in LGBT health can prove challenging due to the plethora of terminology used. We sought to describe existing search strategies and to identify more comprehensive LGBT search terminology. We iteratively created a search string to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses about LGBT health and implemented it in Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases on May 28–29, 2015. We hand-searched the journal LGBT Health. Inclusion criteria were: systematic reviews and meta-analyses that addressed LGBT health, used systematic searching, and used independent coders for inclusion. The published search terminology in each record and search strings provided by authors on request were cross-referenced with our original search to identify additional terminology. Our search process identified 19 systematic reviews meeting inclusion criteria. The number of search terms used to identify LGBT-related records ranged from 1 to 31. From the included studies, we identified 46 new search terms related to LGBT health. We removed five search terms as inappropriate and added five search terms used in the field. The resulting search string included 82 terms. There is room to improve the quality of searching and reporting in LGBT health systematic reviews. Future work should attempt to enhance the positive predictive value of LGBT health searches. Our findings can assist LGBT health reviewers in capturing the diversity of LGBT terminology when searching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color aberrations in birds are well documented, but frequently their terminology is misinterpreted. We report a record of color aberration in an adult ruddy ground dove Columbina talpacoti in Rio de Janeiro State, observed foraging with other conspecifics with normal pattern coloration. The color aberration was similar to a previous record of this species from the Rio de Janeiro municipality, but differed substantially from a third anomalous-colored specimen recorded in Venezuela. We suggest that the two Brazilian reports are cases of a non-phaeomelanin schizochroism based on the absence of the reddish-brown colors despite the presence of black and grey colors in feathers. We highlight the importance of using the right terminology for a better understanding of the frequencies of each color aberration type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pupae of the predaceous midges,Pachyhelea pachymera(Williston, 1900) andClastrieromyia dyceiSpinelli and Grogan, 1986, are redescribed and illustrated using modern terminology from specimens collected in Buenos Aires and Entre Ríos Provinces, Argentina, and Artigas Department, Uruguay. Both species exhibit elongated, thin anteromedial sensilla that are characteristic of other genera in the tribe Palpomyiini. Character differences from known pupae of the New World species in thePalpomyia tibialisgroup are noted forP.pachymeraand differences from other Palpomyiini genera are noted forC.dycei. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

By tradition, phylogenetic trees are presented in such a way that species-poor taxa are placed on the left side and their more diverse sister taxa on the right (usually with humans on the far right). This often leads to reading the tree as a “ladder of progress” from left (allegedly primitive, basal or even ancestral) to right (allegedly advanced, derived, descendant). Although biologically and logically wrong and often bemoaned, the evolutionary literature teems with language perpetuating this phylogenetic misconception. Likewise, the splitting of one into two or more species based on different versions of the Phylogenetic Species Concept has recently found a growing number of adherents, resulting, in the eyes of many, in a trivialization of the species category (“taxonomic inflation”). This editorial briefly summarizes these phylogenetic and taxonomic issues and provides guidelines to authors submitting their studies to Mammalian Biology in order to avoid errors in phylogenetic discussions and to do justice to the fundamental nature of species in biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue reaction to orthodontic force has been a subject of research with the purpose of providing the orthodontists with information necessary for the application of a force system that can generate a maximum of tooth movement and modeling of the alveolar process with a minimum of damage. Traditionally, the studies of bone biological reactions have been distinguishable from those performed by bone biologists. This has led to a controversy regarding both the terminology and perception of the reaction to mechanical perturbation. The present chapter, with its basis in bone biology, surveys the attempts by orthodontists to optimize the tissue reaction and shorten treatment time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community ecology is an inherently complicated field, confounded by the conflicting use of fundamental terms. Nearly two decades ago, Fauth et al. (1996) demonstrated that imprecise language led to the virtual synonymy of important terms and so attempted to clearly define four keywords in community ecology; ' community,' ' assemblage,' ' guild,' and ' ensemble'. We revisit Fauth et al.'s conclusion and discuss how the use of these terms has changed over time since their review. An updated analysis of term definition from a selection of popular ecological textbooks suggests that definitions have drifted away from those encountered pre-1996, and slightly disagreed with results from a survey of 100 ecology professionals (comprising of academic professors, nonacademic PhDs, graduate and undergraduate biology students). Results suggest that confusion about these terms is still widespread in ecology. We conclude with clear suggestions for definitions of each term to be adopted hereafter to provide greater cohesion among research groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exercise utilizes nightcrawler decomposition to guide students through the methods of science, including forming hypotheses, conducting an experiment, statistically analyzing data, and writing a lab report in the style of a scientific journal article. Additionally, students gain experience with dissection, anatomical terminology, and the biological process of animal decomposition. Students interested in forensic science will enjoy exploring the topic of decomposition. The materials for this experiment are inexpensive and easy to obtain, and several extension activities make this a versatile activity that can be used at many different educational levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the terms "left ventricular filling pressure" and "left ventricular filling pressures" is widespread in the cardiology literature, but the meanings ascribed to these terms have not been consistent. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and mean left atrial pressure (LAP) cannot be used interchangeably as they will often differ in magnitude in the presence of cardiac disease and they also have different clinical significance. LVEDP is the best pressure to use when considering left ventricular function, whereas mean LAP is the most relevant pressure when considering the tendency to pulmonary congestion. The mean LAP is also the most relevant pressure for determining whether pulmonary hypertension has a left heart (post-capillary) component. If only a left ventricular pressure tracing is available then a technique to measure the mean left ventricular diastolic pressure is the best option for estimating the mean LAP. If only right heart pressures are available then the pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure will provide a reasonable estimate of LVEDP, but only when the heart and pulmonary circulation are normal. If there is mitral valve disease, left ventricular disease or pulmonary hypertension the LVEDP cannot be estimated from right heart pressures. The problem of the ambiguity of "filling pressure (s)" is readily solved by the abandonment of this term and the use of either LVEDP or mean LAP as appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Genome Variant Format (GVF) uses the Sequence Ontology (SO) to enable detailed annotation of sequence variation. The annotation includes SO terms for the type of sequence alteration, the genomic features that are changed and the effect of the alteration. The SO maintains and updates the specification and provides the underlying ontologicial structure. Methods: A requirements analysis was undertaken to gather terms missing in the SO release at the time, but needed to adequately describe the effects of sequence alteration on a set of variant genomic annotations. We have extended and remodeled the SO to include and define all terms that describe the effect of variation upon reference genomic features in the Ensembl variation databases. Results: The new terminology was used to annotate the human reference genome with a set of variants from both COSMIC and dbSNP. A GVF file containing 170,853 sequence alterations was generated using the SO terminology to annotate the kinds of alteration, the effect of the alteration and the reference feature changed. There are four kinds of alteration and 24 kinds of effect seen in this dataset. (Ensembl Variation annotates 34 different SO consequence terms: http://www.ensembl.org/info/docs/variation/predicted_data.html). Conclusions: We explain the updates to the Sequence Ontology to describe the effect of variation on existing reference features. We have provided a set of annotations using this terminology, and the well defined GVF specification. We have also provided a provisional exploration of this large annotation dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Consortium for Oral Health Research and Informatics (COHRI) is leading the way in use of the Dental Diagnostic System (DDS) terminology in the axiUm electronic health record (EHR). This collaborative pilot study had two aims: 1) to investigate whether use of the DDS terms positively impacted predoctoral dental students' critical thinking skills measured by the Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT), and 2) to refine study protocols. The study design was a natural experiment with cross-sectional data collection using the HSRT for 15 classes (2013-17) of students at three dental schools. Characteristics of students who had been exposed to the DDS terms were compared with students who had not, and the differences were tested by t-tests or chi-square tests. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate the relationship between exposure and outcome on the overall critical thinking score. The results showed that exposure was significantly related to overall score (p=0.01), with not-exposed students having lower mean overall scores. This study thus demonstrated a positive impact of using the DDS terminology in an EHR on the critical thinking skills of predoctoral dental students in three COHRI schools as measured by their overall score on the HSRT. These preliminary findings support future research to further evaluate a proposed model of critical thinking in clinical dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A well-illustrated glossary supports the study of polychaete anatomy and systematics, as well as aiding species identification, a need that emerged within the shipping and aquaculture industries over recent decades. Sabellidae, Serpulidae and Spionidae are polychaete families that most often include species that are translocated globally through ship fouling, ballast water or aquaculture trade. Accurate identifications are crucial since these translocations have significant ecological and commercial implications and also for phylogenetic and other biological studies. Using digital illustrations of specimens (deposited predominantly at the Australian Museum in Sydney), a glossary has been developed for these three families with the aim of standardising terminologies. Complete-focus images were generated with Helicon Focus 5.3 Pro software from multiple image layers. The definitions have been explained specific to families and illustrated with these images, thus creating the first comprehensive, digitally illustrated glossary of polychaete terminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction or background Memory problems are a very common reason for presenting to primary care. There is a need for better treatments for dementia. Increased government and media interest may result in greater number seeking help for memory problems, which may not reduce the dementia gap but rather increase numbers seen who do not have dementia. This review highlights the issues around the diagnostic criteria and terminology used for people with memory complaints. Sources of data A comprehensive literature search using PubMed using keywords for articles on subjective memory decline (SMD)/impairment/complaints, subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and functional memory disorder (FMD). Areas of agreement There is a need for early accurate detection of dementia syndromes so that trials of new treatments can begin earlier on the disease process. Areas of controversy Diagnostic criteria and terminology used for disorders of memory including SCD, MCI and FMD. Growing points This article reviews SCD and whether this can be used to predict Alzheimer's disease. The review also discusses the terminology used for non-progressive memory problems and the long-term outcomes for this patient group. Areas timely for developing research The accurate distinction of premorbid dementia syndromes from benign non-progressive memory problems. Studies of treatment options for people with benign non-progressive memory problems and longer-term follow-up to determine which patients develop chronic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Death is an inescapable certainty of life. Variability in care for dying persons, however, is present. The Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP) sought to guide care for the last days of life but was phased out after intense scrutiny. Sources of data A governmental report and rapid review of evidence were considered alongside mass and social media reporting. An evidence review of end-of-life care was undertaken. Areas of agreement Any person's death is inherently challenging. Much consideration must be given to holistic needs when approaching death. Communication skills may be lacking for professional and patient alike. Areas of controversy The LCP became flawed in use rather than intention or principle. Seeming financial gains from death were concerning to all. Growing points We have responsibility for making choices prospectively in order for them to influence our care when we are dying. Normalization of death is key on both micro- and macro communication levels. Areas timely for developing research Perceptions of relevant terminology; review of the definition of dying; improved recognition of the dying process and measuring the impact of communication skills training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sahastata infuscata (Kulczyński, 1901) is redescribed for the first time based on a holotype female from Eritrea. It is removed from synonymy with Filistata puta O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 and Sahastata nigra (Simon, 1897). The vulva of Sahastata nigra, the type species of the genus, is illustrated correctly for the first time, based on a syntype female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the need for a revision of the linguistic framework used in the field of biology. Topics discussed include the ways in which linguistic differences among various cultures influence the way each culture writes or speaks about biology, the strategies for dealing with challenges associated with developing an alternative language framework for biology and the ways in which discussions about scientific language can shape the future of biology.

The rapidly declining costs and increasing speeds of whole-genome analysis mean that genetic testing is undergoing a shift from targeted approaches to broader ones that look at the entire genome. As whole-genome technologies gain widespread use, questions about the management of so-called incidental findings--those unrelated to the question being asked--need urgent consideration. In this review, we bring together current understanding and arguments about (1) appropriate terminology, (2) the determination of clinical utility and when to disclose incidental findings, (3) the differences in management and disclosure in clinical, research and commercial contexts and (4) ethical and practical issues about familial implications and recontacting those tested. We recommend that greater international consensus is developed around the disclosure and management of incidental findings, with particular attention to when, and how, less clear-cut results should be communicated. We suggest that there is no single term that captures all the issues around these kinds of findings and that different terms may, therefore, need to be used in different settings. We also encourage the use of clear consent processes, but suggest that the absence of consent should not always preclude disclosure. Finally, we recommend further research to identify ways to implement the use of a genome output as a resource, accessible over time, to facilitate appropriate disclosure and recontact when the significance of a previously unclear incidental finding is clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxonomy or nomenclature concerning interstitial cystitis and its related symptom syndromes is in a state of confusion. After analyzing the reasons for confusion in regard to three components (disease name, symptoms, Hunner's lesion), I would like to propose a new term, 'hypersensitive bladder', taking after overactive bladder, as a solution. Hypersensitive bladder symptoms are defined as 'increased bladder sensation, usually associated with urinary frequency and nocturia, with or without bladder pain.' The proposal of hypersensitive bladder is based on: (i) it does not appear a symptom syndrome, but a disease by ending with an organ name, 'bladder'; (ii) it does not contain confusable symptom terms (pain and urgency), but indicates irritative symptoms including pain and urgency; and (iii) it suggests pathophysiological hyperactivity of sensory nerves. Interstitial cystitis is defined by three requirements: (i) hypersensitive bladder symptoms; (ii) bladder pathology; and (iii) no other diseases, where bladder pathology should be clearly stated either as Hunner's lesion or glomerulations after hydrodistention. Hypersensitive bladder can be used for the condition with hypersensitive bladder symptoms, but no obvious disease explaining hypersensitive bladder symptoms identified. Interstitial cystitis is a representative disease causing hypersensitive bladder symptoms, most typically with pain, but might be painless and indistinguishable from overactive bladder. Introducing hypersensitive bladder as a counter concept of overactive bladder into bladder dysfunction taxonomy will facilitate clinical practice and research progress, and attract considerable attention from the medical world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, nanotechnology has not only grown considerably but also evolved in its use of scientific terminology. This paper examines the growth in nano-prefixed terms in a corpus of nanotechnology scholarly publications over a 21-year time period. The percentage of publications using a nano-prefixed term has increased from <10 % in the early 1990s to nearly 80 % by 2010. A co-word analysis of nano-prefixed terms indicates that the network of these terms has moved from being densely organized around a few common nano-prefixed terms such as 'nanostructure' in 2000 to becoming less dense and more differentiated in using additional nano-prefixed terms while continuing to coalesce around the common nano-prefixed terms by 2010. We further observe that the share of nanotechnology papers oriented toward biomedical and clinical medicine applications has risen from just over 5 % to more than 11 %. While these results cannot fully distinguish between the use of nano-prefixed terms in response to broader policy or societal influences, they do suggest that there are intellectual and scientific underpinnings to the growth of a collectively shared vocabulary. We consider whether our findings signify the maturation of a scientific field and the extent to which this denotes the emergence of a shared scientific understanding regarding nanotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The old problem of the origins of the English name guinea pig is discussed here in the context of its equivalents in some other European languages (one of them being German Meerschweinchen). Some new suggestions concerning both components of the English name and the original meaning of the German designation are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New genetic technologies are capable of returning far more information than the single answer to the single question posed when conducting a given genetic test. Genetics contexts consequently stand on the brink of an explosion of what have traditionally been called 'incidental findings'. However, the continued use of this term is controversial. Various replacements for 'incidental findings' have been attempted, but none with widespread success. Agreement on terminology and definitions is vital so that the legal and ethical debate around incidental findings can proceed. We highlight the difficulties raised by the various terms currently used as alternatives, and end by defending our choice for the term 'secondary variants'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flora and fauna play a vital role in Indigenous cultures and their nomenclature reveals much about the society from which they belong. This article identifies the lexical structures and types of metaphor and metonymy that are used for naming plants and animals in Kaytetye, a language of central Australia. By linking semantic analysis to detailed ethnography this paper elucidates the cultural connections that underlie polysemous biota terms. Various types of semantic extension are found, including ‘sign metonymy’, where two or more species share a name because one signals the availability of the other. A subtype of this is what I call ‘meaningful call’ metonymy. This is where an onomatopoeic bird name has lexical content, and thus the bird ‘says’ the signalled phenomena. The paper also finds that alternate register terms turn up in everyday words for biota. The aim of this paper is thus twofold: to demonstrate the importance of investigating socio-cultural practices, multiple speech registers and ecological phenomena for understanding patterns of polysemy and diachronic semantics; and to identify the range of semantic extensions that give rise to biota nomenclature in Kaytetye, where we find the previously undescribed ‘meaningful call’ metonymy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the literature, a reference terminology for labelling octopus arms exists, but a convention for the labelling of octopus suckers is so far lacking. The precise identification and subsequent ability to address a specific sucker is impossible without some type of convention. In this work, we propose an Octopus Sucker Identification Code, with three/five characters, depending on whether the octopus species has one or two rows of suckers. Specifically, two characters identify the arm to which the sucker belongs, one integer identifies the sucker position along the arm and two subscript characters (present in cases of octopus species with two rows of suckers) identify the adjacent arm towards which the sucker is faced. The proposed code allows the unequivocal identification of the suckers of any octopus arm of any octopus species. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Much of the terminology describing Ichthyophonus sp. life stages and structures can be traced to the mistaken classification of this organism as a fungus. This misidentification led early investigators to use mycological terms for the structures they observed; while some terminology is not so easily explained, it appears to have been co-opted from the fields of botany and bacteriology. The purpose of this exercise is to attempt to standardize the terminology associated with Ichthyophonus and to bring it into agreement with terminology currently used to define similar life stages of other protists. The proposed changes are (1) spore/ macrospore/mother spore to "schizont," (2) microspore/endospore to "merozoite," and (3) pseudohyphae to "hyphae" or "germ tube." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Science is the practice of inter-connecting scientific assets by publishing, sharing and linking scientific data and processes in end-to-end loosely coupled workflows that allow the sharing and re-use of scientific data. Much of this data does not live in the cloud or on the Web, but rather in multi-institutional data centers that provide tools and add value through quality assurance, validation, curation, dissemination, and analysis of the data. In this paper, we make the case for the use of scientific scenarios in Linked Science. We propose a scenario in river-channel transport that requires biogeochemical experimental data and global climate-simulation model data from many sources. We focus on the use of ontologies-formal machine-readable descriptions of the domain-to facilitate search and discovery of this data. Mercury, developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is a tool for distributed metadata harvesting, search and retrieval. Mercury currently provides uniform access to more than 100,000 metadata records; 30,000 scientists use it each month. We augmented search in Mercury with ontologies, such as the ontologies in the Semantic Web for Earth and Environmental Terminology (SWEET) collection by prototyping a component that provides access to the ontology terms from Mercury. We evaluate the coverage of SWEET for the ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL DAAC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Achieving participant comprehension has proven to be one of the most difficult, practical, and ethical challenges of HIV prevention clinical trials. It becomes even more challenging when local languages do not have equivalent scientific and technical vocabularies, rendering communication of scientific concepts in translated documents extremely difficult. Even when bilingual lexicons are developed, there is no guarantee that participants understand the terminology as translated. Methods: We conducted twelve focus groups with women of reproductive age in Mwanza, Tanzania to explore the effectiveness of four questioning techniques for: (1) assessing participants' familiarity with existing technical terms and concepts, (2) generating a list of acceptable technical and non-technical terms, (3) testing our definitions of technical terms, and (4) verifying participants' preferences for terms. Focus groups were transcribed, translated, and qualitatively analyzed. Results and Discussion: A translation process that uses all four questioning techniques in a step-wise approach is an effective way to establish a baseline understanding of participants' familiarity with research terms, to develop and test translatable definitions, and to identify participants' preferred terminology for international HIV clinical research. This may help to ensure that important concepts are not “lost in translation.” The results emphasize the importance of using a variety of techniques depending on the level of participant familiarity with research concepts, the existence of colloquial or technical terms in the target language, and the inherent complexity of the terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Clarify the detailed structure of the ejaculatory sac and the sperm pump of the male scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua. [•] Elucidate the ejaculatory mechanism of male scorpionfly in Panorpa (Mecoptera). [•] Definite some terminologies of the structures of male reproductive system in Panorpa include vasa deference, ejaculatory duct and ejaculatory sac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]