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Description of the subject. In recent years, biological methodologies, such as solid-state fermentation, have acquired a great relevance for bioremediation of complex molecules because of their efficiency and low environmental impact. Specifically, the use of white-rot fungi in different biotechnological processes has emerged as a promising strategy given their broad enzymatic potential. Objectives. Evaluation of three individual fungal species, as well as various fungal consortia of these species, for the degradation of a mixture of dyes, brilliant blue – allura red, through solid-state fermentation.Method. The species Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor were assessed, both individually, and in their binary consortia. The interaction between the mycelia of the different white-rot fungi was taken into account as a criterion for using their consortia to degrade the mixture of pollutants under solid conditions. The dyes were adsorbed onto the agro-industrial by-products flower stems and corncob. The fermentative process was carried out over 20 days, after which the degradation percentage was quantified by UV-Vis spectroscopy.Results. The highest degradation percentage was obtained after fermentation by T. versicolor alone. This species reached an average degradation of 79.57% of the binary mixture of dyes, brilliant blue – allura red. Meanwhile, the best consortium, composed of P. ostreatus and T. versicolor, achieved a degradation of 63.24%.Conclusions. These results suggest that the use of fungal consortia, in solid media, does not always lead to a synergy between species for improved dye degradation by the integrated strategy that includes the processes of adsorption and solid-state fermentation. Instead, competition for space and nutrients associated with growth on a solid substrate could decrease the degradation efficiency., Évaluation des espèces fongiques individuelles et de leurs consortiums pour la dégradation d\'un mélange binaire de colorants dans des conditions de fermentation à l\'état solideDescription du sujet. Ces dernières années, les méthodes biologiques, telles que la fermentation à l\'état solide, ont acquis une grande importance pour la biorestauration de molécules complexes en raison de leur efficacité et de leur faible impact environnemental. Plus précisément, l\'utilisation de champignons responsables de la pourriture blanche dans différents processus biotechnologiques est devenue une stratégie prometteuse, compte tenu de leur potentiel enzymatique étendu.Objectifs. Évaluation de trois espèces de champignons, ainsi que de divers consortiums fongiques de ces espèces, pour la dégradation d\'un mélange de colorants, le bleu brillant - rouge allura, par fermentation à l\'état solide.Méthode. Les espèces Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus ostreatus et Trametes versicolor ont été évaluées, à la fois individuellement et dans leurs consortiums binaires. L\'interaction entre les mycéliums des différents champignons de la pourriture blanche a été prise en compte comme critère d\'utilisation de leurs consortiums pour dégrader le mélange de polluants dans des conditions solides. Les colorants ont été adsorbés sur les tiges florales et les épis de maïs des sous-produits agro-industriels. Le processus de fermentation a été effectué sur 20 jours, ensuite le pourcentage de dégradation a été quantifié par spectroscopie UV-Vis.Résultats. Le pourcentage de dégradation le plus élevé a été obtenu après fermentation par T. versicolor seul. Cette espèce a atteint une dégradation moyenne de 79,57 % du mélange binaire de colorants, le bleu brillant – rouge allura. Pendant ce temps, le meilleur consortium, composé de P. ostreatus et T. versicolor, a obtenu une dégradation de 63,24 %.Conclusions. Ces résultats suggèrent que l\'utilisation de consortiums de champignons, dans des milieux solides, n\'entraine pas toujours une synergie entre les espèces pour améliorer la dégradation des colorants grâce à la stratégie intégrée qui inclut les processus d\'adsorption et de fermentation à l\'état solide. Au lieu de cela, la concurrence pour l\'espace et les nutriments associés à la croissance sur un substrat solide pourrait diminuer l\'efficacité de la dégradation.

International audience; The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-microbial properties of the dimethyldicarbonate (DMDC) towards the wine spoilage yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis at different winemaking stages. DMDC anti-microbial activity was estimated in red must for diverse wine microorganisms including different strains of B. bruxellensis. DMDC effect before alcoholic fermentation, before malolactic fermentation, and in finished wine were investigated. DMDC was also tested on lees. Microbial monitoring was done by epifluorescence observation and plate numeration. The identification of yeast species and the specific detection of B, bruxellensis were performed with molecular tools. DMDC stopped B. bruxellensis growth at different winemaking stages. But it could also act on fermenting species like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oenococcus oeni. Therefore, its use before the end of fermentations should be avoided. On the other hand, the DMDC action was shown to be transitory. Therefore, single addition during ageing could be insufficient. Finally, DMDC could be used just before bottling as an ultimate anti-microbial tool. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Les Pluteaceae annelées, initialement décrits sous Annularia (illégitime) puis Chamaeota, sont rarement observées en Europe et inédites en France métropolitaine. Chamaeota fenzlii, jusqu’alors seulement connu de quelques récoltes d’Europe centrale et du Caucase, a été observé plusieurs fois dans les Pyrénées françaises; il est redécrit et pour la première fois illustré par des photographies couleur. L’identité des récoltes pyrénéennes est discutée par rapport aux descriptions originales et aux autres récoltes connues. La planche de Kalchbrenner est désignée comme lectotype d’Agaricus fenzlii; l’une des récoltes de Hollós est désignée comme épitype. La position systématique des Pluteaceae annelées est discutée; une fois rejetés la plupart des taxons décrits par erreur dans les genres Annularia et Chamaeota, les cinq espèces relictuelles de couleur jaune, affines à C. fenzlii, sont indissociables du genre Pluteus, sect. Hispidodermi; en prélude à une révision complète des Pluteaceae annelés, le transfert de C. fenzlii dans le genre Pluteus est proposé. Les combinaisons suivantes sont introduites: Pluteus fenzlii (Schulzer) Corriol & P.-A. Moreau, Pluteus subsect. Annularia (Schulzer) Corriol & P.-A. Moreau.

Hydrogen peroxide is suspected of being highly implicated in mushroom nutrition and in substrate bleaching during cultivation. The parameters for measuring H2O2 in compost samples were examined and the methodology was applied to samples from both compost colonized by cultivars and wild isolates of Agaricus bisporus, and wheat straw or coffee pulp colonized by Pleurotus spp. Laccase and peroxidase activities were also measured. H2O2 concentration measured after heating at 80 °C for inactivating laccases and peroxidases was probably both H2O2 pre-existing in the compost and H2O2 generated from quinones and active oxygen species. This potential H2O2 concentration increased during the vegetative growth for all the strains, in agreement with a direct relationship between H2O2 concentration and active biomass of A. bisporus or Pleurotus spp. in their cultivation substrates. Correlations were observed between H2O2 concentration and manganese peroxidase activity in cultivation substrates at the stage of primordia formation. At this stage of development, H2O2 generation via biotic or abiotic mechanisms should be an important physiological trait of mushrooms. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

Fungi grow under humid conditions and are, therefore, prone to biofilm infections. A 16S rRNA fingerprint analysis was performed on 49 sporocarps of Basidiomycotina in order to determine whether they are able to control these biofilms. Ninety-five bacterial phylotypes, comprising 4 phyla and 10 families, were identified. While ectomycorrhizal fungi harbored the highest bacterial diversity, saprophytic fungi showed little or no association with bacteria. Seven fungal species were screened for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Biofilm formation and bacterial growth was inhibited by extracts obtained from saprophytic fungi, which confirmed the hypothesis that many fungi modulate biofilm colonization on their sporocarps.

Considering the importance of Basidiomycotina fungi as bioindicators and the increasing tendency of air and soil contamination nowadays, content of macroelements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na, and some of heavy metals (microelements): Fe, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn in sporocarps of 22 species of macrofungi from National park Fruska Gora was analyzed in this work. The majority of them are lignicolous species from the class: Homobasidiomycetes order Aphyllophorales s. lato and two of them belong to subdivision Ascomycotina. Special attention was given to the medically important fungal species widely distributed in this area: Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma applanatum, Coriolus. versicolor, Flammulina velutipes, Meripilus giganteus and Omphalotus olearius. Since fungi uptake macro- and microelements from the substrate, the soil and tree samples were also analyzed. The aim of this study was to determine the common concentration data of these elements in unpolluted area. According to the obtained results, fungi tended to accumulate K, P and N with lower variability recorded than that for Ca, Mg and Na due to essential importance of these elements in fungal metabolic processes, independently from ecological group affiliation and habitats. The analysing substrate (wood) contain higher concentration of Ca and Pb in relevance to fungi. As a result of transfer factors (TFs) that were estimated from the ratio of "concentration in fungi on dry weight basis" to "concentration in the tree or soil on dry weight basis" analyzed fungi tended to accumulate Cu and Zn, and partially Cr. Among the species that accumulate microelements the following species could be emphasized: Meripilus giganteus (except for Zn) Schizophyllum commune (except for Pb), Ganoderma applanatum (except for Fe and Zn). Superaccumulators of Fe were the lignicolous, medically imortant species M. giganteus, G. lucidum, Sch. commune, and tericolous ones: C. atramentari- us, F. velutipes, and P. vernalis. Good Cu accumalators were tericolous species: Psathyrella vernalis, Morchella vulgaris, and Coprinus atramentarius, then the species possesing the rhizomorphs: Armillaria polymyces and Omphalotus olearius, and finally lignicolous species: Ganoderma applanatum and Pseudotrametes gibbosa. The highest accumulation of Zn was recorded for the species Schizophyllum commune, while the fungal species expressed the smallest tendency of accumulation of Pb, except one tericolous saprophytic species C. atramentarius. The greatest accumulation of Cr was found in tericolous species especially C. atramentarius, too. Statistical cluster analysis classified fungi mostly by location, by which the urban site is distinguished from the others, where the analyzed tericolous species were found. These data indicate that the accumulation ability is not only genetically coded, but also influenced by environmental factors. This data could be used in toxicology, pharmacology and environmental protection.

Rhodocybe leucophylla ad int., an unpublished rhodocybe belonging to Rhodophana Sectio. - A new taxon of Rhodocybe is described and illustrated, based upon a collection from the Ségala region (Lot department in south-western France). It is characterized by the presence of clamps, elongated ellipsoidal spores with slightly warty ornementation, white gills, a gray, glabrous, hygrophanous pileus and a herbaceous taste., Un nouveau taxon du genre Rhodocybe est décrit et illustré sur la base d'une récolte en provenance du Ségala lotois dans le sud-ouest de la France. Il est caractérisé par la présence de boucles, des spores ellipsoïdales allongées, bassement verruqueuses, des lames blanches, un chapeau gris, glabre, hygrophane et une saveur herbacée., Corriol Gilles, Trichies Gérard. Rhodocybe leucophylla ad int., un rhodocybe inédit de la section Rhodophana. In: Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon, 82ᵉ année, n°5-6, Mai-juin 2013. pp. 125-130.

Gljive truležnice koje napadaju živa stabla za šumarstvo su vrlo štetne jer uzrokuju trulež živih dijelova stabla ili mrtvih dijelova na živom stablu. Trulež živih dijelova stabla uzrokuju gljive koje napadaju korijen i vanjske godove ili pak vanjske oštećene dijelove na stablu. Gljive koje napadaju korijen i vanjske godove dovode biljku do sušenja, dok gljive koje napadaju vanjske oštećene dijelove stabla (obično na žilištu) uzrokuju površinsku trulež. Simptomi napada gljiva truležnica na živim stablima vizualno su teško uočljivi, a tek kada je trulež napredovala pojave se plodna tijela po kojima prepoznajemo bolest. Kod pojedinih vrsta gljiva plodna tijela su sezonskog karaktera i na stablu ih pronalazimo samo u određeno doba godine. Zaražena stabla se ne mogu izliječiti, pa ih je potrebno što prije izlučiti iz sastojine radi smanjenja infekcijskog potencijala gljive, imajući na umu da su gljive bogatstvo i sastavni dio šumskog ekosustava.Istraživanja su provedena na području UŠP (forest managment) Koprivnica u šumariji Sokolovac u u uređajnom razredu obične bukve na površini od 2244 hektara. Pregledana su stabla obične bukve u IV, V, VI dobnom razredu i na njima je utvrđeno 14 vrsta gljiva iz pododjela Basidiomycotina. Prema broju nalaza pojedine vrste gljiva razlikujemo vrlo česte, česte i rijetke vrste gljiva uzročnika truleži stojećih stabala obične bukve. Evidentirana su mjesta nalaza plodnih tijela na stablima (korijen, žilište, deblo, hipertrofija) i dali je bilo vidljivih ozljeda (mehaničkih, suncožara) na tim dijelovima. Pojedina stabla su obarana i na poprečnim prerezima utvrđivana je promjena boje, pojava i veličina truleži, prisutnost insekata. Gljive truležnice umanjuju kvalitetu drvnih sortimenata, a time i financijsku vrijednost. Pravodobnim otkrivanjem simptoma ili plodnih tijela gljiva djelomično možemo iskoristiti drvne sortimente od daljnjeg propadanja, te spriječiti daljnje širenje zaraze

Tome 145; National audience

Tubulicium junci-acuti (Basidiomycotina), a new species from Corsica. T. junci-acuti, a new species of epitheloid Corticiaceae is described. A revised key is given including all species of the genus Tubulicium., Description d'un Corticié épithéloïde des gaines du jonc aigu ; choix du genre Tubulicium et clé de celui-ci., Boidin Jacques, Gaignon Maurice. Tubulicium junci-acuti nov. sp. (Basidiomycotina) en provenance de la Corse. In: Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon, 61ᵉ année, n°8, octobre 1992. pp. 260-264.

Na istraživanom području utvrđene su najčešće gljive na živim stablima i bukovini. Determinirano je 26 vrsta. Unutar pododjela Ascomycotina utvrđene vrste obuhvaćene su u rodovima: Diatrype, Bisporella, Nectria, Bertia, Hypoxylon i Xylaria. Unutar pododjela Basidiomycotina utvrđene vrste obuhvaćene su u rodovima: Plicaturopsis, Stereum, Exidia, Ganoderma, Gloephyllum, Cerrena, Bjerkandera, Daedaleopsis, Fomes, Lenzitis, Schizopora, Trametes, Schyzophyllum i Pholiota.

National audience

Les Pluteaceae annelées, initialement décrits sous Annularia (illégitime) puis Chamaeota, sont rarement observées en Europe et inédites en France métropolitaine. Chamaeota fenzlii, jusqu’alors seulement connu de quelques récoltes d’Europe centrale et du Caucase, a été observé plusieurs fois dans les Pyrénées françaises; il est redécrit et pour la première fois illustré par des photographies couleur. L’identité des récoltes pyrénéennes est discutée par rapport aux descriptions originales et aux autres récoltes connues. La planche de Kalchbrenner est désignée comme lectotype d’Agaricus fenzlii; l’une des récoltes de Hollós est désignée comme épitype. La position systématique des Pluteaceae annelées est discutée; une fois rejetés la plupart des taxons décrits par erreur dans les genres Annularia et Chamaeota, les cinq espèces relictuelles de couleur jaune, affines à C. fenzlii, sont indissociables du genre Pluteus, sect. Hispidodermi; en prélude à une révision complète des Pluteaceae annelés, le transfert de C. fenzlii dans le genre Pluteus est proposé. Les combinaisons suivantes sont introduites: Pluteus fenzlii (Schulzer) Corriol & P.-A. Moreau, Pluteus subsect. Annularia (Schulzer) Corriol & P.-A. Moreau.

Na istraživanom području utvrđeno je 7 vrsta gljiva koje pripadaju pododjelu Ascomycotina, te 19 vrsta pododjelu Basidiomycotina. Najbrojnija vrstama među porodicama je porodica Polyporaceae, u koju pripada 10 vrsta utvrđenih gljiva. Od zabilježenih gljiva najveći se broj odnosi na one koje uzrokuju trulež stabala i bukovine. Manji broj se odnosi na gljive koje pridolaze na kori obične bukve.

International audience

National audience; The microbial community on the surface of wood barrels used in winemaking was determined just before their first use, during first contact with wine, and some months after wine contact during successive racking at different steps of wine elaboration. Five microbial populations (total yeast, non-Saccharomyces yeast, lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, and anaerobic and anaerobic tolerant Gram negative bacteria) were identified using 5 different selective culture media. Among each population, species and strains were identified using molecular tools such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. At the laboratory scale, the risks of contamination were evaluated by wine inoculation trials and their impact on wine microbial population and chemical properties (volatile phenols and acetic acid) was determined. Before the first use and during the first wine contact, the microbial community on the barrel wood was mainly composed of basidiomycetes (Cryptococcus, Bulleromyces and Rhodotorula) and enterobacteria (Serratia sp. and Shigella sp.). After wine contact, these microorganisms became less and less detectable, which could be explained by their low ethanol resistance. However, some species could resist ethanol and remain detectable some weeks after the first barrelling. The ability of these species to degrade some wood components could affect the wine microbial consortium. In addition, since the first racking, the majority of microbial species found on the wood barrel surface was composed of major wine yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and bacterial (Oenococcus oeni) species, as well as spoilage organisms such as Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Pediococcus parvulus and Gluconobacter oxydans. Laboratory trials of contamination suggested that these residual populations were unable to cause wine alteration such as volatile phenol and acetic acid production. The microorganisms present on the wood surface could not modify the microbial steady state of wine containing some populations regulated by oenological practices (sulfating, racking) and also by microbial interactions between each species. When the microbial population was low as in the case after filtration or heat treatment, the contamination was more possible. In any cases, washing of barrels at each racking is strongly recommended to progressively eliminate the microorganisms that are adhered to the wood and to obtain an efficient microbial stability of the wine.

International audience; In Agaricus bisporus all cytological studies performed until now concerned the pseudohomothallic and bisporic var. bisporus. In the past 12 y two tetrasporic varieties have been described, the heterothallic var. burnettii and the homothallic var. eurotetrasporus. Our aim was to compare the behavior of the nuclei in the vegetative and reproductive cells of the three varieties with light microscopy (Feulgen and DAPI staining) and transmission electron microscopy. Most of the vegetative cells contained 3-5 nuclei in the three varieties. Nuclear migrations through the septum were detected. In the basidia relative locations of nuclei and vacuoles, meiotic spindle alignments, relative content of nuclear DNA and synaptonemal complexes were measured or observed. From the observation of numerous asynchronous second division of meiosis within basidia of var. bisporus and var. burnettii a new hypothesis emerges to explain the nonrandom distribution of the four meiotic products in the two spores of the bisporic basidia. Karyogamy and meiosis similarly occurred in the three varieties. In the case of A. bisporus var. eurotetrasporus this implies that the reproductive mode is sexual and therefore homothallic in the strict sense. The three different types of life cycles are described.

Diplôme : Dr. d'Universite

This article 'Ergosterol content of Basidiomycetes culture in rice' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.

Agaricus specimens collected in France be- long to two novel entities resembling small forms of A. moelleri and A. xanthodermus, two common species in section Xanthodermatei. Molecular (IT11ITS2 DNA sequence) and morphological comparisons be- tween eight presumed similar taxa of the section sup- port the elevation of both entities to species rank. The new entities are described as A. parvitigrinus and A. xanthodermulus. They form a group with A. las- kibarii, a rare species also recently described from France, and A. californicus, a North-American spe- cies. The well known A. moelleri and A. xanthodermus are the most related species among the studied sam- ple. Like other species of the section, both new spe- cies have a phenolic odor and are probably toxic. Such specimens must have be taken for A. moelleri or A. xanthodermus or for specimens of A. pseudopraten- sis (Bohus) Wasser, which is the only small species of section Xantodermatei known in Europe except the tropical species A. endoxanthus Berk. et Br. that re- cently was found in Spain (Parra et al 2002) and the not well known Psalliota nigricans Velen. We com- pared morphological traits and sequences of the in- ternal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of the nu- clear rDNA of these small specimens with a group that included (i) three taxa morphologically similar: A. moelleri, A. xanthodermus, and A. xanthodermus var. macrosporus Aparici et Mahiques; (ii) the typically small sized species A. pseudopratensis; and (iii) two small to medium size species: A. laskibarii L.A. Parra et Arrillaga and A. californicus Peck. Agaricus laski- barii is a medium size species recently described from western France (Parra and Arrillaga 2002, Arrillaga Anabitarte 2004); A. californicus is a North American species that can be small (Peck 1895, Kerrigan 1986). Of the about 20 taxa of section Xanthodermatei se- quenced to date that will be treated separately in a further phylogenetic analysis of the section, only A. laskibarii and A. californicus have a sequence highly similar to those of the new entities. In addition to their small to medium size, this represents another reason to include them in the present study. We con- clude that our small specimens represent collections of two novel species described here as A. parvitigri- nus and A. xanthodermulus.

[EN] A tentative key looking forward to get a tool to identify the different species of the genus Phallus, described in the world, is presented in this article. As a consequence of this study 25 species are accepted, including keys in English and Spanish. Several illustrations of sorne representative taxa are added., [ES] Se presenta una clave provisional, en inglés y español, dirigida a la identificación de las especies del género Phallus descritas en el mundo. Las especies incluidas, que suman 25, son las aceptadas en este artículo. Se añaden algunas ilustraciones de los táxones más representativos.

[EN] Phallus atrovolvatus is described as a new species from Costa Rica, which belongs to Section Clautriavia (Pat.) Kreisel. This taxon is characterized by showing a white indusium, rugulose to merulioid receptaculum (pileus) surface, beige greenish gleba and a black volva. Notes on its taxonomy and ecology are also added., [ES] Se propone Phallus atrovolvatus como especie nueva, el cual fue colectado en Costa Rica y pertenece a la Sección Clautriavia (Pat.) Kreisel. El nuevo taxon se caracteriza por su indusio blanco, receptáculo con superficie rugulosa a merulioide, gleba beige con tonos verdosos y volva negra. Se incluyen notas sobre su taxonomía y ecología.

[EN] Gastrolactarius denudatus is proposed as a new species, showing as the main differential characters the absence of a peridium, presence of watery white latex, small basidioma and lageniform cystidia. It was found growing epigeal under Pinus patula. Comments on its affinities with close species are also included., [ES] Se propone Gastrolactarius denudatus como especie nueva para la ciencia, el cual se diferencia por la carencia de peridio, poseer un latex blanquecino opalescente, basidioma diminuto y cistidios lageniformes. Se recolectó creciendo de forma epigea bajo Pinus patula. Se comentan sus afinidades con especies próximas.

International audience

[EN] Phallus atrovolvatus is described as a new species from Costa Rica, which belongs to Section Clautriavia (Pat.) Kreisel. This taxon is characterized by showing a white indusium, rugulose to merulioid receptaculum (pileus) surface, beige greenish gleba and a black volva. Notes on its taxonomy and ecology are also added. [ES] Se propone Phallus atrovolvatus como especie nueva, el cual fue colectado en Costa Rica y pertenece a la Sección Clautriavia (Pat.) Kreisel. El nuevo taxon se caracteriza por su indusio blanco, receptáculo con superficie rugulosa a merulioide, gleba beige con tonos verdosos y volva negra. Se incluyen notas sobre su taxonomía y ecología.

International audience